Østfold research foundation stØ what is lca? based in a systems approach to the product based in...
TRANSCRIPT
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
What is LCA?
• Based in a systems approach to the product
• Based in the functionality of the product
• Covers the whole life cycle of all materials
• Cover all impacts related to environment, health and resources
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
The Life Cycle Model of a Product System
Råvareuttak - og prosessering
(P1)
Råvare-foredling (P2)
Transport
Komponent-fremstilling (P3)
Fremstilling av produkt (P4)
Distribusjon og salg (P5)
Bruk avprodukt
(P6)
Avfalls-sortering (P7)
Avfallsdeponeringeller forbrenning
(P9)
Prosessering av gjenvunnet materiale (P8)
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation
Identification of Evaluation
Significant issues
Conclusions, recommendations and reporting
Direct applications
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
LCA Application
• Identify major contributors to environmental impacts
• Compare different options for improvements• Provide guidance in long term strategic planning• Help to train product designers• Compare functionally of equivalent products• Inform customers about best selection and use of
products
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Five important questions to be answered from LCA studies
• Do we have the right projects?
(Technology, organisational, marketing, etc.)
• Do we work with the right products/processes
(Sunrise, mature or sunset products)
• Do we have the right areas of concern?
(Resources, climate change, toxicity, etc.)
• Do we give attention to the right solutions?
(End of pipe, process optimisation, product development)
• Do we in fact have the right business idea?
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Development in the types of LCA applications in companies
Need of competence
Time
Increased knowledge own products
Strategic decision making
Marketing and external information
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Driving forces - from “regarded as” to “documented as”
- Increased marked demand for more eco-effective solutions in the society
- The population and welfare growth in the global society in the next 20-40 years will demand 4-10 times more eco-effective solutions.
- In 1999, several Environmental Management Tools have been standardised according to ISO-14000 series (14025, 14031, 14042-43)
- The Kyoto protocol implementation in European politics will result in a need to document reductions in CO2 emissions as an instrument in tradable quotas
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Data baseData base
Poll. PrevAssessm.
Poll. PrevAssessm.
Life CycleAssessm.
Life CycleAssessm.
Env. Acc.System
Env. Acc.System
Env. Prod.Declar.
Env. Prod.Declar.
Env. Perf.Indicators
Env. Perf.Indicators
Goals and mgmt.Goals and mgmt.
Investments and financing
Investments and financing
ReportingReporting
Env. Prod. Developm.
Env. Prod. Developm.
Sales andmarketing
Sales andmarketing
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN - A POSITIONING FACTOR OR A
MANDATORY SYSTEM?
ENVIRONMENT AS A
POSITIONING FACTOR :
• Focus on innovative, sustainable solutions
• Environmental concern as a business opportunity
• Product-oriented strategies, life cycle and systems approach
• Early users of new, innovative tools (LCA, EPI, EPD, Industrial Ecology etc.
