organic cotton ppt prashanth
DESCRIPTION
ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTTON FARMINGTRANSCRIPT
A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN COTTON IN KARIMNAGAR FARMING IN COTTON IN KARIMNAGAR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESHDISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
P.PRASHANTH M. S.c (Ag).RAM/09-16Department of Department of AgriculturalAgricultural Extension Extension [email protected]
“Ever green revolution and hunger free world”
- Dr. M S Swaminathan
“A second Green Revolution is required to give a fresh impetus to multi cropping, and organic farming for accelerated growth”
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Former President of India
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. To study the profile characteristics of organic and conventional cotton farmers
2. To study the level of knowledge of organic and conventional cotton farmers on organic cotton practices.
3. To find out the extent of adoption of cotton organic practices by the organic and conventional cotton farmers.
4. To find out the relationship between profile characteristics and level of knowledge and extent of adoption of organic cotton farming practices by the organic and conventional cotton farmers.
5. To elicit the constraints and suggestions of organic and conventional cotton farmers and suggesting a suitable extension strategy to promote organic cotton crop.
6. To identify the success cases if any of the organic cotton farmers.
RESEARCH DESIGN Ex-post facto Research Design was adopted for the study
SAMPLING PROCEDURE LOCALE OF THE STUDY
Andhra Pradesh was selected purposively for the study
SELECTION OF THE REGION
Telangana region was purposively selected
SELECTION OF THE DISTRICT
karimnagar district was selected purposively
SELECTION OF THE MANDALS
Two mandals namely Ellanthakunta and Bejjanki were selected purposively
SELECTION OF THE VILLAGES
From each sampled mandal three villages were selected randomly Rapaka, Venkatraopalli,
Arepalli villages of Ellantha kunta mandal; Kallepalli, Madapoor, Vadloor
villages of Bejjanki mandal were selected for the study.
SELECTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
From each selected village, ten conventional and ten organic cotton farmers were selected
randomly thus a total of 60 conventional and 60 organic cotton cultivating farmers were
constituted as sample for the study.
VARIABLES AND THEIR EMPIRICAL MEASUREMENT
S.No Variable Empirical Measurement
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
1. Level of knowledge Knowledge test developed for the study
2. Extent of adoption Schedule developed for the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
1. Age Chronological Age
2. Education Number of years of formal education
3. Farming experience Number of years of experience possessed by a farmer in farming
4. Farm size Total number of acres possessed
5. Annual income Net monitory returns received by the farmer
6. Herd size No. of animals possessed
7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern Schedule developed for the study
8. Training received Number of trainings received on cotton cultivation
9. Decision making behavior Schedule developed for the study
10. Extension Contact Schedule developed for the study
DEVICES USED FOR COLLECTION OF DATAAn interview schedule was used for the data collection.
STATISTICAL TESTS AND PROCEDURES FOLLOWEDMean, Standard deviation, Frequency, Z-test, Percentage, Co-efficient of correlation and Class interval methods will be used for the study.
COLLABORATION WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTSState Department of Agriculture, N.G.Os- COFA, Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA),
DEPENDENT VARIABLESDEPENDENT VARIABLES
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE The variable ‘knowledge’ is operationalised as “the information possessed on organic cotton
cultivation practices both by the selected organic and conventional cotton farmers”.
A knowledge test was developed with 45 items to measure knowledge of organic and conventional cotton growing farmers on organic cotton farming. Each item is measured on two point continuum. i.e. Correct and incorrect with ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively.
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Low knowledge group 22-28 0-15
Medium knowledge group 29-35 16-30
High knowledge group 36-42 31-45
KNOWLEDGE TESTKNOWLEDGE TEST
COLLECTION OF ITEMSITEM ANALYSIS ITEM DIFFICULTY INDEX (P) ITEM DISCRIMINATION INDEX (E 1/3)
(S1 + S2) – (S5 + S6)E 1/3 = _____________________________
N/3
POINT BISERIAL CORRELATION (r pbis)
MP-MQrpbis = ____________ x √pq
SD
SELECTION OF TOTAL ITEMS
OUT OF 66 ITEMS, 45 ITEMS WERE FINALLY SELECTED BASED ON
Items with difficulty level indices ranging from 30 to 70Items with discrimination indices ranging from 0.3 to
0.7Items having significant point biserial correlation either
at 1 per cent or 5 per cent level.
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY VALIDITY CONTENT VALIDITY ADMINISTRATION OF THE TEST
ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSESRESPONSES ON ON STANDARDISEDSTANDARDISED KNOWLEDGE TEST KNOWLEDGE TEST
45 items of knowledge test on organic cotton practices were grouped into four categories. i.e.
