osmoregulation
DESCRIPTION
Osmoregulation. Chapter 44. Osmoregulation. Balance of water & solute concentration Intracellular & extracellular Ions (solutes) Na +1 , Cl -1. Osmolarity. Hyperosmotic Hypoosmotic Isoosmotic Normal saline (0.9%) 5% dextrose. Osmoregulation. Osmocomfomers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Osmoregulation
Chapter 44
![Page 2: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Osmoregulation
Balance of water & solute concentrationIntracellular & extracellularIons (solutes)Na+1, Cl-1
![Page 3: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Osmolarity
HyperosmoticHypoosmoticIsoosmoticNormal saline (0.9%)5% dextrose
![Page 4: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Osmoregulation
OsmocomfomersBody fluids have same concentration as environmentOcean invertebratesOsmoregulatorsConstant blood osmolarityVertebrates
![Page 5: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Osmoregulation
![Page 6: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nitrogenous wastes
Proteins, DNA & RNA contain nitrogenBreak downs-waste (NH2)
Aquatic animalsNH3
Mammals, amphibiansUreaBirds, reptiles, insects Uric acid
![Page 7: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nitrogenous wastes
![Page 8: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Urea
Uric acid
![Page 9: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nitrogen wastes
Many reptiles(including birds),insects, land snails
Ammonia Uric acidUrea
Most aquaticanimals, includingmost bony fishes
Mammals, mostamphibians, sharks,some bony fishes
![Page 10: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Excretion
Removal – nitrogenous metabolites– metabolic wastes
![Page 11: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Excretory process
FiltrationBlood is filtered Forms filtrate (urine)ReabsorptionIons & nutrients are recoveredReturned to body from filtrate
![Page 12: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Excretory process
SecretionWastes/water from capillaries to filtrate (urine)ExcretionWastes & water from filtrate (urine)
![Page 13: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Excretion
Capillary
Excretion
Secretion
Reabsorption
Excretorytubule
Filtration
Filtrate
Urin
e
![Page 14: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Anatomy
KidneyUreterBladderUrethraRenal artery/vein Blood supply of kidney
![Page 15: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Anatomy
Renal cortexOutside of kidneyRenal medullaInside of kidney (hypertonic)Renal pelvisFunnel shapedUreter meets kidney
![Page 16: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Kidney
![Page 17: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Anatomy
Nephron:Functioning unit of kidney1 million in each kidneyGlomerulusBowman’s capsuleProximal (convoluted) tubuleLoop of henleDistal (convoluted) tubule
![Page 18: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nephron
![Page 19: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Kidney
![Page 20: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Kidney
![Page 21: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Pathway
![Page 22: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pathway through kidney
Blood forced into glomerulusBed of capillariesBlood cells & proteins are too largePlasma goes through with minerals & waterFiltrateEnters Bowman’s capsuleProximal tubuleLocated in renal cortex
![Page 23: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pathway through kidney
Enters loop of HenleIn the loop goes deep in the renal medulla Fluid returnsDistal tubule Drains into collecting ductGoes into renal pelvis (urine)Ureter
![Page 24: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pathway through kidney
![Page 25: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nephron
Corticalnephron
Juxtamedullarynephron
Collectingduct
(c) Nephron types
Torenalpelvis
Renalmedulla
Renalcortex
![Page 26: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nephron
E:\Chapter_44\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\44_Lecture_Presentation\44_14NephronIntroduction_A.html
![Page 27: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pathway through kidney
Capillaries surround the loopReabsorb water & ions
![Page 28: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
NephronAfferent arteriolefrom renal artery
Efferentarteriole fromglomerulus
SEM
Branch ofrenal vein
Descendinglimb
Ascendinglimb
Loop ofHenle
(d) Filtrate and blood flow
Vasarecta
Collectingduct
Distaltubule
Peritubular capillaries
Proximal tubule
Bowman’s capsuleGlomerulus
10 µm
![Page 29: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Pathway through kidney
