operative plasterers: book three€¦ · enhance the skills of the men and women working in the...

Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeStudent Edition

Objective Sheet

Information Sheets

Assignment Sheets

Job Sheets

Developed by theCurriculum and Instructional Materials Centerfor the Trade and Industrial Education Division

Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education01-12345678 TI3502

Copyright 2010

Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology EducationCurriculum and Instructional Materials Center

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America by theOklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074-4364

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The Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education does not discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, national origin, sex, age, veteran status, or qualified handicap.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Student Edition

One set per unit of the following components:

• ObjectiveSheet • InformationSheet • AssignmentSheets(asappropriate) • JobSheets(asappropriate)

UNIT 1 ROCk CARvINg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1UNIT 2 COlORED vENEER PlASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1UNIT 3 vENETIAN PlASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1UNIT 4 SPECIAlTY fINISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1UNIT 5 SPRAYED CONCRETE AND POOl PlASTERINg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1UNIT 6 ORNAMENTAl PlASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1UNIT 7 PlASTER PROblEMS AND CRACkINg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeUPFRONT - CIMC - iii

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeUPFRONT - CIMC - iv

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeUPFRONT - CIMC - v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Project Manager: Randy kirk

Advisory Committee

Patrick D. finleygeneral President, OPCMIAbeltsville, MD

Earl f. Hurdgeneral Secretary - Treasurer, OPCMIAbeltsville, MD

Daniel StepanoExecutive vice President, OPCMIAbeltsville, MD

gerald RyanDirector of Training, OPCMIAbeltsville, MD

David Caseygeneral SuperintendentMirage builders Inc.las vegas, Nv

David ChampApprentice CoordinatorOPCMIA local 692Indianapolis, IN

Richard CuetoPlasterer InstructorOPCMIA local 797las vegas, Nv

Mark HarderApprentice CoordinatorOPCMIA local 8Philadelphia, PA

Robert NotoApprentice CoordinatorOPCMIA local 66San francisco, CA

William RogersExecutiveDirector,OPCMIAJobCorpslandover, MD

Al TorresFieldCoordinator,OPCMIAJobCorpsSacramento, CA

Isaac leosPlasterer Instructorlocal 797las vegas, Nv

Electronic Document Specialists: Melinda Hawk

Creative Services: kim Hale Creative Services staff

Writers: Richard Cueto Mark Harder Randy kirk

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeUPFRONT - CIMC - vi

SPECIAL THANKS

Many thanks go to the professionals at the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education whose hard work and support made this publication possible, especially larry bullock in the Trade and Industrial Education Division. At the Curriculum and Instructional Materials Center, we are grateful for the support of kimberly Sadler and Craig Maile. Also at CIMC, thanks to Amy Haney for handling the contracts, correspondence, and committee meetings related to this publication.

This publication could not have been printed without the expertise and commitment of the Printing Plant staff under the supervision of Danny Darrow. Delivery of the final product was accomplished through the excellence of the Curriculum Customer Service staff under the direction of lana Austin, and the CIMC Warehouse staff, under the direction of Hank Martin.

Randy kirkProjectManager

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the individuals who worked on the development of this book, and who, with their hard work and dedication, the OPCMIA’s commitment to training, and through the use of this curriculum will only enhance the skills of the men and women working in the plastering industry.

Patrick D. finleygeneral President, OPCMIA

OBJECTIVESHEET 3INTRODUCTION Venetian plaster has a history dating back to the Roman Empire.

Its processes and techniques were lost in the Dark Ages but reappeared in the 17th century. It gets its name from its widespread popularity in Venice, Italy. Today venetian plaster is enjoying another comeback as a wall and ceiling covering in modern, upscale construction. By mastering the techniques of applying venetian plaster you will open up new ways to express your creativity as a plasterer.

FOCUSASSIGNMENTS

FOCUS ASSIGNMENTS

1. Choose one of the periods when venetian plaster was popular, including today. Research how it was used during that period.

2. Write a short, one to two paragraph report summarizing your findings and be prepared to share it with the class

UNITOBJECTIVE

After completing this unit, you will show the following competencies by mastering the activities on the Job Sheet and by scoring at least 85% on the Written Test.

SPECIFICOBJECTIVES

1. Describe the properties of venetian plaster.

2. Relate the history of venetian plastering.

3. Explain the purpose of the tools used in applying venetian plaster

4. Recall the characteristics of colorants used in venetian plastering.

5. Describe the substrate requirements of venetian plaster.

6. Describe the technique for applying venetian plaster.

7. Apply a venetian finish to a wall. (Job Sheet)

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeOBJECTIVE SHEET - CIMC - 3 - 1

VENETIAN PLASTER

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeOBJECTIVE SHEET - CIMC - 3 - 2

OBJECTIVE 1 Describe the properties of venetian plaster.

