operational research to support mainstreaming of integrated … · 2015-08-06 · to...

Government of India

Ministry ofWater Resources

Central WaterCommission

DFID

AsianDevelopment

Bank

Policy and Advisory Technical Assistance 8089 IND Phase II

Operational Research to Support Mainstreaming of

Integrated Flood Management under Climate Change

Interim ReportVersion 3

May 2015

Deltares in association with RMSI and JPS

Operational Research to Support Mainstreaming Integrated Flood Management in India under Climate ChangeInterim Report version 3 January / May 2015

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Cover photo:Sand bar in River (Brahmani delta)


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CONTENTSAbbreviations xi

Units xii

Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background and project objectives .......................................................................................... 1

1.2 This report ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Project activities ...................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 General progress .............................................................................................................. 2

1.3.2 Inception Phase ................................................................................................................ 3

1.3.3 Activities after Inception Phase......................................................................................... 3

1.3.4 Field surveys for hydraulic modelling. ............................................................................... 5

1.3.5 Field work for understanding community issues and needs .............................................. 5

1.4 Lessons for future IFM projects ............................................................................................... 6

Chapter 2 Performance review of current flood management in Bihar, with special reference tothe Burhi-Gandak river basin .....................................................................................................12

2.1 The flood hazard and vulnerability ......................................................................................... 12

2.1.1 River characteristics ....................................................................................................... 12

2.1.1.1 General description .......................................................................................... 12

2.1.1.2 Hydrology ......................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1.3 River morphology and behaviour ...................................................................... 16

2.1.2 Flood characteristics ....................................................................................................... 17

2.1.3 Recent floods and their impact ....................................................................................... 18

2.2 Current flood mitigation strategies ........................................................................................ 20

2.2.1 Embankments ................................................................................................................ 20

2.2.2 Flood warning................................................................................................................. 20

2.2.3 Preparedness ................................................................................................................. 20

2.2.4 Institutional arrangements ............................................................................................. 21

2.3 Suggested improvements / measures .................................................................................... 22

2.3.1 Hazard reduction ............................................................................................................ 22

2.3.2 Vulnerability reduction ................................................................................................... 23

Chapter 3 Performance review of current flood management in Odisha, with special referenceto Brahmani-Baitarani river basin ..............................................................................................24


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3.1 The flood hazard and vulnerability ......................................................................................... 24

3.1.1 River characteristics ....................................................................................................... 24

3.1.2 Flood characteristics ....................................................................................................... 27

3.2 Recent floods and their impact .............................................................................................. 29

3.3 Current flood mitigation strategies ........................................................................................ 30

3.3.1 Embankments ................................................................................................................ 30

3.3.2 Storage dams ................................................................................................................. 31

3.3.3 Flood forecasting and warning ........................................................................................ 35

3.3.4 Preparedness ................................................................................................................. 36

3.3.5 Institutional arrangements ............................................................................................. 36

3.4 Suggested improvements in IFM ............................................................................................ 37

3.4.1 Hazard reduction ............................................................................................................ 37

3.4.2 Vulnerability Reduction .................................................................................................. 38

Chapter 4 Flood hazard modelling ......................................................................................41

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 41

4.2 Overview of modelling activities ............................................................................................ 41

4.3 Topographical data ................................................................................................................ 41

4.3.1 River Network ................................................................................................................ 41

4.3.2 Digital Elevation Model................................................................................................... 42

4.3.3 Bhuvan Cartosat 30m DEM ............................................................................................. 42

4.3.4 Way Forward: Use of SRTM DEM .................................................................................... 45

4.4 Hydrological model ................................................................................................................ 46

4.4.1 The Nedbor Afstromnings Model (NAM) concept ........................................................... 46

4.5 1D Hydrodynamic model ....................................................................................................... 46

4.5.1 Selection of the hydrodynamic model............................................................................. 46

4.5.1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 46

4.5.1.2 Integrated 1D/2D modelling ............................................................................. 47

4.5.1.3 Rationale for model selection ........................................................................... 47

4.5.2 Solution algorithm for the sets of equations ................................................................... 49

4.5.3 Set-up of 1D model for Brahmani-Baitarani .................................................................... 49

4.6 Integration of the hydrological model with the 1D hydrodynamic model ............................... 51

4.7 First results of the 1D hydrodynamic model ........................................................................... 51


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4.8 Forcing statistics .................................................................................................................... 54

4.8.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 54

4.8.2 Rainfall statistics ............................................................................................................. 55

4.8.2.1 Analysis of orographic effect in available gauged rainfall data ........................... 55

4.8.3 Downstream boundary of BB-basin: Bay of Bengal ......................................................... 57

4.9 Water Information System for Brahmani-Baitarani ................................................................ 60

4.10 Next steps ........................................................................................................................... 62

Chapter 5 Development of IFMIS ........................................................................................63

5.1 Set-up of GIS based IFMIS ...................................................................................................... 63

5.2 Review of existing water resources information systems ....................................................... 65

5.2.1 India-WRIS...................................................................................................................... 65

5.2.2 FMIS Bihar ...................................................................................................................... 66

5.2.3 DOWR Odisha ................................................................................................................. 68

Chapter 6 Implications of climate change on flood hazard ..................................................70

6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 70

6.2 Selection of climate simulation models, scenarios, and time slices ......................................... 70

6.3 Future climate data analysis .................................................................................................. 73

6.4 Climate change scenarios for Bihar and Odisha ...................................................................... 74

6.4.1 Projections of future climate change over Bihar ............................................................. 74

6.4.2 Projections of climate change over Odisha ..................................................................... 76

6.4.3 Projections of Sea Level Rise along Odisha Coastline....................................................... 78

Chapter 7 Agriculture and the impacts of floods .................................................................81

7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 81

7.2 Review of agricultural systems ............................................................................................... 81

7.3 Assessment of flood induced impact on agriculture ............................................................... 82

7.4 Flood management options for agriculture ............................................................................ 85

Chapter 8 Review of structural measures for flood control .................................................87

8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 87

8.2 Design criteria for embankments ........................................................................................... 87

8.2.1 Spacing of embankments................................................................................................ 87

8.2.2 Design High Flood Level (Design H.F.L) ............................................................................ 87

8.2.3 Free board ...................................................................................................................... 87


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8.2.4 Top width ....................................................................................................................... 88

8.2.5 Hydraulic gradient .......................................................................................................... 88

8.2.6 Side slope ....................................................................................................................... 88

8.2.6.1 River side slope ................................................................................................. 88

8.2.6.2 Country side slope ............................................................................................ 88

8.2.6.3 Slope protection works ..................................................................................... 89

8.2.7 Treatment on top of embankments ................................................................................ 89

8.2.8 Land acquisition ............................................................................................................. 89

8.3 Guidelines for construction of embankments ........................................................................ 89

8.4 Standards for other components ........................................................................................... 89

8.5 Improvement in the existing practices ................................................................................... 90

8.5.1 Areas of improvements for Burhi-Gandak river basin in Bihar ......................................... 90

8.5.2 Areas of improvements for Brahmani-Baitarani river basin in Odisha ............................. 91

8.6 Next steps ............................................................................................................................. 92

Chapter 9 Community participation in IFM .........................................................................93

9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 93

9.2 Methodology adopted for identifying community flood issues and needs .............................. 93

9.2.1 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) ........................................................................................ 93

9.2.2 Household survey ........................................................................................................... 94

9.3 Review of community flood issues and needs ........................................................................ 94

9.3.1 Community flood issues and needs – Burhi-Gandak Basin............................................... 94

9.3.1.1 Flood affecting assets and livelihood ................................................................. 95

9.3.1.2 Loss of Livelihood.............................................................................................. 96

9.3.1.3 Post flood issues ............................................................................................... 96

9.3.1.4 Siltation problems ............................................................................................. 96

9.3.2 Community flood issues and needs – Brahmani-Baitarani Basin ...................................... 97

9.3.2.1 Flood affecting assets and livelihood ................................................................. 97

9.3.2.2 Loss of livelihood .............................................................................................. 97

9.3.2.3 Post flood issues ............................................................................................... 97

9.3.2.4 Poor water retention of the soil ........................................................................ 98

9.3.2.5 Saline intrusion and sand overcast .................................................................... 98

9.4 Identification of pilot projects to increase flood resilience ..................................................... 99


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9.5 Adaptation strategies and coping mechanism ........................................................................ 99

Chapter 10 Data status .......................................................................................................101

10.1 Burhi-Gandak .................................................................................................................... 101

10.1.1 Topography ................................................................................................................ 101

10.1.2 Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 101

10.1.3 Exposure data ............................................................................................................. 102

10.2 Brahmani-Baitarani ............................................................................................................ 102

10.2.1 Topography ................................................................................................................ 102

10.2.2 Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 103

10.2.1 Exposure data ............................................................................................................. 105

Chapter 11 Preliminary conclusions and next steps.............................................................107

11.1 Preliminary conclusions ..................................................................................................... 107

11.2 Next steps ......................................................................................................................... 109

11.2.1 Deliverables ................................................................................................................ 109

11.2.2 Peer reviewed papers ................................................................................................. 111

11.3 Balance of expert input and time plan ............................................................................... 111

References

APPENDICESAppendix A Agricultural statisticsAppendix B QuestionnaireAppendix C Comments MatrixAppendix D Metadatabase

List of Tables

Table 1 Compliance with Terms of Reference .................................................................................... 2Table 2 Progress reports .................................................................................................................... 4Table 3 Characteristics of the Burhi-Gandak river ............................................................................ 13Table 4 Discharges for specific return periods (according to GFCC, 1992) ......................................... 15Table 5 Discharges for specific return periods (according to Sinha & Jain, 1998) .............................. 15Table 6 Tributaries of Burhi Gandak ................................................................................................. 16Table 7 District wise distribution of catchment area ........................................................................ 16Table 8 Damages and fatalities for Burhi-Gandak over the period 1991-2012. ................................. 19Table 9 Vulnerable locations for flooding ......................................................................................... 30Table 10 Rule curve Rengali Dam ..................................................................................................... 32Table 11 In- and outflow of Rengali Reservoir during last part of July 2014 ..................................... 34Table 12 Elevation difference in Bhuvan and SRTM DEM with respect to CWC gauge stations in BBbasin ............................................................................................................................................... 45


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Table 13 Classification of 24 hours cumulative rainfall according to IMD.......................................... 54Table 14 Terminology on cyclonic disturbances according to IMD .................................................... 54Table 15 Distribution of cyclones during a year in the period 1891-2012 ......................................... 58Table 16 Locations where SoI has determined harmonic tidal constituents ...................................... 59Table 17 Data analysis related to purchase of Paradip data ............................................................. 60Table 18 Overview of on-going and planned modelling activities ..................................................... 62Table 19 Temporal resolution of data analysed for the three climate models .................................. 71Table 20 District wise maximum crop land area affected during 2001 to 2008 ................................. 84Table 21 Crop damage due to flood in Bihar (source: Bihar FMIS) .................................................... 84Table 22 Hydraulic gradient guideline .............................................................................................. 88Table 23 Maximum depth of borrow pit .......................................................................................... 89Table 24 Water Level stations in Brahmani-Baitarani basin ............................................................ 104Table 25 Discharge data analysis in Brahmani and Baitrani Basin ................................................... 104Table 26 Requested hourly tidal data for Paradip .......................................................................... 105Table 27 Progress of Deliverables .................................................................................................. 109Table 28 Input of experts as per End December 2014. ................................................................... 111Table 29 Revised Time Planning ..................................................................................................... 112

List of Figures

Figure 1 Map of the Burhi-Gandak basin (Indian part) ...................................................................... 13Figure 2 Elevation map of the Burhi-Gandak basin ........................................................................... 14Figure 3. Flood extent in northern Bihar on August 2007 ................................................................. 18Figure 4 Schematized overview of Brahmani river ........................................................................... 24Figure 5 Base map of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin Source: (Deltares & RMSI) ................................ 25Figure 6 Elevation map for the Brahmani-Baitarani Basin................................................................. 26Figure 7 Area wise distribution of Brahmani catchment ................................................................... 26Figure 8 Schematized Delta Channel network (source: WRD, Odisha) .............................................. 27Figure 9 Flood extent during September 2011 ................................................................................. 29Figure 10 Rengali Reservoir and Irrigation system ............................................................................ 31Figure 11 Storage capacity of Rengali reservoir expressed in mm rainfall in the controlled basin area(Source: HP 1998) ............................................................................................................................ 32Figure 12 Rengali reservoir operation flood 19-22 July, 1994 (Source: HP 1998) .............................. 33Figure 13 Rengali reservoir operation flood 30 July – 6 August, 1994 (Source: HP 1998) .................. 34Figure 14 Inflow at Rengali reservoir, outflow through reservoir operation (July 2014) .................... 35Figure 15 Schematic representation of flood hazard modelling and mapping................................... 41Figure 16 Line stripping error in BG basin (left), Patch error (right) .................................................. 43Figure 17 Arbitrary values error in BG basin (left), River spill-out as less value is present outside rivercourse (right) ................................................................................................................................... 43Figure 18 Patch error in BG basin (left), Sudden change of elevation values (right) .......................... 43Figure 19 Elevation Difference between two DEM (Cartosat 30m & SRTM 90m) .............................. 44Figure 20 Patch error observed in BB basin near coast ..................................................................... 45Figure 21 Coupling of 1D and 2D domains in SOBEK ......................................................................... 48Figure 22 Initial 1D SOBEK model set up of Brahmani-Baitarani basin .............................................. 50


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Figure 23 Initial 1D SOBEK model set up of Brahmani-Baitarani basin showing the assumed andexisting cross sections ..................................................................................................................... 50Figure 24 Initial sub-catchment delineation of the upstream part of the Brahmani-Baitarani Basin .. 51Figure 25 Representation of how both models will be coupled ........................................................ 52Figure 26 comparison of simulated (blue line) and observed water levels (red) at Rengali, Talcher andJenapur and between simulated and observed discharge at Jenapur (bottom right) (June-October2012) ............................................................................................................................................... 53Figure 27 Comparison of simulated (blue line) and observed water levels (red) at Rengali, Talcherand Jenapur and discharge at Jenapur (bottom right) (June-October 2011) ..................................... 53Figure 28 Gauge station used in orographic effect analysis. ............................................................. 55Figure 29 Linear regression when using Google Earth elevation and monthly average rainfall for theBaitarani Basin. ............................................................................................................................... 56Figure 30 Linear regression when using Google Earth elevation and monthly average rainfall for theBrahmani Basin. .............................................................................................................................. 56Figure 31 Frequency of Cyclonic Disturbances (Depression & Above) in the Bay of Bengal in theperiod 1891-2012 ............................................................................................................................ 57Figure 32 Frequency of Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal in the period 1891-2012 ............................... 58Figure 33 Frequency of Severe Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal in the period 1891-2012 .................... 58Figure 34 Estuaries of Brahmani-Baitarani river system ................................................................... 59Figure 35 Example of all water level gauge station for which time series were collected .................. 61Figure 36 Example of rainfall time series of Anandpur, Jenapur and Talcher gauge station for theperiod July – September 2012 ......................................................................................................... 61Figure 37 Example of discharge time series of Rengali and Jenapur gauge station for the period 2006-2008 ................................................................................................................................................ 62Figure 38 Burhi-Gandak Basin, Bihar as displayed in IFMIS ............................................................... 64Figure 39 Brahmani-Baitarani Basin (Odisha) as displayed in IFMIS .................................................. 65Figure 40: Snapshot showing home page of India-WRIS ................................................................... 66Figure 41: Snapshot showing geo-visualization wizard of India-WRIS ............................................... 66Figure 42: Snapshot showing home page of FMIS, Bihar .................................................................. 67Figure 43: Development framework of FMIS .................................................................................... 68Figure 44: River systems in Odisha as presented in DOWROdisha .................................................... 69Figure 45 Location of HadGEM2-ES climate model grid points over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin ... 72Figure 46 Location of GFDL-CM3 climate model grid points over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin ....... 72Figure 47 Location of MIROC-ESM climate model grid points over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin ..... 72Figure 48 Location of HadGEM2-ES climate model grid points over the Burhi-Gandak basin ............ 72Figure 49 Location of GFDL-CM3 climate model grid points over the Burhi-Gandak basin ................ 72Figure 50 Location of MIROC-ESM climate model grid points over the Burhi-Gandak basin .............. 72Figure 51 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for2040s in Bihar (Burhi-Gandak basin is marked with green colour boundary) .................................... 74Figure 52 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for2080s in Bihar (Burhi-Gandak basin is marked with green colour boundary) .................................... 75Figure 53 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2040s in Bihar(Burhi-Gandak basin is marked with red colour boundary)............................................................... 75


