organizing the diversity of life chapter 2 lecture outline
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Organizing the Diversity of Life
Chapter 2Lecture Outline
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© 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 2
Building Evolutionary Trees Systematist
Biologist who studies relationships among groups of organisms
Evolutionary treesSummary of the relationship of groups of
organisms
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Constructing Evolutionary Trees Determine the distance of relationship
Similarity and differences Appearance Function
Tips of branches Different species
Common ancestors Branch points
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Shared Derived Features Common ancestry
Descendants share features
Group of close relatives
Each level has unique shared features
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Convergent Features Shared features
Not from common ancestorEvolved independentlyExample:
Opposable thumb Panda versus chimpanzee
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DNA Comparisons DNA is hereditary material
Most accurate means of showing relationships
Appearance and function based on DNA The genetic material serves as a blueprint for the
characteristics
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DNA and Characteristics Shared characteristics of DNA show
relatedness between groupsAble to compare groups that have little
apparent similaritiesExample: comparing bacteria, plants, animals
Show evolutionary relationships among many different groups
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Predict the Biology of Organisms Evolutionary trees
Can be used to help make predictionsBased on shared derived featuresPrediction of characteristics and behaviors
of related organisms
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Prediction of Parental Care A behavior characteristic may be predicted
based on the evolutionary tree
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The Linnaean Hierarchy Classification system
Carolus LinnaeusLevels from smallest to largest
Species is lowest level Species grouped to form genus Scientific name
Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Homo sapiens
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Levels of Linnaean Hierarchy
Seven levels
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Highest Levels of Classification Two kingdoms
Described by Linnaeus
Plants and animals
Other classifications Five to eight kingdoms
Higher level: Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
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Tree of Life
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Evolutionary Relationships Consider the mushroom, a fungus
Is it more like an animal or a plant? How about a yeast cell, also a fungus?
Is it more like a bacteria or an animal? Evolutionary trees
Based on DNA Help us to see less noticeable relationships Important for understanding the nature and
mechanisms of the organisms
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Primate Evolutionary Tree Closest relatives to humans
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Variations on the Tree of Life Horizontal gene
transferGenes moved
between lineages
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Changes in Evolutionary Trees Changes occur as more information is
gathered Natural process of science
Evolutionary trees serve as a base for hypotheses
More information confirms or refutes ideasEvolutionary trees become more stable as
information is gathered
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Concept QuizWhich of the following is the most accurate method of determining relatedness?
A. Common appearance
B. DNA
C. Common behavior
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Concept QuizIf two species share a common characteristic, such as a long tongue, does that mean they evolved from common ancestors?
A. Yes
B. No
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Concept QuizAccording to this evolutionary tree, which of the following is the least related to the fungi?
A. Bacteria
B. Plants
C. Animals
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Biology in the NewsSasquatch Sighting Reported in Yukon Hair found after sighting of Sasquatch
DNA analysis of the hair Perfect match with bison DNA
If Sasquatch is a bipedal ape-man How would it fit with Linnaean hierarchy? With primates?
How could DNA match the bison if it’s a primate?
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Terms
Archaea
Bacteria
Class
Convergent features
Domain
Eukarya
Evolutionary tree
Family
Genus
Horizontal gene transfer
Kingdom
Lineage
Linnaean hierarchy
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Terms
Most recent common ancester
Order
Phylum
Scientific name
Shared derived features
Systematist
Taxon
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Discover Biology StudySpace
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4
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Additional Art from Chapter 2
All art files from the book are available in JPEG and PPT formats on the
Instructor Resource Disc
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