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POLITICAL SCIENCECLASS–XII

One Paper Time : 3 Hours Marks 100

Contents Periods MarksPART A : CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS

Units1. Cold War Era 142. The End of Bipolarity 12 143. US Hegemony in World Politics 124. Alternative Centres of Power 10 165. Contemporary South Asia 126. International Organisations 12 107. Security in Contemporary World 108. Environment and Natural Resources 10 109. Globalisation 12

104 50

PART B : POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE10. Challenges of Nation-Building 1211. Era of One-Party Dominance 12 1612. Politics of Planned Development 1013. India’s External Relations 12 614. Challenges to the Congress System 12 1215. Crisis of the Democratic Order 1216. Rise of Popular Movements 10 1617. Regional Aspirations 1018. Recent Developments in Indian Politics 12

102 50

Course Contents : Periods

PART A : CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS

1. Cold War Era 14Emergence of two power blocs after the Second World War. Arenas of the coldwar. Challenges to Bipolarity : Non-Aligned Movement, quest for new internationaleconomic order. India and the cold war.

2. The End of Bipolarity 12New entities in world politics : Russia, Balkan states and Central Asian states,Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India’srelations with Russia and other post-communist countries.

(i)

POLITI~1.PMD 9/20/2014, 12:37 PM1

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Periods

3. US Hegemony in World Politics 12

Growth of unilateralism : Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attackon Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology. India’srenegotiation of its relationship with the USA.

4. Alternative Centres of Power 10

Rise of China as an economic power in post-Mao era, creation and expansion ofEuropean Union, ASEAN. India’s changing relations with China.

5. Contemporary South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era 12

Democratisation and its reversals in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka,Impact of economic globalisation on the region. Conflicts and efforts for peace inSouth Asia. India’s relations with its neighbours.

6. International Organisations 12

Restructuring and the future of the UN. India’s position in the restructured UN.Rise of new international actors : New International Economic Organisations, NGOs.How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance ?

7. Security in Contemporary World 10

Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or humansecurity : global poverty, health and education. Issues of human rights and migration.

8. Environment and Natural Resources 10

Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms. Conflictsover Traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people. India’sstand in global environmental debates.

9. Globalisation 12

Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature ofconsequences of globalisation. Anti-globalisation movements. India as an arena ofglobalisation and struggle against it.

PART B : POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE

10. Challenges of Nation-Building 12

Nehru’s approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition : challenge of ‘refugee’resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organisation and reorganisation of states; Politicalconflicts over language.

11. Era of One-Party Dominance 12

First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level,uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major oppositionparties.

12. Politics of Planned Development 10

Five year plans, expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests.Famine and suspension of five year plans. Green revolution and its political fallouts.

(ii)

POLITI~1.PMD 9/20/2014, 12:37 PM2

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13. India’s External Relations 12

Nehru’s foreign policy. Sino-Indian War of 1962, Indo-Pak Wars of 1965 and1971. India’s nuclear programme and shifting alliances in world politics.

14. Challenges to the Congress System 12

Political succession after Nehru. Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967,Congress split and reconstitution, Congress’ victory in 1971 elections, politics of‘garibi hatao’.

15. Crisis of the Democratic Order 12

Search for ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in Gujaratand the Bihar movement. Emergency : context, constitutional and extra-constitutionaldimensions, resistance to emergency. 1977 elections and the formation of JanataParty. Rise of civil liberties organisations.

16. Rise of Popular Movements 10

Farmers’ movements, Women’s movement, Environment and Development—affected people’s movements. Implementation of Mandal Commission Report andits aftermath.

17. Regional Aspirations 10

Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis and the anti-Sikh riots of 1984. The Kashmirsituation. Challenges and responses in the North East.

18. Recent Developments in Indian Politics 12

Participatory upsurge in 1990s. Rise of the JD and the BJP. Increasing role ofregional parties and coalition politics. UF and NDA governments. Elections 2004and UPA government.

