Overall sampling protocol

The aims are to carry out the 9 sampling programs (along with individual

programs) at (as far as possible) each of the 9 study sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I).

The sampling procedure should be identical or similar at each study site, to

allow statistical comparison of the results between the sites. The main

sampling programs are (c = targets canopy, s = targets soil):

Vegetation Light trapping (c)

Sticky traps (c) Soil/Canopy microarthropods (s, c)

Flight interception traps (c) Winkler - litter (s)

Beating (c) Pitfall traps (s)

Fogging (c) Individual programs (s, c)

Sampling program: Vegetation

Managers: S.J. Wright, F. Hallé, S. Ribeiro, M. Samaniego & Andres HernandezAims: compare the vegetation (species richness, frequency) in the understorey and upper canopy of 12 sites(9 + 3 surrogate crane sites)Technique: a 20m x 20m plot is grided on the ground. The vegetation up to 2m is measured andmapped using standard techniques. Similarly a 400m2 plot is surveyed in the upper canopy, andthe vegetation recorded within the last meter. Methods: 100 random points (or within reach) in where encounters between leaves and a PVC stick are recorded. Measurement of canopy height by range finder.

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I) to survey in theunderstorey and canopy

3 sites (3C’) to survey in the understorey only(no canopy access)

Thus 9+9+3 = 21 ‘plots’ (canopy+understorey)

Schedule for one site:1 field day for establishing ground plot andmarking large trees/shrubs1 field day for canopy plot1 field day for further work at the ground plot

Notes:1. Bubble. Upper canopy = transect line; understorey = both 20 x 20m plot plus transect line

2. Ikos. Upper canopy = simplified survey; understorey =20 x 20m plot

3. Vertical point-transects may also be organised byS. Ribeiro at all sites

Sampling program: Sticky trapsManagers: Y. Basset, G. Curletti & R. HarrisonAims: compare the flying activity of small insects in the understorey and upper canopyTechnique: yellow sticky traps, set up either in the understorey (n = 25, at 1.3m, DBH) and uppercanopy (n = 25) at each site. In addition, if possible, 3 vertical transects of 8 traps (0m, 1.3m (DBH),7m, 14m, 21m, 28m, 35m and 42m [top]) will be set up at each site. Correlation with crownopenness and incident light may be possible. The traps will be running for 5 days at each site.

Total 74 samples (traps) per site,25 upper canopy + 25 understorey+ 3 x 8 traps in transects

Ikos: only one transect of 8 traps

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I):Total (8 x 74) + 8 = 600 samples

Schedule for one site:1 field day for set up of traps3 days laboratory BCI/University Panama1 field day survey traps + measurement variables

9 sites x 5 = 45 days (out of 40)Overlap for Ikos site and one crane site, so that7 x 5 = 35 days

Position of traps on the raft;in crane subplots, traps are similarly set up in the periphery.

Position of traps in one bubbletransect; 1 sample each meter;understorey samples are vertical tocanopy samples

Material needed: 600 traps, benzina,luxmeters, 3-6 weighted line transects, etc.

25m

Position of sticky traps at 1.3m(DBH) at crane and raft sites (20mx20m): mostly inside the plot

Sticky traps: transects

Aims: compare the flying activity of small insects at selected transects (3 per site) and height:0m, 1.3m, 7m, 14m, 21m, 28m, 35m and 42m (top).

Climbing rope: not established at random (security)Transect line lowered with sand weight, close to the climbing rope,and secured up and down. This line includes pre-measured distance and attachment points for the traps.

Traps are set up when one person climbs and activated when abseiling down.

Survey: Before surveying each trap, incident light is measured and two fisheye pictures ofthe canopy above the trap are shot. Simultaneously the incident light at the brightest pointin the upper canopy is recorded. Similar measurements are performed at the 25 trapsin the upper canopy and 25 traps in the understorey.

These measurements will be used for the sticky trap program, but also to characterizeoverall the site

Simultaneous recording of incident light at all transect levels (2 luxmeters)

Crown openness determined at all levels by hemispherical pictures

Sampling program: Flight interception traps

Managers: R. Didham & L. FaganAims: compare the flying activity of insects in the understorey and upper canopyTechnique: FITs set up in transects of 8 traps each. 24 traps at each sites, working fortwo weeks. Crane sites first, bubble, icos and (possibly) raft sites later on. Care is needed aboutemplacement of FITs (use sticky trap transects whenever possible) and possible interaction withfogging.

