11

With Acknowledgement to:

2

OutlineGeospatially-enabled Battle Command

• What is the Challenge?

• Why Is It Desirable?

• How Is It Feasible?

• Meeting Key Challenges

• What Does This Mean For Operations?

• Where Is It In Operation?

• What Are the Implications?

ESRI 2008

33

• Geo-enabling mainstream, general purpose, integrated information management applications to better support distributed operations under demanding conditions …

• … exploiting, and ultimately, supplanting, ancillary, special purpose, discrete information management systems.

C2 M&SGeo

C2 Services

M&S Services

GIS Services

What is the Challenge?Exploit the power of GIS technology to substantially increase the effectiveness—quality, timeliness, and efficiency—of military operations by …

4

Why Is It Desirable?Quality, Timeliness, …

Visualization

… and Efficiency

Information Integration

Common Operating Picture

Analysis/Workflow

More than maps and imagery … a foundation for mission planning and

execution

5

Army ApplicationsIntegrated Information Products• Tier 1 – impact of terrain and weather on

military operations independent of mission

– OCOKA – Obstacles, Cover and Concealment, Observation, Key terrain Maneuver Networks

– Weather impacts on mobility and sensor performance

Off- and On-RoadConnected Graph

Observation &Fields of Fire

DirectionalConcealment

• Tier 2 - for performing well defined military tasks or actions consistent with a mission or objective

– Routes / Axis of Advance– Battle, Attack, Assault and Attack by Fire and Indirect

Fire Positions– Assembly and Engagement Areas

• Tier 3 - for performing well defined military tasks or actions based upon known or predicted situation

– Products selected as part of the OPLAN and OPORD

!.

!.

Direct FirePositions

RouteAssessment

Axis ofAdvance

Attack By Fire Positions

Control Graphics2525B

Symbology

Information and graphics courtesy of U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center

6

How Is It Feasible?

• Core infrastructure advance• Advent of web services and the SOA• Development of enterprise GIS product platform

–Rich, smart clients–Flexible and powerful data management–Computational flexibility—client, server, embedded–Capture and use of “tradecraft”–Strong support for interoperability

7

ScalableNetworkedHardware

LaptopLaptop

DesktopDesktop

PDAPDA

ServersServers

PhonePhone

WebWebServicesServices

Enabling Infrastructure Technology

. . . and support integration in mainstream applications

• Faster Processing– Multi-core, Blades

• Increased Bandwidth• Larger Storage• Web Services Standards• Mobile Technologies• Real Time Networks

• Unique imagery and mapping content, and a variety of data models/formats

• Very large, distributed databases• Legacy systems built around computing and

integration constraints

Developments in …

… accommodate GIS demands …

8

Advent of Web Services—and the SOA

… and—by decoupling information, business logic, and presentation—enabling flexible management of data and applications in accordance with infrastructure constraints, especially bandwidth.

Delivering Agility: Rapid development and legacy integration, lower costs, collaboration, interoperability …

“Map of the business expressed in technology”CIO Magazine

PresentationPresentation

Globe Globe Map &Map &ChartChart

ImageImage--ProcessProcess

Open Open Web Web

TrackingTracking& RSS & RSS

Serving/Serving/PublishingPublishing

AuthoringAuthoring

22--D D ViewersViewers

33--D ViewersD Viewers

Catalog Catalog GeoGeo--ProcessProcess

Integration Platform

Rich Internet ClientRich Internet Client

AppApp

DataData

9

Advancing GIS TechnologyIntegrated Platform ...

