organic compounds under study: 1. hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic) 2. alcohols 3. ethers 4....
TRANSCRIPT
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Classifying Organic Compounds
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Overview
Organic compounds under study:
1. Hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic)2. Alcohols3. Ethers4. Amines5. Aldehydes6. Ketones7. Carboxylic acids8. Esters 9. Amides
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Overview
For each class of organic compound, you will:
Name and write chemical formulas Draw structural diagrams Describe similarities and differences in
physical properties based on intermolecular forces
Identify common names and examples
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Hydrocarbons
Composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen
atoms
Aliphatic hydrocarbons’ carbon atoms are bonded in chains or rings
Aromatic hydrocarbons’ structure is based on the benzene group
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Benzene
Benzene is a cyclic compound with the equivalent of three double bonds and
three single bonds shared among six carbon
atoms
Benzene is the basis for aromatic hydrocarbons
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Functional Groups
A functional group is a common group of
bonded atoms that reacts in a characteristic
way, thus determining a chemical families’
physical and chemical properties
Alkane –only single bonds Alkene –one or more double bonds Alkyne –one or more triple bonds
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IUPAC
The International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry’s rules for naming organic compounds follows the pattern:
prefix + root + suffix
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Root
The root indicates the number of carbon atoms in the main chain or ring
The main chain is the longest possible chain and must include multiple bonds
If there is a ring, it is usually the main chain
1. meth2. eth3. prop4. but5. pent6. hex7. hept8. oct9. non10.dec
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Suffix
The suffix indicates the class of compound,
according to its functional groups
ie. -ane, -ene, -yne, -ol, -amine, -al, -one, -oic -acid, -oate, -amide, etc.
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Prefix
The prefix indicates the name and location of
each branch and functional group on the main
chain
An alkyl group is a hydrocarbon branch with the suffix –yl
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Naming Hydrocarbons
Steps1. Find the root (longest chain)2. Assign position numbers on the
main chain3. Find the suffix (-ane, -ene, or -yne)4. Find the prefix (branches)5. Combine: prefix + root + suffix
See p. 14 for further information and examples
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Structural Diagrams
A structural diagram is a simple drawing of a molecule
Complete structural diagrams include all atoms and represent bonds with straight lines
Condensed structural diagrams omit hydrogen bonds
Line structural diagrams omit carbon atoms and use a zig-zag pattern for single and double bonds
In this course, we mainly use condensed structural diagrams
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Drawing Hydrocarbons
Steps1. Draw and number the carbon atoms
of the main chain2. Draw the bonds between carbon
atoms3. Add the branches4. Add hydrogen atoms
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Cis-trans isomers
Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different molecular arrangement
Cis-trans isomers occur when there is a restricted rotation in a molecule (ie. double bond)
Trans isomers have unique branches on opposite sides of a double bond
Cis isomers have unique branches on the same side of a double bond
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Cis-trans isomers
Trans fats contain at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms in the trans configuration
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Hydrocarbon Properties
Polarity and Solubility Hydrocarbons are non-polar and insoluble in
water
Boiling Points Low boiling points, increasing with size
Other Properties Triple bonds are more reactive than double bonds Double bonds are more reactive than single
bonds
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Explaining Properties
Physical properties are largely determined by
intermolecular forces, such as:
1. Dipole-dipole interactions
Force of attraction between polar molecules
Orient themselves so that oppositely charged ends of the molecules are near to one another
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Explaining Properties
Physical properties are largely determined by
intermolecular forces, such as:
2. Hydrogen bonding
Exists between a hydrogen atom in a polar bonded molecule such as H-O, H-N, or H-F and the lone pairs of an electronegative atom such as O, F or N
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Explaining Properties
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for base pairing in the DNA molecule
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Explaining Properties
Physical properties are largely determined by
intermolecular forces, such as:
3. Dispersion forces
Occur between all covalent molecules Electron vibrations produce momentary
polarity that can induce a dipole in nearby molecules
Strengthen as molecule size increases
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Explaining Properties
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Predicting Properties
Draw a few molecules of the compound(s) and
ask the following questions:
1. Are the molecules polar?
Polar molecules have higher boiling points
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Predicting Properties
Draw a few molecules of the compound(s) and ask the following questions:
2. Can the molecules form hydrogen bonds?
Molecules that can form hydrogen bonds with themselves have higher boiling points
Molecules that can form hydrogen bonds with water are usually soluble
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Predicting Properties
Draw a few molecules of the compound(s) and
ask the following questions:
3. How strong are the dispersion forces?
Dispersion forces are larger in molecules with a greater number of carbon atoms, therefore they have higher boiling points
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Alcohol Properties
Polarity and Solubility The O-H bond in the hydroxyl group is very polar,
however, smaller alcohols are more polar than larger alcohols
Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds, therefore, they are very soluble in water
Melting and Boiling Points Most alcohols have higher melting and boiling points
than similar alkanes due to hydrogen bonding
Other Properties Flammable and poisonous
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Naming Alcohols
Steps1. Find the root (longest chain with –
OH)2. Find the suffix (replace –e with –ol)3. Assign position numbers on the
main chain4. Find the prefix (branches)5. Combine: prefix + root + suffix
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Assignment
Create a graphic organizer that describes:
1. Structure2. Examples3. Properties4. Naming Rules
for the ten classes of organic compounds:
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amides
Suggestion:Start with
the table on p.
22!