(iii)

POLITI~1.PMD 9/20/2014, 12:37 PM3

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CONTENTSCBSE Question Papers-2014 Delhi (Solved) 1–17CBSE Question Papers-2014 Outside Delhi (Solved) 18–36CBSE Question Papers-2013 Delhi (Solved) 1–14CBSE Question Papers-2013 Outside Delhi (Solved) 15–28Sample Question Paper—I & II (Solved) S-1–S-25(Based on the latest guidelines issued by CBSE)

Chapter-wise Important Examination Style Questions (Solved)

PART—A CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS 1–86

1. The Cold War Era 1–13

2. The End of Bipolarity 14–23

3. U.S. Hegemony in World Politics 24–32

4. Alternative Centres of Power 33–44

5. Contemporary South Asia 45–53

6. International Organisations 54–62

7. Security in the Contemporary World 63–71

8. Environment and Natural Resources 72–78

9. Globalisation 79–86

PART—B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE 87–176

10. Challenges of Nation Building 88–98

11. Era of One-Party Dominance 99–108

12. Politics of Planned Development 109–117

13. India’s External Relations 118–126

14. Challenges to the Congress System 127–136

15. The Crisis of Democratic Order 137–147

16. Rise of Popular Movements 148–157

17. Regional Aspirations 158–166

18. Recent Developments in Indian Politics 167–176

l Value Based Questions (VBQs) 177–186

l Model Questions Papers for Practice M-1–M-40

Contents-2014-15.p65 9/20/2014, 6:22 PM1

POLITICAL SCIENCE – 2014 PAPERS 1

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C.B.S.E. QUESTION PAPERS–2014 (SOLVED)

CLASS—XII (Delhi)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

General Instructions:

(i) All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Question numbers 1–10 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions

should not exceed 20 words each.

(iii) Question numbers 11–20 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these

questions should not exceed 40 words each.

(iv) Question numbers 21–30 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these


(v) Question numbers 31–35 are of 6 marks each. The answers to these


Note : Question number 30 is based on the map. Write the answer in your answer-

book.

SET—I

Q. 1. Which incident was related to 9/11? 1

Ans. On 11 September 2001 or ‘9/11’ terrorists attacked the World Trade Centre in

New York and the Pentagon in Washington killing almost 3000 people.

Q. 2. Under which plan did the U.S.A. extend financial support for reviving

Europe’s economy after the Second World War? 1

Ans. Under Marshall Plan, the USA extended financial support for reviving Europe’s

economy after the Second World War.

Q. 3. Who is the present Secretary-General of the United Nations? 1

Ans. Mr. Ban-Ki-Moon is he present Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Q. 4. Define Security. 1

Ans. According to Palmer and Perkins, “Collective Security clearly implies

collective measures for dealing with threats to peace.”

Q. 5. Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the

rulers of princely states to join the Indian Union. 1

Ans. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a historic rule in negotiaing with the rulers

of princely states to join the Indian Union.

Q. 6. Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one country, one

culture and one nation? 1

Ans. Jan Sangh was the political party which laid emphasis on the idea of one

country.

CBSE Q. P. Pol. Sc. 2014 (Solved) Delhi.p65 9/20/2014, 12:56 PM1

2 MBD SURE SHOT C.B.S.E. SAMPLE PAPERS (XII)

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Q. 7. In which year was the Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha held?

1

Ans. The Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha was held in 1971.

Q. 8. Mention the main reason for the defeat of Congress Party in the

elections of 1977. 1

Ans. The main reason for the defeat of Congress Party in the elections of 1977 was

internal emergency declared by the government.

Q. 9. Who represented Congress (O) and Congress (R) after the split of the

Congress Party? 1

Ans. Congress (O) was represented by the Syndicate under Morarji Desai and

Congress (R) was represented by Requisition under Indira Gandhi.

Q. 10. Which students’ group led the anti-foreigner movement in Assam?

1

Ans. All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) led the anti-foreigner movement in Assam.

Q. 11. What is meant by the Cold War? 2

Ans. The Cold War means a war of nerves. In other words, it is a real ideological

conflict that erupt due to power rivalries and military alliances. One state or bloc tries

to gain power and prestige by defeating the cause of the rival states.

Q. 12. State any two features of the Soviet System. 2

Ans. The two features of the Soviet System are :

(i) The Soviet political system was based on Communist principles.

(ii) The bureaucratic and authoritarian government denied freedom of speech to

the citizens.

Q. 13. Which two differences between India and China led to an army

conflict in 1962? 2

Ans. The following two differences between India and China led to an army conflict

in 1962 :

(i) A major dispute between India and China is the border dispute involving the

determination of the 4,200 km long border at the foot of the Himalayas.

(ii) Chinese aggression on Indian border on October 20, 1962 and the continuous

violations of our borders.

Q. 14. List any four principal organs of the United Nations. 2

Ans. Following are the principal organs of the United Nations:

(i) General Assembly (ii) Security Council (iii) Economic and Social Council

(iv) Secretarial.