Venetian plaster is a lime-based plaster with the addition of marble powder. It produces a very hard finish that is suitable for indoor applications. It is typically applied on gypsum board over a level five finish followed by a primer coat or bonding agent. A wide range of stock or designer pigments can be added to the plaster. It is applied in very thin coats with a trowel or spatula. The preferred technique is to apply the plaster using short, random strokes. Two or more coats may be applied. (Figure 1) A wax is sometimes applied over the final finish to further enhance the shine. The final product can be as smooth and shiny as marble (Figure 2) or have variations in texture and color (Figure 3).

FIGURE 1

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeINFORMATION SHEET - CIMC - 3 - 3

INFORMATIONSHEET VENETIAN PLASTER 3


FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3


Because of the lime content, venetian plaster has a high alkalinity level and thus is a natural mold inhibitor. It does well in wet climates and can be applied to a variety of substrates. (Figure 4)

FIGURE 4

Most of the plasters come in one and five gallon buckets in wet form and are not mixed on site except for the addition of color. In some cases large amounts can be ordered already tinted. Some plasters come in powder form in bags.

OBJECTIVE 2 Relate the history of venetian plastering.

The Egyptians were most likely the first to apply pigments to plaster, but what we would now call venetian plaster flourished in the Roman era. The Greeks were the first to discover how to heat limestone and break it down into its byproducts of calcium oxide, carbon dioxide and steam. The calcium oxide is ground into a powder and combined with water. This process, called slaking, creates the binder for the plaster called lime putty. The slaked lime, the consistency of heavy cream, was stored until it was needed, sometimes for years.


After the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of venetian style plastering to create colorful and durable surfaces disappeared into the Dark Ages. Roman documents discovered during the Renaissance revived the process. Venetian plaster gets its name from its use in Venice, Italy during the 17th century

The widespread use of venetian plaster once again faded as Europe moved into the Baroque period with its ornate gypsum plaster castings.

Interest in venetian plaster revived once again in the 1940s. An Italian architect named Carlo Scarpa, from Venice, had a great interest in the history of Venetian culture and began to incorporate venetian plastering into his work.

Today venetian plastering is, once again, a highly popular finish for walls and ceilings. Plasterers who are artistic and creative with their applications are sought after for high-end jobs. (Figure 5)

FIGURE 5


OBJECTIVE 3 Explain the purpose of the tools used in applying venetian plaster.

• Trowels — trowels for applying venetian are stainless steel with slightly rounded corners in sizes of 4, 6, and 10 inches; they should have no nicks or imperfections (Figure 6)

FIGURE 6

NOTE: It is important that trowels used for application have clean smooth edges. Use sandpaper to maintain the edge. (Figure 7)

FIGURE 7


• Spatulas — can be used instead of trowels to create a tighter pattern; can also be used as a knife to apply veins; should be stainless steel and in sizes from 2 inches to 6 inches with no nicks or imperfections (Figure 8)

FIGURE 8

• Hawk — large or small; can be used like a palette if you are applying more than one color; fiberglass hawks work well because they don't transfer magnesium to color of material

• Gloves — wear latex or Nitrile gloves when working with materials that contain lime

• Electric sander — used to sand or polish walls

• Electric drill and paddle — used to mix color into plaster

• Specialty trowels — for working in corners or other difficult areas

• Plastic trowels — used for burnishing

• Rollers — used for applying primer and sealer

• Airless sprayer — used for applying primer and sealer


OBJECTIVE 4 Recall the characteristics of colorants used in venetian plastering.

• Allcolorantsareliquid.(Figure9)

• Colorantsmayalsobereferredtoas pigments or tints.

• Therearetwotypesofcolorants,natural and synthetic. Synthetic colorants are made from chemicals and natural colorants are made from crushed minerals. Natural colorants have a crystalline structure which reflects light and adds another degree of beauty to the surface.

• Virtuallyanycolorcanbecreated.

• Somecolorantsusedinplasterwillnotbeasvividwhendry.

OBJECTIVE 5 Describe the substrate requirements of venetian plaster.

NOTE: Gypsum board is used only for interior applications.

• Venetiancanbeappliedoveravarietyofsubstrates,butgypsum board is the most cost effective; appropriate primers must be used

• Venetianisnormallyappliedoveralevel5finish

• Thegypsumboardmustbefreeofanyimperfections(Figure10)

FIGURE 9


FIGURE 10

• Makesuregypsumboardjointsarenotvisible

• Usejointcompoundtofeatheroutanyjointsthatarevisible

• Useafinesandpaperasanyscratchesmayshowthroughthefinish

• Nailsandscrewsmustbebelowthesurface

• Ifitisnewgypsumboardremoveexcessdust

• Usearecommendedprimerorbasecoat(Figure11)

FIGURE 11


OBJECTIVE 6 Describe the technique for applying venetian plaster.