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Figure 54 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2080s in Bihar(Burhi-Gandak basin is marked with red colour boundary)............................................................... 76Figure 55 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for2040s in Odisha (Brahmani-Baitarani basin is marked with blue colour boundary) ........................... 76Figure 56 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for2080s in Odisha (Brahmani-Baitarani basin is marked with blue colour boundary) ........................... 77Figure 57 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2040s in Odisha(Brahmani-Baitarani is marked with red colour boundary) ............................................................... 78Figure 58 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2080s in Odisha(Brahmani-Baitarani basin is marked with red colour boundary) ...................................................... 78Figure 59 Projected rise in sea level along the coastline of Odisha by 2040s as simulated by anensemble of two Global Climate Models ......................................................................................... 79Figure 60 Projected rise in sea level along the coastline of Odisha by 2080s as simulated by anensemble of two Global Climate Models ......................................................................................... 80Figure 61 Kharif season crop acreage trend analysis over the years in the Burhi-Ghandak basin ...... 82Figure 62 Kharif season crop acreage trend analysis over the years in the Brahmani-Baitarni basin . 83Figure 63: Damaged embankment of one of the reaches of Burhi-Gandak River .............................. 90Figure 64: Embankment washed away by the Baitarani River in Jajpur............................................. 91Figure 65 FGD and HH survey locations in Burhi-Gandak basin......................................................... 95Figure 66 FGD and HH survey locations in Brahmani-Baitarani basins .............................................. 98Figure 67 Locations of cross sections to be surveyed in Brahmani-Baitarani basins ........................ 103


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AbbreviationsADB Asian Development BankBB Brahmani-Baitarani river basinsCE Chief EngineerCWC Central Water CommissionDFID Department for International DevelopmentDPR Detailed Project ReportDRM Disaster Risk ManagementDRR Disaster Risk reductionEU European UnionESM Earth System ModelFGD Focal Group DiscussionFM Flood ManagementFMIS Flood Management Information SystemGCM Global Climate ModelGFCC Ganga Flood Control CommissionGFDRR Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and RecoveryGoB Government of BiharGoI Government of IndiaGWP Global Water PartnershipIFM Integrated Flood ManagementIFMP Integrated Flood management PlanIFRM Integrated Flood Risk ManagementIMD India Meteorological DepartmentIWRM Integrated Water resources ManagementLIDAR Light Detection and RangingMoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestryMoWR Ministry of Water ResourcesNAM Rainfall-run off model in MIKE 11NDMA National Disaster Management AuthorityNGO Non- Government OrganisationNRSC National Remote Sensing CentreOR Operational ResearchORSAC Odisha Space Application CentrePATA Policy Advisory Technical AssistancePOCSP Project Overview Cum Steering PanelPRA Participatory Rural AppraisalPRI Panchayati Raj InstitutionRBO River Basin OrganisationRCM Regional climate ModelSDMA State Disaster Management AuthoritySDRF State Disaster Response ForceSoI Survey of IndiaSRTM Shuttle Radar Topography MissionTA Technical AssistanceUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganisationWRD Water Resources DepartmentZP Zilla Panchayat


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UnitsMWh Mega Watt hourm Metrecm Centimetremm millimetreCumec Cubic meters per secondKm KilometreSq.Km Square Kilometres

Disclaimer

"The views expressed in this report are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the ADB, itsBoard of Governors or the governments it represent, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents.The ADB does not guarantee the source, originality, accuracy, completeness or reliability of any statements, information,data, advice, opinion, or view presented in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the AsianDevelopment Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area."


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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background and project objectivesThe PATA Operational Research for Mainstreaming Integrated Flood Management under Climatechange was included in ADB’s country operations business plan, 2012-2014 under the 2012 pipelinein December 2011. The ADB fact-finding mission was conducted on 15 February 2012 and 9 March2012 to consult the Government on the preliminary design of the TA, including expected impact,outcome and outputs: the financing modality; cost estimates and implementation schedules andarrangements. Thus the present PATA-8089 IND has emerged. The PATA is co-financed by UK aid,whereas the Executing Agency is the Ministry of Water Resources.

The PATA is implemented in two phases. It started with Phase I from March to August/October 2013which comprised Scoping and Planning studies. The present Phase II addresses and elaborates theOperational Research to support the mainstreaming of Integrated Flood management (IFM) in a waythat takes into account projected future conditions and climate change uncertainties. This phase isscheduled for 18 months with effect from 19th February 2014 till 31 July 2015.

The Overall Objectives of the study are:

· To demonstrate that flood risks can be reduced through a broad mix of flood managementmeasures, typical for the Indian context, with specific considerations for Climate Change;

· To demonstrate to central and state government the benefits of such an integrated floodmanagement and planning process;

· To provide guidance on such planning process, and

· To translate results into updated CWC guidelines and regulations relevant for future DPRapproval.

The overall objectives encompass the combination of structural and non-structural measures as wellas increasing the resilience of the communities in flood prone areas of the selected two basins(Burhi-Gandak and Brahmani), such that the selection of such measures can be replicated or adaptedin other basins/sub-basins. The selection process should enable the evaluation of investmentprogrammes based on scientific reasoning and economic efficiency.

1.2 This reportThis report provides the interim results of the study as per December 2014. It covers both studycomponents 1 (Flood Risk Modelling and Mapping) and 2 (Integrated Flood Management Planning).It complies with the Terms of References and deliverables for the project as presented in Table 1.Part of the tasks and deliverables have not yet finished, as indicated in the table, since this is work inprogress (see next section). For updates on the current situation reference is made to our Monthlyand Quarterly Reports.

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of what has been collected so far and toincrease the understanding of the issues and problems in the two sub-basins. As such it is a


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compilation of the information and results of the operational research and should therefore beconsidered as preliminary results and findings.

Table 1 Compliance with Terms of Reference

Chapter Deliverable Remarks

2. Performance review of currentflood management in Bihar, withspecial reference to the Burhi-Gandak river basin

D1 Performance review current FMstrategies

Approx. 80% completed

3. Performance review of currentflood management in Odisha, withspecial reference to the Brahmani-Baitarani river basin

D1 Performance review current FMstrategies


4. Flood Hazard Modelling D8 Hydrology scenarios for flood andhydraulic modelling (in progress)


5. Development of IFMIS D14 IFM GIS-based informationsystem (in progress)

Approx. 70 % completed

6. Implications of climate change onflood hazard

D10 Climate change projections fortwo sub-basins

Completed

7. Agriculture and the impacts offloods

D28 Detailed agricultural systemsreview

Completed

8. Review of structural measures forflood control

D33 Review current practice ofembankment construction

Completed

9. Community participation in IFM D24 Review of community floodissues and needs

Completed

1.3 Project activities

1.3.1 General progressThe project has a total duration of 18 months, which means that by the end of December 2014about 10 months has passed, with 8 to go. The Consultants’ team consists of 17 experts ofvarious specialisations; the consortium of Consultants with such experts are from Deltares,RMSI and JP Associates. The project has experienced a number of setbacks, resulting in beingbehind the original schedule for 2 to 4 months (depending on the task). In mutual agreementbetween the Consultant and ADB the original contract had to be modified. This led to a (temporary)reduction of the scope of the hydraulic modelling (1D modelling only), and of the IFM Planningcomponent (downscaling the economic, environmental, legal, geotechnical and institutional scope).This is reflected in the current Interim Report. It is anticipated that activities to arrive at the originalscope of the project are to be taken up by the end of April 2015.

Furthermore, the India election process in April – May 2014 as well as flooding conditions during themonsoon season led to some project challenges since field visits had to be postponed because of


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unavailability of meeting government officials. With respect to the data collection and modelling, thedelays according to original plan are becoming such that they could affect the overall planning(Chapter 10 lists the current (January 2015) status of data collection). This may result in some delayin overall project duration. This interim report was originally scheduled for submission in October2014, but in mutual agreement with ADB and DFID it was decided to submit it in December. As aconsequence the chapter on flood risk modelling is presenting the current status rather than thecomplete output of this task. The last chapter on data status provides an overview of data requiredfor the flood risk assessment as per December 2014.

1.3.2 Inception PhaseOn mobilization, the team started working with internal meetings, formulation of approaches andthe activities of importance for bringing out the Inception Report at scheduled time. The teamcarried out possible stakeholder consultations and the collection of some of the mammoth data,available at large number of sources falling at different places including even small villages levels.These activities were slightly hampered due to the country wide Indian Parliament election chains,which practically came to end by the first week of June 2014. The Consultants put all the extraefforts to make required stakeholders consultation at Central Government level, mostly in andaround Delhi and to collect the data required in the Inception phase. The Inception report wasbrought as per schedule in the third week of June 2014. The Government of India (Ministry of WaterResources) has constituted a “Project Overview cum Steering Panel” for the study consisting of allrelevant stakeholders, to guide the studies, review the outputs and clear/approve the variousoutputs. The above panel held the meeting on the 30th of June 2014, where the review of theInception Report was made along with a presentation of the outputs by the Consultants. There werea few constructive suggestions on the report. These were incorporated by the Consultants and finalreport was submitted in the second week of July 2014. The report was cleared in the 3rd week ofJuly 2014.

1.3.3 Activities after Inception PhaseThe following progress has been achieved up to date after the Inception Phase:

a. Collection of most of the required data except considerable data required forhydrological/hydraulic modelling;

b. Stakeholders’ consultations/discussions in both the states of Odisha and Bihar, in spite ofretardation of the work by the monsoon floods and cyclones. These stakeholder discussionswere held by different groups, some led by the Team Leader and the others lead by the DeputyTeam Leader.

c. Two stakeholders workshops have been successfully completed in Bihar and Odisha.

d. The household survey questionnaire has been developed and has been approved by the Clientand is completed in the state of Odisha and is about to be started in Bihar from 4 January 2015.

e. Based on two presentations on the applicable software for the modelling, the Client has optedto use the “SOBEK” software. The modality suggested by the Project Overview cum Steering


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Panel (POCSP) during its meeting on 30-June 2014 was followed on the choice of software. Toaid the decision, Consultants made two presentations on the intricacies, the merits and de-merits of relevant software.

f. The existing Flood Management practices have been reviewed and the improvements needed tobring out an ideal set up of Integrated Flood Management are listed out.

g. The Climate change study has prepared various alternative sets of results for appropriate use inthe Modelling for developing Flood Hazard and Flood Risk maps under climate change.

h. The Operational Research topics are under finalisation by interactive discussions with theClients; probably, a theme on the future flood producing rainfall due to Climate Change might bea theme and the second one is under finalisation following the directives of the meeting of 30-June 2014 of the POCSP.

i. The entire required Monthly/Quarterly progress reports have been prepared in time, sharedwith the Client and stand approved. The Progress Reports submitted as Monthly or QuarterlyProgress Reports up to date are as below:

Table 2 Progress reports

Progress Report No Type of Progress report Reporting Period

1 Quarterly Progress Report 19-02-2014 to 31-03-2014

2 Monthly Progress Report For the Month of April-2014

3 Monthly Progress Report For the Month of Mayl-2014


5 Monthly Progress Report For the Month of July-2014

6 Monthly Progress Report For the Month of August-2014


8 Monthly Progress Report For the Month of October 2014

9 Monthly Progress Report For the Month of November 2014

The next Report (Report No 10) is under finalisation as a Quarterly Progress Report for theperiod 01-10-2014 to 31-12-2014.

j. The focal areas have been identified for running the 2-D Model for clarity on flood risk.

k. The hydrological modelling work has started with the available data (see Appendix D.Metadatabase).

l. The detailed site visits have been made by the experts of the Consultants to vulnerable reaches,the points where embankment construction take place, the locations of anti-erosion works andexisting hydraulic structures. These visits provided a very true reflection of the field situationsvis-à-vis flood problems and their managements. These detailed site visits were carried out inthe months of June and July-2014.


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m. A detailed field visit and discussions with State stakeholders took place in the month ofNovember 2014 during the visit of the DFID Review Mission visit to Odisha. After thesediscussions and detailed visits to delta areas of the Brahmani-Baitarani River basin the DFIDReview Mission was successfully completed.

n. As per the mandate of publishing two peer reviewed research papers under this assignment, wereceived (5 March 2015) from the National Water Mission of the Ministry of Water Resources,River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation the following two topics:

1. Review of Return Periods for Designing Flood Protection Works2. Impact of Climate Change on Flood Intensity in Brahmani Basin in particular and other River

Basins in Odisha in general due to changes in rainfall pattern due to Climate Change

A start has been made with writing up an abstract and first version of a paper entitled “theimpact of climate change on flood intensity in major river basins of Odisha state of India”.Writing of the first paper will soon start when the first results of the hydrological and hydraulicmodelling become available.

1.3.4 Field surveys for hydraulic modelling.The availability of cross section data of the rivers to be modelled is essential for a rather accuratehydrodynamic modelling. Several Survey Parties have submitted their quotes, and the evaluation ofthese firms’ capabilities is on-going1. Meanwhile, precise requirement of the results at differentlocations, number of such cross-sections, the width of the cross sections (as to whether up toembankment top or even in the countryside etc.) is under finalization for Brahmani-Baitarani basin(see also section 10.2.1).

1.3.5 Field work for understanding community issues and needsAs mentioned in the Inception Report, community based surveys and consultations are planned2 forunderstanding the socio economic profile and community related flood issues and needs. Thecommunity surveys and consultations are being carried out as planned and proposed in selectedblocks in both the basins with the support of local community organisations. The identification of theblocks for survey and consultation is based on the historical flood loss data and consultation withstate and district disaster management officials. Since there is a paucity of historical block level datafor Odisha state, district level loss data was reviewed and district WRD and DM officials wereconsulted to identify the blocks. In the case of Bihar, block level historical flood data is used foridentification of blocks. The block level data in Bihar has frequency information but loss data isavailable only at the district level. For selecting households for the questionnaire survey, we adopteda random stratified sampling method to select different house types. The house types reflect theeconomic status of the community members and can be considered as a criterion for selecting the

1 At the time of the revised version of this Interim Report (15 April 2015) the cross section surveys are ongoingand expected to be finished by mid-May.2 At the time of the revised version of this Interim Report (15 April 2015) the community surveys have beencompleted.


6

samples. Census data for both rural and urban areas were analysed separately to understand thecomposition of rural and urban house types in the study area and the same percentage was appliedfor selecting the household sample.

All community based activities are targeted to be completed by the end of February 2015. Fieldbased information is required to give a clear picture of community flood issues and needs. However,this interim report presents the information gathered during the State stakeholder workshops aslimited interaction with the communities took place during the earlier visits (Chapter 9).

1.4 Lessons for future IFM projectsAlthough it is too early to evaluate the findings of the current study, we can already draw somepreliminary lessons which could be useful for future IFM projects in Bihar and Odisha. The resultswill show the importance of quantified risk assessments to evaluate both structural and non-structural measures. Although both river systems significantly differ in terms of geophysical andsocioeconomic conditions, they share some important characteristics in terms of flood riskmanagement, for instance a general shortage of community participation in the planning, design andimplementation of flood mitigation measures. Also flood forecasting and warning mechanisms,embankment maintenance, sediment management and land use management are to be improved inboth basins. Using a generic flood risk management framework suitable for the Indian context, thestudy will propose recommendations for a river basin flood management plan based on modelresults and community surveys complemented with legal, institutional, environmental and economicstudy results. For the identification of measures we will use the IFM cascade (figure 1). This cascadeshows from source, via pathway to receptor of a flood different types of measures, both structuraland non-structural. It also shows the adjoining policy domains, such as spatial planning andwatershed management in which measures should be mainstreamed.