Q. 15. Suggest any one effective step which would limit war or violence

between countries. 2

Ans. Confidence building measures is one of the effective step which would limit

war or violence between countries. Confidence building is a process in which countries

share ideas and information with their rivals. It is a process designed to ensure that

rivals do not go to war due to misunderstanding.



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Q. 16. Differentiate between the main objectives of the First and the Second

Five Year Plans. 2

Ans. There was a big debate whether more importance should be given to Industries

or Agriculture. The First Five-Year Plan stressed on development of agriculture while

the Second Five-Year Plan stressed on heavy industries.

Q. 17. Highlight any two features of the ideology of Bharatiya Jana

Sangh. 2

Ans. The two features of the ideology of Bhartiya Jana Sangh are as fallows:

(i) Jana Sangh emphasised the idea of one country, one culture and one nation.

(ii) Jana Sangh has full faith in Indian culture and traditions. It was opposed to the

granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.

Q. 18. What is meant by Non-alignment? 2

Ans. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting

it, can evade subordination of any power bloc and can easily form its opinion about

any problem after thorough analysis. Non-alignment stands for positive commitment

to an independent foreign policy.

Q. 19. What was the main demand of the Chipko Movement? 2

Ans. Chipko Movement is a non-violent movement of protecting the trees. The

term ‘chipko’ means ‘hugging the trees’. This movement began in two or three villages

of Uttarakhand in 1972. Villagers demanded that the contracts to exploit forest should

not be given to outsiders. The local communities should keep a check on the natural

resources. Thus, they protested against the logging contractor.

Q. 20. Who was the chairman of the Mandal Commission? State any one

recommendation made by him/her. 2

Ans. Mr. B.P. Mandal was the Chairman of the Mandal Commission. The

Commission recommended that 27% of the posts in public services should be reserved

for OBCs. They do make 52% of the total population yet the reservation quota for

them cannot exceed this limit.

Q. 21. Describe any four consequences of the Shock Therapy. 4

Ans. Most of the Communist countries changed from authoritarian system to

democratic capitalist system. The process of transition from authoritarian socialist

system to democratic capitalist system is called Shock Therapy. Following were the

main features of Shock Therapy:

(i) Each of these countries had to make a total change from socialist economy to

capitalist economy.

(ii) Each of these countries had to adopt private ownership as a dominant pattern

of ownership of property.

(iii) All these countries had to privatise all state assets and establish corporate

ownership patterns.

(iv) Collective farming was replaced by capitalist (private) farming.



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Q. 22. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions

that follow : 1+2+1 = 4

(a) The mighty soldier with weapons represents which country?

(b) Why do names of various countries appear on his uniform?

(c) What important message does the cartoon convey to the world?

Ans. (a) The mighty soldier with weapons represents the U.S.A.

(b) The names of countries like Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan appear on his uniform

as the U.S. has carried out various military operations in these countries.

(c) The cartoon conveys the message that U.S. has hegemony on the world politics.

Note: The following questions are for Blind Candidates only in lieu of

Q. No. 22.

(i) Define hegemony.

Ans. (i) When there is only one centre of Power in International System, it is called

hegemony. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, U.S.A. dominated World Politics.

(ii) Differentiate between the hegemony of Hard Power and the hegemony

of Soft Power.

Ans. The meaning of hegemony as a Hard Power pertains to the relations, pattern

and balance of military capability between states, while in Soft Power, hegemony

implies class ascending into social, political and particularly ideological spheres.

Q. 23. What is meant by the ASEAN Way? Mention any two of its objectives.

4

Ans. Meaning of ASEAN Way: The ASEAN Way is a form of interaction among

ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.

Objectives of ASEAN: (i) To accelerate economic growth of the member countries.

(ii) To promote social and cultural development of the region through co-operative

programmes.

Q. 24. Explain any two points of conflicts between India and Bangladesh. 4

Ans. The two points of conflicts between India and Bangladesh are as follows:



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(i) India and Bangladesh have differences over the sharing of the Ganga and

Brahmaputra river waters.

(ii) Bangladesh refused to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to

North- Eastern India.

Q. 25. As decided by the member states in 2005, highlight any four steps to

make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context. 4

Ans. Following are the four steps to make the United Nations more relevant in the

changing context:

(i) Creation of a Peace-building Commission.

(ii) Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

(iii) Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.

(iv) Creation of a Democracy Fund.

Q. 26. Mention any four political consequences of globalisation. 4

Ans. Following are the main political consequences of globalisation:

(i) Globalisation has shifted the power to regulate certain activities from governments

to international institutions, which are indirectly controlled by the multinational activities.