CATEGORY I- CONVERSION AND CERTIFICATION AND
CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
CATEGORY II- LAND PREPARATION, BIO MASS
DEVELOPMENT, SOWING AND WEED
MANAGEMENT
CATEGORY III- PLANT PROTECTION
CATEGORY IV - HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST
MANAGEMENT
Based on the responses obtained on the items mean score was calculated for each category and accordingly knowledge percentage and rank was obtained.
Mean score for each category= Obtained total score in that category
Number of respondents (n=60)
Knowledge percentage=_Obtained total score x100
Total score
EXTENT OF ADOPTIONEXTENT OF ADOPTIONIt was operationalised as “extent to which the organic
cotton cultivation practices were accepted and practically applied in the field both by the organic and conventional cotton growers”.
CATEGORISATION
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Low adoption group 51-61 12-22
Medium adoption group 62-72 23-33
High adoption group 73-83 34-44
ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSES ON ADOPTION OF ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSES ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTONPRACTICES.ORGANIC COTTONPRACTICES.
45 items of organic cotton practices were grouped into four categories. i.e.
CATEGORY I- CONVERSION AND CERTIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
CATEGORY II- LAND PREPARATION, BIO MASS DEVELOPMENT, SOWING AND WEED
MANAGEMENT CATEGORY III- PLANT PROTECTION
CATEGORY IV - HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
Based on the responses obtained on the items mean score was calculated for each category and accordingly adoption percentage and rank was obtained.
Mean score for each category= Obtained total score in that category
Number of respondents (n=60)
Adoption percentage=_Obtained total score x100
Total score
INDEPENDENT VARIABLESINDEPENDENT VARIABLES
AGE It was operationalised as the chronological age of the
respondent in terms of the total number of years completed at the time of conducting the study.
S. NO. Category Age range
1 Young age Up to 35 years
2 Middle age 36-55 years
3 Old age Above 55 years
EDUCATIONEDUCATION It was operationally defined as the degree of formal
schooling received by the respondents.A schedule was developed to measure the level of
education. The respondents were classified into seven
categories as follows.Category Score
Illiterate 1
Primary school (Upto 5th Class) 2
Upper primary school (6th to 7th Class) 3
High school (8, 9 and 10th Class) 4
Intermediate 5
Under Graduation 6
Post Graduation and above 7
FARMING EXPERIENCE FARMING EXPERIENCE
It was operationalized as the number of years of experience a respondent had in cultivation crops. Weightage of one score was assigned for one year of experience in cultivation.
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Low 5-13 6-16
Medium 14-22 17-27
High 23-31 28-38
FARM SIZEFARM SIZEIt was operationally defined as the number of acres
of land the farmer is utilizing for cotton cultivation out of the total cultivated land.
Weightage of one score was given to one acre of land under cotton cultivation.
Category Criteria followed
Marginal < 2.5 acres
Small 2.5 to 5.0 acres
Large >5.0 acres
ANNUAL INCOMEANNUAL INCOME
This variable was operationalised as the actual income of the respondent summed up for the whole year from cotton cultivation and other than cotton cultivation from his whole land under cultivation excluding debts.
Accordingly total score was calculated for each respondent.
Category Organic Conventional
Low 1-3 2-7
Medium 4-6 8-13
High 7-9 14-19
HERD SIZE HERD SIZE
It was operationalised as total number of animals possessed by the respondent at the time of investigation such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat and poultry etc.
The scoring pattern is as follows. Weightage of one score was assigned for one animal.
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Small 4-9 animals 2-5 animals
Medium 10-15 animals 6-9 animals
Large 16-21 animals 10-13 animals
ORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERNORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERN
It was operationalised as “The Frequency of application or usage of various organic inputs by the respondent in growing the cotton crop.
This variable consists of seven selected organic inputs with a four point continuum namely very often, often, occasionally and never.
A score of four was given for very often, three was given for often, two was given for occasionally and one score was given for never.
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Low 14– 18 8-11
Medium 19 – 23 12-15
High 24 – 28 16-19
TRAINING RECEIVEDTRAINING RECEIVEDTraining was operationally defined as an intensive learning
activity for a group of selected cotton farmers assigned by competent trainers to understand and practice the skills required in the adoption of improved cotton farming practices.
It was measured in terms of number of trainings attended by the respondents as revealed by them at the time of interview.
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Low 6-8 0-1
Medium 9-11 2-3
High 12-14 4-5
DECISION MAKING DECISION MAKING BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR
It was operationally defined as the ability of cotton farmers to make their decisions regarding raising the cotton crop in accordance with the cotton cultivation practices.
This variable consists of fourteen (14) statements with three point continuum namely respondent himself, respondent and help of family, head of family with weightages of 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Category Organic
(Scores)
Conventional
(Scores)
Low 21 – 27 18-21
Medium 28 – 34 22-25
High 35 – 41 26-29
EXTENSION CONTACTEXTENSION CONTACTThis was operationalised as the frequency of contacts made
by the respondents with the various extension personnel.This variable was measured on four point continuum i.e.
very often, often, occasionally and never with the scores of 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.