3 transects per siteTotal 8 x 3 = 24 samples (traps) per site

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I):Total 9 x 24 = 216 samples

Schedule for one site:1 field day for set up of traps2 days laboratory BCI/University Panama1 field day survey traps

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

Position of transect below the raft or crane subplots

Position of transects in one bubblesite

As far as possible, FITs will be set up on the same transects than sticky trap transects, but after sticky traps are surveyed

Sampling program: BeatingManagers: H. Barrios & F. ØdegaardAims: compare the foliicolous fauna in the understorey and upper canopyTechnique: quantitative beating (1 sample = 0.85m2 beating sheet full of foliage = 1 bag)During day-time (night work is to be considered). Identical beating sheet should be employed.

Total 40 samples (beating) per site,20 upper canopy + 20 understorey

Ikos: impossible to use this site

8 sites (3C, 3R, 2B):Total (8 x 40) = 320 samples

Schedule for one site:1 field day for canopy+understoreySamples 2 days laboratory BCI/UniversityPanama 1 field day miscellaneous(or night work?)

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

Position of beating samples on the raft

Position of beating samples in the understoreyplots and crane subplots (20m x 20m): at aperipherical zone extending beyond the plot.Beating is done preferably early in samplingsequence

Position of beating samples in one bubbletransect; 1 sample every 2 meters;understorey samples are vertical tocanopy samples

40m Material needed: 2 beating sheets,120 ziplock plastic bags (reusable 3 times)

Sampling program: Fogging

Managers: A. Floren & J. SchmidlAims: compare the arboreal fauna at 9 sitesTechnique: fogging (xx trays) at each site after all other samplingprograms are finished at this site

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I)

Total 9 fogging includingxx trays (samples) at each site

Schedule for one site:2 field days for preparation and fogging2 days laboratory BCI/University Panama

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

Observations:

1. The 3 crane sites will be surrogate sites outsidethe crane perimeter and plot

2. For raft sites, fogging is performed after the raft hasbeen removed; access lines to the canopy must remain afterthis operation. Fogging will be performed partly at the raft site

3. Fogging should be performed away of FITs...

Material needed: 2 foggers, trays, containers, white oil, pyrethrum, etc.

Sampling program: Light trapsManager: R. KitchingAims: compare the moth fauna flying in the understorey and upper canopyTechnique: 6 UV light traps, automatic collecting (bucket), no manual collecting6 traps running in the understorey (3) and in the upper canopy (3), simultaneously3-4 hours of trapping (21h00 - 01h00?)

Total 6 samples (light traps) per site,3 upper canopy + 3 understorey

Ikos:only 1 trap upper canopy + 1 trap understorey

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I):Total (8 x 6) + 1 + 1 = 50 samples

Schedule for one site:1 field night for canopy+understorey samples2 days laboratory BCI1 field day miscellaneous (or second field night?)

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

d

dd

Position of light traps on the raftd = 24m (flat)

20m

20m

Position of light traps in the understoreyplots and crane subplots (20m x 20m);or directly vertical to upper canopy traps

+20m

+20m Position of light traps in one bubbletransect; understorey traps are verticalto them

Material needed: 6 light traps with rain shield, 10 batteries, etc.

Batteries re-charging: sent to STRI in the city

Sampling program: Soil/Canopy microarthropods

Managers: N. Winchester (c), K. Jordan (c), A. Dejean (s), B. Corbara (s), M. Leponce (s)& Y. Roisin (s) [c = canopy cores, s = soil cores]Aims: compare the soil microfauna of the canopy and forest groundTechnique: coring (3 x 5 cm) and extraction with 48 Berlese extractors (48 hours)

One tree:

2 paired cores (samples)away/close from the trunk

4 samples in the upper canopy4 in the lower canopy

Soil: 4 directions N - S - E - W1 sample close/away (10m) ineach direction

Total 16 samples per tree,8 canopy + 8 soil

3 trees per site:Total 24 canopy + 24 soil = 48 samples

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I):Total 9 x 48 = 432 samples

Schedule for one site:1 field day for canopy+soil samples2 days laboratory BCI1 field day miscellaneous

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

Material needed: 48 Berlese, ziplockplastic bags (reusable 3 timesn= 150, 6 corers, etc.

Sampling program: Winkler - litterManagers: H.-P. Aberlenc, B. Corbara & J. OrivelAims: compare the active and passive macrofauna of the litter at 9 sitesTechnique: sifting litter and extraction for 48 hours with mini-Winkler bags

60 samples (1m2 of liter = 2 liters or less) per site(max 120 liters or 60kg)

9 sites (3C’, 3R, 2B, 1I):Total 9 x 60 = 540 samples

Note: the crane sites are surrogates, outside thecrane plot, as the method is too destructive.