• Systematic implementation of tools and knowledge
ENVIRONMENT AS A
MANDATORY SYSTEM
• Focus on simpler, more easy achievable solutions
• Environmental concern one of several factors to be considered in decision making
• More traditional process-orientation to problems
• Focus on ISO 14000 or EMAS
• Case to case application of environmental tools
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
STRATEGIC EVALUATIONS
Environmentalquality
Market value
Low Medium High
High
Medium
Low
A
B
F
C
D
E
A’
E’
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Gross and net material efficiency of packaging solutions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
Kg
emba
llas
je/1
000
kg p
rodu
kt
brutto materialforbruknetto materialforbruk
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Assessment of packaging solutions - net material and energy efficiencies
0,00
1000,00
2000,00
3000,00
4000,00
5000,00
6000,00
7000,00
8000,00
9000,00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Netto materialforbruk [Kg emballasje/1000 kg produkt]
Net
to e
nerg
ifor
bruk
[M
J/10
00 k
g pr
oduk
t]
E
D
E
F
B
C
A
N
H
O
L
I
PM
J
G
K
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Strategic assessment of packaging solutions
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
C
BA
E
FHM
G
IL
JN
K
O
D
Environmental profile (low to good)M
ark
et
va
lue
(lo
w t
o h
igh
)
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND EVALUATION
• Based on ISO 14031 Standard which was approved in spring 1999
• Based on environmental assessment of products and plant operation, and stakeholder assessment
• Increasing information and management value by decreasing the number of parameters to a minimum of high priority areas of concern
• Used for internal management decisions and external reporting to stakeholders
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (EPI)
Traditional environmental
parameters
• tons of coal combusted
• tons of oil combusted
• tons of virgin clay purchased
• m3 water used in process per y
• tons of CO2 emitted to air per y
• tons of NO2 emitted to air per y
• tons of SO2 emitted to air per y
• kg Hg emitted to air per year
• kg Zn emitted to air per year
Environmental Performance
Indicators• # days per year with emissions
beyond permit• # MJ of fossil energy
combusted/ton of product• # Kg. GWA in CO2 units/ton of
product• # g heavy metals/ton of product• # kg recycled materials per ton of
product• percent of sale related to products
within green range
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI STRUCTURE IN THE INDUSTRY
Environmentalaspect
Eco-efficiencyindicator
Management andoperational indic.
State of environ.Indicator
Lime stoneaquisition
Area of sensitiveresource
Fossil energyconsumtion
MJ energy/toncement
ElectricityconsumptionCO2
Particles Number ofprocess stops
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI Communication matrix - Type and frequency of indicators
Owners Authori-ties
Custo-mers
Em-ployees
Neigh-bours
EnergyconsumpNaturalresourcesGlobalwarmingDustemissionsHeavymetals
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI Environmental Management Matrix- Type and frequency of indicators?
Corp.mgmt.
Plantmgmt.
Purchas.mgmt
Salesmgmt
Env.mgmt
EnergyconsumpNaturalresourcesGlobalwarmingDustemissionsHeavymetals
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
IMPLEMENTATION OF EPI’S IN MANAGEMENT/COMMUNICATION
PROCESSES
Define significant aspects
Define EPI’s
Define target values for EPIs
Define responsibility
Internal regular reporting
Effect and activity indicators
Corrective measuresExternal reporting
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - RESOURCE SENSITIVTY ASPECT 2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
Ton
n k
alk
ste
n/t
on
n s
em
en
t
1996 1997 1998 1999
Følsom ressurs Ikke-følsom ressurs
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - ENERGY RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
MJ
/to
n c
em
en
t
1996 1997 1998 1999
Elektrisitet
Kull
Biobrensel
Energi fra spesialavfall
Energi fra restavfall
