organic chemistry a guide for gcse students knockhardy publishing 2010 specifications
TRANSCRIPT
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ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRYA guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING2010 2010
SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.
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CONTENTSCONTENTS
• What is organic chemistry?
• Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alcohols
• Industrial preparation of alcohols
• Carboxylic acids and esters
• Questions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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This Powerpoint presentation does not cover…
DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OILDISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL
THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRYTHE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
POLYMERSPOLYMERS
For further information on these topics, please see the other Powerpoints on the Knockhardy GCSE site.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because...
• CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because...
• CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER
• THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because...
• CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER
• THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
• CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINSBRANCHED CHAINS
and RINGS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because...
• CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER
• THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
• CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINSBRANCHED CHAINS
and RINGS
• OTHER ATOMS/GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE PLACED ON CARBON ATOMS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because...
• CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER
• THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
• CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINSBRANCHED CHAINS
and RINGS
• OTHER ATOMS/GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE PLACED ON CARBON ATOMS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?
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CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN
STRAIGHT CHAINS
BRANCHED CHAINS
and RINGS
You can also get a combination of rings and chains
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAINS AND RINGSCHAINS AND RINGS
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CARBON-CARBON COVALENT BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SINGLE AND MULTIPLE BONDINGSINGLE AND MULTIPLE BONDING
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HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
Compounds containing only Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atomscarbon and hydrogen atoms
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIESHOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE…
● A GENERAL FORMULA
● SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIESHOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE…
● A GENERAL FORMULA
● SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Examples:-
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIESHOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE…
● A GENERAL FORMULA
● SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Examples:-
ALKANES CnH2n+2 CH4 C2H6
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIESHOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE…
● A GENERAL FORMULA
● SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Examples:-
ALKANES CnH2n+2 CH4 C2H6
ALKENES CnH2n C2H4 C3H6
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIESHOMOLOGOUS SERIES
WHAT ARE THE NEXT IN EACH SERIES?
ALKANES ALKENES
CH4
C2H6 C2H4
? C3H6
? ?
? ?
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIESHOMOLOGOUS SERIES
WHAT ARE THE NEXT IN EACH SERIES?
ALKANES ALKENES
CH4
C2H6 C2H4
C3H8 C3H6
C4H10 C4H8
C5H12 C5H10
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ALKANESALKANES
SATURATED SATURATED HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
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ALKANESALKANES
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● HYDROCARBONS
● CARBON ATOMS ARE JOINED BY SINGLE COVALENT BONDS
● CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS
● ARE SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
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ALKANESALKANES
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● HYDROCARBONS
● CARBON ATOMS ARE JOINED BY SINGLE COVALENT BONDS
● CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS
● ARE SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
● EXAMPLES… METHANE CH4
ETHANE C2H6
PROPANE C3H8
BUTANE C4H10
GENERAL FORMULA IS… CnH2n+2
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
METHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8
H
H – C – H
H
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
METHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8
H H
H – C – C – H
H H
H
H – C – H
H
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
METHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8
H H
H – C – C – H
H H
H
H – C – H
H
H H H
H – C – C – C – H
H H H
THESE ARE DISPLAYED STRUCTURES
THEY SHOW ALL THECOVALENT BONDS IN THE MOLECULE
Each covalent bond is represented by a line
THESE ARE DISPLAYED STRUCTURES
THEY SHOW ALL THECOVALENT BONDS IN THE MOLECULE
Each covalent bond is represented by a line
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
METHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8
H H
H – C – C – H
H H
H
H – C – H
H
H H H
H – C – C – C – H
H H H
H H H H
H – C – C – C – C – H
H H H H
BUTANE C4H10
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
METHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8
H H
H – C – C – H
H H
H
H – C – H
H
H H H
H – C – C – C – H
H H H
H H H H
H – C – C – C – C – H
H H H H
BUTANE C4H10
HOWEVERBy the time you get to butane,
there are two ways to arrange the carbon and hydrogen atoms…
HOWEVERBy the time you get to butane,
there are two ways to arrange the carbon and hydrogen atoms…
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
H H H H
H – C – C – C – C – H
H H H H
BUTANE
H
H – C – H
H H
H – C ––– C ––– C – H
H H H
METHYLPROPANE
C4H10
STRUCTURAL ISOMERSCompounds with the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA
but DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA
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ALKANE STRUCTURESALKANE STRUCTURES
H H H
H C C C H
H H H C H
H
H
H C H H
H C C H
H H C H
H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
BEWARE!THESE ARE ALL
THE SAME STRUCTURE
BEWARE!THESE ARE ALL
THE SAME STRUCTURE
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ISOMERS OF PENTANEISOMERS OF PENTANE
C5H12
HOW MANY ISOMERS ARE THERE?