Category Organic (Scores) Conventional (Scores)
Low extension contact 12-17 9-13
Medium extension contact 18-23 14-18
High extension contact 24-29 19-23
AGEAGE
Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to their age
S.NO. Category of
Farmers
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
frequency percentage frequency percentage
1. Young age(up to 35) 22 36.66 12 20.00
2. Middle age(36-45) 32 53.33 29 48.33
3. Old age(>55years ) 6 10.00 19 31.66
EDUCATIONEDUCATIONTable 5. Distribution of respondents according to their
education
S.NO Level of Education Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
frequency Percentage Frequency percenta
ge
1. Illiterate 5 8.33 15 25.00
2. Primary School 25 41.66 19 31.66
3. Upper primary
school
13 21.66 11 18.33
4. High school 7 11.66 6 10.00
5. Intermediate 3 5.00 5 8.33
6. Under graduate 2 3.33 3 5.00
7. Post graduate 5 8.33 1 1.66
FARMING EXPERIENCE FARMING EXPERIENCE
Table 6. Distribution of respondents according to their farming experience
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
(5-13)
Medium
(14-22)
High
(23-31)
Low
(6-
16)
Medium
(17-27)
High
(28-38)
Frequency 18 27 15 15 30 15
Percentage 30.00 45.00 25.00 25.00 50.00 25.00
FARM SIZE FARM SIZE
Table 7. Distribution of respondents according to their farmsize
S.NO. Category of
Farmers
Organic (n=60) Conventional
(n=60)
frequency Percentage freque
ncy
percentag
e
1. Marginal(1ha) 17 28.33 12 20.00
2. Small(1.1-2ha) 22 36.66 23 38.33
3. Large(>2ha) 21 35.00 25 41.66
ANNUAL INCOME ANNUAL INCOME
Table 8. Distribution of respondents according to their annual income
S.NO.
Category Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Low
(1-3)
Medium
(4-6)
High
(7-9)
Low
(2-7)
Medium
(8-13)
High
(14-19)
1. Frequency 20 29 11 19 26 15
2. Percentag
e
33.33 48.33 18.33 31.66 43.33 25.00
HERD SIZEHERD SIZE
Table 9.Distribution of respondents according to their herd size
S.NO. Category Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Small
(4-9)
Medium
(10-15)
Big
(16-21)
Small
(2-5)
Medium
(6-9)
Big
(10-13)
1. Frequency 23 24 13 31 23 7
2. percentage 38.33 40.00 21.66 51.66 38.33 11.66
ORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERNORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERN
Table 10. Distribution of respondents according to their Organic inputs utilisation pattern
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
(14-18)
Medium
(19-23)
High
(24-28)
Low
(8-11)
Medium
(12-15)
High
(16-19)
Frequency 16 15 29 32 19 9
Percentage 26.66 25.00 48.33 53.33 31.66 15.00
TRAINING RECEIVED TRAINING RECEIVED
Table 11. Distribution of respondents according to their training received
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
(6-8)
Medium
(9-11)
High
(12-14)
Low
(0-1)
Medium
(2-3)
High
(4-5)
Frequency 7 30 23 36 15 9
Percentage 11.66 50.00 38.33 60.00 25.00 15.00
DECISION MAKING BEHAVIOURDECISION MAKING BEHAVIOUR
Table 12.Distribution of respondents according to their decision making behaviour
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
(21-27)
Medium
(28-34)
High
(35-41)
Low
(18-21)
Medium
(22-25)
High
(26-29)
Frequency 21 29 10 16 33 11
Percentag
e
35.00 48.33 16.66 26.66 55.00 18.33
EXTENSION CONTACTEXTENSION CONTACT
Table 13. Distribution of respondents according to their extension contact
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
(12-17)
Medium
(18-23)
High
(24-29)
Low
(9-13)
Medium
(14-18)
High
(19-23)
Frequency 15 26 19 19 27 14
Percentage 25.00 43.33 31.66 31.66 45.00 23.33
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES
S. No. Respondent
category
Size of the
sample
Mean S.D. ‘Z’
value
1. Organic 60 35.08 7.661 16.08*
2. Conventional 60 21.45 9.985
DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR LEVEL OF COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.KNOWLEDGE ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
( 12-17)
Medium
(18-23)
High
(24-29)
Low
(9-13)
Medium
(14-18)
High
(19-23)
Frequency 9 14 37 24 26 10
Percentage 15.00 23.33 61.66 40.00 43.00 16.67
DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASISOF DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASISOF KNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESKNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES
S. No.Organic farming practices in
cotton (Categories)Groups
Score
rangeFrequency Percent-age
Mean
score
Knowledge
percentageRank
1. Conversion and certification
requirements
(Items 9)
Low 5-6 7 11.66
7.82 84.97
IMedium 7-8 3 5.00
High 9-10 50 80.33
2. Land preparation, Biomass
Development, sowing and weed
management
(Items 9)
Low 4-5 4 6.66
6.47 80.33 IIMedium 6-7 16 26.66
High 8-9 40 66.66
3. Plant protection
(Items 18)
Low 3-6 5 8.32
12.35 68.61
IVMedium 7-10 14 23.30
High 11-14 41 68.50
4. Harvesting and post harvest
management
(Items 9)
Low 3-5 15 25.00
5.65 70.63 IIIMedium 6-8 13 21.00
High 9-11 32 54.00
DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESKNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES
S.No.Organic farming practice in cotton
(categories)Groups
Score
rangeFrequency Percent-age
Mean
score
Knowledge
percentageRank
1. Conversion and certification
requirements (Items9)
Low 0-2 37 61.66
3.98 44.26
IVMedium 3-5 16 26.66
High 6-8 7 11.66
2. Land preparation, Biomass
Development, sowing and weed
management (Items9)
Low 2-3 32 53.33
5.71 57.16
IMedium 4-5 20 33.33
High 6-7 8 13.33
3. Plant protection
(Items 18)
Low 3-5 16 26.66
8.4 46.66 IIIMedium 6-8 32 53.33
High 9-11 12 20.00
4. Harvesting and
post harvest management
(Items 9)
Low 2-3 26 43.33
3.88 48.54 IIMedium 4-5 28 46.66
High 6-7 6 10.00
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES
S. No. Respondent
category
Size of the
sample
Mean S.D. ‘Z’ value
1. Organic 60 60.08 29.01 11.0654*
2. Conventional 60 29.32 19.42
DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR EXTENT OF COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR EXTENT OF ADOPTION ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.ADOPTION ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.
Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)
Category Low
(51-61)
Medium
(62-72)
High
(73-83)
Low
(12-22)
Medium
(23-33)
High
(34-44)
Frequency 12 17 31 34 18 8
Percentage 20.00 28.33 51.66 56.66 30.00 13.33
Distribution of Organic Cotton Farmers on the Basis of Distribution of Organic Cotton Farmers on the Basis of Adoption ScoreAdoption Score Regarding Organic Cotton Practices n=60Regarding Organic Cotton Practices n=60
S.No.
Organic farming practices
in cotton
(Categories)
groupsScore
range
Frequenc
y
Percent-
age
Mean
score
Adoption
percentageRank
1. Conversion and
certification requirements
(Items 9)
Low 4-8 12 20.00
12.86 71.48 IMedium 9-12 6 10.00
High 13-16 42 70.00
2. Land preparation, Biomass
Development, sowing and
weed management (Items 9)
Low 5-8 18 10.00
15.95 66.45 IIMedium 9-12 16 36.66
High 13-15 26 53.33
3. Plant protection
(Items 18)
Low 8-16 10 8.32
22.58 62.73 IIIMedium 17-25 12 23.30
High 26-34 38 68.50
4. Harvesting and post
harvest management
(Items 9)
Low 4-8 9 30.00
11.00 55.00 IVMedium 9-13 19 26.66
High 14-17 32 43.33
DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASIS OF ADOPTION SCOREFARMERS ON THE BASIS OF ADOPTION SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESREGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESn=60n=60
S. No.Organic farming
practices in cotton(categories)
Groups Score range FrequencyPercent-
ageMean score
Adoption percentage
Rank
1. Conversion and certification requirements(Items9)
Low 2-5 44 73.33
3.41 18.98 IVMedium 6-9 10 16.66
High 10-13 6 10.00
2. Land preparation, Biomass Development, sowing and weed management (Items 9)
Low 3-5 34 55.00
9.15 50.83 IMedium 6-8 22 40.00
High 9-11 4 5.00
3. Plant protection(Items 18)
Low 6-12 38 63.33
15.08 41.89 IIMedium 13-19 14 23.33
High 20-26 8 13.33
4. Harvesting and post harvest management (Items 9
Low 3-5 33 50.00
7.633 38.16 IIIMedium 6-8 24 36.66
High 9-11 3 13.33
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND LEVEL OFLEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESCOTTON PRACTICES ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES
n=60n=60
S.No. Characteristics Correlation coefficient(r )
1. Age 0.101NS
2. Education 0.420*
3. Farming experience 0.0648NS
4. Farm size 0.0685NS
5. Annual income 0.2279**
6. Herd size 0.416*
7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.358*
8. Training received 0.365*
9. Decision making behaviour 0.427*
10. Extension contact 0.447*•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * **Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES BY THE EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERSORGANIC COTTON FARMERSn=60n=60
S. No. Characteristics Correlation coefficient (r )
1. Age 0.120NS
2. Education 0.385*
3. Farming experience 0.0377NS
4. Farm size 0.321*
5. Annual income 0.075 NS
6. Herd size 0.226**
7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.312*
8. Training received 0.332*
9. Decision making behaviour 0.384*
10. Extension contact 0.297**•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * **Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF CONVENTIONAL VARIABLES AND LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF CONVENTIONAL
COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES n=60n=60
S. No. Characteristics Correlation coefficient (r )
1. Age 0.126 NS
2. Education 0.0258 NS
3. Farming experience 0.0161NS
4. Farm size 0.3645*
5. Annual income 0.2895*
6. Herd size 0.0379 NS
7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.0193NS
8. Training received 0.0279 NS
9. Decision making behaviour 0.0468 NS
10. Extension contact 0.0573NS•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * **Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON VARIABLES AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES BY THE CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS. PRACTICES BY THE CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS.
n=60n=60
S. No. Characteristics Correlation coefficient (r )
1. Age 0.0256NS
2. Education 0.0137 NS
3. Farming experience 0.0238 NS
4. Farm size 0.284*
5. Annual income 0.090NS
6. Herd size 0.0464NS
7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.1693NS
8. Training received 0.2932*
9. Decision making behaviour 0.0141 NS
10. Extension contact 0.365*•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant
SRI CHAITANYA SRI CHAITANYA COOPERATIVE COOPERATIVE – ORGANIC SUCCESS STORY– ORGANIC SUCCESS STORYSri Chaitanya, MACS is established
by farmers in 2004BEFORE ESTABLISHMENTFarmers suicides due to debt trapContinuous mono-cropping with Bt cotton, which reduces soils
fertility and pest resurgence .AFTER EST. In the year 2008, FFID a voluntary organisation
and the COFA, a co-operative society started Internal Control System for certifying the farms.
Presently COFA owned by 174 families or households
CHAITANYA ORGANIC ADOPTED THE CHAITANYA ORGANIC ADOPTED THE FOLLOWING STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THIS FOLLOWING STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THIS PURPOSE. PURPOSE.
Develop farmers through marketing and value addition and build up supply chain in Textile industry.
Organisation development through reducing middle men involvement. To provide good facilities for agricultural labour who are working in
organic cotton fields. On the ground, Chaitantya organic is managed through FFID and
COAPCL. FFID ensures the Transfer of technology, Internal Control system, and
Certification of organic products through Field level farmers groups development.
COAPCL ensures (i) Minimum support price and premium price for the organic cotton,
ii) By transparency trading by giving profit shares to the farmers. iii) Marketing, training and capacity building of farmers.
ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY COFAACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY COFA FORMATION OF ORGANIC FARMERS GROUPS IN VILLAGES INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM COLLECT AND MAINTENANCE OF BASE LINE DATA CAPACITY BUILDING OF FARMERS ORGANISING SEEDS, ORGANIC INPUTS AND CREDIT SUPPORT CULTIVATION OF CROPS LAND AND BIOMASS DEVELOPMENT SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CROP HARVEST ORGANIC CERTIFICATION GROUP RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION PURCHASE OF ORGANIC PRODUCE
KISTAPUR - A WHOLE VILLAGEKISTAPUR - A WHOLE VILLAGE SHOWS THE WAY– A SUCCESS STORY SHOWS THE WAY– A SUCCESS STORY
In 2004-05, 15 farmers started
sustainable organic agriculture on 30 acres and in 2007, these farms were certified into organic.
Presently, 94 farmers were cultivating land in the village is 249 acres.
Farmers also reducing the cost of FYM, poultry manures by group approach. That is they bought one lorry load of poultry manures for their whole village by investing 12,000/- for season.
They were using ½ kg poultry per cotton plant for nutrients by replacing chemical fertilizers.
Trap crops – Bhendi, Tajitus were used as trap cropsBorder crop of maize Planted around the organic cotton Now they were growing cotton intercrop with redgram for
kharif season. 2007, farmers attended a training programme on “System of
Rice Intensification (SRI)” method of paddy cultivation organised by MMS and realized that they can grow rabi crop (winter season crop) with the little water available to them. Now they were cultivating two crops per year.
Cotton produce is certified as organic by European Agency. The prices of organic cotton, 30-40 % higher than conventional Bt cotton crop.
FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-1FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-1 Name of the farmer: Mr. Bhupathi Reddy (52 yrs)
Village: Repaka, Illanthakunta (Ma.),Karimnagar(Dt.).) Education: Bachlor’s degree holder with
agriculture occupation. Land cultivation: 11 acres of land of which 4 acres paddy, 5 acres cotton
+ red gram. He possesses 6 buffalos and a tractor. He cultivates paddy, cotton, pulses
on his 11 acres of land which is fully organic. Krishi a local NGO influenced him to switch over to organic farming. Since
from the past 6 years he has completely stopped the use of chemicals and became cent per cent organic farmer.