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - NO x - EMISSIONS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
kg
NO
x/t
on
ce
me
nt
1996 1997 1998 1999
Fra båttransport
Fra biltransport
Fra prosesser
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - NUMBER OF EMISSION
ACCIDENTS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
An
tall
pr
år
1996 1997 1998 1999
Antall utslipp rapportert tilmyndigheter
Antall utslipp behandlet internt
Antall utslipp med naboklage
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 1 - SHARE OF GREEN
RANGE PRODUCTS TO TOTAL SALE
0
5
10
15
20
25
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Goal 2002
Percent sale green range products
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ton
n f
orb
ruk
se
mb
alla
sje
/mill
NO
K
om
se
tnin
g
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Utvikling i mengde forbruksemballasje pr mill. NOK omsetning for Bedrift B i perioden 1995-99 (konsumprisjustert)
Plast
Glass
Metall
Fiber
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LCA AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LCA AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
GOAL AND SCOPING
INVENTORY ANALYSIS
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
IMPROVEMENT
ASSESSMENT
IDEA GENERATION
IDEA SCREENING
CONSEPT TESTING
PRE-MARKET TESTING
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
TEST MARKETING
PRODUCT LAUNCHING
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
xyzw
CUSTOMER QUALITY
Organ 1
Raw M1Raw M2Raw M3Raw M4
Process
Raw M ARaw M REnergy P
UseRecycling
Production
PRODUCT STRUCTURE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
GWPLCA
Net lifecycle profitproducer
Net lifecycle costcustomer
LIFE CYCLE COSTS
Internalunit costs Potential external
unit costs (charges)
QFD
Ozon DGWP
Acidif
Ecology Resources
Non-renewRenew
Health
Ac.tox
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
A STEP-WISE MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT
Customer
requirements
Principal
Define
product
concept
Evaluate
production
process
User
study
Principle
Decide on
production
process
Estimate
market
volume
Designdesign
Detailed
Production
process
designed
Sales
preparation
Maturing
of product
design
Production
planned
Sales and
marketing
Product
adoption
Production
I
Assessment
II
concepts
III IV V
environmentalproduct
needs
identification
of referenceproductsystem
Generateideas toalternativeproduct
Evaluateand selectbest productconcepts
Optimizeselectedproductconcept
Document
quality
1. Invest. ofneeds
0. Recognit.of needs
2. Productprincipledefinition
3. Productdesign
4. Productionpreparation
5. Productexecution
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
WHY USE A REFERENCE PRODUCT AS A STARTING POINT?
• To identify the most important problems and sources for problems with existing products with similar functions, both concerning environmental impacts, life cycle costs and customer satisfaction (gap analysis)
• To have a reference point to document improvements with a new product
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF LIGHT FITTING SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF LIGHT FITTING SYSTEM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000A
luzi
nk
Ref
lek
tor
Ak
ryls
kje
rm
AB
S-
end
esty
kk
er
Rea
kto
r
Em
bal
lasj
e
Su
m r
åvar
er
Pro
d. &
Dis
trib
.
Ly
srø
r
Bru
k/A
vfa
ll
Su
m t
ota
lt
ResourcePAHHCNOxSO2CO2
*10E10
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF RAW MATERIALS TO LIGHT FITTINGS
CO2 emissions in raw material processing for 12 lighting armature systems
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00A
luzin
k
Refl
ecto
r
Acry
l co
ver
AB
S E
nd
Part
s
Reacto
r
Pack
ag
ing
To
tal
raw
mate
rials
[kg
CO
2]
Electricity productionTransportProcesses
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
STEP 2: IDEA GENERATION FOR STEP 2: IDEA GENERATION FOR PRODUCT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTSPRODUCT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
• Systematic search for improvement options based on experiences from reference case