C5H12
HOW MANY ISOMERS ARE THERE?
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ISOMERS OF PENTANEISOMERS OF PENTANE
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
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ISOMERS OF PENTANEISOMERS OF PENTANE
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
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ISOMERS OF PENTANEISOMERS OF PENTANE
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H C H
H
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
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ISOMERS OF PENTANEISOMERS OF PENTANE
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H C H
H
H H
H C C C H
H HH C H
H
H
H C H
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
C5H12
THERE ARE 3 ISOMERS
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SOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANESSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
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Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula
CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C)
SOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANESSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
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Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula
CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C)
Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity
Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable
SOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANESSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
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Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula
CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C)
Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity
Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable
Use as fuels Alkanes make useful fuels
SOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANESSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula
CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C)
Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity
Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable
Use as fuels Alkanes make useful fuels
The more carbon atoms they have the more oxygen they need
SOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANESSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
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ALKENESALKENES
UNSATURATED UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
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ALKENESALKENES
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN A DOUBLE C=C COVALENT BOND
● ARE UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS – THEY CAN HAVE ATOMS ADDED TO THEM
● ARE MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES
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ALKENESALKENES
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN A DOUBLE C=C COVALENT BOND
● ARE UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS – THEY CAN HAVE ATOMS ADDED TO THEM
● ARE MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES
● EXAMPLES… ETHENE C2H4
PROPENE C3H6
BUTENE C4H8
GENERAL FORMULA IS… CnH2n
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ALKENE STRUCTURESALKENE STRUCTURES
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
ETHENE PROPENE C2H4 C3H6
H H
C C
H H
H H H
C C C H
H H
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ALKANES & ALKENESALKANES & ALKENES
HOW CAN YOU TELL THEM APART?HOW CAN YOU TELL THEM APART?
ADD BROMINE WATER; if the reddish-brown colour is removed the substance possesses a C=C bond.
PLACE A SOLUTION OF BROMINE IN A TEST TUBE
ADD THE HYDROCARBON TO BE TESTED AND SHAKE
IF THE BROWN COLOUR DISAPPEARS THEN THE HYDROCARBON IS AN ALKENE
A
B
C
A B C
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ADDITION REACTIONSADDITION REACTIONS
ETHENE 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE
Br Br
H C C H
H H
Br Br
H C C H
H H
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
THIS REACTION IS USED AS A TEST FOR UNSATURATION - BROMINE WATER IS ‘DECOLOURISED’.