1000-2000L of blood flow through a day180 L of water a dayUrinate only 1.5 L per dayReabsorb glucose, aa, vitamins & water Excrete wastes, harmful substances, H+ & waterMaintain homeostasis (blood volume, pH electrolytes & BP)
![Page 30: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Regulation diagram
![Page 31: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Closer look
Proximal tubuleMost nutrients reabsorbed to blood NaCl, H2O, HCO3
-1 reabsorbed to bloodNH3, H+1 secreted into the tubule from blood
![Page 32: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Closer look
E:\Chapter_44\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\44_Lecture_Presentation\44_15BowmansCapsule_A.html
![Page 33: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Closer look
Loop of HenleDescending loop water is reabsorbedAscending loop NaCl is reabsorbedLonger loop-more NaCl is absorbed
![Page 34: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Closer look
Distal tubuleRegulation of K+1 & NaCl here Depends on body’s needsK+ is secreted into tubuleNaCl reabsorbed into tubule
![Page 35: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Closer look
E:\Chapter_44\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\44_Lecture_Presentation\44_15LoopOfHenle_A.html
![Page 36: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Closer look
Collecting ductNaCl can be reabsorbed hereSome urea diffuses out of tubeRemaining filtrate passes as urine
![Page 37: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Closer look
E:\Chapter_44\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\44_Lecture_Presentation\44_15CollectingDuct_A.html
![Page 38: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Regulation diagram
![Page 39: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Transport
Key
ActivetransportPassivetransport
INNERMEDULLA
OUTERMEDULLA
H2O
CORTEX
Filtrate
Loop ofHenle
H2O K+HCO3–
H+ NH3
Proximal tubule
NaCl Nutrients
Distal tubule
K+ H+
HCO3–
H2O
H2O
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
Urea
Collectingduct
NaCl
![Page 40: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Regulation of kidney
ADH (antidiurectic hormone)VasopressinReleased by posterior pituitary glandReleased in response to increased solute concentration in plasmaDehydrated or eating salty foodsDistal tubule/collecting duct become more permeable to waterDecreases the amount of water in urine Reabsorbs more water
![Page 41: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ADH
Thirst
Drinking reducesblood osmolarity
to set point.
Increasedpermeability
Pituitarygland
ADH
Hypothalamus
Distaltubule
H2O reab-sorption helpsprevent further
osmolarityincrease.
STIMULUS:Increase in blood
osmolarity
Collecting duct
Homeostasis:Blood osmolarity
(300 mOsm/L)
(a)
Osmoreceptors inhypothalamus trigger
release of ADH.
![Page 42: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ADH
![Page 43: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ADH
E:\Chapter_44\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\44_Lecture_Presentation\44_19EffectOfADH_A.html
![Page 44: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Regulation of kidney
Low blood volumeJuxtaglomerular apparatus Tissue located near artery supplies blood to glomerulusSecretes renin (enzyme)Angiotensinogen to angiotensin IAngiotensin I to angiotension IICauses blood vessels to constrictCauses release of aldosterone
![Page 45: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Regulation of kidney
AldosteroneReleased by the adrenal cortexDue to low sodium levelsDue to low blood volumeStimulates distal tubules/collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium Chlorine & water followStimulates potassium to be excreted
![Page 46: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Regulation of kidney
AldosteroneIncreases serum sodium levelsIncreases water (blood volume)Decreases serum potassium levelsACE inhibitor Blood pressure medicationBlocks the affects of aldosterone
![Page 47: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Aldosterone
Renin
Distaltubule
Juxtaglomerularapparatus (JGA)
STIMULUS:Low blood volumeor blood pressure
Homeostasis:Blood pressure,
volume
Liver
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
ACE
Angiotensin II
Adrenal gland
Aldosterone
Arterioleconstriction
Increased Na+
and H2O reab-sorption in
distal tubules
![Page 48: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Regulation of kidney
ANH (atrial natriuretic homone)Secreted by right atriumDue to increased blood volumeCauses sodium/water to be released Lowers blood volumeOpposes aldosterone
![Page 49: Osmoregulation](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813b77550346895da48c0b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Problems
Diabetes insipidusLacks ADHPituitary problemIncreased urinationLeads to dehydration & low BPAlcohol consumptionBlocks ADH