• Identify options from four strategies for improvements
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LIGHT FITTINGS SYSTEM
1. A new design with 30% reduction in material consumption
2. Substitution of all aluzink parts with black tin
3. Use of recovered aluminum and steel as a substitute for 70% of the virgin materials.
4. Recover the most important weight fractions after use
5. 2x36W armatures or 2x58W armatures
6. Integration of energy conserving equipments (infra red switcher, day-light switcher, modern electronic reactors etc.),
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS FOR LIGHT FITTINGS - AVERAGE FOR LIGHT FITTINGS - AVERAGE
ENERGY CONDITIONSENERGY CONDITIONSSIMULATION OF IMPROVEMENTS UNDER AVERAGE ENERGY CONDITIONS
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sim1 Sim2 Sim3 Sim4 Sim5a Sim5b Sim6
Per
cent
impr
ovem
ent
rela
ted
to b
ase
case
Electricity
Fossile
CO2
SO2
NOx
NMVOC
CO
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
LIFE CYCLE COST EVALUATION OF LIFE CYCLE COST EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR
IMPROVEMENTS OF LIGHT FITTINGSIMPROVEMENTS OF LIGHT FITTINGS
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
RE
F-1
994
EN
ØK
-199
4
2X36
W-1
994
2X58
W-1
994
RE
F-2
013
EN
ØK
-201
3
2X36
W-2
013
2X58
W-2
013
AC
CU
MU
LA
TE
D C
OST
S (N
OK
)
Energy
Light tubes
Armature
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN PRODUCT ECONOMY AND OPTIONS PRODUCT ECONOMY AND OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF PRODUCTSFOR IMPROVEMENTS OF PRODUCTS
Economic parameter Averageweighting
Number ofpositiverelationsships
Number of zerorelationsships
Number ofnegativerelationsships
Purchasing Cost 4,6 8 3 8Life Cycle Cost 3,2 10 3 2Total all cases 18 6 10
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AND CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AND
OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTSOPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS
Weight of customerrequirements in survey
Number of positiverelationsships
Number of zerorelationsships
Number of negativerelationsships
1 2 5 02 2 12 33 0 8 14 9 15 95 4 11 1
Total number 17 51 14Average weighting 3,64 3,57
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ASSUMPTION IN THE DYNAMIC LCA ASSUMPTION IN THE DYNAMIC LCA MODELMODEL
- 10% annual increase in total environmental performance of the production of raw materials and assembly of the light fittings
- 30% increase in environmental performance of the user phase each third year, by the release of new products.
- 60% recovery and use of recovered steel and aluminum in the light fittings (scenario B), compared to 0% recovery in the reference case (scenario A)
- Replacement of the light fittings 1, 2, 4 or 12 times during a twelve-year period by the user, with new and more innovative solutions.
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
LIFE CYCLE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR LIGHTING ARMATURES - 60% MATERIAL RECOVERY
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12YearAcc
umul
ated
Env
iron
men
tal L
oad
(EL
U)
12 years
6 years
3 years
1 year
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS
• ISO 14025 Guidelines for Environmental Product Declarations approved in summer 1999 - basis for industrial sectors and national/international approaches
• Norwegian prestudy carried out in 1999 - methodology and format to be finished during autumn
• Nordic project planned to be initiated during the winter 1999-2000.
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
P o r t l a n d S e m e n tN o r c e m A S
N o r s k M i l j ø v a r e d e k l a r a s j o n ( M V D )
B a s e r t p å e n v u r d e r i n g i h e n h o l d t i lI S O 1 4 0 2 5 o g N o r d i s k m a n u a l f o r
M V D
B a s e r t p å e n v u r d e r i n g i h e n h o l d t i l I S O 1 4 0 4 0
P r o d u s e r t a v :N o r c e m A SK o n t a k t p e r s o n : E r i k S t o l t e n b e r g - H a n s s o nT e l e f o n : + 4 7 3 5 5 7 2 3 5 4T e l e f a x : + 4 7 3 5 5 7 0 4 0 0O r g a n i s a s j o n s n u m m e r : N o - 9 3 4 9 4 9 1 4 5E M A S : N O - V - 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 2I S O - 1 4 0 0 1 r e g . N o . : 1 0 0 3M V D s e r t i f i k a t n r . :
G o d k j e n t a v :G y l d i g t i l :
B a k g r u n n s i n f o r m a s j o n :D e l e r a v l i v s l ø p e t : F r a r å v a r e u t t a k t i l f e r d i g
s e m e n tF u n k s j o n e l l e n h e t : P r o d u k s j o n a v 1 t o n n
N o r c e m I n d u s t r i s e m e n t ( P o r t l a n dS e m e n t , C E M I 4 2 , 5 R R )
Å r s t a l l f o r s t u d i e n : 1 9 9 9D a t a g r u n n l a g : ( P r o s e s s u t s l i p p e r f r a 1 9 9 5 ,
E n e r g i d a t a f r a 1 9 9 8 o g D a t a f o rr å v a r e r f r a 1 9 9 3 )
A n t a t t l e v e t i d : I k k e r e l e v a n t ( A v h e n g i g a vs l u t t p r o d u k t )
P r o d u k s j o n s s t e d : N o r c e m , 3 9 5 0 B r e v i k ,N o r g e
A n t a t t m a r k e d s o m r å d e : E u r o p a
D e n n e M V D e r g r a n s k e t a vS T Ø v e d M i e V o l d ih e n h o l d t i l m e t o d i k k f o r I S O1 4 0 2 5 , I S O 1 4 0 4 0 - 4 3 , s a m tn o r s k M V D m e t o d i k k
LL ee vv ee rr aa nn dd øø rr ee rr ssmm ii ll jj øø ss tt yy rr ii nn gg ss ss yy ss tt ee mm
N o r c e m f o r e t r e k k e r l e v e r a n d ø r e r s o m h a rs e r t i f i s e r t e k v a l i t e t s - o gm i l j ø l e d e l s e s s y s t e m e r .
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
FF oo rr bb rr uu kk aa vv mm aa tt ee rr ii aa ll -- ,, aa rr ee aa ll -- oo gg vv aa nn nn rr ee ss ss uu rr ss ee rrD e v i k t i g s t e m a t e r i a l r e s s u r s e r s o m i n n g å r :
k g / t o n ns e m e n t
N y e , f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r 0R e s i r k u l e r t e , f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r
0
N y e , i k k e f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r K a l k s t e i n 1 7 1 0 K v a r t s 3 0 , 1 K i s a v b r a n n 9 , 2 B a u x i t t 0 G i p s 3 5 , 6 S p r e n g s t o f f 0 , 2R e s i r k u l e r t e , i k k e f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r J e r n s u l f a t 3 , 3I k k e i n k l u d e r t ~ 0
T o t a l m a s s e : 1 7 8 8 k gH v o r a v : 9 5 , 6 % e r d e k l a r e r t
0 , 0
2 0 0 , 0
4 0 0 , 0
6 0 0 , 0
8 0 0 , 0
1 0 0 0 , 0
1 2 0 0 , 0
1 4 0 0 , 0
1 6 0 0 , 0
1 8 0 0 , 0
Kal
kste
in
Kva
rts
Kia
vbra
nn
(jer
noks
id)
Bau
xitt
(A
l-
bære
r) Gip
s
Spre
ngst
off
Jern
sulf
at
kg /
tonn
sem
ent
R e s i r k u l e r t e i k k e f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r
N y e i k k e f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r
R e s i r k u l e r t e f o r n y b a r er e s s u r s e r
N y e f o r n y b a r e r e s s u r s e r
F o r b r u k a v a r e a l - o g v a n n r e s s u r s e r e r i k k ei n k l u d e r t .
EE nn ee rr gg ii ff oo rr bb rr uu kkD e v i k t i g s t e o m r å d e r m e de n e r g i f o r b r u k :D e t m e s t e a v e n e r g i f o r b r u k e t e rk n y t t e t t i l N o r c e m s e g e n p r o s e s s .
F o s s i l e n e r g i K l i n k e r p r o d u k s j o n e n e r d e n s t ø r s t e
f o r b r u k e r . B r e n s e l e t e r f o r t i d e n ih o v e d s a k k u l l , m e n o g s å P e t - c o k e .
F o r n y b a r e n e r g i : e r f o r b r u k a v v a n n k r a f t b a s e r t e l - e n e r g i i
p r o s e s s e n h o s N o r c e m ( s e m e n t - o gr å m e l s m ø l l e r i e t ) .
A v f a l l : N o r c e m h a r k o n s e s j o n f o r f o r b r e n n i n g a v
s p i l l o l j e , f a s t e a v f a l l s s t o f f e r ( s o m p l a s t ,F A B o g b i l d e k k ) o g s p e s i a l a v f a l l i s i nk l i n k e r o v n . D e t o r g a n i s k e s p e s i a l a v f a l l e tl e v e r e s f r a N O A H ’ s f o r b e h a n d l i n g s -a n l e g g i B r e v i k . A n d e l a v f a l l s b r e n s e l v i lø k e b e t y d e l i g i t i d e n 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 2 .