. . . enabling Enterprise GIS

MobileMobileWebWeb

GDB

DesktopDesktop

ArcGIS Server

OpenOpenAPIsAPIs

OGCOGC

KMLKML

SOAPSOAPSQLSQL

Tracking ServerImage Server

ArcSDEArcIMS ArcGIS Engine

On the Desktop, Server, or Embedded

Google Earth

MetadataISO 19139

KML

CAD

ImageIntegration

SOAP, XML, SQLGIS

Services

AutoCAD

LEICABAE

MapInfoGeoMedia

SAP

Ionic

OGC StandardsWMS/WFS/GMLAny

DBMS ArcGIS Server

Interoperable

Region

Local

HeadquartersField

Distributed data management

10

Commercial Joint Mapping ToolKit (CJMTK) Standard COTS Software Tools/Architecture for C2 Applications

• Mapping, Charting, Geodesy, and Imagery (MCG&I) functionality for NCES/NCW - all DoD C2I systems

• Standard Visualization Platform for imagery and geospatial data

• Desktop & Server software –licensed by NGA through 2014

Approved Programs:C2PC CCIC2SDCGS JMPSFuture Combat Systems JSTARSGALE GCCS-AFJET TBMCS

… and hundreds more

Sponsor: National Geospatial-Intelligence AgencyContractors: Northrop Grumman, ESRI, Analytical Graphics, Inc., Leica Geosystems

11

Challenge: Coping with Available BandwidthCombining GIS and Web Services technology

• Analysis – compressing TB of data into MB of actionable terrain information

• Web Services – sending only the pixels needed

• Off-network transactions – only using the network for high-priority information

• Layering Data – a mechanism for prioritization

• Separating Data, Business Logic & Presentation

• Application Independence from Data Source

• Products – all or nothing, when you get it– CD-ROM of CIB: 650MB– CD-ROM of VMAP:

650MB– File of NITF is 4GB

• Services – what you need, when you need it– Cache the 10MB of 5m

resolution pixels that matter for the next 24 hours

– Access the 40kB service of 1m resolution pixels that matter… now

12

CJMTK Geospatial ApplianceStandard Data/Architecture Solution for C2 Applications

• Application Ready Data—2D and 3D– Standard NGA

Products– General Worldwide

Coverage Data– NGA Geonames

GoogleEarth

FalconView

DGINetNGA-Arnold

GCCS

C2PC

DCGS

• Preconfigured Content and Applications– Map

Documents– Layer Files– Map Services

• Versatile Access– File sharing for

legacy– Geodatabase– Web Services

(WMS, KML, SOAP)

Ruggedized Server (1 TB) Rack Mounted Server (7 TB)

• Data Administration– Map Database,

Cache Updates– Replication Tools– Administration

Tools

…for analysis and decision support

Data Updates

Challenge: Integrating Modeling and SimulationModeling Reality

SWORD™ Brigade Simulation module

Courses of action Dynamic operational indicators

For Validation, Sensitivity Analysis, Training, and Sharing…

… and moving from Terrain Analysis to Behavioral Modeling

1313 ITMOITMODD

14

MIP Services Layer CJMTK

MIPDEM

BML

A Common Operational Picture

Other Business Logic

C2 Business Logics

GML

Web Services

HLA / DIS

Web Services

HLA / DIS

Operational DBsGeodatabaseJC3IEDM

US Systems CoalitionSystems

Embedded Simulation

COTS / NGA / CJMTK

geoBML

MIP / COTS / DoD

Challenge: Integrating C2, Geo, and M&SBML—a standard representation of digitized C2 information —and geoBML, for actionable geospatial information

15

What Will This Mean For Operations?

How do integrate with the Orders process?

16

Defining C2 for the US Army Future Combat System How will it Communicate Orders?