Schedule for one site:1 field day for performing 3 transects2 days laboratory BCI for extraction1 field day miscellaneous activities

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

Material needed: 3 sifters, 60 Winkler bags,plastic bags (reusable 3 times, n = 200), large shopping plastic bags to carry samples, 3 one-square-meter frames

At each site, 3 transects of 20m eachTake 20 samples (1m2 = ca. 2 liters)with a one-square-meter frame

Pitfall traps should be activated and surveyedbefore the Winkler survey

20m Winkler transect (n = 3)litter totally removed here

Position of pitfall traps at onesite. Distance between traps = 1.3m

Position of sticky traps at 1.3m (DBH)

Sampling program: Pitfall traps

Managers: A. Tishechkin, L. Cizek & E. MedianeroAims: compare the active macrofauna of the litter at 9 sitesTechnique: pitfall traps running for 3 days (Y. Basset to do a pilot study)

15 samples (pitfall traps) per site

9 sites (3C, 3R, 2B, 1I):Total 9 x 15 = 135 samples

Schedule for one site:1 field day for emplacing traps + miscellaneous2 days laboratory BCI1 field day for surveying traps + miscellaneous

9 sites x 4 = 36 days (out of 40)

Material needed: 50 (reusable) plastic cups, 50 (reusable) plastic soda cover, 100 (reusable) BBQ sticks,2 plant corers, 2 wash bottles, 10-20 containers with handy box.

Plastic cup: diameter ca. 6cmdepth ca. 15cm (0.5 liter)

Solution: salt (100g), water anddetergent, possibly ethanol (total 0.175ml)

Rain protection: 2 BBQ sticksthrough a plastic soda cover

Pitfall traps should be activated and surveyedbefore the Winkler survey

20m Winkler transect (n = 3)litter totally removed here

Position of pitfall traps at onesite. Distance between traps = 1.3m

Position of sticky traps at 1.3m (DBH)

Sampling programs: Individual programs

Social insects: A. Dejean, B. Corbara, J. Orivel, A. Floren, M. Leponce & Y. Roisin

Pollinators: D. Roubik & D. Frame

CO2 and soil respiration: C. Potvin & students

Ground FITs: A. Tishechkin & G. Curletti

Wood borers: F. Ødegaard & G. Curletti

Gall-makers: S. Ribeiro

Note: at crane sites, individual programs need to be performed outside the crane perimeter AND

outside the botanical plot. That is near the sites C1’, C2’ and C3’.

Summary: ground plots

Most samples will concentrate on the 20x20m ground plot, but not all, as this wouldbias samples. The inner area of 20m x 20m (see diagram next page) will be restricted toa few sampling programs. More destructive programs, including individuals programswould need to be performed at some distance of the plot. This is indicative only, as someprograms need to overlap between sites (sticky traps).

Sequence of sampling:

Day 1: Griding and vegetation survey; beatingDay 2: Set up of sticky traps, pitfall trapsDay 3: Light trapping; microarthropodsDay 4: Individual programsDay 5: Survey of pitfall traps; Winkler transectsDay 6: Individual programsDay 7: Survey of sticky trapsDay 8: Fogging (not close to FITs, may be scheduled later); set up of FITs on stickytrap transects

Later: survey of FITs (two weeks later); refine vegetation survey if needed

And at all time: work on individual programs outside the plot permitted

Ground plots:summary

Fogging: preferably in area 3

20m

20m

PVC marks for vegetation study

Walking and access area (for raft sites)

Not to scale

Winkler transects

Pitfall traps (n=15),each 1.3m

Sticky traps at 1.3m(n=25), may extendbeyond the plot

ONLY vegetation,sticky traps, light traps &microarthropods

Beating: extends5-10m beyond plot

All individualprograms: extends50-100m beyondthe plot

Light traps(n = 3)

Microarthropods(n = 3 trees)situation variable,maybe outsidethe plot

1

2

3

TransectsStickyand FITtraps

Summary: canopy plots

Most samples will concentrate on the 20x20m canopy plot, but not all, as this wouldbias samples (see diagram next page). This is indicative only, as someprograms need to overlap between sites (sticky traps).

Sequence of sampling:

Day 1: Vegetation survey; beatingDay 2: Set up of sticky trapsDay 3: Light trapping; microarthropodsDay 4: Vegetation/individual programmesDay 5: Vegetation/individual programmesDay 6: Vegetation/individual programmesDay 7: Survey of sticky trapsDay 8: Fogging (not close to FITs, may be scheduled later); set up of FITs

Later: survey of FITs (two weeks later)

And at all time: work on individual programs below the sites or adjacent to them

The Icos site will be more limited

Light traps

Sticky traps: 25 traps on theperiphery and 3 vertical transects

Beating samples: 20 samples on theperiphery

Microarthropods: 3 treesbelow/adjacent to the raft

Sticky and FIT traps transects

Fogging: preferably adjacent to vertical

projection of the raft

Individual programmes: on the raftor adjacent

Canopy plots: summary(Example of one raft site)