T o t a l t e n e r g i f o r b r u k ( M J / t o n n s e m e n t )
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
R å v a r e r , P r o s e s s , T r a n s p o r t e r ,
MJ
/ ton
n se
men
t
A v f a l l
F o r n y b a r e n e r g i
K j e r n e k r a f t
F o s s i l b r e n s e l
M J / t o n n
F r e m s t i l l i n g a vr å v a r e r
P r o s e s s * T r a n s p o r t T o t a l t
F o s s i l b r e n s e lO l j e / P e t - c o k e 4 6 , 3 5 2 1 , 6 2 7 6 , 4 8 4 4 , 3G a s s 1 , 7 3 0 , 1 8 , 1 3 9 , 9K u l l 2 4 4 9 , 0 2 4 4 9 , 0
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
UU tt ss ll ii pp pp oo gg mm ii ll jj øø pp åå vv ii rr kk nn ii nn gg ee rr
D e v i k t i g s t e k i l d e r t i lm i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g e r :O v e r g j ø d s l i n g : N O x f r a f r e m s t i l l i n g a v e n e r g i b æ r e r
o g u t s l i p p f r a p r o s e s s e n ,h o v e d s a k e l i g k l i n k e r - p r o d u k s j o n e n
N O x f r a t r a n s p o r t
F o r s u r i n g : N O x o g S O 2 f r a f r e m s t i l l i n g a v
e n e r g i b æ r e r o g u t s l i p p f r a p r o s e s s e n ,h o v e d s a k e l i g k l i n k e r - p r o d u k s j o n e n
N O x f r a t r a n s p o r t
D r i v h u s e f f e k t : C O 2 f r a p r o s e s s e n , d e l v i s f r a
a v s p a l t i n g a v C O 2 f r a k a l k s t e i n o gd e l v i s f r a f o r b r e n n i n g a v f o s s i l tb r e n s e l .
D a t a v a r i k k e t i l g j e n g e l i g f o rp å v i r k n i n g e r p å n e d b r y t i n g a vo z o n l a g e t , p å v i r k n i n g p åm e n n e s k e l i g h e l s e , t o k s i s i t e t o gr e d u k s j o n a v b i o l o g i s k m a n g f o l d
A n d r e v i k t i g e u t s l i p p k n y t t e t t i le m e n t p r o d u k s j o nS t ø y o g r y s t e l s e r v e d s p r e n g n i n gS t ø v : 1 1 7 t o n n / å rH g : 1 8 - 3 3 - 3 8 k g / å r ( 1 9 9 6 - 9 8 )U t s l i p p t i l v a n n : T O C , 8 t o n n / å r
L i v s l ø p s f a s e n e s b i d r a g t i l m i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g ( k g / t o n n ) :
L i v s l ø p s f a s e n e s b i d r a g t i l m i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g
0 %
1 0 %
2 0 %
3 0 %
4 0 %
5 0 %
6 0 %
7 0 %
8 0 %
9 0 %
1 0 0 %
T r a n s p o r t e r 2 2 , 4 2 9 0 , 4 2 7 0 0 , 0 1 6 1 , 5 5 9 0
P r o s e s s 6 9 3 , 2 6 8 1 , 8 1 2 0 0 , 1 2 0 1 1 , 6 6 4 0 , 0 0 9
R å v a r e r 4 , 5 4 8 0 , 0 9 8 0 0 , 0 0 4 0 , 3 3 6 0 , 0 0 2
D r i v h u s - e f f e k t [ C O 2 - e k v ]
F o r s u r i n g [ S O 2 - e k v ]
N e d b r y t i n g a v o z o n [ O D P -
e k v ]
D a n n e l s e a v f o t o -
