The Cell

The foundation of life

Levels of Organization

Multicellular Organism

Organ Systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Organelles

Big/ Complex

Small/ Simple

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

Cell Organelles

• Function like little organs inside the cell to keep life processes going– Materials brought in– Finished products

move out– Nutrients (food) in– Waste products out

1. Mitochondria

• Breaks down food to release energy (ATP)

• Inner membrane has folds that increase surface area for chemical reaction

• Contain its own DNA

2. Golgi Bodies/ Apparatus

• Packaging and secreting organelle products

• Attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

3. Lysosomes

• “Garbage Disposal”/ Recycling Center

• Filled with catabolic (digestive) enzymes– wastes – worn out cell parts– food

4. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Transportation system

• Rough has ribosomes embedded in it

1 Nucleus     2 Nuclear pore     3 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)     4 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)     5 Ribosome on the rough ER     6 Proteins that are transported     7 Transport vesicle     8 Golgi apparatus     9 Cis face of the Golgi apparatus     10 Trans face of the Golgi apparatus     11 Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

5. Nucleus

• Controls all cell activities

• Location of several specialized features– Nuclear Envelope – Nucleolus – assembly

of ribosomes– Chromatin

6. Ribosomes

• Protein synthesis

• On ER or free floating in cytoplasm

7. Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane

• Cell “skin”• Absorption• Lipid Bilayer

– Protects the cell– Holds the cell as a

single unit– Regulates what enters

and exits the cell (cell transport)

8. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Lipid Synthesis• Smooth

– No Ribosomes

1 Nucleus     2 Nuclear pore     3 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)     4 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)     5 Ribosome on the rough ER     6 Proteins that are transported     7 Transport vesicle     8 Golgi apparatus     9 Cis face of the Golgi apparatus     10 Trans face of the Golgi apparatus     11 Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

9. Vacuole

Stores food, water and waste– Single Large one in Plant cells– Many smaller ones in Animal Cells

10. Cytoplasm

• The “grounds” of the cell– Protection– Chemical reactions occur here

11. Chromatin

• Contains DNA and proteins

• Condenses to form chromosomes

12. Nucleolus

• Structure in the center of the nucleus

• Creates the Ribosomes

13. Nuclear Cytoplasm

14. Centriole

• Attachments to spindle fibers during mitosis

• “Anchor”

• Only in Animal Cells

What is one way animal cells differ from plant cells

• Centrioles – present in animal cells, not present in plant cells

Plant Cells

• Some of the same structures, some different structures

Plant Cells

1. Vacuole

2. Cell Wall*

3. Golgi Apparatus

4. Smooth ER

5. Nucleus

6. Rough ER

7. Ribosomes

Plant Cells

8. Cell Membrane

9. Chromatin

10.Nucleolus

11.Nuclear Envelope

12.Chloroplast*

13.Mitochondria

14.Cytoplasm

Cell Wall

• Rigid structure outside the cell membrane– Made of cellulose

• Support and protect the plant cell

Chloroplasts

• Round structures involved in photosynthesis

• Change light energy into chemical energyCarbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

Chlorophyll is one of the chemicals in chloroplasts responsible for trapping light energy. It’s a green pigment.

Chloroplast

What are three ways in which plant cells differ from animal cells?

• No centrioles

• Cell Wall (with cellulose, a carbohydrate)

• Chloroplasts

Occasionally Cilia or Flagella

• Locomotion• Cilia – a lot of little

“hairs”• Flagella – a single

long tail