optimality theory abdullah khalid bosaad 刘畅 liú chàng
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Optimality Theory
Abdullah Khalid Bosaad刘畅 Liú Chàng
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Optimality TheoryOT in real life;
OT in Yawelmani;
The strength of OT.
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Optimality Theory in real life
How do I group these people?
Sally*Ken and Sam
Bob
Georgia* Sally and Georgia
Frank
Sam* Uneven Groups
Ken
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Optimality Theory in real life?
*Ken-Sam *Sally- Georgia
Sally Bob FrankGeorgia Sam Ken
*!
Sally GeorgiaFrank KenSam Bob
*
Sally KenFrank Georgia
Sam Bob
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What is OT ?
an approach in phonological description pioneered by Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky (1993).
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The Fundamentals of OT The structure:CON (Constraint component)GEN (Generator component)EVAL(Evaluator component)CON : a universal set of constraints.◦Faithfulness constraints—prohibits difference
between input and output.◦Dep constraint: output depends on input /input/ …{cand1, cand 2,…}
/buk-z/ {[buks, bugz, bukz… ]}
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The Fundamentals of OT
GEN : a mapping of inputs to every possible output, producing candidates◦/input/ GEN{cand1, cand 2,…}
/buk-z/ {[buks, bugz, bukz… ]}
EVAL: a method for choosing the best candidate.◦/input/ GEN{cand1, cand 2,…}
Eval [output]
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OT in Yawelmani:
Spoken in California Syllables cannot be bigger than CVC pattern.
EX: Input /ʔilk-hin/ output=[ ? ]
1. ʔil.k.hin2. ʔi.lik.hin3. ʔi.li.ki.hin4. ʔi.li.ki.hi.ni
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OT in Yawelmani:
Input /ʔilk-hin/GEN{[ cand1,… cand
4,… ]}EVALoutput=[ ]
Candidate set: Can1= ʔil.k.hin Can2= ʔi.lik.hin Can3= ʔi.li.ki.hin Can4= ʔi.li.ki.hi.ni
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OT in Yawelmani:
Apply * C unsyll (unsyllabified consonant is ungrammatical)
Apply Dep
Input /ʔilk-hin/Can1= ʔil.k.hinCan2= ʔi.lik.hinCan3= ʔi.li.ki.hinCan4= ʔi.li.ki.hi.niFavors 2,3,4 over 1
(because [k] is unsyllabified)
Favors 1, over 2 over 3 over 4
Candidates Dep
ʔil.k.hin
ʔi.lik.hin *
ʔi.li.ki.hin **
ʔi.li.ki.hi.ni ***
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OT in Yawelmani:
Candidates C unsyll Dep
ʔil.k.hin *
ʔi.lik.hin *
ʔi.li.ki.hin **
ʔi.li.ki.hi.ni ***
Constraint Hierarchy:
C unsyll >> Dep
Output= Cand2 [ʔi.lik.hin]
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The strength of OT
Yawelmani:Delete a vowel at the end of a word.◦/taxa-ka/ /ta.xak/, /taxa-mi//ta.xam/◦V deletion: Vø / VC____#
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The strength of OT / xat.ka/ ?◦ /xat.ka/? VS /xat.k/?◦ / xat.ka / exists.◦ *C unsyll—prohibits
unsyllabified consonants. /xat.k/ is ungrammatical.
◦ *V#--end vowel deletion.
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The strength of OT
*C unsyll *V#
/ xat.ka/ obeyed violated
/ xat.k/ violated obeyed
C unsyll >> V# :C unsyll has a higher priority than V# (C unsyll dominates V#), so / xat.ka/ exist and */ xat.k/ does not.
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The strength of OTmodels grammars as systems that provide
mappings from inputs to outputs; typically, the inputs are conceived of as underlying representations, and the outputs as their surface realizations.
proposes that the observed forms of language arise from the interaction between conflicting constraints.
Constraint prioritization ranking is fundamental to OT