(ii) The international organisations like World Trade Organisation frame rules and

regulations for all countries.

(iii) The governments at times are forced to change the laws and constitution in

accordance with the private sector.

(iv) Some governments are forced to do away with certain rules and regulations

which safeguard the rights of the working people and environment.

Q. 27. List any two merits and two demerits of the Green Revolution. 4

Ans. Merits of Green Revolution

(i) The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of

major cereals, i.e., wheat and rice.

(ii) The crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.

Demerits of Green Revolution

(i) Green Revolution had widened the gap between poor and small farmers and rich

landlords.

(ii) Green Revolution has proved beneficial to the medium category peasants because

they can receive the advantage of mediation between small farmers and rich landlords.

Q. 28. Suppose you are looking after the foreign policy of India. Which

four values will you like to integrate into the foreign policy? 4

Ans. (i) Policy of Non-Alignment

(ii) Faith in the principles of U.N.O.

(iii) Faith in peaceful co-existence.

(iv) Support and promotion of Human Rights in the world.

Q. 29. Explain any two reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during

1971 election. 4

Ans. The following are the reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the

1971 elections:



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(i) Charismatic personality: Mrs. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to

her charismatic personality. Like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mrs. Indira Gandhi possessed

an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only

the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could

dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues

who were her assistants and in her presence trembled and obeyed.” In the elections to

the fourth Lok Sabha held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the

fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

(ii) Socialistic policies of Indira Gandhi’s government: Socialist policies of

Indira Gandhi’s government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira

Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a left orientation.

Some of them include nationalisation of insurance, coal mines, oil industry; reserved

many labour intensive products for small-scale industries; kept checks on imports and

expors as well as the belong of urban land. Public distribution of food, land reforms

and provision of house to the rural poor.

Q. 30. In the given political map of India, four places have been marked as

A, B, C, D. Identify them with the help of information given below and write

their correct names in the answer book, along with their serial numbers and

the alphabets concerned.



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(i) The State associated with Narmada Bachao Aandolan.

(ii) The State which merged with the Indian Union in 1975.

(iii) The State related to ‘Operation Blue Star’.

(iv) The State whose one of the important leader was Laldenga. 4

Ans. (i) The State associated with Narmada Bachao Aandolan— C – Gujarat.

(ii) The State which merged with the Indian Union in 1975 – A – Sikkim.

(iii) The State related to ‘Operation Blue Star’ — D – Punjab.

(iv) The State whose one of the important leader was Lal Denga — B – Mizoram.

Note : The following questions are for Blind Candidates only in lieu of

Q. No. 30:

(i) Narmada Bachao Aandolan is related to which multipurpose project?

Ans. Narmada Bachao Aandolan is related to Sardar Sarovar Project which is a

multipurpose mega-scale dam.

(ii) Name the 22nd state of the Indian Union.

Ans. Sikkim.

(iii) What was ‘Operation Blue Star’?

Ans. Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out to check

the growing influence of Sikh separatists in the Golden Temple.

(iv) Which non-political organisation led an anti-foreigner movement in

Assam?

Ans. All Assam Students Union (AASU) was the non-political organisation which

led an anti-foreigner movement in Assam.

Q. 31. What was Cuban Missile crisis? Describe its main events. 6

Ans. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union. In April 1961, the leaders of the U.S.S.R.

were worried that the U.S.A. would invade Communist ruled Cuba and overthrow

Fidel Castro, the President of Cuba. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the U.S.S.R.,

placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. Soviet Union missiles were a threat for the cities of

America. American President John F. Kennedy and his advisers were determined to

get Khrushchev to remove the missiles and nuclear weapons from Cuba. President

Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet Union ships heading to

Cuba. A conflict between two big powers was imminent and this crisis was known as

the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the time the member states of Organisation of

American States. (OAS) were readying their support for the naval quarantine, there

took place an exchange of letters between President Kennedy and Khrushchev, Kennedy

and U. Thant, the acting Secretary General of the United Nations. Ultimately, a threat

of a nuclear war was averted. In this crisis, President Kennedy and Soviet leader

Khrushchev played an effective role.

Or

Explain any three reasons for the disintegration of the USSR. 6

Ans. The following were the main reasons for the disintegration of the former

Soviet Union:



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(i) The Soviet system allows only the Communist Party to exist in the U.S.S.R. The

Communist Party was regarded as “The Vanguard of the working people in their

struggle to strengthen and develop the socialist system.” ‘No other party was allowed

to exist in Soviet Union.

(ii) The Soviet system became bureaucratic and authoritarian. The foes of socialism

were ruthlessly dealt with. There was dictatorship of the Communist Party.

(iii) In the Soviet Union, stress was more on social and economic rights than on

political rights. There was no freedom of speech and expression. Any opinion expressed

against the ‘Party line’ was deemed to be a matter of treason and hence severe

punishment was inflicted.

Q. 32. Explain the concept of ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’.

How and where was it emphasised upon? 6

Ans. The relevant part of the Rio Declaration says that “states shall co-operate in

the spirit of a global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity

of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions of global environmental

degradation, states have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed

countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of

the sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global

environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command.” UN org

Principle 7)]. The largest share of historical and current global emissions has originated

in the developed countries. The per capita emissions in the developing countries are

still relatively low. Hence, India, China and other developing countries were exempted

from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrial

countries are required to cut their green house gas emissions. Following the principle

of common but differential responsibilities, India is of the view that the major

responsibilities of curbing emission rests with the developed countries which have

accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

Or

Explain any three benefits of globalisation with examples. 6

Ans. The term globalisation is the process of internationalisation of business and

economy. Globalisation has made the countries closer to each other. All the countries

are increasing their businesses. Globalisation is a common fact and no one can ignore

it.

(i) Globalisation is a compulsory process for the international environment to

progress. There is no other alternative for the developing countries, except to join this

policy.

(ii) By Globalisation, the mobility of capital is increased and it has been used

internationally which has made the developing countries dependent on the International

Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

(iii) However, there are some defects in this policy but this doesn’t mean, that it is

less useful. In reality, the policy is in the primary stage. When it becomes a global

process, it will continually help in development. Its permanency can only lead to

sustainable development.



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Q. 33. What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the StatesReorganisation Commission in 1953? Mention its two main recommendations.Name any four new states formed after 1956. 6

Ans. After Independence, the Reorganisation of States were sought on linguistic

basis. Bengal was divided on the basis of language in 1905, before Independence. The

report of Montford in 1918 accepted the need for reorganisation of states on linguistic

basis, but it was not an opportunity time for the same. In 1931, India Statutory

Commission also supported this sort of reorganisation of states. The report of Nehru

Committee suggested, “Here it becomes most desirable for provinces to be regrouped

on a linguistic basis. Language, as a rule, corresponds with a variety of culture,

traditions, and literature.”

Integration of States was the major problem after Independence as the Indian

States were given the right to independence. Sardar Patel regrouped these states with

his untiring efforts. But soon the demand for regrouping of states on linguistic basis

gained momentum. Congress founded a committee for the Reorganisation of States on

the basis of its proceedings in Jaipur Conference. Pandit Nehru announced the

appointment of this commission in Lok Sabha on 2 December, 1953 for impartial

perusal of the issue. This commission was headed by Fazl Ali and K.M. Pannikar and

Hirday Nath Kunzru were its members. The commission recommended the regrouping

of states on the basis of language and culture as well.

Following were the main recommendations of States’ Reorganisation Commission:

(i) Proper attention should be paid on the cultural and communicative needs of

other communities speaking different languages in a monolingual state.

(ii) Linguistic minorities should be well-protected.

New states after 1956—New states like Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala and

Madhya Pradesh were formed after 1956.

Or

Describe the various steps taken to hold the First General Elections in

India. How far were these elections successful? 6

Ans. Indian Constitution came into effect on 26 January, 1950, which established

democracy in India. The Election Commission of India was set up in January, 1950.

Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India. The country’s First

General Elections were held in 1952. The First General Election of 1952 It is considered

a landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world.

(i) The First General Elections was a landmark in the history of democracy because

there were more than 17 crore voters which was a record in itself.

(ii) There were nearly 489 Lok Sabha members and about 3,200 MLAs for all

Legislative Assemblies were to be elected. These members were to be directly elected

by voters on the basis of single member constituency.

(iii) More than 3 lakh officers and polling staff were trained to conduct the First

General Elections.

(iv) The First General Elections was also the first test of democracy for India, which

was still a developing nation. However, elections were only held in developed countries.



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(iv) First General Elections was conducted on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise,

whereas in many countries of Europe, women did not enjoy any right to vote. In India,

all adult women were given the right to vote.

Thus, the First General Elections of 1952 was a landmark in the history of democracy

in the whole world. It was really a great achievement for India.

Q. 34. Examine three reasons responsible for the split in the Congress

Party during 1969. 6

Ans. Following are the main reasons for the split in the Congress Party:

(i) The uprooting of Congress in 1967 General Elections in which it emerged in a

low morale thus motivating the process of open confession of factionalism.