BROMINEBROMINE
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ADDITION REACTIONSADDITION REACTIONS
ETHENE ETHANE
H H
H C C H
H H
H H
H C C H
H H
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
CATALYST
VEGETABLE OILS CONTAINING UNSATURATED FATS ARE HARDENED TO FORM MARGARINE THIS WAY
HYDROGENHYDROGEN
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POLYMERISATIONPOLYMERISATION
For more detailed information on POLYMERS, please see the appropriate
Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
For more detailed information on POLYMERS, please see the appropriate
Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
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• during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
• all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer
• long hydrocarbon chains are formed
POLYMERISATIONPOLYMERISATION
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• during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
• all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer
• long hydrocarbon chains are formed
POLYMERISATIONPOLYMERISATION
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• during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
• all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer
• long hydrocarbon chains are formed
• the equation shows… the original monomer and the repeating unit in the polymer
POLYMERISATIONPOLYMERISATION
ethene poly(ethene)
MONOMER POLYMER
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• during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
• all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer
• long hydrocarbon chains are formed
• the equation shows… the original monomer and the repeating unit in the polymer
POLYMERISATIONPOLYMERISATION
ethene poly(ethene)
MONOMER POLYMER
n represents a large number
the number of repeating units is the same as the number of original molecules
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The animation shows the monomers turning into the polymer
POLYMERISATIONPOLYMERISATION
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ALCOHOLSALCOHOLS
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ALCOHOLSALCOHOLS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –OH FUNCTIONAL GROUP
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ALCOHOLSALCOHOLS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –OH FUNCTIONAL GROUP
● EXAMPLES… METHANOL CH3OH
ETHANOL C2H5OH
PROPANOL C3H7OH
GENERAL FORMULA IS… CnH2n+1OH
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ALCOHOL STRUCTURESALCOHOL STRUCTURES
METHANOL ETHANOL CH3OH C2H5OH
H
H C O H
H
H H
H C C O H
H H
H H H
H C C C O H
H H H
PROPANOL C3H7OH
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STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL
H H H
H C C C O H
H H H
PROPANOLC3H7OH or CH3CH2CH2OH
There is another alcohol with the same molecular formula
What is it?
There is another alcohol with the same molecular formula
What is it?
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STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL
H H H
H C C C O H
H H H
H H H
H C C C H
H O H
H
There is another alcohol with the same molecular formula
What is it?
There is another alcohol with the same molecular formula
What is it?
PROPAN-2-OLC3H7OH or CH3CH(OH)CH3
PROPAN-1-OLC3H7OH or CH3CH2CH2OH
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REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLSREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
ETHANOL OXYGEN CARBON WATER DIOXIDE
COMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION
• ALCOHOLS MAKE USEFUL FUELS
• ETHANOL IS A CLEAN FUEL - DOESN’T FORM POLLUTANTS
• ETHANOL CAN BE MADE BY FERMENTATION (RENEWABLE)
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REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLSREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
• ALCOHOLS CAN BE OXIDISED TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• ETHANOL IS OXIDISED TO ETHANOIC ACID (ACETIC ACID)
• THIS IS WHY WINE GOES SOUR WHEN LEFT TOO LONG
OXIDATIONOXIDATION
Air ETHANOL ETHANOIC ACID
Wine Vinegar
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REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLSREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
ETHANOIC ETHANOL ETHYL WATER ACID ETHANOATE
ESTERIFICATIONESTERIFICATION
• ALCOHOLS REACT WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• THE REACTION IS REVERSIBLE
• COMPOUNDS CALLED ESTERS ARE FORMED
• ESTERS HAVE CHARACTERISTIC SMELLS
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REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLSREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
2Na + 2C2H5OH 2C2H5ONa + H2
SODIUM ETHANOL SODIUM HYDROGEN ETHOXIDE
• ALCOHOLS REACT WITH SODIUM
• HYDROGEN GAS IS PRODUCED
REACTION WITH SODIUMREACTION WITH SODIUM
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INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLSINDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
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INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLSINDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
1. FERMENTATION1. FERMENTATION
Reagent(s) GLUCOSE - produced by the hydrolysis of starch
Conditions yeastwarm, but no higher than 37°C
Equation C6H12O6 ——> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
SUGAR ETHANOL CARBON (GLUCOSE) DIOXIDE
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INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLSINDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
1. FERMENTATION1. FERMENTATION
Reagent(s) GLUCOSE - produced by the hydrolysis of starch
Conditions yeastwarm, but no higher than 37°C
Equation C6H12O6 ——> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
Advantages LOW ENERGY PROCESSUSES RENEWABLE RESOURCES - PLANT MATERIALSIMPLE EQUIPMENT
Disadvantages SLOWPRODUCES IMPURE ETHANOLBATCH PROCESS
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2. HYDRATION2. HYDRATION OFOF ETHENEETHENE
Reagent(s) ETHENE - from cracking of fractions from crude oil
Conditions catalyst - phosphoric acid high temperature and pressure
Equation C2H4 + H2O ——> 2 C2H5OH
INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLSINDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
ETHENE STEAM ETHANOL
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2. HYDRATION2. HYDRATION OFOF ETHENEETHENE
Reagent(s) ETHENE - from cracking of fractions from crude oil
Conditions catalyst - phosphoric acid high temperature and pressure
Equation C2H4 + H2O ——> 2 C2H5OH
Advantages FASTPURE ETHANOL PRODUCEDCONTINUOUS PROCESS
Disadvantages HIGH ENERGY PROCESSEXPENSIVE PLANT REQUIREDUSES NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUELS TO MAKE ETHENE
INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLSINDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
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USES OF ETHANOLUSES OF ETHANOL
• ALCOHOLIC DRINKS
• SOLVENT - industrial alcohol / methylated spirits
• FUEL - petrol substitute in countries with limited oil reserves
INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLSINDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
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CARBOXYLIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDSACIDS
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CARBOXYLIC ACIDSCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –COOH FUNCTIONAL GROUP
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CARBOXYLIC ACIDSCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –COOH FUNCTIONAL GROUP
● EXAMPLES… METHANOIC ACID HCOOH
ETHANOIC ACID CH3COOH
PROPANOIC ACID C2H5COOH
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CARBOXYLIC ACID STRUCTURESCARBOXYLIC ACID STRUCTURES
METHANOIC ACID ETHANOIC ACID HCOOH CH3COOH
O
H C O H
H O
H C C O H
H
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CARBOXYLIC ACIDSCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
USESUSES
● VINEGAR CONTAINS ETHANOIC ACID - ethanoic acid is used in the manufacture of rayon
● ORANGES AND LEMONS CONTAIN CITRIC ACID
● ASPIRIN IS A CARBOXYLIC ACID - it is used for pain relief and prevention heart attacks
● VITAMIN C CONTAINS ASCORBIC ACID - it is used for pain relief and prevention heart attacks
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CARBOXYLIC ACIDSCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
REACTIONSREACTIONS
● WEAK ACIDS - neutralised by alkalis to form salts - react with carbonates making salts, carbon dioxide and water
● REACT WITH ALCOHOLS TO PRODUCE ESTERS
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ESTERSESTERS
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ESTERSESTERS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP
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ESTERSESTERS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP
● FORMATION…
Formed by replacing the H on the COOH of a carboxylic acid by a carbon atom group
METHANOIC (HCOOH) METHYL (HCOOCH3) ACID METHANOATE
ETHANOIC (CH3COOH) METHYL (CH3COOCH3) ACID ETHANOATE
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ESTERSESTERS
WHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEY?
● NOT HYDROCARBONS
● CONTAIN THE –COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP
● FORMATION…
Formed by replacing the H on the COOH of a carboxylic acid by a carbon atom group
METHANOIC (HCOOH) METHYL (HCOOCH3) ACID METHANOATE
ETHANOIC (CH3COOH) METHYL (CH3COOCH3) ACID ETHANOATE
● USE… Flavourings – many have fruity odours
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
C10H22 C3H6 C2H6
C2H6O C6H12O6C3H7COOH
WHICH FORMULAE REPRESENT ALKANES?
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
C10H22 C3H6 C2H6
C2H6O C6H12O6C3H7COOH
WHICH FORMULAE REPRESENT ALKANES?
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
HCOOC2H5
C3H7COOH
C6H6COOCH3
C2H5COOC3H7
CH3COOH
CARBOXYLIC ACID OR ESTER?
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
HCOOC2H5 ESTER
C3H7COOH CARBOXYLIC ACID
C6H6COOCH3 ESTER
C2H5COOC3H7 ESTER
CH3COOH CARBOXYLIC ACID
CARBOXYLIC ACID OR ESTER?
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
WHAT TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE THESE?
H H H
H – C – C – C – H
H H H
H H O
H C C C O H
H H
H H O H
H C C C O C H
H H H
H H
H C C H
H O H
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QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
WHAT TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE THESE?
H H H
H – C – C – C – H
H H H
H H O
H C C C O H
H H
H H O H
H C C C O C H
H H H
H H
H C C H
H O H
ALKANECARBOXYLIC
ACID
ALCOHOL ESTER
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ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
THE ENDTHE END
©©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING