CRUDE OILCRUDE OILA guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students

KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

INTRODUCTION

This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.

Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.

Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk

All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.

All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• Origin of crude oil

• Fractional distillation

• Cracking

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

For more detailed information on the properties of hydrocarbons such as

alkanes and alkenes, see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

For more detailed information on the properties of hydrocarbons such as

alkanes and alkenes, see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.

Other examples AIR contains different gasesSMARTIES contains different sweets

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.

The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged

The oxygen in air behaves as oxygenThe orange Smarties® in SMARTIES® taste of orange

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.

The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged.

It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including filtration, chromatography, distillation and, for crude oil, fractional distillation.

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS(compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen)

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS

ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS

ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

IS A MIXTURE

CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS

ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS

IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

FROM ORGANISMS WHICH LIVED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO

THEIR REMAINS WERE COVERED BY LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE ABSENCE OF AIR CONVERTED THE REMAINS INTO FOSSIL FUELS

GAS AND OILARE TRAPPEDUNDERGROUND -

THEY CAN’T GETTHROUGH THENON-POROUS LAYERS

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

HOW WAS IT FORMED?HOW WAS IT FORMED?

OILGAS

DRILLING PIPE

POROUS ROCK

NON-POROUS ROCKS

CRUDE OIL CAN BE SPLIT INTO FRACTIONS

FRACTIONS - GROUPS OF COMPOUNDS WITH SIMILAR BOILING POINTS

THE PROCESS IS CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

CRUDE OILCRUDE OIL

HOW IS IT PROCESSED?HOW IS IT PROCESSED?

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

THE DISTILLATION

TOWER

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

CRUDE OIL IS FED INTO THE TOWER

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

THE CRUDE OIL IS HEATED UNTIL IT ALL TURNS TO GAS

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

THE HOT GASES ENTER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOWER

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER. AS THE TRAVEL UP, THEY COOL DOWN.

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

BITUMEN

THE BITUMEN FRACTION CONTAINS THE LARGEST MOLECULES AND THEY HAVE THE HIGHEST BOILING POINTS – THEY TURN BACK TO LIQUID FIRST

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES IN THE LUBRICATING OIL FRACTION ARE NOT AS LARGE AS THOSE IN THE BITUMEN FRACTION SO CONDENSE FURTHER UP THE TOWER

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED

THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED

THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED

THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FRACTION HAVE VERY LOW BOILING POINTS AND DON’T TURN BACK TO THE LIQUID STATE

FURNACE

CRUDE OIL

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

FURNACE

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

ANIMATIONANIMATION

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES HAVE FEWER

CARBON ATOMS

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES ARE SMALLER

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES HAVE LOWER

BOILING POINTS

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES ARE MORE VOLATILE

VOLATILE = Having a low boiling pointVOLATILE = Having a low boiling point

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES ARE LESS VISCOUS

VISCOUS = not very runny (a bit like syrup)VISCOUS = not very runny (a bit like syrup)

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES IGNITE MORE

EASILY

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?

PETROLEUM GAS

PETROL

PARAFFIN

DIESEL

LUBRICATING OIL

BITUMEN

MOLECULES REQUIRE LESS

OXYGEN TO BURN PROPERLY

The more carbon atoms there are the more oxygen you needThe more carbon atoms there are the more oxygen you need

Boiling C’s per Name of Use(s)range / °C molecule fraction

< 25 1 - 4 LPG Calor / Camping Gas

40-100 4 - 12 GASOLINE Petrol

100-150 7 - 14 NAPHTHA Petrochemicals

150-200 11 - 15 KEROSINE Aviation

220-350 15 - 19 GAS OIL Central Heating

> 350 20 - 30 LUBRICATING OIL Lubrication Oil

>400 30 - 40 FUEL OIL Power Stations, ships

> 400 40 - 50 WAX, GREASE Candles, grease

> 400 > 50 BITUMEN Road surfaces, Roofs

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?

FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES

DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES

FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER

SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS

THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?

FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES

DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES

FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER

SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS

THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE

LARGER MOLECULES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALLERONES - THIS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

CRACKINGCRACKING

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHY IS IT DONE?WHY IS IT DONE?

LARGER HYDROCARBON MOLECULES ARE LESS USEFUL

THEY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER MOLECULES

SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MORE USEFUL

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)

LIQUID

HEAT

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)

LIQUID VAPOUR

HEAT

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)

THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST

LIQUID VAPOUR

HEAT CATALYST

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)

THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST

BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE

LIQUID VAPOUR SMALLER MOLECULES

HEAT CATALYST

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)

THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST

BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION (BREAKING UP BY HEATING) TAKES PLACE

CATALYSTS HELP SPEED UP REACTIONS

LIQUID VAPOUR SMALLER MOLECULES

HEAT CATALYST

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE

CALLED ALKANES

ALKANE ALKANE

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE

CALLED ALKENES

ALKENE ALKENE

CRACKINGCRACKING

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE

CALLED ALKANES

HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE

CALLED ALKENES

ALKANE ALKENE ALKANE ALKENE

CRUDEOILCRUDEOILTHE ENDTHE END

©©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING