oumh 1303
TRANSCRIPT
Faculty Of Education And Language
SMP January Intake 2011 Semester 2
OUMH 1303
English For Oral Communication
MATRICULATION NO : 680915106909001
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 680915106906
TELEPHONE NO. : 0126626202
E-MAIL : [email protected]
LEARNING CENTRE : Seremban,NSDK
OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 Tittle : Communication Effectively In Spoken English In Selected Social Contexts
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT OF CONTENT
1. Introduction
(a) Important of speaking English for study and work purposes
(b) Principles of effective speaking and listening skills
(c) Various forms of oral communication in English
2. How oral communication works
(a) Theories of oral communication
(b) Model of communication
(C) Form of communication
(d ) What makes the process complex
3. Interpersonal communication
(a) Personal and impersonal situation
(b) Appropriate topics of conversation
(c) Listening and speaking skills and strategies
4. Small group communication
(a) How to group small group communication
(b) Roles of group members
(c) Question and answer strategies
(d) Example of small group communication in academic context
5. Public speaking
(a) Social contexts where public speeches occur and function
( b) How to made oral presentation
(c ) Credibility of speaker and related qualities
( d) Audience analysis for effectiveness
6. Conclusion
( a ) Complexity of the speaking process
( b ) Knowledge and strategies needs for effective speaking in different social context
( C ) Need for speech training
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 1. Introduction
Important of speaking English for study and work purposes
We communicate everyday with different level of people, at different times, in different
ways. With good oral communication skills we can create close relationships and bond with
our family, friends, people at work, and people we meet. We also can effectively share
information, thoughts, feelings, needs and intentions. As a good listener ,we also tend to win
friends as most people regard and appreciate someone who listens to their problems, fears,
joys, and successes as a true friend. This help to foster friendship.
In learning process, good oral communication skills help us to acquire knowledge more
effectively, especially when we are able to ask questions, express opinions and ideas, and
summarise information. As an example, English language is a compulsory subject in the
Malaysian Curriculum. Pupils learn English as a second language. They have to learn proper
English, this mean they need to learn, listen and understand, speak and write accurately and
fluently. Proficiency in English with good oral communication skills is an advantage to reach
the higher level of education specially to further study in oversea university.
People who are good communication will be do better in their careers. Business and
professional people depend a lot on oral communication skills when they engage in different
activities. They needs to interact with customer and suppliers, participate in meetings, and
hold informal discussions with employers and employees. Whereas, for teachers, especially
English Teachers, effective communication is the key to excellence. First of all the class-
room environment should have better view of the teacher. With good communication skills
the teacher can conduct her class confidently and effectively.
Principles of effective speaking and listening skills
i) Always listen when someone is talking.
The most frustrating thing about communication is when the person whom you are talking
to is not listening to you. Before you even finish a sentence, he cuts you off. A lot of the
misunderstanding and misinterpretation are caused by not listening to other party.
ii) Make sure that it is a two way process.
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Communication should always be a two way process. Make it safe for other to express his
views. Effective communication means ideas are exchanging freely.
iii) Affirm and acknowledge results.
Effective communication is about the RESULT you get. It means the person you are
communicating to totally understands your point. And you also understand his point. So to
ensure that your communication is effective, you must always confirm understanding.
That's the three most basic principles for an effective communication. It sounds simple but
in practice, it is perhaps the hardest principles to follow, and has to be constantly worked at.
Various forms of oral communication in English
In communication it requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the
receiver need not present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the time of
communication. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood
the sender messages. According to Camp & Satterwhite (2002), there are three types of
communication:
(a) Oral Communication
(b) Written Communication
(c) Non-Verbal Communication
Oral communication has been described as the process of people using verbal and non-verbal
messages to generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and
media. Basically, this take place in the face-to face communication, meetings, voice mail
messages, teleconferencing, oral presentations and public speaking.
In written communication , we exchange information using the written language by words
and sentences. It provides documentation and proof of the exchange information. This can
take place such as in letters, faxes, memos, e-mail, reports, minutes of meeting, charts and
graphs.
Whereas in non-verbal communication , no words are used. It also known as body language,
can be a very powerful form of communication . Messages can be communicated
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 through gestures and touch ,by body language or posture, by facial expression, eye contact,
nervousness, grooming and dressing.
In this short paper is divided into several section of oral communication on how it works
such as interpersonal communication ,small group communication and public speaking.
2. How Oral communication Works
Theories of oral communication
Communication is an important part of our lives. Elizabeth Tierney (1998) describes
communication as process which begins when you have a message that you want to deliver
to an audience. Your audience receives the message, reacts to it and then responds to your
message. That response may lead you to react and give another message. This process may
then go on and on. According to Julia T.Wood (2009) .” Communication is a systematic
process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.”
Communication enables us to improve our skills at interacting with people.
Model of communication
Transactional Model of Communication
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of
communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in
some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/
receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views
communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this
model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Social scientists Claude Shannon
and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001
1. An information source, which produces a message.
2. A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
3. A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission
4. A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal.
5. A destination, where the message arrives.
What makes the process complex
In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent
over a channel by an encoder. In the presence of "communication noise" on the
transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty,
and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this
encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding
imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook,
and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although
something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the
model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 3. Interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication includes message sending and message reception between two
or more individuals. This can include all aspects of communication such as listening,
persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. A primary concept of
interpersonal communication looks at communicative acts when there are few individuals
involved unlike areas of communication such as group interaction, where there may be a
large number of individuals involved in a communicative act.
Personal and impersonal situation
Some scholars identify a category of impersonal communication. This is a distinction
between impersonal and interpersonal communication on the basis of the quality of the
interaction. Impersonal communication is that which involves functional short-term
exchanges such as might occur between a shopper and a salesman; the label of interpersonal
is reserved for communication that functions in deeper and more meaningful relationships.
Appropriate topics of conversation
Interpersonal communication can be categorized by the number of participants.
• dyadic communication involves two people. Example: two friends talking.
• group communication involves three or more persons, though communication scholars are
inconsistent as to the top end of the number scale. The smaller the number in the group, the
more closely this mode resembles interpersonal communication. Often group communication
is done for the purpose of problem solving or decision making. Example: teleconference in a
distance learning class.
• public communication involves a large group with a primarily one-way monologue style
generating only minimal feedback. Information sharing, entertainment and persuasion are
common purposes of public communication. Example: lecture in university class.
Listening and speaking skills and strategies
According to Devito (2009) ,effective listening comprises five components as below :i) Receiving – When you listen, you concentrate on the verbal as well as non-verbal
message. This involves reading gestures, body movements and facial expressions.
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001
ii) Understanding - This stage where you learn to decipher the meaning of the message
as well as pick up cues from the emotional tone of the speaker.
iii) Remembering – Listening also involves remembering interpreted sounds or messages
and saving them for use later.
iv) Evaluating – Make some judgement about a message. You may need to decide
whether the speaker has a personal agenda, or is biased and prejudiced.
v) Responding – Give feedback based on what you have heard. In responding you
allowed the speaker to know what you think or feel about what he has said.
Wood (2009) lists three principles that effect oral communication in speaking skills.
i) Interpretation of symbols create meaning – Every words has a dictionary meaning but
when used by a person in an expression, you have to look into the person and the
context in which the words is used to get the actual meaning.
ii) Communication rules – Verbal communication has its own set of unspoken but
widely understood rules. These rules are not formalised but are unconsciously
developed as we interact with family, friends and people at work. Regulative rules as
unwritten rules tell you when, where, how, and with whom you can have a
conversation and communicate in a particular way. Whereas constitutive rules means
by showing us the meaning behind certain kinds of symbol in communication.
iii) Punctuation affect meaning - The full stop , for instance marks the end of one
sentences and the beginning of another. Similarly, punctuation can signal the
beginning or end of a particular interaction.
iv) Voice attributes effect the quality of speech. To be an effective speaker, the volume
of voice must be heard clearly in order to let people to hear and understand what you
are saying. Speak with a pleasing pitch that is neither too high nor too low. Speaker
need to learn to vary the pitch of their voices when they speak so as to get the right
intonation. Intonation is the rhythm, or rise and fall of your voice when you speak.
The tone of your voice must also be suitable for the words and the message that you
intend to convey. Don’t speak too fast or too slowly. Speak according to the tempo
rate as 125 words per minute. Use clear enunciation of words will help your listener
to better understand your message. Speak with the correct stress and emphasis in
pronunciation skill.
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001
4. Small group communication
Size
Small group communication is, of course, the communication that is carried out within a
small group. A small group is generally defined as a group that consists of at least three
members and at the maximum around twelve to fifteen members. A group that has just two
members or more than fifteen members would not come in the category of a small group.
Interaction
A group's members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the
other members of the group. Groups will develop norms about discussion and
group members will develop roles which will affect the group's interaction.
Goals
A group must have a common purpose or goal and they must work together to
achieve that goal. The goal brings the group together and holds it together through
conflict and tension.
Small group communication is a fact of life, and learning to be a better small group
communicator can enhance your academic performance, your career achievement, and your
personal success. Small group members share a common purpose, are interdependent, and
exert influence on each other. The primary benefit of small groups is that they are more
productive and creative than individuals working alone.
Roles of group members
Successful group interactions require active participation by members of the group. The aim
is to fulfill the objectives of the meeting. In meeting the objectives of the meeting, the first
thing a group may do is brainstorm for ideas. Then, gradually, through question and answer,
irrelevant ideas can be weeded out and the group can come to a consensus. To this end, each
member of the group has a role to play. Usually there is one person who manages the
discussion. This person is either appointed by a higher authority or by the group, and has to
open the discussion, introduce the subject, invite people to contribute ideas, interrupt to seek
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 clarification, and finally close the discussion. The other members of the group are to put
forth their arguments, substantiate them, negotiate, interrupt politely to ask questions or seek
clarification, etc. If the discussion is managed well, members are cordial and polite to each
other and the discussion may turn out to be a fruitful and enjoyable event.
Question and answer strategies
After the group leader introduces the topic or subject of the discussion, he/she invites
members to contribute to the discussion. Members can offer opinions, ask questions and
respond to questions. Basically, we use Wh-Questions when we wish to get more
information or seek clarification of an issue ( Example : What are the cause of pollution?).
There are some questions that we respond with a Yes or No. When replying orally, we need
not give answers in complete sentences ( Example: Are you going to see doctor now ?
Yes/No ). Using polite forms to get information in a polite way such as by asking question
with “Would you mind….. telling me what happened………”etc.
5. Public speaking
Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate
manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. In public speaking, as in any
form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is
saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?" The purpose of public speaking
can range from simply transmitting information and to motivating people to act. Public
speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence,
persuasion, informing, translation, or simply entertaining.
How to made oral presentation
The ability to make an oral presentation is an important skill. In the workplace most
information professionals will be required to address colleagues or external groups from time
to time, and it is also increasingly common for selection interviews to include an oral
presentation.
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001
(a) Body language is important. Standing, walking or moving about
with appropriate hand gesture or facial expression is preferred to sitting down or
standing still with head down and reading from a prepared speech. Use audio-visual
aids or props for enhancement if appropriate and necessary. Master the use of
presentation software such as PowerPoint well before your presentation. Do not
over-dazzle your audience with excessive use of animation, sound clips, or gaudy
colors which are inappropriate for your topic. Do not torture your audience by
putting a lengthy document in tiny print on an overhead and reading it out to them.
(b) Speak with conviction as if you really believe in what you are saying. Persuade
your audience effectively. The material you present orally should have the same
ingredients as that which are required for a written research paper, i.e. a logical
progression from INTRODUCTION (Thesis statement) to BODY (strong
supporting arguments, accurate and up-to-date information) to CONCLUSION (re-
state thesis, summary, and logical conclusion).
(C) Do not read from notes for any extended length of time although it is quite
acceptable to glance at your notes infrequently. Speak loudly and clearly. Sound
confident. Do not mumble. If you made an error, correct it, and continue. No need to
make excuses or apologize profusely.
(c) Maintain sincere eye contact with your audience. Use the 3-second method, e.g.
look straight into the eyes of a person in the audience for 3 seconds at a time. Have
direct eye contact with a number of people in the audience, and every now and then
glance at the whole audience while speaking. Use your eye contact to make everyone
in your audience feel involved .Like the old saying, "Eyes are your window to the
world," eyes can be the window to credibility. Studies on eye contact and its effect
on communication and credibility find that maintaining gaze while communicating is
beneficial to credibility, and, conversely, averting eye contact is detrimental to
credibility.
(d) Speak to your audience, listen to their questions, respond to their
reactions, adjust and adapt. If what you have prepared is obviously not getting
across to your audience, change your strategy mid-stream if you are well prepared to
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do so. Remember that communication is the key to a successful presentation. If you
are short of time, know what can be safely left out. If you have extra time, know
what could be effectively added. Always be prepared for the unexpected.
(e) Pause. Allow yourself and your audience a little time to reflect and think. Don't race
through your presentation and leave your audience, as well as yourself, feeling out of
breath.
(f) Add humor whenever appropriate and possible. Keep audience interested
throughout your entire presentation. Remember that an interesting speech makes
time fly, but a boring speech is always too long to endure even if the presentation
time is the same.
(g) When using audio-visual aids to enhance your presentation, be sure all necessary
equipment is set up and in good working order prior to the presentation. If possible,
have an emergency backup system readily available. Check out the location ahead
of time to ensure seating arrangements for audience, whiteboard, blackboard,
lighting, location of projection screen, sound system, etc. are suitable for your
presentation.
(h) Have handouts ready and give them out at the appropriate time. Tell audience ahead
of time that you will be giving out an outline of your presentation so that they will
not waste time taking unnecessary notes during your presentation.
(i) Know when to STOP talking. Use a timer or the microwave oven clock to time your
presentation when preparing it at home. Just as you don't use unnecessary words in your
written paper, you don't bore your audience with repetitious or unnecessary words in
your oral presentation. To end your presentation, summarize your main points in the
same way as you normally do in the CONCLUSION of a written paper. Remember,
however, that there is a difference between spoken words appropriate for the ear and
formally written words intended for reading. Terminate your presentation with an
interesting remark or an appropriate punch line. Leave your listeners with a positive
impression and a sense of completion. Do not belabour your closing remarks. Thank
your audience and sit down.
Credibility of speaker and related qualities
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 i) Preparedness- The best speakers take their time developing their speeches. They monitor
the rate, tone, pitch and volume of their presentation. They find specific points where they
will deliberately gesture in order to emphasize their words. In other words, they practice.
Being prepared builds your credibility and helps you to make your speech more entertaining.
(Attachment of essential preparation and planning checklist)
Experienced presenter are able to improvise and adapt to changing circumstances but
you may have one chance to present your information, so be prepared.
ii) Energy- The best speakers make an effort to keep the energy in their presentation up by
speaking at a brisk pace that is still understandable, smiling, and varying their pitch and
volume.
iii) Credibility- Excellent speakers know that building credibility is one of the most
important factors in improving audience reception of a message. Credibility can be
established by sharing the study that went in to developing the speech, achievements of the
speaker in related fields, and by including thorough research and data to support the claims
of the presentation.
iv) Structure- Organizing information in an easy to follow, logical manner increases the
ability of the audience to retain the information. Structure does not need to be obvious. In
fact, the best speakers will mask structure with a conversational tone and speaking pattern.
v) Interactive Presentations- Most people have terrible listening skills, so the best
speakers will find ways to allow the audience to actually participate in the presentation.
Whether they accomplish this through activities, asking questions or demonstrations, when a
speaker forces the audience to participate, they have a stake in the presentation, increasing
their attention to the materials presented.
Audience analysis for effectiveness
The audience is the specific group of people to whom your speech is directed. When you
give a speech, your goal is to communicate with your audience members. You will effective
if, when you have finished speaking, the members of your audience have remain attentive,
have understood what you have said, remember the main ideas you have spoken about, and
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 are motivated to use what they have learned from you. All effective public speakers are
audience- centered. Being audience- centered means considering who your listeners are, how
your message can best tailored to their interests, desires and needs. Be alert and respect about
audience gender, age, social, economy and education backgrounds, culture , prior
knowledge, habits, personality etc.