Achieved highest yield in Organic cotton cultivation (10 qt./Acre) Prepared his own organic pesticides and organic fungicides Earlier he used to burn the cotton and paddy stubbles, but after initiating
organic farming, cotton and paddy stubbles are being incorporated into the soil
FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-2FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-2 Name of the farmer: Mr. Nampalli (45) Village: Kistapur (vi.) Karimnagar (Di.) Education: Illiterate. Area possessed: 4 acres of land. He had 3 animals. He prepared compost by himself by collecting leaves, cow dung from
locally available resource. He also preparing NSKE to control thrips and sucking pests infestation He followed Seed treatment with: Trichoderma, cow urine, rice water +
Salt and then spreading of cotton seed for 2-3 hrs in the air reduce pest damage.
He also uses pheromone traps 5-6 per acre. He also intercropped cotton with red gram at the ratio of
7:2. He also was growing 3 rows of Red gram in between
conventional fields. Achieved highest yield in Organic cotton cultivation (9
qt./Acre)+ red gram yield (3qt./acre)His net returns were 30 percent higher than conventional.
CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMINGCOTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMING
S.No. A. Technological constraints Percentage
RANK
1. Lack of knowledge regarding different methods of pest control under
organic farming
60.95 V
2. Lack of skill regarding the preparation and production of certain organic
inputs
66.19 II
3. Lack of methods for easy detection of the pest economic threshold
levels
48.00 VII
4. Complex and costly certification process 76.35 I
5. Lack of knowledge about the maintenance of records and conversion
plan details
64.00 III
6. Lack of Knowledge on identifying the harmful and beneficial insects
and to conserve natural predators
55.00 VI
7. Lack of standardised, recommended low cost technologies for organic
cotton farming.
62.00 IV
B. Socio- Economical problems percentage Rank
1. Lack of community Approach 85.70 I
2. Lack of organizational and cooperative efforts of farmers 22.00 VIII
3. Increased cost of cultivation due to addition of organic
technologies
42.86 VII
4. Reduction in the yields due to adoption of Various
organic inputs
82.00 II
5. High rate of interest on credit 20.00 IX
6. High cost of organic inputs 50.00 VI
7. Lack of technical and input support during conversion
period
80.00 IV
8. Low profitability 75.00 V
9. Pressure from family members not to volunteer the
organic cotton farming.
81.00 III
C. Supply, service and marketing problems Percentage Rank
1. Non availability of critical in time organic inputs( Bio-
pesticides, Bio-agents and Traps)
72.00 III
2. At times the produce of in organic cotton is pricing more in the
market.
70.00 IV
3. The market intelligence on organic cotton farming is very poor
among the scientists, departmental officials and farmers.
39.00 VIII
4. Lack of sufficient warehouses, to store the cotton produced
under organic farming.
42.00 VII
5. Strong fluctuation of prices in the local and world market on
organic cotton produce.
54.00 VI
6. Unfair competition in the trade invasion of buyers, who do not
provide extension services and side selling.
68.00 V
7. Lack of subsidy on bio agents , bio-pesticides, traps and
spraying equipments used in organic cotton farming
76.00 II
8. Weak marketing system on organic cotton trade 78.00 I
S. No. Transfer of technology problems Percentage Rank
1. Lack of regulatory /dependability/credibility of
extension personnel visits
52.00 III
2. Lack of co-ordinated effort by all the concerned
cotton related departments for promotion of organic
cotton farming.
45.00 IV
3. Organic recommendations not communicated in an
understandable form
70.00 I
4. Minimal usage of various forms/ channels of
communication to disseminate the information on
organic cotton farming
42.00 V
5. Lack of regular visits by extension worker to give
the farmers on organic cotton farming
54.00 II
E. Situational constraints Per centage Rank
1. Transportation of organic and poultry manures is
costly and laborious
60.00 III
2. Small herd size 85.00 I
3. Non - availability of biologically treated seed in the
market
80.00 II
4. Lack of serious and continuous focus by the
subsequent governments in promotion of organic
cotton farming.
56.00 IV
5. Lack of access to ginning facility 30.00 V
CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE CONVENTIONAL CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMINGCOTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMING
S. No. Constraints in organic cotton farming by conventional cotton farmers
1. Labour intensive 80.00 II
2. Cost of cultivation is very high 73.00 VII
3. Lack of specific package of practices 79.00 III
4. Low yields and not suitable for irrigated conditions 78.00 IV
5. Conversion &Certification is a complex and
costlyprocess
82.76 I
6. Poor availability of organic inputs 45.00 IX
7. Higher weed infestation 76.00 VI
8. High incidence of pest and disease problems 77.68 V
9. Lack of mechanisms for making aware the farmers on
organic cotton farming
68.00 VIII
SUGGESTIONS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS FOR SUGGESTIONS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS FOR PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN COTTON CROPPROMOTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN COTTON CROP
A. TECHNOLOGICAL SUGGESTIONS
1. More awareness may be created among the farmers on
skilful handling of various methods of non chemical pest
control under organic farming
82.56 I
2. Produce may be certified by formation of groups 76.38 III
3. The importance and the method of maintaining the records
and scientific procedure of converting the land for organic
farming may be imparted to the farmers
62.46 V
4. The surveillance and diagnosis mechanism should be
imparted to the farmers for identify the pest ETL
78.35 II
5. A Cotton variety which is tolerant to sucking pests should
be developed
74.00 IV
B. SOCIO –ECONOMIC SUGGESTIONS
1. More financial credit may be lended to the organic
cotton farmers with reasonable interest
64.00 IV
2. Farmers should be sensitised to take up organic
farming on community basis in the entire village.