o k s i d a n t e r
O v e r g j ø d s l i n g [ O 2 - e k v ]
A v f a l l [ g / k g ]
F a k t i s k e u t s l i p p s t a l l ( k g / t o n n )f o r e l e m e n t e r s o m b i d r a r t i l d e v i k t i g em i l j ø p å v i r k n i n g s k a t e g o r i e n e :
F r e m s t i l l i n ga v R å v a r e r
P r o s e s s T r a n s p o r t e r T o t a l
U t s l i p p t i l l u f t :
C O 2 4 , 5 6 8 4 2 2 7 1 0
C H 4 0 , 0 0 0 9 1 0 , 8 7 0 , 0 0 6 7 0 , 9
N 2 O 0 , 0 0 0 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 1 6 0 , 0 0 1 1 0 , 0
S O 2 0 , 0 1 0 0 , 4 5 0 , 2 5 0 , 7
N O x 0 , 0 5 6 1 , 9 0 , 2 6 2 , 3
V O C 0 , 0 0 9 5 0 , 0 2 4 2 0 , 0 3 6 0 , 0 6 9
C O 0 , 0 1 3 2 , 8 0 , 0 4 8 2 , 8
H g( m g / t o n n ) *
- 2 4 - 2 4
N H 3 1 , 8 E - 1 0 5 , 0 E - 0 8 5 , 0 E - 0 8
U t s l i p p t i l v a n n :
T o t - N 1 , 4 E - 0 4 5 , 3 E - 0 5 4 , 5 E - 0 5 2 , 4 E - 0 4
C O D 5 , 1 E - 0 5 3 , 2 E - 0 4 2 , 8 E - 0 4 6 , 5 E - 0 4
* O B S ! ! H g e r g i t t i m g / t o n n
BB ee hh aa nn dd ll ii nn gg aa vv aa vv ff aa ll ll ff rr aa ss ll uu tt tt pp rr oo dd uu kk ttN o r c e m B r e v i k f a b r i k k e r e r e nr å v a r e p r o d u s e n t . P r o d u k t e t P o r t l a n d s e m e n ti n n g å r i a n d r e p r o d u k t e r , v e s e n t l i g b e t o n g .N o r c e m e r i k k e p l i k t i g t i l å d e k l a r e r es l u t t b e h a n d l i n g i d e t d e t t e i s t o r g r a d a v h e n g e ra v b r u k e n a v p r o d u k t e t .
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
LL ii vv ss ll øø pp mm ee dd ss yy ss tt ee mm gg rr ee nn ss ee rrN o r c e m B r e v i k
K a l k s t e i n - u t t a k
R å m ø l l e
S e m e n t m ø l l e
K l i n k e r o v n
P a k k i n g
S p r e n g s t o f f
M a l e l e g e m e r
F l y g e a s k e
A l u m i n i u m s b æ r e r
J e r n b æ r e r
G i p s
K v a r t s
Tran
spor
t
A l l o k e r i n g s r e g l e r : F o r n y t t m a t e r i a l e e r r å v a r e r o g p r o d u k s j o n s p r o s e s s e r
i n k l u d e r t . F o r r e s i r k u l e r t m a t e r i a l e e r r e s i r k u l e r i n g s p r o s e s s e n i n k l u d e r t .
P r o d u k s j o n s f a s e n f o rp r o d u k t e t H o v e d p r o s e s s e n e v e d
N o r c e m e r u t t a k a vk a l k s t e i n f r a t o f e l t in æ r h e t e n a v b e d r i f t e n :D a l e n g r u v e o g B j ø r n t v e td a g b r u d d . K a l k s t e i n e nt i l s e t t e sk o r r e k s j o n s m a t e r i a l e r , s o mk i s a v b r a n n , k v a r t s , b a u x i t to g g i p s , o g m a l e s o gb r e n n e s v e d h ø y et e m p e r a t u r e r ( 1 4 5 0 o C ) t i lk l i n k e r .