Conclusion
In everyday life, we interact with people. We interact with family members at home, with
friends and colleagues at the workplace or place of learning. The art of speaking, therefore, is
a skill and to convey meaning accurately, we must use words appropriately and speak
politely. Although English is a second language in Malaysia, it is widely spoken in Malaysia.
Try to speak using simple, plain and easily understandable English when you speak to
Malaysian as well as to people from other countries in our social communication. Avoid
figures of speech or idiomatic expressions, don’t use fancy, cute or trendy terminology, be
careful of words which may have difficult meanings in different cultures or nationalities and
avoid using of slang, e.g. cool which means in stlye.
English has become an important language in Malaysia in this new millennium. It is not only
the English language that has been a major concern nowadays, but also oral communication
skills in order to become compete in communication with the rest of the world. English is the
dominant international language in communication, education, business, entertainment,
diplomacy and on the internet.
For Malaysian to be able to compete, English oral communication skills are essential to
success. To succeed in any field, the ability to convey and interact with other people is a
concern.
One will become a fully developed, thinking, and forceful human being to the degree that
one has learned and practiced speech making skills and oral communication skills.
Ultimately one speaks not only to serve others, but also to achieve one’s own goals on the
job and in the public forum.
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 While it is not easy to participate at the beginning – with time and perseverance it will
become second nature to you to stand up and give your opinion voluntarily. By doing this
you will slowly notice the change in yourself. You will feel more confident, more decisive,
and happier in yourself. Attend courses like Toastmasters’ gives you that opportunity to
obtain speech training. The primary purpose need for speech training is to gain confidence,
to learn to communicate effectively. Just think what a relief it would be to be able to meet
people on an equal footing, make your point diplomatically but firmly, and leave knowing
you have not been ‘brow beaten’. This is a good feeling, which will allow you then, to
perform to your optimum.
REFERENCES
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THERE ARE NO “BORN-SPEAKERS”. SUCCESSFUL SPEAKERS ARE BORN FROM HARD WORK AND A KNOWLEDGE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES.
OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 1. Knapp, m.l. (1984). Interpersonal communication and human relationships. Boston: allyn
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8. Tierney,E (1998). 101 ways to better communication. London:Kogan Page.
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10. Devito, J.A. (2009) Human Communication : The basic course. Boston, USA :Pearson
Education
► Relevant Web Sites
1. Wikipedia(n.d.) Available : http://en.wikipedia.org [ 2011, Jun 26]
2. Leon's Self-Development Blog(2011) Basic Principles of Effective
Communication{Online}. Available:
http://www.leonlion.com/communication-skills/principles-of-effective-communication
[ 2011.Jun 26]
3. Chapter 3. Presentation Tips for Public Speaking {online}
Avalaible:http://www.aresearchguide.com/3tips.htm [2011,Jun 28]
4. Articles about interpersonal communication{Online} Avalaible : http:
www.pertinent.com/articles/communication/index.asp –
5. Resources about interpersonal communication {Online} Avalaible : http:
www.lib.ohio-state.edu/gateway/bib/interpersonal.htm
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OUMH 1303ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION 680915106906001 6. Chapter 9: Small Group Communication (1995 – 2010) Pearson Education
{Online}Availaible:
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_alberts_human_1/59/15124/3871944.cw/index.html
[2011,Jun 28]
7. Davis Foulger (Draft: February 25, 2004)Models of the Communication Process .
{Online}. Available :
http://davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm
[ 2011,June 27]
8. DeVito, Essentials of Human Communication, (4th ed.) Members in small group
communication( pp. 264–265).
9. Group Interaction Skills
{Online}Available :http://www.elc.edu.sa/auto/English101-New/topic7/101-0701.html
[ 2011,June 28]
10. Richard Proctor. (November 2000) Oral Presentation Skills {Online} Available :
http://dagda.shef.ac.uk/study/oral.html [ 2011,June 30]
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Attachment
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