(ii) The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swantantra, Jan Sangh

and Sanyukta Socialist Party (S.S.P.) which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance.

(iii) In Congress Parliamentary board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of

Jagjiwan Ram for the post of President which was opposed by the Syndicate group.

Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Mr Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the

official Congress candidate. Mrs. Gandhi disapproved of the choice and left the meeting

in anger saying, “You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the

official candidate of the Congress, Mr V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected

as the President of India because of the support of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the

split in the Congress party.

Or

Evaluate any three consequences of emergency in 1975. 6

Ans. Following are the consequences of emergency:

(i) Effect on Civil Liberties of Citizen: Fundamental Rights given under Article

19 (Six freedoms) were automatically suspended throughout the country until the

proclamation of emergency ends. But according to Forty-fourth Amendment Act the

liberties given in Artide 19 can be suspended only in the case of a proclamation of

emergency issued on the ground of war or external aggression and not in case of

armed rebellion. In June, 1975 during emergency, protests, strikes and public agitations

were prohibited. The government made extensive use of preventive detention.

(ii) Impact on Relationship between the Executive and Judiciary: The

President by order can also suspend the right to move the court to enforce any other

fundamental rights. All proceedings pending in any court for the enforcement of the

rights so mentioned may remain suspended for the period during which the

proclamation is in force or for such short period as may be specified in the order. But

according to the Forty-fourth Amendment Act, the enforcement of the right to life and

personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be suspended.

(iii) Functioning of Mass Media: During the emergency, the government has

the power to suspend the normal functioning of mass-media. In 1975, during the

emergency, the government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were

asked to get prior approval of the government for all materials to be published. Press

censorship was enforced and magazines like Seminar and Mainstream closed down

rather than submitting to censorship. Many journalists were arrested for writing against

the emergency.



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Q. 35. Read the passage carefully given below and answer the questions

that follow: 6

Ans. The Assam Movement from 1979 to 1985 is the best example of such movements

against ‘outsiders’. The Assamese suspected that there were huge numbers of illegal

Bengali Muslim settlers from Bangladesh. They felt that unless these foreign nationals

are detected and deported they would reduce the indigenous Assamese into a minority.

There were other economic issues too. There was widespread poverty and unemployment

in Assam despite the existence of natural resources like oil, tea and coal. It was felt

that these were drained out of the State without any commensurate benefit to the

people.

(i) Name the group that led the movement against outsiders in 1979.

(ii) Why did the Assamese seek the detection and deportation of the outsiders?

(iii) What were the economic issues taken up as part of the movement?

Ans. (i) All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) led the movement against outsiders in

1979.

(ii) The Assamese suspected that there was a huge number of illegal Bengali Muslim

settlers from Bangladesh. They felt that unless these foreign nationals are detected

and deported, they would reduce the indigenous Assamese population into a minority.

(iii) There was a widespread poverty and unemployment in Assam in spite of the

existence of natural resources like oil, tea and coal. It was felt that these would be

drained out of the State without any commensurate benefit to the people.

Or

This new challenge came to force in the 1980s, as the Janata experiment

came to an end and there was some political stability at the centre. This

decade will be remembered for some major conflicts and accords in various

regions of the country, especially in Assam, Punjab, Mizoram and the

developments in Jammu and Kashmir. 6

(i) Explain the meaning of the phrase ‘Janata experiment came to an

end’.

(ii) ‘There was some stability at the centre’. What does it imply?

(iii) Highlight any two developments in Punjab in 1980s.

Ans. (i) Janata experiment was an initiative taken by the Bharatiya Janata Party

to break the long established ‘one party dominance’ of the Congress. It came to an end

in 1980s when Congress got majority in the elections.

(ii) This decade (1980s) will be remembered for some major conflicts and accords in

various regions of the country, especially in Assam, Punjab, Mizoram and the

development in Jammu and Kashmir. After the Congress won in the 1980s elections,

there was again some stability at the centre.

(iii) (a) The high growth of the agriculture sector in the 1970s which slowed down

in 1980s.

(b) Agricultural intensification in the 1970s to 1980s saw an increased demand for

rural shift from the existing subsidy-based regime that was no longer sustainable,

prosperous ‘Green Revolution’ states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.


MBD Sample Paper Political Science 12CBSE (English Medium)

Publisher : MBD GroupPublishers ISBN : 9789351851226 Author : Panel Of Experts

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