K l i n k e r e n f i n m a l e s t i ls e m e n t . I m a l e p r o s e s s e nt i l s e t t e s m i n d r e m e n g d e rk a l k s t e i n , g i p s o gj e r n s u l f a t . ( O g f l y g e a s k e ib l a n d i n g s s e m e n t )J e r n s u l f a t e ra v f a l l s p r o d u k t f r a a n n e np r o d u k s j o n o g b e h a n d l e ss o m r e s i r k u l e r t m a t e r i a l e .
N o r c e m B r e v i k e rs e r t i f i s e r t i h e n h o l d t i l I S O9 0 0 1 o g I S O 1 4 0 0 1 o g e rE M A S - r e g i s t r e r t .
RR ee ff ee rr aa nn ss ee rrR e f e r a n s e t i l L C A r a p p o r tN o r c e m B r e v i k s m i l j ø r a p p o r t f o r 1 9 9 7 o g 1 9 9 8V o l d , M ; L C A a v H u l l d e k k e l e m e n t , S p e n n c o n
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Faktor 4/10 utvikling i øko-effektivitet
20002020
2040
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Milj
øb
ela
stn
ing
se
nh
ete
rFaktor 4/10 - krav til utvikling i øko-effektivitet
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Industrial Ecology - webs of value chains
Two types of industrial ecology webs
• Geographical webs (Eco-parks)
• Functional webs (Offices etc.)
C l e a n e r p r o d u c t i o n L i f e C y c l e m a n a g e m e n t I n d u s t r i a l E c o l o g y
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
DRIKKEVARESYSTEMETS OPPBYGGING
Production of drinking product
Cleaning of tapping water
Distribution of tapping water
Distribution of drinking product
Production of input resources
Cooling or heating by user Use of product
Waste treatment in WWTP
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Sprit VinØl
Min.vann.vann
BrusSaft
Juice
MelkKaffe
Te
Drikkevann fra spring
Drikkevann fra spring som inngår i utblandet drikkevare
Drikkevann fra industriell kilde
Likartet distribusjonkjøling
Likartet distribusjon
Likartet distribusjon
Likartet distribusjonkoking
FORBRUKER I NORGE
Struktur for et komplett drikkevaresystem
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Det norske drikkevareforbruket i 1997
0
50
100
150
200
250
l p
r p
ers
on
og
år
Fra vannverk via spring Fra vannverk via næringsmiddelbedrift Direkte fra produkt
Direkte fra produkt 0 0 0 129 8,88 2,5 6 0 1,7 11 8 2
Fra vannverk via næringsmiddelbedrift 102,1 47,5 15,3
Fra vannverk via spring 168,5 210 153 0 0 0 24 23 0 0 0 2
Andre kilder (mat)
Vann Kaffe Melk Brus Øl Saft Te JuiceKullsyreholdig
VinBrennevin
NTNU
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Emballasjeforbruk - antall enheter justert for ombruksemballasje
Om
bru
ksg
lass
0,3
-0,7
En
ga
ng
sgla
ss 0
,3-0
,7
PE
T o
mb
ruk
0,5
PE
T O
mb
ruk
1,5
PE
T e
ng
an
g 0
,5-0
,7
Bo
ks 0
,5
Fa
t 2
5
Ka
rto
ng
0,3
-1,0
Ka
rto
ng
1,5
-2,0
Po
se
Me
lk
Bru
s
Øl
Sa
ft
Juic
e
Ku
llsyr
eh
old
ig v
an
n
Vin
Bre
nn
evi
n
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NTNU
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Factor 4/10 design methodology
- Organisation based on functional systems
- Analysis of reference system (historically and present status)
- Scenario analyses (forecasting and backcasting- VIP methodology?)
- Defining a new systems vision for a Factor 4/10 solution
- Defining and describing alternative solutions for approaching the Factor 4/10 goal
NTNU
Østfold Research Foundation STØ
Factor 4/10 design methodology (cont.)
- Analysing alternative solutions in a coarse context – redifining vision and solutions
- Implementation of new vision and best solutions
- Implementation of new systems architecture
- How to motivate changes in user behaviour
- Technological solutions
NTNU