74.00 III
3. The key organic inputs like compost, cakes, and
manures should be available in large quantities at
low cost
83.00 II
4. High price may be fixed for organic cotton produce
to differentiate between conventional and organic
farmers profitability
84.00 I
C. SUPPLY, SERVICE AND MARKETING SUGGESTIONS
1. Bio pesticides and bio fertilisers, pheromone traps and
light traps should be available in time for effective
management of pest population
72.45 I
2. The wavering of prices of cotton produce should be
minimised to build the confidence among the farmers
64.00 IV
3. Subsidy for organic inputs should be given on par with
the subsidy incurred on chemical fertilisers
69.00 III
4. The data on market intelligence of organic cotton
marketing should be strengthened
72.00 II
5. The practice of variety wise grading and standardisation
as to be refined and strengthening assured of better price
62.00 V
D. SUGGESTIONS FOR EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. Sufficient number of training programmes should be organised on roughing, weed
control, post harvest handling, (harvesting, grading, standardisation etc) other market
related aspects to build the confidence of farmers on organic farming in cotton crop.
76.00 I
2. The government should be use various mass communication media like radio and
television, to broad cast market prices of cotton regularly
68.58 III
3. The existing polambadi programme should be used as a plat form to disseminate the
knowledge on organic cotton farming to various farmers.
74.00 II
4. Information corners run by the officials of DOA should be used as an effective channels
to high light market prices, demand and supply, certification aspect and other organic
related information on regular basis
64.00 IV
5. The government insist for establishment comprehensive and rapid expansion of
regulated markets would aim at development of the marketing structure especially to
ensure remunerative price to organic cotton producer, reduce non functional margins of
traders and commission agent and to narrow down the price spread between producers
and consumers
62.00 V
6. Un scientific methods of storing is leading to considerable wastage due to absence of
sufficient number of ware houses, therefore majority of the farmers were resorting to
distress sales with the prevailing low prices. Hence the govt, should thought of creating
more number of ware houses to preserve the old organic cotton
61.00 VI
IMPLICATIONS OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDYSTUDY More number of agricultural information materials (farm literature)
should be published in the form of leaflets, pamphlets, simple booklets on organic aspects of cotton farming has good size of respondents had formal education .
Majority of the organic cotton respondents had medium age, these indicates that the government should encourage the youth to take up farming as their profession in general and organic farming in particular.
Majority of the organic cotton respondents were habituated to apply the organic inputs in their cotton cultivation. In this endeavor the administrators should thought of keeping these inputs readily available in terms of quantity and quality at farmer’s level. In contrast to this the utility of organic inputs by the conventional cotton farmers is very less. Hence awareness may be created among these farmers by the officials of DOA on the benefits and role of organic inputs in improving the soil fertility, quality of produce and maintaining the ecological balance.
The training received by the organic and conventional cotton farmers are medium and low respectively. In order to update the knowledge level of these 2 categories of famers and also to increase the rate of adoption of organic farming (public, private and N. G.O s) should organize more need based location specific and specialized training programmes to the cotton farmers.
The extension contacts of both the organic and conventional cotton farmers are medium. Hence public service extension personnel especially the officials of DOA in the ranks A.E.O., A.O., and A.D.A should be accessible to the farmers and provide round the clock guidance to the farmers.
The lowest rank attributed by the organic cotton respondents on plant protection indicates that they don’t have sufficient knowledge on these aspects. Hence, the scientists of agricultural university, officials of DOA and private personnel should bestow special attention on evaluating new ways and means to control the pests and diseases and refining the existing integrated pest management practices.
The least adoption of harvesting of harvesting and post harvest management practices by organic cotton farmers in organic cotton cultivation shows that there is every need to educate the organic cotton growers by the officials of department of marketing and agriculture on the importance and value of post harvest practices in enhancing the price of the cotton produce at local, national and international markets.
The conventional cotton farmers had less knowledge and poor adoption of conversion and certification practices. The first step to bring the cotton farmers into organic farming is orienting them on conversion and certification requirements of organic farming. Hence, the organizations concerned with the promotion of organic farming in cotton cultivation should focus on enlightening the farmers to understand and apply the conversion and certification requirements.
Majority of the respondents felt that the process /procedure followed to certify the quality of organic cotton produce is very complex and expensive. Hence, the officials of APEDA and other recognized certification agencies should cut short the procedure and design a participative group mechanism.
Strategy for Administrators / Policy makersStrategy for Administrators / Policy makers
The administrators at the help of affairs should have broad vision and mission with regard to promotion of organic farming in cotton cultivation.
A cooperative mechanism should be established between the governments private sector and NGO’s at National level to percolate the spirit of organic farming at gross root level.
Scaling up of NPM, Polam Badi (FFS) and rainfed cotton farmers a step towards organic cotton farming.
The programmes and policies should be designed in such a passion that they should inculcate a spirit of collective approach and co-operative farming among the organic cotton farmers to generate meaningful profits / results by cultivating the organic cotton.
Strategy for Research Strategy for Research OrganisationsOrganisations The research should focus more on evolving non pesticidal strategies and measures
to control the pests and diseases on cotton crop. The present IPM strategy to control various pests and diseases should be refined,
fine-tuned by specifying the resources which are available at local level. Needful research should be conducted on post harvest handling of organic cotton
i.e. Judging the quality of fibre, in terms of strength, length, moisture percentage, colour, these are the parameters decides the price of the organic cotton at international market.
Research should be carried out to identify the alternatives for high cost organic inputs to enrich the soil fertility as the biological resources are declining day by day.
Research should be focussed on standardising the scientific procedures for preparation and manufacture of various organic inputs at local level for enough preparation of vermicompost, trichoderma and PSB (Phosphorus soluble bacteria etc.).
The recommendations for organic cotton cultivation at various practices should be standardized.
A variety alternative to Bt cotton and tolerant to sucking pests and could able to withstand adverse weather conditions should be evolved.
StrategiesStrategies to Promote Organic Cotton Crop. to Promote Organic Cotton Crop.
Strategies for Farmers Farmers should understand basically the Pros and Cons and benefits of
organic cotton farming to the soil, environment and mankind as a whole. Farmers should understand and implement the spirit of collective approach
and cooperative organic farming in cotton crop to realise the maximise the dividends.
Each individual farmer should maintain enough amount of cattle population to generate and recycle the organic inputs in his farm.
The farmers should strive to get maximum formal education to be able to understand the surrounding knowledge pertaining to organic farmers and its applicability in the cotton crop.
The farmers should volunteer to undergo training programmes conducted by various organisations on organic cotton related aspects.
The farmers should understand that the profits in organic farming are not decided by the production of the produce i.e rather it is decided by the quality of the produce.
Strategies for Extension OfficersStrategies for Extension Officers More number of channels (print, audio, audio-video, visual form, folk
songs, skits, dramas, puppet shows) should be put into use simultaneously to reach various categories of farmers at a greater geographical area in a short time.
Need based training programmes should be planned designed and implemented on the aspects like quarantine laws the utility of organic inputs certification procedure, conversion plan etc. The periodicity and duration of the training programme should be decided based on the needs and interns of farmers and complexity of the topic.
The extension officials should update their market intelligence on organic cotton and they should accessible to farmers at critical periods of crop cultivation.
The extension officials should focus on enhancing one of the personal traits like decision making behaviour of individual farmers for quick promotion of organic farming is given geographical area.
The formal education levels among the farmers should be improved to support them to get the information on organic cotton cultivation from various sources.
The much needed impetus may be given to the organic farming, if the subsidy is given at right time in right quantity to the critical organic inputs.
The government should search for way and means to increase the cattle population in rural areas. A specialised programmes should be designed in line with cattle improvement programme to help the farmers to conserve maintain and increasing the number of cattle population.
Institutional credit should be provided at a less interest rate as an incentive for the practicing organic cotton farms.
The organic cotton crop of farmer should be covered under crop insurance scheme with the initiation taken by government. These promotes organic farming in the cotton crop.
The marketing system as expressed by the respondents to market the organic cotton produce is unstructured, irregular and lot of interventions by middle men. Hence, the department of marketing should come out with a structured, pool proof, transport and well regulated marketing system to fetch good remunerative prices for the organic cotton produce.
The study revealed that, community approach is lacking among the respondents in organic cotton cultivation. In order to encourage the collective and cooperative farming among the cotton farmers. The government should design schemes to lend les s interest rate financial credit to the groups formed to take up organic farming collectively with the additional benefit of creating development fund for the community and insurance coverage.
Strategies for Marketing Strategies for Marketing OfficialOfficial A transparent, regulated and well structured marketing
system should be designed for effective marketing of organic cotton produce.
The market intelligence on organic cotton should be well maintained and informed at right time to all the state holders like Scientists, Extension marketing Officials and farmers.
The price disparity should be shown between the produce of organic and inorganic cotton.
The fluctuation of price of organic cotton should be minimised to avoid the distressed sales of organic cotton by the farmers.
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