• Network Centric• Explicit understanding of orders and

operations in a distributed environment• Know precisely, in real-time, location of

all friendly and enemy forces

• Robotics Integrated into Force• Amplify capability of manned elements• Multi-functional (scouting, armed,

sustainment)

• Increased Reliance on Extended Range Engagement• Organic plus strategic and tactical

support• Long range ISR and precision fires

• Capable of Air-Mobile Operations• Commercial and minimum DoD

strategic and tactical lift

Direct Fire Function

Infantry Carrier + C2 Function

Indirect Fire Function

Sensor Function

Organic &Inorganic

RSTA

Networked Command,Control &Comms

17

Communicating Orders through BML

Graphics convert to BML

Division attacks on order in zone to seize OBJ SLAM.Division Mission

Form of maneuver: PenetrationMain effort: BLUE-MECH-BDE2,

on order BLUE-ARMOR-BDE1Supporting effort: BLUE-MECH-BDE1

BLUE-ARMOR-BN1Deep: NoneReserve: BLUE-AVN-BDE1Security: BLUE-CAV-SQN1Tactical Combat Force: BLUE-MECH-TM1

Division Concept of Operations

Tasks to Subordinates

•Protect (Division Rear Area)•DSA•On order•Tactical Combat Force•BLUE-MECH-TM1

•Protect (Division left flank)•Zone (PL AMBER to PL BLUE)•On order•Screen•BLUE-CAV-SQN1

•Support (B-A-BDE1)•Zone•On order•Follow and Support (B-A-BDE1)•BLUE-ARMOR-BN1

•Reserve•AA EAGLE•On order•Occupy•BLUE-AVN-BDE

•Seize (OBJ SLAM)•Zone•On order•Follows and Assumes (B-M-BDE2)•BLUE-ARMOR-BDE1

•Penetrate (MRR2)•Zone•On order•Attacks•BLUE-MECH-BDE2

•Fix (MRR1)•Zone•On order•Attacks•BLUE-MECH-BDE1

•Why•Where•When•What•Who

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BML – The need for a Grammar

Why a 5 W Representation is not a Grammar.

Tasks are not explicitly represented in the C2IEDM.

• Tasks are listed and verbally defined in the C2IEDM table:“action-task-category-code”.

• Tasks have no grammar within the C2IEDM.• Example: advance is a C2IEDM “action-task”.• While advance has meaning, it has no explicit relationships

within the C2IEDM.• Thus, any interpretation of advance must be through Human

interpretation.

19

JC3IEDM Spatial ComponentWhat if we add the GIS spatial component?

• JC3IEDM tables + Geodatabase Tables• Access the spatial component in JC3IEDM• Maintain the same tables in JC3IEDM

+ =

Point, Polyline, Polygon

20

geoBML

• geoBML is an extension of BML into the domain of actionable geospatial information.

• geoBML is not a geo-spatial database.• geoBML provides a semantic and syntactic bridge

between the Warfighter’s decision making, Situational Awareness (SA) needs, and the terrain experts’ realm.

21

BML Way Ahead … Horizontal Interoperability(Military, Academic and Commercial Investment)

JC3IEDM

MIPDEMHLA/DIS

Geospatial

C2 Services

Layer

M&S Services

Layer

GIS Services

Layer

BML

GeoBML GeoBML

GM

L

22

Sponsor: 753rd Electronic Systems Group, Hanscom AFBContractors: MITRE, ProLogic and SAIC

Operations: Airborne Web Services (AWS)

23

Operations: Search and Rescue Optimal Planning System (SAROPS)

Software Support Agent: U.S. Coast Guard Command and Control Engineering Center, Portsmouth, VA.Contractors: Northrop Grumman, Applied Science Associates, Metron, Allied Technologies Group

24

Sponsor: U.S. Army Engineering Research and Development Center, Topographic Engineering CenterContractors: ESRI, George Mason University, Viecore FSD, Northrop Grumman

Operations: Joint Geospatial Enterprise Services (JGES)

25

xxGeospatially-enabled Battle Command:Military Decision Making Process (MDMP)

Mission Mission AnalysisAnalysisIPBIPB

WargameWargame

OPORDOPORD

StrikeStrike

CommanderCommanderEnvisions and Envisions and

DecidesDecides

Observe, Orient, Decide, Act (OODA) Loop

Adaptive Planning Integrated with Execution

Prediction & Planning

Execution

COACOADevelopmentDevelopment

FRAGOFRAGO

WngOWngO