WORDS YOU SHOULD KNOW

burnish to trowel a set or semi-set plaster surface with force to compact the surface of the material thus hardening and polishing it

1. Apply a basecoat compatible with the plaster you are using.

2. Add the colorant to the plaster and mix thoroughly using the recommended mixing paddle.

3. Starting at the top corner angle of the wall, begin applying the plaster using short, random strokes. Keep the strokes short and in different directions. Keep the basecoat a uniform thickness. (Figure 12)

NOTE: The size of the aggregate in the mix will determine the thickness of the coat.

FIGURE 12

4. Allow the first coat to reach approximately 70 percent dryness.

NOTE: The first coat must not be allowed to dry completely. Always apply wet material to wet material.

5. Apply the second coat in the same manner as the first: Short random strokes in different directions. (Figure 13)


FIGURE 13

6. When the second coat is 90 percent dry you can begin to burnish. Burnishing compresses the plaster making it shiny and more durable. Hold your trowel nearly flat and begin to go over the wall two or three times in the same spot. Be sure to cover the entire wall. (Figure 14)

FIGURE 14

7. Seal the wall with the sealer recommended by the manufacturer.


8. If the specifications call for the wall to be waxed, use a product recommended by the manufacturer of the plaster. (Figure 15) Trowel the wax on with one stroke and trowel it off with the next. Allowing the wax to sit too long on the wall will cause darkening. After waxing, use an electric buffer over the surface.

OBJECTIVE 7 Complete the Job Sheet.

FIGURE 15

Name ____________________________________________Score_________

OBJECTIVE 7 Apply a venetian finish to a wall.

BASIC SKILLS

EQUIPMENTAND SUPPLIES

• Stainlesssteeltrowelsofvarioussizes • Stainlesssteelspatulasofvarioussizes • Hawk

• Venetianplaster • Colorant • Drillandpaddle • Cleanrags • Strainers • ExtensioncordswithGFCI • Lights • Boardandstandtoholdtools • PPE

NOTE: Refer to C.F.R. 1926 Sub Part E in regard to personal protective equipment.

PROCEDURE Yes No

❏ ❏ 1. Apply a basecoat compatible with the plaster you are using.

❏ ❏ 2. Add the colorant to the plaster and mix thoroughly using the recommended mixing paddle. (Figure 1)

NOTE: The pigment must be strained before it is added to the plaster and mixed to reduce the risk of lumps and starring.

STUDENT EDITION - Operative Plasterers: Book ThreeJOB SHEET - CIMC - 3 - 15

JOBSHEET VENETIAN PLASTER 3

FIGURE 1

Yes No

❏ ❏ 3. Starting at the top corner angle of the wall, begin applying the plaster using short, random strokes. Keep the strokes short and in different directions. Keep the basecoat a uniform thickness. (Figure 2)

FIGURE 2

NOTE: The size of the aggregate in the mix will determine the thickness of the coat. You will apply the material the thickness of the aggregate.


Yes No

❏ ❏ 4. Allow the first coat to reach approximately 70 percent dryness.

NOTE: The first coat must not be allowed to dry completely. Always apply wet material to wet material.

❏ ❏ 5. Apply the second coat in the same manner as the first: Short random strokes in different directions.

❏ ❏ 6. When the second coat is 90 percent dry you can begin to burnish. Burnishing compresses the plaster making it shiny and more durable. Hold your trowel nearly flat and begin to go over the wall two or three times in the same spot. Be sure to cover the entire wall. Use random strokes when compressing.

❏ ❏ 7. Seal the wall with the sealer recommended by the manufacturer.

❏ ❏ 8. If the specifications call for the wall to be waxed, use a product recommended by the manufacturer of the plaster. Trowel the wax on with one stroke and trowel it off with the next.

NOTE: Allowing the wax to sit too long on the wall will cause darkening. After waxing, use an electric buffer over the surface. You can also buff by hand.

❏ ❏ 9. Put away tools and equipment.

❏ ❏ 10. Have your instructor check your work.


SKILL TEST RECORD

PRODUCTEVALUATION

Evaluator note: Rate the student on the following criteria by circling the appropriate numbers. Each criterion must receive a rating of “3” or higher to demonstrate student mastery. (See Key below.) A student who is unable to demonstrate mastery should review the material and submit another product for evaluation.

Criteria:

Safety 4 3 2 1

Use of tools 4 3 2 1

General appearance 4 3 2 1

Overall performance 4 3 2 1

AVERAGERATING

Evaluator note: To obtain an average rating for the Profile of Training Mastery, total the points in Product Evaluation and divide by the total number of criteria. Circle the rating on the Key.

KEY 4 Skilled — Can perform job with no additional training 3 Moderately Skilled — Has performed job during training

program; limited additional training may be required 2 Limited Skill — Has performed job during training program;

additional training is required to develop skill 1 Unskilled — Is familiar with process, but is unable to perform

job

EVALUATOR’SCOMMENTS

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