Figure 1 IFM cascade of measures


7

Our interpretation of the ultimate outcome of the project is to support risk informed decisionmaking for flood hazards in India. We define this as decision making based on estimates of flood riskas well as the costs and benefits of flood mitigation and management. This implies giving emphasison a ‘proportionate’ response to risk as well as a process of estimating risk which is transparent andthe results being accessible, so that risk estimates may be used to inform multiple decision makers,including the general public. Risk informed decision making has become a new approach to floods inthe past decade and has been incorporated in what we call integrated flood management (IFM).

Previously policies in most countries were predominantly based on flood control, implementingstructural measures such as dikes and embankments. However, there currently is an increasing trendin flood damages worldwide, mostly driven by an increasing vulnerability of societies to floodscaused by population growth and increasing investments leading to an increase in exposure tofloods. There is reason to believe that structural measures alone cannot reverse this trend, because:

· Structural measures are costly and not always feasible from an economic point of view

· Operation and maintenance of structural measures is not always guaranteed

· Structural measures are not flexible and can be less robust in view of future uncertainties(climate change, socioeconomic developments)

· Structural measures could harm the ecological integrity and socio-cultural functions offloodplains, rivers and estuaries.

Also in India the engineering-focused approach employed up to now does not adequatelyincorporate the benefits and opportunities of integrated flood management (IFM). Therefore, amore holistic range of measures and options is necessary. Examples of such (non-structural)measures include a wide range of hazard and vulnerability reduction measures such as spatialplanning, floodplain zoning, flood early warning, provision of refuge areas and evacuation,ecosystem based protection measures and flood insurance and compensation programmes. The aimof IFM for a specific river basin or region is to arrive at a well-balanced optimal combination ofmeasures (= a strategy) providing a reduction of flood risk to a societal acceptable level at minimumeconomic and societal cost.

Section 11.1 provides more details on preliminary results.


8

Irrigation channel at Jhumpuri village of Dasarathpur block, Jajpur district (Odisha)

Strengthening of Embankment Jhumpuri village of Dasarathpur block, Jajpur district (Odisha)

River bed and railway bridge over Brahmani river, near Cuttak(Odisha).


9

Embankment with revetments in stone, Jajpur district (Odisha)

Upstream view from Road from Muzafarpur to Dharbanga towards Muzafarpur to Sitamarhi Rail Bridge acrossBurhi-Gandak (Bihar). This is the view of the left embankment

Meandering tendency of Burhi-Gandak River Even in very low flows-Upstream of Muzafarpur (Bihar).


10

Downstream of Jokadia barrage built in 1880s across Karsuan River an off-shoot of Brahmni River (Odisha).

Discussions at Section Office Jajpur near Jakadia anicuts(Odisha)

Discussions at the Office of the Chief Engineer (ERBO),CWC-Bhubaneswar (Odisha)

View of embankments and revetments upstream ofJhakadia barrage-DFID Review Mission Odisha

Consultants/DFID Mission Members/State GovernmentOfficers discuss about the possibility of sub projectsupstream of Akupada barrage in Baitarani basin (atAkupada barrage site)


11

Interview with resident from Jajpur District, Odhisha State level workshop, Bhubaneswar, 20 October 2014


12

Chapter 2 Performance review of current flood managementin Bihar, with special reference to the Burhi-Gandak riverbasin

2.1 The flood hazard and vulnerability

2.1.1 River characteristics

2.1.1.1 General descriptionThe Burhi-Gandak river flows from its upper Nepal catchment through an almost entirely embankedriver channel towards it confluence with the Ganga River (Figure 2). The river is thus characterizedby slope changes and high sediment load (“silt”) causing meandering and instability but generally donot appear to possess flash flood characteristics. The floodplain is cultivated between the floodembankments. There is a ribbon of settlements all along the outside of the embankments on bothsides of the river (Phase 1 Final Report).

The River originates in the Someshwar range of hills at 300 m above mean sea level nearBishambharpur in the West Champaran district in Bihar (Figure 3). The main River course lies entirelyin Bihar in Indian Territory. However, some left bank tributaries of the Sub-basin flow throughNepalese Territory. The total catchment of the Sub-basin is 12,500 km2, out of which 2,350 km2 liesin Nepal. The Sub-basin is surrounded in the North by the Bagmathi River system, on the Westernside by the Gandak-Ganga River system, on the Southern side by the Ganga River and on the Easternside by the Bagmathi-Kosi River system. The total length of the main river system is 320 km. Theimportant right bank tributaries are Kunhra, Dhanauti and None Blan; and such important left banktributaries are Masan, Belor, Pandai, Sikta, Uria, Tilawe and Teur. The River Burhi-Gandak outfalls into Ganga near Khagharia Railway station (GFCC, 1992).

The upper portion of the catchment in Nepal and in the West Champaran district is hilly andassociated with fairly dense forest. The rest of the catchment is highly fertile alluvial plain. Theagriculture area is 754 thousand hectares (as per base year 1992-GFCC), and is predominantly beingused for paddy, wheat and maize. More details can be found in Chapter 7.

The area is well connected by rail and road ways. Also, good communication network exists. Thereare no major industries in the Sub-basin. There is a small aerodrome in Muzaffarpur in the Sub-basinin India.


13

Figure 2 Map of the Burhi-Gandak basin (Indian part)(Source: Deltares&RMSI)

Table 3 Characteristics of the Burhi-Gandak river

Sl.No. Item Quantity (FMIS, Binar)1 Total Drainage Area 12021 Sq.Km2 Drainage Area in Bihar 9601 Sq.Km3 Population in Bihar 83.01 Lakh4 Water resources 4040 MCM5 Average annual rainfall 1283 mm6 Total length of main river 320 Km7 Cropped area in Bihar 7600 Sq.KmSource: FMIS, Bihar.

The Burhi-Gandak is a so-called “plains-fed” river, which has different morphological, hydrologicaland sediment transport characteristics compared to other rivers in Northern Bihar, such as the Kosiand Gandak (“mountain-fed”) and Baghmati (“foothills-fed”). It implies that the ratio betweenupland and plains is almost zero, i.e. hardly any catchment area above the so called mountain front.The Burhi-Gandak is a typical single-channel river with a high sinuosity (meandering) (Sinha & Jain,1998). The meandering pattern is more pronounced in the lower reaches. Gradual building of pointbars on the inner side of a bend and consequent lateral erosion of concave embankments is a


14

common feature of the river. There are several erosion points spread over the reach downstream ofMuzaffarpur.

Figure 3 Elevation map of the Burhi-Gandak basin

Seeing the terrain and the hydraulic characteristics, the river may be divided in to 3 reaches as (i)from origin at Bishanbharpur to Champatia; (ii) Champatia to Motihari and (iii) Motihari to Khagaria.The elevation of the countryside through which the river flows drops to about 50 meters over adistance of about 580 Km from the elevation of 300 m at the origin.

2.1.1.2 HydrologyThere are in total 19 rain gauge stations in the catchment, out of which seven are being maintainedby the IMD and the remaining twelve are maintained by the State Government of Bihar. The averageannual rainfall in the sub-basin is 1,283 mm, out of which the monsoon months (June to October)receive 1,155 mm, which is about 91 % of the above annual average rainfall. In general, the upperpart of the catchment receives higher rainfall than the lower part. The South-West monsoongenerally sets in the first or second week of June and withdraws in the second week of October. Thehigh concentration occurs in the period from July to September. Storms of 1 to 3 days durations arecommon. One day storm at 50-year return period may vary between 280 to 400 mm from the lowerto upper reaches. Similarly, the 100-year return periods one day rainfall increases from 320 to 440mm from the lower to upper reaches. About 20 Hydrological stations were operating in the sub-


15

basin in the past. Out of these only 4 gauge-discharge stations and three gauge stations aremaintained by CWC. The gauge-discharge stations are Champatia, Lalbegiaghat, Sikanderpur andRosera; the gauge stations of CWC are at Ahirwalia, Samastipur and Kagharia. The Hydro-meteorological network in the catchment is more or less satisfactory as per WMO stipulations. TheHydrological features of the four gauge-discharge stations are as below Table 4. For comparison, alsothe discharges according to another source (Sinha & Jain, 1998) are presented in Table 5.

Table 4 Discharges for specific return periods (according to GFCC, 1992)

Station Data base CatchmentareaKm 2

Maximumobserveddischarge(m3/sec)

25-year ReturnPeriod Discharge

50-year returnperiodDischarge

100-year returnperiodDischarge

Champatia 1960-90 1,464 1,469 1,941 2,300 2,690Lalbagiaghat 1974-90 6,900 2,295 3,241 3,814 4,211Sikanderpur 1961-90 8,510 3,787 4,040 4,646 4,927Rosera 1960-90 9,580 2,890 2,735 3,102 3,489

Table 5 Discharges for specific return periods (according to Sinha & Jain, 1998)

Station Observed * MaximumDischarge (m3/s)

Discharge for specific recurrence interval (T) (m3/s)

T = 50 Yr T = 100 Yr T = 1000 Yr.Chanpatia 2810 (1986) 652.86 3017.53 4306.02Sikanderpur 3787 (1975) 1905.94 5653.88 7696.40Rosera 2234 (1975) 1308.59 2978.82 3889.05* Period of observation is from 1975 to 1989 (Source: Sinha & Jain, 1998)

As can be observed from the two tables, maximum discharges and discharges for specific recurrenceintervals differ considerably between the two sources (GFCC, 1992 and Sinha & Jain, 1998). In ourproject we will prepare our own distribution, using longer time series which increases confidence.

The midstream station (Sikanderpur) shows higher values of peak discharge than upstream(Chanpatia) or downstream (Rosera). The increase in peak discharge between Chanpatia andSikanderpur can be explained due to tributary influence. No major tributary seems to be joining theBurhi-Gandak between Sikanderpur and Rosera and therefore, flood peak is being attenuated (Sinha& Jain, 1998).

The sediment flow measurement is being done at Sikanderpur and Rosera. The River does not carrycoarse sediment during the non-monsoon period and carries medium sediment during the periodfrom March to May. About 90 % of the annual sediment load is transported in the monsoon months.The average annual sediment load at Sikanderpur and Rosera are 5.38 million tons and 14.45 milliontons. The fine sediment concentration is 0.247 gm/litre and 0.835 gm/litre respectively.


16

Table 6 Tributaries of Burhi Gandak

Sl.N

o.N

ame

oftr

ibut

arie

s

Orig

inof

the

trib

utar

y

Out

fall

poin

t

Catc

hmen

tare

a(k

m2 )

Leng

thof

the

trib

utar

y(k

m)

Disc

harg

ein

Cum

ecs

Dist

ance

ofriv

erfr

omor

igin

tom

eetin

gpo

int

oftr

ibut

arie

s(km

)

Rem

arks

1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Left Bank tributaries1. Masan Someshwar range

of hillsBasantpur 480 85 383.

618 0.85 m/km

2. Belor Someshwar rangeof hills

Baghlochana 608 63 331 30 1 m/ km

3. Pandai Someshwar rangeof hills

Tularamghat 875 80 63 54 1.80 m/km

4. Sikta Someshwar hillsnear Nepal border

Murgiatola 847 - - 75

5. Tilawe Churia range ofhills in Nepal

Agarwa north ofLoknathpur

1330 98 153.4

132

6. Tiur Foot hills ofHimalaya in Nepal

Gularia 530 64 109.4

140

Right Bank Tributaries7. Kunhra Bettiah town Bairatpur 282 64 - 878. Dhanauti Spill Channel of the

GandakBardaha west ofPakridayal

870 192 - 176

9. None Balan Kamtaul Near Dihapur 2283 - - 492

Table 7 District wise distribution of catchment areaSl.No.

Name of the district area of the district lying inthe catchment(sq. km)

% of the district arealying in the catchment

% of the catchmentin the district.

1 2 3 4 51. West Champaran 2880 55.2 28.42. East Champaran 2428 61.1 23.93. Muzaffarpur 1577 49.7 15.5

4. Vaishali 311 15.3 3.15. Samastipur 1745 60.1 17.26. Begusarai 1045 54.5 10.37. Khagaria 158 10.3 1.7

Total 10.144 100%

2.1.1.3 River morphology and behaviourThe effectiveness of any flood control scheme inter-alia depends on the river morphology. Theerratic behaviour of the river causes frequent changes in its course, lateral migration, heavy overbank spilling due to inadequate channel capacity, frequent carving of new or secondary channels,rise in river beds as well as frequent attacks on the river banks and flood embankments.

In the course of the Burhi-Gandak River there is minor shift in the river course as most of the riverlength is embanked. However, spilling occurs during floods in the reach upstream of Motihari townwhere embankment constructions are not completed. The embanked portions of the river reaches


17

remain under constant threat of breach because of the improper alignments of the embankments inmany places. Channel characteristics of the river at Champatia, Lalbiaghat, Sikandarpur and Roserawere studied as part of the Comprehensive Plan of Flood Control for the Ganga Basin (GFCC, 1992).The findings described below will be updated during our study:

· The study at Champatia shows that the bottom level of the river or the depth of flow has anegligible change during the period from 1987 to 1991. However, there is considerableprogressive erosion in the river banks over the years.

· At Lalbiaghat, the river cross section is more or less stable. The study reveals that the river crosssection (bed only) has aggraded towards obtaining an “U” shape since 1989. Both the bankshave remained stable.

· At Sikanderpur, there is some variation in the cross section in the bed level and river sides, butthe depth has remained more or less stable, except in the year 1991, in which the cross sectionshows aggradation.

· At Rosera there is no change in the bank-full width at this site except in the year 1989, but therehas been slight fluctuation in almost all the years in the bank-full depth. The study of bed formwith reference to the flow characteristics at these four sites almost confirms the trends ofcharacteristics of beds as per available superimposed cross sections of these sites. The study ofplan form and channel migration indicates that the river is highly meandering, especially in thelower reaches, and is un-braided throughout its course.

Due to the high silt load and recurrent flooding, the floodplain is gradually accreting. At one point inthe Burhi-Gandak floodplain Sinha & Jain (1998) found evidence of 1.4 m vertical accretion over atime period of 15 years.

2.1.2 Flood characteristicsBefore the embankments were constructed from near Motihari up to the confluence with Ganga,the river used to spill more or less throughout its length. But even now, when embankments havebeen constructed over most of the length, the area remains highly vulnerable to flood inundationnot because of the floods of Burhi-Gandak alone. The Ganga River, which receives the floods of itstributaries in the upstream along with its own catchment generated floods, is in high stages in themonsoon in general and definitely during flood events. As such the backwaters push the Burhi-Gandak flood volume to its upstream channel. To add to the problem, the Koshi River, known for itsflood fury and damages, running in the left side (East) of Burhi-Gandak, is also affected by the highstages of Ganga and is not able to drain into Ganga. As such, the Koshi river pushes its floods into theBurhi-Gandak channel. Thus the inundated waters spread up to even about 20 to 25 km upstream ofthe Burhi-Gandak river. Both Koshi and Burhi-Gandak look like a single channel in these plains(Figure 4). As such the boundary conditions for modelling and mapping are foreseen to be achallenge, which we will have to address in an apt manner.


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Figure 4. Flood extent in northern Bihar on August 2007(source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory)

The flooding characteristics can be summarised as follows:- A lot of flooding is due to water logging and impeded drainage, and not river flooding.

- Flooding also occurs through breaching of embankments, which is said to be often man-made.

- Downstream inundation is partly also coming from backwater effect of Ganges andoverflowing water from other rivers (Koshi, Kareh).

- Bank erosion problems in the reach below Muzaffarpur

- Inundation due to spilling of the River in the upstream reaches

- Drainage congestion due to in-adequate waterway provided in the rail/road bridges, especiallyin the East Champaran district.

2.1.3 Recent floods and their impactThe plains of north Bihar have experienced extensive and frequent loss of life and property over thelast several decades (Sinha & Jain, 1998). Based on the years 1968 to 1990 the GFCC estimated theaverage annual flood damages to crops, houses and public utilities as Rs 1,141 lakhs, 168 lakhs and233 lakhs, respectively. The annual loss of human life was 11 and that of cattle was 62. The averageannual area affected was 2.13 lakh hectares. From 1991 till 2012 the damages and fatalities aregiven in Table 8 for the districts of West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur , Samastipur,Begusarai and Khagaria (based on the Disaster Management Department of Bihar). Although it is


19

tricky to compare these figures because of possible differences in data collection, they suggest asignificant increase in damages in the last two decades.

Table 8 Damages and fatalities for Burhi-Gandak over the period 1991-2012.

year Number ofpeople

affected

(lac)

Affectedland (lac ha)

EstimatedCrop Damage

(Lac INR)

EstimatedHouse

Damage

(Lac INR)

Estimatedpublic

propertydamage

(Lac INR)

Number offatalities

1991 6.88 1.88 642.4 193.91 27.7 16

1992 0.34 0.09 2 9 0 0

1993 18.88 3.12 7293.8 1982.59 72.76 21

1994 15.33 1.93 2567.32 290.57 2046.05 20

1995 7.35 1.26 738.82 160.85 58.01 28

1996 17.67 2.39 3062.98 202.09 16.5 50

1997 0 0 0 129 1.45 25

1998 35.66 8.9 12267.14 1859.35 1090.43 60

1999 15.01 2.14 9409.34 190.94 91 46

2000 11.44 1.95 1488.13 79.87 129.56 41

2001 31.09 3.31 10139.12 2117.22 1784.94 80

2002 35.98 4.37 16306.16 4054.22 9116.63 185

2003 21.88 5.44 4372.01 1296.41 247.07 97

2004 60.67 7.46 24616.4 23614.78 35821.12 316

2005-2006 9.2 2.96 370.98 60.43 16 20

2006-2007 3.78 177.152 818.28 1480.76 7456.17 14

2008 3.6 0.1402 336.94 799.85 80.03 18

2009 4.88 0.64 1151.55 21 55 22

2010 4.47 0.7 115.5 152.85 100 5

2011 2.84 15.25 435.51 50.92 0 42

2012 1.2 0.27 135.8 0.6 141 9

average 15 11 4,584 1,845 2,779 53


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2.2 Current flood mitigation strategies

2.2.1 EmbankmentsNo major flood management scheme has been taken up till the middle of fifties, though the riverwitnessed many severe floods after the great earthquake of 1934 in Bihar. The successive floods of1952, 1953, 1954, coming in a row, crystalized the idea of protecting the affected areas by makingcontinuous embankments along both the banks of the River. Accordingly, constructions ofembankments were taken up in 1955 and practically completed in 1957 in all the reaches startingfrom downstream of Motihari town to the end (GFCC, 1992).

Still, the embankments at both sides of Burhi-Gandak have gaps and the upper reach has yet to beembanked. The existing embankments should be maintained adequately as at places the top andslopes have faced deterioration. Also various anti-erosion measures should be continued tosafeguard the embankments from bank erosion. Besides, many rail bridges have inadequate waterway. GFCC Patna had asked for comprehensive proposals for raising and strengthening of existingembankments along Burhi-Gandak and construction of new embankments along Sikrahna river (as ashort term flood control measures of Burhi-Gandak river system) vide its letter no.G.F.C.C./P/Tech/338/2007/2614 dated-11/4/2008 to Water Resources Department.

Opinion in Bihar was against construction of embankments in the twenties and thirties of the pastcentury. And according to Sinha & Jain (1998) the flood control efforts through embankments havelargely failed in North Bihar as the geological and geomorphological considerations have not beentaken into account. Artificial embankments have merely transferred the trouble from one place toanother and have given a false security to the people living in the area. Moreover, theseembankments interfere with natural fluvial processes of rivers. Also waterlogging and salinityproblems have developed (Sinha & Jain 1998).

2.2.2 Flood warningThere are seven flood forecasting sites (Ahirwalia, Champatia, Lalbegia Ghat, Sikanderpur,Samastipur, Rosera and Khagharia) in the Sub-basin. All of them are maintained by CWC (MiddleGanga Division-IV Patna). These stations are well connected to the base stations, Divisional and Sub-divisional headquarters of CWC. The CWC uses these stations for providing flood forecast bulletins todistrict administrations via the Flood Control Cell of the WRD.

2.2.3 PreparednessBefore the onset of the flood period, WRD creates different zones for flood fighting. For every zone aSenior Retired Chief Engineer is notified to head as Chairman of the Flood Fighting Force. The force ismanned with one serving Executive Engineer and one Asst. Engineer to help the chairman insuggesting, supervision and monitoring the flood fighting works being executed. The Burhi-Gandak river flood fighting works in recent past has been covered by Flood Fighting Force stationedat Muzaffarpur up to Samastipur District Border near Mohamda (Pusa) and downstream of this issupervised and monitored by a Flood Fighting Force stationed at Khagaria.

After the end of each monsoon period the Chairman of the Flood Fighting Force (who has supervisedflood fighting works on the river from 15 June to 15 October) and the Chairman of the Anti-erosion


21

Committee visit the river sites which had faced onslaught of heavy floods, erosion points, whereflood fighting took place to save public, property and agriculture crops. The joint committeeidentifies vulnerable sites and proposes anti-erosion schemes. On the basis of the committee report,field Executive Engineers measure the damages and frame a scheme with required design. Through anumber of administrative steps the scheme is sent to the State Flood Control Board, headed by StateChief Minister. This board has to finally approve the agenda and makes funds available for the anti-erosion scheme.

2.2.4 Institutional arrangementsKey features of state level policies and legal acts, institutions, and other stakeholders, and theirrelevance to integrated flood management (IFM), have been summarized in Tables F-3, F-4 and F-5of Annexure F, Phase 1 Report (2014). A detailed review of these institutional arrangements will beprovided by the Institutional Specialist early 2015. Meanwhile, a brief of these existing arrangementsare indicated below:

Central LevelThe Ganga Flood Control Commission (GFCC) prepares comprehensive flood management plans forthe Burhi-Gandak basin as in the case of other river basins in the Ganga Basin. The GFCC periodicallyupdates these plans In addition, the GFCC also plays a role in the approval of Detailed ProjectReports concerned with flood control/flood management projects (DPR approvals).

The Central Water Commission (CWC – Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India) has itsrole in the final approval of such DPRs. In addition, the CWC has a major role in issuance of floodforecasting/warnings for the sub-basin; this very forecast triggers of all the other activities for floodmanagement and flood mitigation.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) evolves policies and guidelines and handlesmitigation funds for disasters and their management. In addition, the National Disaster ResponseForce (NDRF) is the unit which engages in the rescue and relief operations. It organizes the trainingsat all levels for facing flood as well as other disasters.

The National Disaster Management Institute (NDMI) performs excellent job in training of varioustarget audience for managing the disasters forthcoming from different type of disasters.

State LevelAt the State Level the Water Resources Department, Government of Bihar is the nodal departmentbecause of its roles in all aspects of flood embankments, dams (small to medium and major ones),and anti-erosion works. It is the first receiving agency in the state the flood forecasting/floodwarning details from the CWC. The Department disseminates the flood warnings to various linedepartments in the state including the district authorities.

The next state level organisation is the State Disaster Management Authority (BSDMA – BiharDisaster Management Authority), which is an active Authority in bringing new ideas in the integratedflood management practices. It integrates all the state level operations/processes during thedisasters. The existing Disaster Management Department (DMD) has not been absorbed by BiharSDMA, but DMD rather co-exists together with the newly formed State Disaster Response Force(SDRF), in continuing the disaster response functions. Following the National Disaster ManagementAct, BSDMA adopts a holistic approach, covering the whole spectrum of disaster management,


22

prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and recommendations. This isreflected in its work culture; BSDMA collaborates with different departments, primarily at the statelevel and utilises the expertise available in the NGO sector for disaster management activities. Inassociation with NGOs it has prepared and released a number of awareness raising and publiceducation materials. Creation of an inventory of volunteers and training them in disaster response isa noteworthy achievement of the BSDMA. This authority has proved to be a centre of excellence forstate wide disaster preparedness oriented activities. Its key strategies are excellent leadership,strong net-working at all levels (National, State, District and lower levels) and encouraging/generating strong political support, consistent training and preparing/releasing clear guidelines ondisaster management. Because of its operational autonomy, BSDMA has been able to retain its staffon a long term basis and maintains a stable institutional set up.

At the lower levels, the Disaster Management Authorities exist under the coordination of DistrictCollectors/District Magistrates; in the sub-division level, the activities are coordinated by Deputycollectors; in the block levels a body constituted by Gram Panchayat secretaries, ward members andelected members takes care of flood management activities at village levels.

2.3 Suggested improvements / measuresImprovements that would lead to Integrated Flood Management in the Burhi-Gandak basin shouldencompass reductions of hazards as well as current flood vulnerability.

2.3.1 Hazard reductionReduction of hazards can be achieved by:

Upgrading embankments. The height of the existing embankments has reduced at various placesand therefore the embankments need raising and strengthening. The embankments have beenaligned close to the river banks, thereby infringing the required minimum distance of one Lacey’swidth between the two embankments. Possibly this is causing constant threat of breaches in theembankments and consequently excessive expenditure is being incurred on anti-erosion works andimproving the embankments. As such, model studies of the entire reach of the river have beensuggested so that a view regarding properly aligning the embankments as also other floodmanagement measures suitable for the un-embanked upper reaches may be taken, so that overallexpenditure on the flood protection works could be reduced (GFCC, 1998).

Retaining rainfall through storage , increasing infiltration as well as diverting the runoff to naturalretention basins such as wet lands and depressions would lead to a reduction in runoff duringextreme weather events and subsequent reduction of flooding in downstream areas.

Storage reservoirs: presently there is no dam or barrage across any tributary or main river. However,there are favourable reservoir sites in the Masan, a tributary of the Burhi Gandak: the scheme isknown as “Masan Dam project”. Already CWC has cleared the scheme, but is (perhaps) pending forclearance by Forest or R.R. Constructing a dam on the Masan river, which contributes about 30%discharge (having 480 sq. km catchment with 383.6 cumecs discharge) to Sikrahna river, canreduce flood hazards. The proposed Masan Dam can irrigate 27,062 ha. of land benefitting 115villages.


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Diversion structures such as a barrage in lower reaches of Burhi -Gandak river. Presently a DPR fora barrage on the Burhi Gandak river 19 km downstream of Samastipur which has been preparedand submitted by NWDA to WRD-Bihar, is under examination. It is proposed for 1.0 lakh hectaresirrigation as well as for passing floods (discharge from Baghmati old spill channel by 40 km linkchannel to river Baya), and which will finally go to the Ganga river. Similarly, water logging can bereduced by provision of adequate waterway in anti-flood sluices and bridges of railways and roads.

Check dams: the run-off of different tributaries of the basin and district wise area can be delayedusing small dams/reservoirs which could mitigate flooding downstream. Such check dams can alsobe used for irrigation.

2.3.2 Vulnerability reductionReduction of consequences (vulnerability) can be reached by:

Land use management: planning of households and infrastructure buildings above H.F.L (not insideof embankments), water parks and landscaping, using water logged area for fish production, growingMakhana, singhara fruits etc. which are rich in nutrition. Growing crops which can withstand waterlogging and short duration of submergence.

Providing flood proofing measures: This includes construction of raised platforms aboveEmbankments Formation level and few metres back in country side and also away from vulnerablepoints with sufficient space for sheltering the population likely to be affected. The platform shouldhave proper shed, food for needed, hand pumps for water, toilet facility, solar/ electric lighting,emergency aids equipment such as ropes, life jackets, boats, search lights, medical kits, medicines.Further, the platform should have sufficient fodder for animals of concerned villages. The planningand fixation of top levels of raised platform for Burhi Gandak should be done using design H.F.L. onminimum 25 years return period which are as follows: Chanpatia Railway Bridge: 76.11m; LalbagiaGhat: 67.10m; Akhara Road Bridge: 54.05m; Samastipur: 49.28m; Rosera: 45.60m; Khagaria: 38.86m.

Flood warning: siren and public address system should be in place to warn people in advance.Evacuation to high and safe area during emergency should be prepared in advance and villagersshould be trained before onset of monsoon for any eventuality.

An emergency action plan should be prepared. A committee consisting of district/block/ panchayatadministration, police, medical, and disaster management people should be constituted to provideservice in the period of distress. Sufficient numbers of (motor) boats, should be kept near vulnerablesites.

Increase coping capacity of people: Increase the ability of people and their assets and crops towithstand flood, increase capacity to cope with flood and recover from negative effects of floods.Reduction of vulnerability can be achieved by improving infrastructure, living environment, well-being, occupational opportunity, by facilitating equal participation opportunity, and impartingawareness, providing skills and social support system and by motivation: building awareness andfacilitating self-organization.


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Chapter 3 Performance review of current flood managementin Odisha, with special reference to Brahmani-Baitarani riverbasin

3.1 The flood hazard and vulnerability

3.1.1 River characteristicsBrahmani river

Brahmani river basin is an inter-state river basin and it is spread across the states of Chhattisgarh,Jharkhand and Odisha (Figure 6). The Brahmani is the second largest river in Odisha. It originates astwo major rivers namely the Sankh and the Koel from the Chhotanagpur Plateau and both join atVedavyasa near Rourkela in Sundargarh district of Odisha forming the major river Brahmani. It flowsthrough Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal and the coastal plains of Kendrapara and Jajpur districtsbefore discharging into the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra. The Brahmani is 799 km long and its catchmentarea spreads over 39,033 square km in Odhisha (GoO, 2011).

Figure 5 Schematized overview of Brahmani river

As can be seen from Figure 6 and Figure 7 a large part of the catchment (almost 80%) lies above 100m. The upper parts of the basin virtually consist of series of plateaus at different levels of elevation.The elevation of whole north-eastern cap of the basin is generally between 600 - 700 m. Thiswestern part of central Ranchi plateau is also commonly known as Pats and also has few high levelhills reaching higher than 750 m. The topography of this region is characterized by undulations andhighly dissected. It slopes down towards south-east.


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Figure 6 Base map of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin Source: (Deltares & RMSI)

The highlands of middle lower reaches of the basin presents a highly complicated physical set up asit contains several ranges rising above the coastal plains. The central tableland occupying lowerPaschimi singhbhum and whole Kendujhar has general elevation of 500 -750 m which may rise ashigh as 1000 m in western hills of Kendujhar. The elevation decreases in almost all direction fromthese highlands. The part of the basin covering Odisha state are a complex of denuded hills, plateaus,sharp ridges and mature valleys. It is mainly drained by the Brahmani and Baitarni river systemswhich cut wide valleys across the highlands. The elevation decreases to 10 m towards coastal edgeof the basin.

The deltaic region starts at Jenapur where the Kharasuan River branches off. Here the river branchesinto numerous spill channels, criss-crossing with the spill channels of the adjacent Baitarani Riverand finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal.

The Karasuan receives runoff from the Baitarani through the Burha branch. Near Rajnagar theKharasuan joins Brahmani again. Downstream of Jenapur near Dharmasala the Relua river bifurcatesfrom Brahmani. Relua is joined by the Mahanadi branch Birupa before it debouches again inBrahmani at Indupur. Shortly after Brahmani’s confluence with Kharasuan the Maipura (Pathasala)branches off, which drains to the Bay of Bengal. The remainder of Brahmani is then joined by theBaitarani river to debouch into the Bay of Bengal as Dhamra river.


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Figure 7 Elevation map for the Brahmani-Baitarani Basin

Figure 8 Area wise distribution of Brahmani catchment

Brahmani river bifurcates into Brahmani (kimiria) and Kharsuan below Jenapur. An anicut was builtat Jokadia on Kharsuan (1890). On the left of the Kharsuan, a High Level Canal takes off for irrigationand navigation finally discharging into Baitarani. This canal has since become defunct. Brahmanibelow Jenapur branches out to Kimiria (the right arm), which joins Birupa, a branch of Mahanadi.


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Figure 9 Schematized Delta Channel network (source: WRD, Odisha)

Baitarani RiverThe Baitarani River originates from Guptaganga hills near Gonasika village in Keonjhar district ofOdisha. A major portion of the river basin lies in the state of Odisha, while a smaller part of theupper reach lies in Jharkhand state. Initially the river flows in a northern direction for about 80 kmand then takes an abrupt right turn near Champua and flows in a south easterly direction and finallydischarges into Bay of Bengal through the deltaic area of river Brahmani. The river travels a totaldistance of 360 km and drains an area of over 14,000 km2. The major part of basin is covered withagricultural land accounting to 52% of the total area and 3% of the basin is covered by water bodies.The Baitarani sub basin covers major part of Kendujhar, Bhadrak, Mayurbhanj and Baleshwardistricts. These parts of the basin are mainly drained by the Salandi, the Ramiala and the Matai.

Rainfall distribution

Both river basins fall within the sub-tropical monsoon climate zone (Mitra and Mishra, 2014). About80% of the annual normal rainfall occurs during the 4 months of south-west monsoon season (Juneto September). The annual normal rainfall varies from 1250 mm to 1750 mm over the Brahmanibasin and from 1250 mm to 1500 mm over the Baitarani basin. The coefficient of variation of annualrainfall is only about 20%, which shows that the rainfall in the region is fairly dependable (HP, 1998).

3.1.2 Flood characteristicsDuring flood the river Brahmani turns into a large turbulent channel posing potential threat to thelife and property of the population residing in the basin. The maximum flood observed in the riverhas been recorded as 24,246m3/s on 20 August, 1975 at Expressway Bridge site Pankapal gaugingsite. The gauge level at the gauging site was recorded to be 24.78 meters, against the danger level of23meters. Since then Rengali Multipurpose Project has come up (see section 3.3.2) and this iscapable of moderating the flood in the lower reach covering an area of about 14,000 km2 . Of this


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the deltaic stretch of 4000 km2 is the most vulnerable. At some locations, raising and strengthening,of flood embankments have also been taken up.

Flooding in the deltaic plains involves a complex combination of different flood types. River flowsthat transport water from the North-west to the South-east are at times obstructed by high sealevels. Such high sea levels correspond with depressions over the Bay of Bengal and cyclones, addingintense rainfall moving from the East to West as a third component. The impact of the 2011 super-cyclone , leading to extreme river levels and devastations are well remembered in the state as wellas in the whole country.

Flood stages in the Brahmani delta are governed by inflow from:

· Brahmani river, observed at Jenapur; total drainage area at Jenapur is 35,700 km2, of which25,100 km2 is controlled by Rengali dam, leaving 10,600 km2 fully uncontrolled;

· Baitarani river, draining a catchment of 14,200 km2 through Burha branch, observed atAkhuapada, and through the main branch draining to Dhamra river;

· Mahanadi river through Birupa branch, which inflow is nil during floods as its flow can be fullycontrolled at the upstream end;

· rainfall in the delta (catchment area about 2,000 km2);· water level in the river mouths at the Bay of Bengal.

From this it is observed that runoff from over 50,000 km2 of land enters the delta out of which about50% is fully uncontrolled. The other 50% is in full or in part controllable through Rengali dam. Thereare embankments on both sides of Brahmani river in the delta to protect the population againstflooding. Given the carrying capacities of the river branches it has been estimated that in the deltaflood damage will be small if the total discharge to the delta does not exceed 8,000 m3/s. This figurewill of course be dependent on the conditions at the river mouth. (Hydrology Project Report).

Some of the major causes of flooding can be summarized as follows:

· The drainage pattern of Baitarani river basin (central plateau) is dendrite type and flash flood is anatural character of such type of drainage pattern. Again since the upper catchment of Baitaraniis full of hillocks and occurrence of a large number of drainage lines allow the run off generatingover there to gush into the main river with greater force in very short span of time. The lowerpart of Baitarani is a part of greater Mahanadi & Brahmani delta.

· Baitarani is a highly meandering river. In meandering channels the flow is highly turbulent andforms eddy currents, which very often leads to sudden overflow of the embankments causinginundation of surrounding areas.

· Due to heavy mining activities and practices of shifting cultivation in the upper catchment a largequantity of sediments is added to the river during monsoon seasons. This lowers the carryingcapacity of the river and thus even a medium size rainfall can cause high flood in Baitarani.

· The shallow aquifer conditions (water table near to the ground level), spread of water loggingareas, swamps, and estuarine etc. do not allow precipitation to infiltrate and thus compound theimpact of flood and resulting inundation.

· There is no major diversion channel to control flood in Baitarani river Basin· The upper catchment i.e. the central plateau is controlled by severe fault and shear zones, which

contributes more sediment into the basin.


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· Encroachment of flood plains due to growth of population is also causing heavy damage evenwhen the flood is not very severe. Sufficient area should be left in order to allow the floodwaterflow into the sea safely. This particular cause is an important human factor. Thus, there is noflood zone planning for the coastal area of eastern ghat region.

· The flow of Brahmani River is also adding to the flood in Baitarani River in the downstream.

The most flood affected blocks in Baitarani system are Anandapur, Dasarathpur, Korei, Bari , Jajpur,Binjharpur , Rajkanika.

3.2 Recent floods and their impactThe Delta of the Mahanadi/Brahmani/Baitarani experienced serious floods in 2001, 2003, 2006,2008 and also 2011. During September 2011 heavy rainfall in the catchment of the Mahanadi,together with high sea water levels (it was full moon on 12 September) and heavy local rainfall, ledto the flooding of large parts of the delta. It affected about 3.4 million people of which 45 lost theirlife (GoO, 2011).

In 2013 cyclone Phailin created havoc along the coastal districts of Odisha. The damages caused bythe cyclone were mainly due to gusting action of wind with unprecedented velocity of up to 220km/h and torrential rainfall from 11th to 13th October 2013. Due to storm surge up to 3.5m, largeareas were inundated in Ganjam, Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Bhadrak, Kendrapada, Khurdha and Balasoredistricts. The Baitarani river, along with other rivers, experienced floods as a result of torrentialdownpour during 11 to 14 October. No less than 13 million people were affected of which 44 losttheir life. 430 pucca houses and 121,246 kutcha houses have been fully damaged due to the cycloneand the flood thereafter (GoO, 2013).

Flood damages have particularly risen over the last decade, at a rate of 7% per annum over theperiod 2003 to 2011 in constant prices. Compared to the period 1980-93 the average annualdamages nearly doubled for the period 1997-2012 (Phase 1 report). This is of course a worrisomefact.

Figure 10 Flood extent during September 2011


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3.3 Current flood mitigation strategies

3.3.1 EmbankmentsInitially Brahmani -Kharsuan doab was open except at densely populated villages which wereprotected by short embankments. Gradually with Kharsuan developing in width and depth, itconveyed 60 to 70% of the discharge in high floods. Embankments both on left and right were builton Kharsuan and three escapes Tantighai, Palasahi and Routra were provided on the right bank ofKharsuan to spill into the central low land. Another spill channel Kani takes off from Kharsuan on itsright, 45 km below Jokadia which joins Karsuan after travelling 30 km.

The entire flood spill of the major rivers Brahmani – Kharsuan continues to the sea over a 10 to 20km wide and 70 km long flat flood plain. The entire delta of Brahmani Kharsuan of 3500 km2 issignificantly flood prone. But to protect, the very densely populated area near Kharsuan, Kani andBrahmani a 70 km long ring bund was constructed blocking a part of the flood plain and protecting25,000 ha of agriculture land and population of 1,50,000. The construction of embankments on theleft of Kharsuan protecting the area between Kharsuan Baitarani is substantially completed. Similarlythe area between Birupa and Brahmani is also totally protected. This area receives irrigation throughthe Mahanadi delta system.

It is the flood plains of 1500 km2 in area between Kharsuan and Brahmani which is substantiallyunprotected and experiences flooding of up to 1 to 2 m depth. When the river was not embanked, adischarge of 2,00,000 Cusec (5667.3m3/Sec) at Jenapur would be conveyed without any majorproblem, and the flood wave passed in 2 to 3 days. But after construction of embankments toprotect at least 250 villages (600,000 people) the submersion due to flooding become longer, up to30 days in the monsoon season. The vulnerable locations during floods are shown below in Table 9.

Table 9 Vulnerable locations for flooding

Sl.No. Location Irrigation Division Name of the River1 Gauligaon Aul Embankment Division Baitarani right near Gualigaon2 maharakul Aul Embankment Division Gobindpur,Hadua,Madhuban TRE on Kharasuan

right3 Jharamal Aul Embankment Division Garadpur Iswarpur OAE on 'Brahmani Left'4 Bhatapada Aul Embankment Division Keradagada Alatanga S/E on Hansua right5 Gopalpur Aul Embankment Division Keradagada Alatanga S/E on Hansua right6 Jagannathpur Aul Embankment Division Keradagada Alatanga S/E on Hansua right7 Barkot Aul Embankment Division Keradagada Alatanga S/E on Hansua right8 Koilipur Aul Embankment Division Keradagada Alatanga S/E on Hansua right9 Pentha Aul Embankment Division Rajnagar Gopalpur S/E on Sea facing10 Banaghat Mahanadi North Division Birupa left11 Ganeshghat Mahanadi North Division Birupa left12 Mula Basanta Mahanadi North Division Birupa left13 Balipadia Mahanadi North Division Birupa left14 Sherapur Jaraka Irr. Division Brahmani left (Sherapur OAE)15 Saranga Sahi Jaraka Irr. Division Tantighai right (Bhanra TRE)16 Radhadharpur Jaraka Irr. Division Kelua (Rahapada Mohanpur TRE)17 Kochila Mouth near

DaspurJajpur Irr. Division Kochila mouth on Baitarani left embankment

18 Mohammadpur Jajpur Irr. Division Kharsuan right19 Tala Astar Jajpur Irr. Division Baitarani left


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20 Balarampur Jajpur Irr. Division Baitarani right21 Dasandhikula Jajpur Irr. Division Baitarani left22 Mugupur Baitarani Division Baitarani left embankment23 Govindpur Baitarani Division Baitarani left embankment24 At RD 2.85 to 2.93Km

near village KuliBaitarani Division Subarnarekha right

3.3.2 Storage damsRengali Dam and reservoir3

One of the key factors controlling floods in the Brahmani Basin is the Rengali reservoir. The Rengalidam on Brahmani river is a multipurpose dam to store water for irrigation (see Figure 11) and for theproduction of hydro-electric energy and to mitigate floods. Rengali dam is a gravity masonry type ofdam with a length of 1,040 m. It has a 464 m long overflow section with an Ogee type spillwayconsisting of 24 gates. The spillway capacity is nearly 47,000 m3/s at a maximum reservoir level of125.4 m. The installed hydropower capacity is 5x50 MW. The dam controls a catchment area of over25,000 km2.

Figure 11 Rengali Reservoir and Irrigation system

The storage capacity of the reservoir is well described by the following equation:

S= 652,600 x (Hres(m) – 92.423)2.566 109.7≤Hres≤125.4Where: S = storage capacity (m3)

Hres = reservoir level (m+MSL)

3 Information from this section is from Hydrology Project Report (1998)


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For the operation of the reservoir a rule curve as shown in Table 10 is used. The storage capacity ofthe reservoir expressed as an effective precipitation amount over the catchment controlled by thedam is presented in Figure 12. The storage capacity is given between the actual initial reservoir leveland FRL (=123.5 m, i.e. the full reservoir level) and MRL (= 125.4 m, i.e. the maximum reservoir level).

Table 10 Rule curve Rengali Dam

Date Maximum Reservoir Level (m+MSL)1 July 109.721 August 116.001 September 122.009 September 122.3022 September 123.001 October 123.501 November 123.50

The figure shows that, during the first months of the monsoon, the flood mitigating capacity isconsiderable, and even severe storms can almost fully be stored. The capacity rapidly decreasesduring August and September and releases from the reservoir during and if possible prior to thearrival of a severe flood will be required to reduce the peak. To get an idea of the order ofmagnitude, note that a reservoir outflow of 3,000 m3/s during one day is equivalent to the dischargeof an effective rainfall depth over the upper basin of 10 mm. Releases prior to and during theoccurrence of a flood requires proper forecasts of the flood volumes and peak discharges upstreamand downstream of the dam.

Figure 12 Storage capacity of Rengali reservoir expressed in mm rainfall in the controlled basin area (Source: HP 1998)

Reservoir operationAt present the operation of Rengali reservoir is guided by the following two considerations


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· Dam safe condition: in no case the safety of the dam should be allowed to be threatened. Thereshould always be ample space in the reservoir for moderation of the incoming flood. Releasesfrom the reservoir should be designed accurately.

· Safe flood condition: an attempt should be made to restrict the release to safe flood conditionsin the downstream area (i.e. a total inflow to the delta of a discharge less than 8,000 m3/s); thisshould be done only if the dam safe condition so permits.

The first condition requires a reliable forecast of the maximum inflow volume to the reservoir, sothat under all conditions the reservoir level can be kept below an MRL of 125.4 m. Both conditionsbenefit most from a low initial reservoir level. This conflicts however with the other two objectivesof the multipurpose dam: storage of water for irrigation and hydropower.

Therefore, pre-releases from the reservoir to create extra storage capacity for flood mitigation willonly be acceptable if the rule curve levels will at least be attained again after the passage of theflood. This requires thus a reliable forecast of a guaranteed minimum inflow volume to the reservoir.The safe flood condition requires also a reliable forecast of the total inflow from the uncontrolledcatchments, i.e. the releases of the Brahmani downstream of Rengali and that of the entire Baitarani.It is noted that effective manipulation of the gates at Rengali require proper information about theflow conditions well in advance. The travel time of Rengali releases to the delta is about 20 hours.This is almost equal to the basin lag (= time between centroid of net rainfall and runoff) of theBrahmani basin draining downstream of Rengali (about 24 hours) and only slightly less than thebasin lag of Baitarani (approximately 30 hours).

Flood of 20 July 1994The Rengali reservoir inflow, outflow and levels and the river stages along Brahmani and Baitaranirivers for the period 19 – 22 July 1994 are shown below (Figure 13). It is observed that by reservoiroperation the flood peaks from Upper Brahmani were reduced from 11,000 to about 5,000 m3/s,which certainly has reduced the flood damage to a large extent. However, the outflow could havebeen further reduced if the flood volume would have been known well in time.

Figure 13 Rengali reservoir operation flood 19-22 July, 1994 (Source: HP 1998)


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Flood of 4 August, 1994The Rengali reservoir inflow, outflow and levels and the river stages along Brahmani and Baitaranirivers for the period 30 July – 6 August, 1994 are shown in Figure 14. It is observed that by reservoiroperation the flood peaks from Upper Brahmani were reduced from 10,000 to about 6,000 m3/s. It isnoted that the initial reservoir level was about 6 m above the rule curve level. This implies thatstorage for about a net amount of 70 mm of rain was lost. Hence a much larger reduction could havebeen obtained. The reason why the level was kept 6 m above normal is not known. But even with aninitial high reservoir level a larger reduction could have been achieved if more information about thetime history of the flood waves would have been available.

Figure 14 Rengali reservoir operation flood 30 July – 6 August, 1994 (Source: HP 1998)

Flood of July, 2014The Rengali Reservoir operation during the flood in the last part of July 2014 is shown below alongwith the graphical presentation (Table 11 and Figure 15).

Table 11 In- and outflow of Rengali Reservoir during last part of July 2014

Date Reservoir Level (m) Inflow (Cumecs) Outflow (Cumecs)20-07-2014 110.28 794.5 021-07-2014 112.12 4702.6 480.4522-07-2014 115.31 9556.32 023-07-2014 116.65 3833.64 024-07-2014 117.04 566.09 710.5425-07-2014 117.04 - 694.5726-07-2014 116.95 366.09 685.9827-07-2014 116.86 369.45 688.9828-07-2014 116.76 376.46 695.95


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Figure 15 Inflow at Rengali reservoir, outflow through reservoir operation (July 2014)

3.3.3 Flood forecasting and warningThere are three flood forecasting stations in the basin located: one at Anandpur barrage on theBaitarani river, second near Jenapur on the Brahmani and third on same river at Indupur. All thestations are for level forecasting. Furthermore, there are 3 main organizations in the country whichrecord meteorological parameters viz., Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Central WaterCommission (CWC) and ISRO ( Automatic Weather Stations). Thirteen meteorological stations ofCWC are located in the basin. These stations are established to understand the relationship betweenmeteorological parameter and river dynamics. The stations carry out observations pertaining tometeorological parameters viz., Rainfall, Temperature, Pan Evaporation, Relative Humidity, WindSpeed and Sunshine houres. Forty-four IMD stations and 27 ISRO AWS stations are also functional inthe basin.

Flood warnings are constrained to a maximum lead time of 24 hrs. This is because the flooding in thedelta is compounded by a number of interacting factors, such as local rainfall, high tides, andcomplicated river network.

Rengali dam has moderated the high floods significantly and provided much relief against floods. Inthe delta of Brahmani and Baitarani rivers in Odisha almost every year inundations take placecausing considerable damage. Flooding can be reduced by temporary storage of water behindRengali dam on Brahmani river, which controls roughly some 50% of the total catchment areadraining to the delta. To use the dam for flood mitigation, floods are being forecasted based on real-

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time information of rainfall and discharge in the two basins. The lead-times for forecasting atpresent are limited as only the contributions of the basins in Odisha are covered by the forecastingsystem. This includes the entire Baitarani basin and Brahmani river below Panposh. Upstream ofPanposh, the Koel and Sankh rivers drain, which constitute over 75% of the catchment areacontrolled by the Rengali dam. By expanding the flood forecasting system to the upper reaches ofthe Brahmani basin lead- times can be extended and knowledge about the flood volumes to betemporarily stored at Rengali can be improved considerably.

Although cellular phones have penetrated deeply in the communities, their use for early warning islimited. The literacy status is not high enough for the level of reading text messages (Annex J Phase 1report).

3.3.4 PreparednessCommunities prepare themselves by:

· Food and fodder stockpiling· Shelter/evacuation planning· Crop planning· Observing embankment, river level and rainfall

People leave their dwelling units only if the water level rises up to about 3ft and remain in theirhomes with water level below 3 ft. The houses are also normally constructed on a high plinth level.

3.3.5 Institutional arrangementsKey features of state level policies and legal acts, institutions, and other stakeholders, and theirrelevance to integrated flood management (IFM), have been summarized in Tables F-6, F-10, F-11and F-12 of Annexure F, Phase 1 Report (2014). A detailed review of these institutionalarrangements will be provided by the Institutional Specialist early 2015. Meanwhile, a brief of theseexisting arrangements are indicated below:

Central LevelThe central Water Commission (CWC) is the agency carrying out the activities of DPR approvals andissuance of the Flood Forecasting. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), issuesNational Policies and guidelines and handles the mitigation funds. The unit NDRF deals with allrescue and relief operations as a disaster response force. The National Disaster Management (NDMI)offers all relevant trainings to various sets of target audience and with respect to different types ofdisaster and their management.

State LevelThe Water Policy of Odisha was approved in 2007, prior to the latest revised National Water Policyof 2012. The policy evolved by the Water Resources Department (WRD) is the established policyframework of the Government of Odisha. This policy has prioritised the various water uses. Thepolicy deliberates different uses in 16 sections, out of which section 10 is concerned with floodcontrol and flood management. The organisational arrangement of WRD in Odisha is hierarchical,headed by the Principal Secretary, supported by five Additional Secretaries, each assigned withspecific functional roles. Flood control and drainage is under one Additional Secretary, who alsohandles several other functions. An Engineer-in-Chief is the technical head of the WRD, supported by


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about 23 Chief Engineers (CEs). The CEs have a combination of geographical and functionalresponsibilities and some are named “Basin Managers”, when being responsible for irrigation. Onemajor constraint faced by the WRD is shortage of staff, especially in flood management and researchoriented activities.

The Odisha Water Planning Organization within the WRD is mandated to develop basin plans, basedon basin studies to be conducted in four phases, out of which three have been already completed.An integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) plan for the Baitarni sub basin has beencompleted by the department.

The WRD operates flood control rooms during the flood season from 15 June to end of October. Theflood cells receive and disseminate water levels as well as trends and forecasts of floods. Warningsare issued when the water level reaches one meter below danger level.

The OSDMA (Odisha Disaster Management Authority) is an important agency in Odisha, wheredisasters in the form of cyclones and floods are predominant. The Authority is fully active at theState level. A core activity is taking preventive measures, specifically the construction of floodshelters. The OSDMA has no lower level organizations, but imparts trainings to communities. Theflood shelter construction in places reflects the critical vulnerability and the reliability of floodprotection embankments. The OSDMA was set up as an autonomous organization immediately afterthe super cyclone of 1999. The organisation was renamed as State Disaster Management Authorityin 2008, to reflect the true nature of its functional role. The Department of Revenue and DisasterManagement is the Administrative unit. OSDMA has implemented a programme on Disaster RiskReduction (DRR) using UNDP assistance, resulting in improved project coordination, mechanisms andinter departmental convergence. Also climate change and disaster reduction components are beingaddressed through state level, sub regional level and city/urban level workshops.

As in the case of Bihar, at district level, the flood management activities are coordinated by thedistrict Collectors/District Magistrates; in the sub divisional level, the Deputy collectors, at blocklevel the block development officers/Circle inspectors and at village level, the Gram Panchayatsecretaries/Ward Members/Elected Members coordinate the flood management activities.

3.4 Suggested improvements in IFMA comprehensive flood master plan for the delta needs to be prepared. The problem of flooding iscomplex in a different way than that of the Burhi-Gandak. First, the watershed of Brahmni-Baitarnibasin is influenced by both by the South-west monsoon as well as depressions/cyclonic storms of theBay of Bengal. In the delta near the sea, the phenomenon of main rivers off shooting in to branchstreams, flat slopes, morphological disturbances with the aggradation of river channels in the centralportion and the free drainage retardation at times of high tides in the sea all co-exist and lead totheir combined effect of misery in the flood season. In the Rabi season, the land becomes saline dueto the ingress of sea waters leading to water logging.

Reduction of the flood risk should include both reductions of hazards as well as current floodvulnerability.

3.4.1 Hazard reductionReduction of hazards can be achieved by:


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· A comprehensive drainage development to make the central 1,00,000 ha area more productive ,is necessary. The central drainage channel Dudhia need to be renovated fully. Some direct cutsmay be required or channelization has to be introduced to quickly dispose of the flood waterspilling in the central valley. Secondary and tertiary drains to 200 km need to be renovated.

· Regulating structure: Since the Brahmani receives flood spill of the Mahanadi Basin via Birupa(about 1500 m3/sec) and spill of Baitarani basin via Budha join Kharsuan (about 1200 m3/sec) aregulating structure has to be introduced to limit these spills.

· Storage reservoirs: The Rengali Reservoir has to be operated in a way, which reduces thesubmersion of agriculture land during the Kharif crop season.

· Though the embankments are not in a severe bad shape, however, improving the standards andconstruction methods need improvement. In certain reaches, the heights, slopes and some anti-erosion works have deteriorated. Thus the embankments need to be raised and strengthenedfor containing the High Flood Level (HFL), estimated based on appropriate Return Period on thebasis of statistical flood frequency analysis, considering all the up to date data. Model studies arenecessary covering the entire reaches of the rivers in the basin to assess the optimalembankment standards.

· At least in some vulnerable reaches near the mouths of the rivers, selective tidal embankmentscould be constructed. They should have gates (preferably automatic ones) to arrest the seawater ingress in high tides and allow the river waters to drain freely in to the sea at lower tides.

· Selective dredging of sediment in river channels in some critical areas.

· There exist possibilities for including many sub-projects; some have good storage element in theBaitarani basin; in addition to these, some small/medium projects, diversion weirs/barragescould also be identified, mainly in the Baitarani basin, which is at present without any regulationof its waters.

· Already the Khanupur dam is under construction in Keonjhahar across Baitarani. The completionof the dam and its commissioning is an urgent need. Also the Balijhori dam across the Baitaranihas good storage potential. The storages behind both dams will have a significant effect inreducing the flood in the delta area.

3.4.2 Vulnerability ReductionIn the project region, the people’s livelihoods are dependent on the region’s rich bio-diversity, andas such it is necessary to appreciate the linkages between eco-systems and the community so thatways/approaches could be identified to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience. Some of thevulnerability reduction approaches identified are as below.

· Land use management: Mangroves forests play a critical role in storm protection in the contextof the region; recent studies are said to have proposed that mangrove conservation could beconsidered as an adaptive strategy for coastal communities; it acts as a natural barrier andfurther provides wide range of goods and employment opportunities to the community. Theconservation and restoration of mangrove forests can provide a sustainable adaptation option in


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the context of acting as a barrier to cyclonic storms and enhancing resilience capacity of thecoastal community. This aspect is recommended as one of the advantageous non-structuralmeasures.

· The flood forecasting/flood warning set up is not up to the requirements both in number (offlood forecasting stations)/aerial coverage and quality. At present, the flood forecasting is issuedbased on gauge to gauge correlation; this method has been already superseded by modernmathematical models of the state of art. It seems that Central Water Commission is in stock ofthese mathematical models but these have not been put in to operation. This needs to be doneforthwith.

The existing forecasting stations are inadequate compared to the size and complexity of thebasins. At least 3 more stations need to be established in the upper parts of the basin, coveringthe catchment in Jharkhand state.

The forecasting by using such improved methods will not only provide level forecast but also willprovide the depth of flood inundation and extent. CWC needs to be provided with adequatebudgets for these improvements.

The operation of the Rengali dam, during floods needs to be improved to scientific ways. Withthe future flood forecasting set up the operation is to be crystalized by a mathematical modelstudy, as the judicious operation of storages will have excellent results in flood control.

· Community Preparedness: OSDMA is already engaged in erecting cyclone shelters in the coastalarea and they have further started building flood shelters along the river reaches. This activity ofOSDMA needs to be encouraged to provide such flood shelters in all the vulnerable reaches, byproviding necessary funds by the State/Central governments.

Flood education has already been started by OSDMA through preparation of Plans for disastermanagement for villages; they have implemented these plans in some parts of the catchment;this activity is to be extended by providing encouragement to OSDMA with adequate resourcesby the State/Central governments.

The community participation in the planning, design and implementation of flood controlmeasures is not at the required level; this aspect needs to be improved.

Specific concerns are in the Urban settings, where the communities are more heterogeneousand are living in conventional ways of elite life society, where community participation is noteffective. In addition un-authorised settling of slum dwellers in river banks, at times in riverchannels form a definite source of vulnerability Specific planned approaches need to be devisedto reduce vulnerability in urban areas.

· In general, the resources allocation for flood prevention and preparedness need to be increasedto required level.

· The capacities of the District Planning Committees in the disaster management component needto be enhanced.


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· Coordination among line departments/agencies need to be established/refined/realignedproperly to replicate a Basin Level Organization. At present, such coordination is not up to themark, sometimes with overlapping functions.

Further, the Consultants also identified other measures that could contribute to substantial floodcontrol and moderation as well as vulnerability reduction. These could convert the misery intoprosperity of the region by triggering economic growth. These measures include:

(i) Promoting undisturbed agriculture practices in the delta with development of agro-industries;(ii) By assuring water in the Rabi season irrigated agriculture in the delta along with the leaching of

salinity brought by sea water ingress in the tides;(iii) Development of irrigated agriculture in the upper parts where these sub-projects are planned;(iv) Some of these projects show good signs for the generation of hydro-power utilizing the available

falls in Baitarni basin;(v) Good amount of ground water recharge to augment water supply and for supplementing Rabi

season irrigation;(vi) Arresting the sediment so that the morphological disturbances of the downstream river channels

get reduced.

Operational Research to Support Mainstreaming Integrated Flood Management in India under Climate ChangeInterim Report Version 3 January / May 2015

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Chapter 4 Flood hazard modelling

4.1 IntroductionThis chapter is dealing with the development of the flood hazard model that constitutes the principalactivity of Component I ‘Flood Risk Modelling and Mapping. The chapter describes principalarchitectural choices which were made during the design phase of the model, including theirtechnical justification. Because the activities are still on-going, this chapter describes only thoseelements which have been finalised. The last section of the chapter provides an overview of whatstill has to be done.

4.2 Overview of modelling activitiesThe process of flood hazard mapping consists of the application of flood modelling software usinghydro-meteorological data as well as topographical data, such as elevation, cross sections,embankments, dam operation and infrastructure. This is depicted in Figure 16 below. In this figure itis shown that two different models are being developed: a hydrological model (rainfall-runoff) and a(1 Dimensional) hydraulic model. The model results are post-processed in a GIS using a quasi-2Dimensional approach to simulate the flooding. The final products are flood hazard maps. Without aprobabilistic approach historical flood maps can be generated. With a probabilistic model also floodhazard maps (with varying return periods) can be produced.

Figure 16 Schematic representation of flood hazard modelling and mapping

4.3 Topographical data

4.3.1 River NetworkThe river network data was provided by several Indian national and state agencies. Comparing theseshapefiles with Google Earth images of the river network showed that the overall fit could be


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improved. This was done by deriving the outline of the main river network using OpenStreetMap,(see www.openstreetmap.org). According to www.geofabrik.de the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project isaimed at creating a free, world-wide geographic data set. The focus is mainly on transportinfrastructure (e.g. streets, railways, and rivers). OSM relies mostly on data collected by projectmembers using their GPS and data importing of third parties. The Indian set was downloaded onOctober 15, 2014 and was used to improve the river network (seehttp://download.geofabrik.de/asia/india.html).

4.3.2 Digital Elevation ModelThe Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is one of the key inputs for hydrological /hydraulic modeldevelopment, and flood hazard mapping. This section presents the details of DEM available fromfree sources, the limitations and enhancement/ use of these DEMs, as well as the choice ofappropriate DEM for flood modelling in the present study.

There are two important sources identified by the team from where free DEM data can be acquiredand used in the present study considering certain aspects of the basin after necessary enhancement.The first source is the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Bhuvan portal that provides freedownloadable Cartosat DEM with a spatial resolution of 30m and vertical accuracy of about 8m. Theother source is the DEM generated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) having a spatialresolution of 90m and vertical accuracy of ± 16m. Although, the Cartosat DEM from Bhuvan wasinitially thought to be a good source for flood analysis, however this DEM failed to meet the requiredcriteria after detailed analysis. The SRTM 90m DEM is most commonly practiced for flood modellingacross the globe, however, the coarser resolution of this data would require a thorough need-assessment analysis from the perspective of its use in the present flood model.

As mentioned above, looking at the specific requirement of DEM for detailed flood hazard and riskanalysis, the team initially considered purchase of higher resolution Cartosat DEM having ahorizontal resolution of 10m and vertical accuracy of about 4m available with NRSC. However, it wasobserved that the cost of this high resolution Cartosat DEM data (vertical accuracy of 1m) wouldrequire around 511,500 US$ that exceeds the budget available under the survey and datacomponent in the present study. Therefore, the team considered the possibility of using the freelyavailable Bhuvan DEM and SRTM DEM in the present flood model. The following section presentsthe pros and cons associated with the Bhuvan and SRTM DEM data.

4.3.3 Bhuvan Cartosat 30m DEMThe team downloaded the Bhuvan Cartosat 30m DEM tiles from Bhuvan web-portal and mosaicedthem to generate seamless DEM data for both the Burhi-Gandak and Brahmani-Baitarani river basins.It was observed that the mosaiced DEM has certain types of errors present for the study area. Theseinclude problems like line stripping, missing values near tile edges, arbitrary values in no data cellsetc. in both BG and BB basins. In addition, it was observed that few raw tiles had inconsistent valuespresent with respect to the surrounding areas (patches). The issues observed in Bhuvan DEM arepresented below.

http://www.openstreetmap.org/

http://www.geofabrik.de/

http://download.geofabrik.de/asia/india.html


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Observations in BG basinIn the DEM enhancement process, the team worked on the Cartosat 30m DEM and removed errorsof line stripping, no data, negative values and sinks. Even after this enhancement, the followingprominent errors were observed in the data (Figure 17 to Figure 20).

Figure 17 Line stripping error in BG basin (left), Patch error (right)

Figure 18 Arbitrary values error in BG basin (left), River spill-out as less value is present outside river course (right)

Figure 19 Patch error in BG basin (left), Sudden change of elevation values (right)


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Figure 20 Elevation Difference between two DEM (Cartosat 30m & SRTM 90m)

Observations in Brahmani-Baitarani basinSimilar to BG basin, the team applied appropriate techniques to remove the line stripping, erraticvalues, sink-fill etc. present in the basin during removal of errors in the mosaiced DEM data. Though,some of the errors were removed from the DEM, however, in areas near the coast, the distinctpatches (error) can be observed (Figure 21).


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Figure 21 Patch error observed in BB basin near coast

Vertical accuracy issues observed in Cartosat 30m DEM with respect to CWC Gauge Stations forYearly Maximum Water LevelIn addition, the team also tried to find out the elevation values at known points (CWC Gaugestations) in the BB basin as part of sample quality checks. It was observed that the elevation valuespresent in available mosaiced Cartosat 30m data in those areas are higher than the Yearly MaximumWater Level (YMWL). The anomaly in elevation values are presented in Table 12.

Table 12 Elevation difference in Bhuvan and SRTM DEM with respect to CWC gauge stations in BB basin

ID BB_Gauges Yearly MaxWL

Elevation in Cartosat 30mDEM (m)

Elevation in SRTMDEM (m)

1 Akhuapada 18 - 20 19 157 Jenapur 19 - 24 26 18

12 Talcher 56 - 63 62 61

Suggested ActionsLooking at the overall quality of Cartosat 30m DEM data after applying appropriate enhancementtechniques, the team concludes that it may be difficult to use this data for modeling purpose in thepresent study. As an alternate, the team suggests use of available SRTM 90m data that can bereplaced with subsequent higher resolution DEMs at later stage.

4.3.4 Way Forward: Use of SRTM DEMThe team has downloaded the SRTM DEM (version IV) tiles with spatial resolution of 30 arc secondsfrom http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/ website. The original DEM tiles were then mosaiced for both the BGand BB basins. The DEM was then processed to fill the voids/ no data cells before the delineation of

http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/


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river basins and sub-catchments for both the basins. While the outcome of this process wascomparatively satisfactory for the BB basin, the result for the BG basin was far away. Keeping inmind the cost aspect of intense DGPS survey that may enhance the vertical accuracy of DEM, theteam in consultation with the flood modeller took the initiative to enhance this SRTM DEM using thespot heights present in Survey of India (SOI) toposheets. These toposheets are mostly available at1:50,000 scale with a few at 1:25,000 scale. The enhancement process would include overlay of SOIspot height over SRTM DEM pixel values and then systematic correlation between these twodatasets would be studied. This would help in determining the relationship between error andincreasing elevation in the study area (Sanyal et al. 2013). Using the SOI median error value atdifferent parts of the basin, the vertical accuracy of SRTM can be enhanced and used forhydrodynamic modelling, subsequently.

The team has shared the list of topographical sheets required for both the basins with CWC andpresently coordinating with them to pursue these toposheets from SOI. It shall be kept in mind thatADB/ CWC may like to acquire high resolution DEM in near future for better model output andsuperior accuracy that is expected out of this project.

4.4 Hydrological model

4.4.1 The Nedbor Afstromnings Model (NAM) conceptRainfall-runoff models provide discharge inputs to the hydrodynamic modules, additional to thedischarges imposed on the hydrodynamic model at the model boundaries. The transformation ofrainfall towards runoff in the model domain between the upstream reservoirs and the sea isschematized by using the NAM model concept.

NAM is an abbreviation of the Danish “Nedbor-Afstromnings-Model”. It is a rainfall-runoff conceptdeveloped by the Technical University of Denmark. NAM describes in a simplified manner thebehaviour of the land phase of the hydrological cycle. NAM accounts continuously for the moisturecontent in four different and mutually interrelated storages, which represent physical elements ofthe catchments. As NAM is in essence a conceptual model, some parameters might be evaluatedfrom physical catchment characteristics. However, normally parameter estimation is performedduring calibration.

4.5 1D Hydrodynamic model

4.5.1 Selection of the hydrodynamic model

4.5.1.1 IntroductionA hydrodynamic model of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin as well as for the Burhi-Gandak basin iscomplex due to the multiple facets of the natural flow system to be physically described. TheBrahmani-Baitarani constitutes an inland delta on the confluence of multiple rivers in an area with alow topographic gradient. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the lower part of themain river in the system, the Brahmani, is highly dominated by Rengali reservoir spilling anddownstream by the tidal levels in the Bay of Bengal. The Burhi-Gandak basin receives backwaterfrom the Ganges River and –similar to the Brahmani River- is embanked to a high degree. Moreover,


47

the water displacement across both areas is influenced by a network of channels and smaller riverswhich transfer water between the principal river systems in the region, driven by the spatialgradients of piezometric heads.

A representation of the hydrodynamics of both area by a simulation model requires the combineduse of a 1D hydraulic model, representing the principal river network, and a selected group of thesesmaller channels, and if plausible with a 2D inundation model for an area of interest. Given the largeextent of both basins the generation of runoff and evaporation loss within the area itself needs to betaken into account by a water balance model, in order to ensure a solid closure of the water balance.Without doing so, the net runoff (precipitation minus evapo-transpiration) would not be correctlyaccounted for, leading to underestimation of flow exiting the area at the lower boundary node andunderestimating water levels and flows within the area. Therefore, also a hydrological model shouldbe included.

4.5.1.2 Integrated 1D/2D modellingThe model proposed for the hydrodynamic modelling of both basins is the DELTARES model SOBEK1D/2D. The SOBEK model is based on the solution of the Saint-Venant equations for channel flowand the solution of the shallow water equations for 2D flow. In both cases a coupled system of massand momentum conservation equations is solved after applying appropriate initial and boundaryconditions.

The Saint-Venant equations constitute the 1D model, while the shallow water equations are solvedwithin the 2D version. The two models are mutually inter-connected in such a way, that the 1DSaint-Venant equations are solved if the water is flowing unidirectional within the channel network.As soon as the water level reaches a critical level and overtopping or levee collapses occur, waterfloods the areas surrounding the channel network, leading to a situation in which the 2D shallowwater equation solver is activated.

4.5.1.3 Rationale for model selectionIn flood modelling, there are numerous practical examples where flows are best described bycombinations of 1D and 2D schematizations. An obvious example is the flooding of deltaic areas,often characterized by a flat topography with complex networks of natural levees, polder dikes,drainage channels, elevated roads a possible variety of hydraulic structures. This is the case in boththe Brahmani-Baitarani and Burhi-Gandak basin.

Flow over flat terrains is best described by the 2D equations, whereas channel flow and the role ofhydraulic structures are satisfactorily described in 1D. Flow over higher elevated line elements, suchas roads and embankments can be modelled reasonably well in 2D by raising the bottom ofcomputational cells to embankment level. Higher accuracy of the numerical description can beachieved by applying adapted formulations, such as energy conservation upstream of overtoppedembankments.

Floods often propagate in meandering rivers, with shortcuts via the flood plain when overbank flowoccurs. In large scale models, the flow between the river banks is satisfactorily described by the SaintVenant equations solved with 1D grid steps several times the width of the channel. An equivalentaccuracy of description of flow between the river banks in 2D would require a large number of grid


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cells, with step sizes being a fraction of the channel width. However, flow in the flood plain may bebetter described in 2D and may allow for 2D grid steps often exceeding the width of the river.

For this reason, SOBEK has been developed for the application of hybrid 1D and 2D schematizations.Basically there was a choice to be made between two approaches during the implementationdecision process: one with interfaces defined between 1D and 2D along vertical planes and the otherapproach with schematization interfaces in almost horizontal planes.

Coupling along vertical planes, gives a full separation in the horizontal space of the 1D and 2Dmodelled domains. In the 1D domain the flow is modelled with the Saint Venant equations appliedover the full water depth. The direction of flow in the 1D domain is assumed to follow the channel x-axis and in the model it carries its momentum in this direction, also above bank level. Physically thisis incorrect.

In a model coupled along an almost horizontal plane, 2D grid cells are placed above the 1D domain,as shown in Figure 22. In this schematization, the 1D Saint Venant equations are applied only up tobank level. Above this level, the flow description in the 2D cell takes over. For relatively smallchannel widths compared to the 2D cell size, errors in neglecting the effect of momentum transfer atthe interface are minor. For wider channels, resolved by several 2D grid cells, the hydraulic radius inthe 2D cells that overlie a 1D channel should be corrected for the local depth in the 1D model part.This can be done be specifying a separate GIS-layer containing the difference between true andmodelled 2D bathymetry. In turn, the hydraulic radius in the 1D part is corrected for the thickness ofthe 2D water layer if this 2D layer carries flow. In this way, both the 1D and 2D part use a consistenthydraulic radius.

Figure 22 Coupling of 1D and 2D domains in SOBEK

This last approach has been implemented in SOBEK and guarantees the most realistic schematizationof the integrated 1D and 2D flow processes. This approach also has the advantage that larger gridcells can be used in the integrated 1D2D models as compared with models which use the couplingvia vertical interfaces. In SOBEK the coupling between 1D and 2D is generated automatically,


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reducing the amount of work required for model construction and reducing the possibility ofintroducing errors in the coupling.

4.5.2 Solution algorithm for the sets of equationsNumerical solutions are obtained by discretizing separately the 1D and 2D domains. Assuming thatfor both domains implicit numerical schemes are applied, the interface compatibility conditions canbe modelled either as an explicit or an implicit link. Applying explicit links, first the solutions for the1D and 2D domains are generated sequentially. Subsequently, exchange flows are computed andadded as lateral flows at the next time step. Implicit links are based upon water level compatibility.These equations are then added to the complete sets of equations generated separately for the 1Dand 2D domains.

SOBEK uses this last approach. It improves the stability and robustness of the solutions and oftenleads to the possibility of using larger numerical time steps. MIKE 11 and HydroWorks apply explicitlinks between the 1D and 2D domains.

SOBEK solves the complete set of equations generated for 1D, 2D and the compatibility equations inone single algorithm. For efficiency reasons, the continuity equations for the 1D and 2D domains arecombined into one single equation at points where 1D grid sections underlie a 2D cell. As a first stepin reducing the total number of equations, SOBEK eliminates all equations at velocity grid points.

The second step in the solution algorithm is the elimination of a large number of unknowns byapplying a minimum connection search between unknown water levels. As a rule, this leads to anefficient elimination of nearly all unknowns of the 1D domain and a substantial number of unknownsin the 2D domain. This direct solver carries its elimination on, until nearly every second equation inthe 2D domain has been eliminated. Beyond this point, it is more economical to apply the conjugategradient solver to solve the remaining set of equations.

Apart from its efficiency, an additional advantage of eliminating nearly every second 2D equation isthe improved conditioning of the resulting matrix. This follows from the fact that elimination of anunknown water level at a 2D grid point has the effect of increasing the spatial distance between theremaining adjacent points, where water levels are still unknown. This, in turn, reduces Courantnumbers and as a consequence, it leads to changed coefficients at the main diagonal of the matrixwhich is now more dominant in relation to the other diagonals.

4.5.3 Set-up of 1D model for Brahmani-BaitaraniThe proposed hydrodynamic model for Brahmani-Baitarani consists of a 1D channel flow combinedwith a lumped hydrological model and a real-time control module to address structure operations,e.g. Rengali Dam. The model will be calibrated first on discharge (i.e. the hydrological part), and lateron discharge and water levels in the rivers (the 1D hydrodynamic component).

The 1D model will include the rivers and larger channel system of the Brahmani-Baitarani basindownstream of the Rengali Dam. A separate reservoir model will be set up to simulate the reservoirspilling.

The implementation of the hydrodynamic 1D model requires the insertion of the cross sectionprofiles of these river branches at regular spatial intervals. This cross sectional data will be providedby combining several data sources. First, a contractor will survey a selected number of cross section


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in the downstream part of the basin. Second, already available cross section information will be used,and these will be combined with assumed cross sections based on the width of the river and generalwidth-depth relationships. A typical trapezoidal profile is used for the assumed cross sections. Theuse of these profiles is an expedient solution, but allows continuing the development of the 1Dmodel in absence of the real cross-section profiles (which will become available after the surveyshave completed).

Awaiting this data, a model has been set up using only the already existing and assumed crosssections. Figure 23 and Figure 24 show this initial model set up with these profiles. The 1Dhydrodynamic model is schematized with 5 boundary nodes (pink squares) for Rengali dam,Anandpur barrage and the three river mouths, nodes to connect with the to-be-constructedhydrology model (pink rounds), and river network connections (red rounds).

Figure 23 Initial 1D SOBEK model set up of Brahmani-Baitarani basinBoundary nodes (pink squares), nodes to connect with the hydrology model (pink rounds), and river networkconnections (red rounds)

Figure 24 Initial 1D SOBEK model set up of Brahmani-Baitarani basin showing the assumed and existing cross sections


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4.6 Integration of the hydrological model with the 1D hydrodynamicmodelTo account for runoff generation and evaporation within the basin, the conceptual hydrological NAMmodel will be used (see Section 4.4 for a description). The model is integrated in the SOBEKdevelopment environment and is implemented in parallel with the SOBEK 1D/2D model. Thehydrology component will simulate the inflow towards the Rengali reservoir and the downstreamrainfall-runoff processes. The first initial sub-catchment delineations have been carried out.Interestingly, it showed that the catchment of the Salandi reservoir eventually also drains into theBaitarani River. Figure 25 shows the sub-catchment delineation upstream of Rengali reservoir. Figure26 shows how both models will be coupled. Each of the light blue squares represents a sub-catchment in the hydrological model, while the dark blue lines represent the 1D hydrodynamicmodel.

Figure 25 Initial sub-catchment delineation of the upstream part of the Brahmani-Baitarani Basin

4.7 First results of the 1D hydrodynamic modelUsing the improved river network, the existing and assumed cross sections and an assumed tidalsignal for the river mouths in the Bay of Bengal an initial 1D hydrodynamic model has been set up inSOBEK. The reservoir spilling time series of the Rengali reservoir was used as an upstream dischargeboundary. Samal Barrage is represented for now with a fixed crest level without including theupstream storage. Jumps in the assumed bed levels of the cross sections were deleted. Themonsoon period of 2011 and 2012 were used to simulate this model set up and assess the quality.

Figure 27 and 28 show the comparison between the observed water levels at Rengali, (upstreamSamal Barrage), Talcher, and Jenapur gauge station and simulated water levels for two years. Alsothe comparison between the observed and simulated discharge at Jenapur is shown.


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Figure 26 Representation of how both models will be coupled

These first results of the 1D hydrodynamic model compare reasonably well with the observed timeseries. At Rengali, the simulated water level in peak situations is continuously under-estimatedwhich might be solved when the schematized operation of Samal Barrage is improved. The 2012peak discharges at Jenapur were also influenced by rainfall events, and it can be expected that thesimulations will improve when the hydrological model is included. The over-estimated simulatedpeak water level at Jenapur in September 2011 might be due to the fact that flood storage is not yetrepresented well enough. When surveyed cross sections will be used, this is expected to improve.


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Figure 27 comparison of simulated (blue line) and observed water levels (red) at Rengali, Talcher and Jenapur andbetween simulated and observed discharge at Jenapur (bottom right) (June-October 2012)

Figure 28 Comparison of simulated (blue line) and observed water levels (red) at Rengali, Talcher and Jenapur anddischarge at Jenapur (bottom right) (June-October 2011)


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4.8 Forcing statistics

4.8.1 GeneralThe two most important forcing factors are precipitation and tidal water levels (as downstreamboundary in the case of Brahmani-Baitarani rivers). For flood modelling not the average precipitationis important, but extreme events, such as heavy downpours in a short time interval. IMD uses aclassification of 8 classes of rainfall (Table 13). Likewise, the magnitude of tropical depressionssubsequent cyclonic disturbances are essential as forcing factor for modelling. IMD uses 6 classes oftropical cyclones (Table 14).

Table 13 Classification of 24 hours cumulative rainfall according to IMD

Classification of rainfall 24 hours cumulative rainfall (mm)as recorded at 0830 hrs IST

No Rain 0

Very light Rainfall 0.1-2.4

Light Rain rainfall 2.5-7.5

Moderate Rain rainfall 7.6-35.5

Rather Heavy rainfall 35.6-64.4

Heavy Rainfall 64.5-124.4

Very Heavy Rainfall 124.5-244.4

Extremely Heavy Rainfall >244.5

Table 14 Terminology on cyclonic disturbances according to IMD

Type of cyclonic disturbance Maximum average wind speed atsurface level (knots)

kmph

Depression 17-27 31-51

Deep depression 28-33 52-61

Cyclonic storm 34-47 62-88

Severe cyclonic storm 48-63 89-118

Very severe cyclonic storm 64-119 119-221

Super cyclonic storm >120 >222

Reference: http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cycterm.pdf

http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cycterm.pdf


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4.8.2 Rainfall statistics

4.8.2.1 Analysis of orographic effect in available gauged rainfall dataThe analysis of orographic effects was carried out with 8 rainfall gauge stations for the Brahmanibasin and 6 gauges representing the Baitarani basin. Figure 29 shows the spatial distribution of thesegauges.

Figure 29 Gauge station used in orographic effect analysis.

MethodBased on Daly et al. (1993) we derived a method to carry out the orographic analysis:

i. Create subset of gauge stations based on similar orographic regimes and oceanic influencesii. Estimate 'orographic' elevation for each gauge stationiii. Generate monthly linear precipitation-'orographic' elevation regression functionsiv. Test on influential outliersv. Finalise regression functions for the similar orographic regimes

The gauge stations were divided based on the basin in which they are located. This resulted in twosets of expected regimes. In this analysis the ‘orographic’ elevation was derived from Google Earthas the actual elevation of the stations is not yet available.The rain gauge data of these regimes was analysed to test whether a relation between elevation andrainfall amount can be derived from the data set. If this relation exists, than this relation might be


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used when deriving a rainfall input time series for the hydrological modelling. Figure 30 and Figure31 shows the linear regression analysis for the two basins using the stations elevation.

ConclusionThe monthly average rainfall of the rain gauges in the Baitarani basin show very limited correlationexcept for the month October (r2 = 0.71) when cyclonic disturbances are likely to affect the rainfallamount in the lower parts of the basin. The Brahmani Basin shows the same characteristic for themonth of October (r2 = 0.72). A correlation is also found for the month of July (r2 = 0.79) duringwhich the monsoon rains affect the basin and the higher parts of the basin receive more rain thanthe lower parts. However, all higher correlations between rain depth and elevation show p-values >0.1. Therefore, and unless a specific monthly probabilistic analysis is carried out, the monsoonaverage rainfall time series will not be biased corrected on orographic effects.

Figure 30 Linear regression when using Google Earth elevation and monthly average rainfall for the Baitarani Basin.

Figure 31 Linear regression when using Google Earth elevation and monthly average rainfall for the Brahmani Basin.


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4.8.3 Downstream boundary of BB-basin: Bay of BengalThe downstream delta area of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin is affected by the tidal levels in the Bayof Bengal. The Brahmani River enters the Bay of Bengal at three locations (Figure 35). The northernriver mouth is located near Dhamara. The Baitarani River confluences with the Brahmani Riverapprox. 20 kilometres upstream of this river mouth to the Bay of Bengal. Less than 10 kilometressouthwards, the second river mouth is located in the Bhitarkanika National Park and conveys lesswater than the northern branch. The third river mouth is located approx. 35 kilometres southwardsand bifurcates from the Brahmani River near Jharpada. Due to the intertwined river and canalnetwork, the low-lying land and three main entries to the Bay of Bengal the tidal level affects theriver system and the flood pattern and extent. Knowledge of how often and when cyclones hit thecoastal area of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin provides useful information to the project and scopingof flood management measures.

According to Chittibabu et al. (2002) cyclonic storms hit the coastal districts of Badrak andKendrapara respectively 8 and 7 times in the period of 1877-2000. For the period 1971-2000Chittibabu et al. (2002) identified 6 cyclonic storms that affected Paradip: 1971, 1973, 1974, 1981,1982, and 1999. In October 2013, super cyclone Phailin hit Odisha state.

IMD provides overview data of the occurrences of cyclonic disturbances, seehttp://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/freq_cyclone.htm, and this data was analysed on theseasonal occurrence of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. Figure 32 to Figure 34 show consecutive theseasonal occurrence of cyclonic disturbances, cyclones, and severe cyclones. The Figures clearlyshow that the pre-monsoon season is equally important, if not more important, when understandingthe frequency and seasonal component of the storm surges affecting the coastal area of theBrahmani-Baitarani basin. Especially, when severe cyclones are studied the months April and Mayreceive approx. 26% of all severe cyclones in the period 1891-2012. Together with the 59% of thepost-monsoon season, this counts up to approx. 85%. From a Bay-of-Bengal perspective the monthof May gets an equal share as October, see Table 15.

Figure 32 Frequency of Cyclonic Disturbances (Depression & Above) in the Bay of Bengal in the period 1891-2012

http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/freq_cyclone.htm


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Figure 33 Frequency of Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal in the period 1891-2012

Figure 34 Frequency of Severe Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal in the period 1891-2012

Table 15 Distribution of cyclones during a year in the period 1891-2012

Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-monsoon

Cyclonic disturbances 3.2% 17.5% 20.4% 58.8%

Cyclones 1.8% 18.0% 29.7% 50.5%

Severe cyclones 1.4% 25.8% 14.0% 58.8%

Ideally, tidal levels at all three river mouths are monitored. SoI has taken short term tidalobservation long back for the determination of harmonic Tidal Constituents, see Table 16. Harmonictidal components provide a lot of information of the tidal level during average wind conditions.However, the objective of this project focuses on flood management and information on stormsurge levels is needed both for calibration and the impact analysis of measures. The nearest tidal


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level gauge station was the gauge monitored by the Paradip Port Authority. Paradip gauge station islocated approx. 25 kilometre south of the third and most south lying river mouth of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin and up to 60 kilometres from Dhamara. Due to this distance there will be differencesbetween the observed tidal level at Paradip and the river mouths of the Brahmani-Baitarani basin,but the inclusion of storm surge will provide a lot of information for the flood managementassessment of the delta area. To ensure higher probability to include storm surges due to cyclonicevents, the months April to December will be purchased as these months represent 91% of allcyclonic disturbances in the categories ‘depressions and above’ over the period 1871-2012.

Table 16 Locations where SoI has determined harmonic tidal constituents

Latitude Longitude

i. Dhamra River 20°47'33.0" 86°53'30.6"

ii. Dhamra River 20°46'56.0" 86°50'59.7"

iii. Chandbali 20°46'15.0" 86°44'21.7"

Figure 35 Estuaries of Brahmani-Baitarani river system

Table 17 shows the four possibilities to purchase Paradip tidal levels and in view of data availabilityand limited resources it was decided to request the SoI to send a quotation for the fourth option.


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Table 17 Data analysis related to purchase of Paradip data

Option Period Calibration hydrodynamicmodel

i. Purchase all available time series 01-01-1971 till 01-01-2014. (43year)

Useful.

ii. Purchase only years with extremecyclones

7 years Almost useless as only 1999will be available forcalibration.

iii. Purchase years with extremecyclones and overlap period othertime series availability

01-01-1990 till 01-01-2014 + 5extreme events (2 months foreach event)

Useful.

iv. Purchase years with extremecyclones and selected overlapperiod other time series availability

01-01-1999 till 01-01-2014 + 5extreme events (2 months foreach event)

Useful.

4.9 Water Information System for Brahmani-BaitaraniTo have a good overview of the collected hydrology and meteorology data of the Brahmani-Baitaranibasin, we use the Delft-FEWS framework as a Water Information System (WIS). All the collected timeseries are stored in this WIS and become easily accessible for additional analysis. The philosophy ofDelft-FEWS is to provide an open and flexible platform on which users can develop and extend theirsystems with changing business requirements and advances in science. Although FEWS started as aFlood Early Warning System in an operational context it is currently used in a wide range ofapplications, among others in drought and water quality forecasting. It can also be used as a stand-alone Information System, and as such we set up the system for the Brahmani-Baitarani basin. Moreinformation is available through the web portal www.delft-fews.com or in Werner et al. (2013).

Currently, the rainfall data and water level data of 14 rain gauges is included in the informationsystem together with the observed discharges at 10 gauge stations. The evaporation data of 3 pan-evaporation stations, the 1 degree gridded IMD rainfall data and local State data still needs to beincluded in the information system. Figure 30, 31 and 32 show three examples of the system ascurrently set up. Due to the classified restriction on the Burhi-Gandak time series such anInformation System is not yet set up for that basin.

http://www.delft-fews.com/


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Figure 36 Example of all water level gauge station for which time series were collected

Figure 37 Example of rainfall time series of Anandpur, Jenapur and Talcher gauge station for the period July – September2012


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Figure 38 Example of discharge time series of Rengali and Jenapur gauge station for the period 2006-2008

4.10 Next stepsAs explained earlier, the flood hazard modelling activity is still on-going. In order to arrive at a usefulmodel, several more activities have to be finalised. Table 18 provides an overview of on-going andplanned modelling activities. Furthermore, reference is made to the remaining data acquisitionactivities required for the modelling and mapping, of which an overview is given in Chapter 10.

Table 18 Overview of on-going and planned modelling activities

Modelling component Activities Status RemarksForcing statistics Rainfall statistics and analysis

Discharge statistics and analysisWater level statistics and analysisTidal data statistics and analysis

On-going Procurement of rainfall(IMD) and tidal (SoI)data in process.

Hydrological model Drainage area definitionModel set-upCalibration and validation

On-going

1 D Hydrodynamicmodel

SchematizationRengali Reservoir Control ModelIntegration with hydrological modelCalibration and validation

On-going DEM data has to be biascorrected.Cross sections surveyresults to be included

Post-processing Quasi- 2D flood modelling using GISTesting 2D flood modelling withcoarse DEM

Planned Second quarter 2015

Scenario modelling Selection of forcing conditions formodel runsChoice of (CC) scenarios andstrategiesModel runs

Planned Second quarter 2015


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Chapter 5 Development of IFMIS

5.1 Set-up of GIS based IFMISThe Integrated Flood Management Information System (IFMIS) is being developed as a desktopapplication that can be used to view and analyse flood hazard data along with other base layers suchas basin boundary, river network, land use, population, etc. collated into an open source GISapplication. In the present study, one of the key aspects is to present flood hazard/risk maps forboth Burhi-Gandak (BG) and Brahmani-Baitarani (BB) basins. Quantum GIS (QGIS) is being employedas the platform since this open source application supports efficient data compilation andpresentation as well as providing powerful data management and analysis options. In addition, itsupports data in a number of compatible formats and facilitates the users to organize data usingadditional libraries, plug-ins etc.

IFMIS is envisaged as a tool for organizing, analysing and presenting geographical, socio-economicand other useful scientific information to support flood risk management decisions. This would beprimarily used by CWC, and planners and decision makers at national, district and tehsil/villagelevels, to support decisions aimed at mitigating flood disaster risks. It can also be used to map arange of separate elements and features, such as houses, schools, health clinics, roads, bridges andrivers in any combination.

The QGIS based IFMIS would contain a set of spatial databases for both the basins that will haveinformation about exposure/assets, hazards, and vulnerability for the study area. This would includevarious spatial and non-spatial layers grouped under selected categories, such as:

· Administrative boundaries (state, district, tehsil, villages, major towns)· Basin and Sub-basin boundaries· Water bodies

- rivers- canals- water bodies (other)

· Flood mitigation structures- embankments- barrages, weirs, anicuts- dams

· Land Use/ Land Cover· Infrastructure data

- roads- bridges- railways- airports- power houses- police stations- fire stations- safe shelters

· Digital elevation model (DEM)· Soil Map

- soil productivity


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- soil erosion- soil depth- soil slope- soil texture

· Cropping patterns· Socioeconomic data

- demography- education

· Flood hazard maps for different return periods· Climate change projections for different time horizons

IFMIS is designed to help users to manage the display order and symbol properties for each maplayer. Apart from these spatial layers, IFMIS can also manage non-spatial data in tabular format thatare useful in flood risk management. The QGIS based IFMIS uses pre-compiled results from floodmodelling and compares different scenarios with emphasis on certain flood mitigation measures.

During various past missions, the team collected some of the spatial and non-spatial data from theWater Resource Departments (WRD) of Bihar and Odisha, and created QGIS project file by collatingavailable information after necessary data processing and transformation. Figure 39 and Figure 40present the QGIS based IFMIS developed for both BG and BB basins, respectively.

Figure 39 Burhi-Gandak Basin, Bihar as displayed in IFMIS

Some of the GIS data layers, including critical base data such as taluka boundaries, village boundaries,etc. are yet to be received from the concerned state government agencies. Once all these GIS layersare inserted into the system, the user can run various queries and analyse high flood risk areashaving maximum flood risks, roads that are likely to be cut in case of flood events, and locations ofsafe shelters etc.


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Figure 40 Brahmani-Baitarani Basin (Odisha) as displayed in IFMIS

5.2 Review of existing water resources information systemsThis section presents reviews of the existing water resources information systems used to assessflood management by CWC and WRDs in India.

5.2.1 India-WRISIndia Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS) is a webGIS based platform that provides a‘Single Window’ solution for comprehensive, authoritative and consistent data and information ofIndia’s water resources. Central Water Commission (CWC), in collaboration with Indian SpaceResearch Organization (ISRO), undertook the work to develop WRIS using standardized national GISframework (WGS-84 datum and LCC projection) tools to search, access, visualize, understand andanalyse the data for assessment, monitoring, planning and development of Integrated WaterResources Management (IWRM).

WRIS, a tool for planning and management of water resources, has the following major objectives:

· To collate available data from various sources, generate a new database of the country’swater resources in standardized GIS and provide a thin client scalable web enabledinformation system;

· To provide easier and faster access and sharing of nationally consistent and authentic waterresources data to various Water Resources departments, professionals and otherstakeholders for Integrated Water Resources management;

· To provide tools to create value added maps by way of multi-layer stacking of GIS databasesso as to provide and integrate view of water resources issues;

· To provide a foundation for an advanced modelling and future spatial decision supportsystem including automated data collection system;


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The latest version of India-WRIS (version 4.0) is in the public domain and can be accessed by theusers through website http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/ after necessary web registration (Figure41 and Figure 42Figure 42).

Figure 41: Snapshot showing home page of India-WRIS

Figure 42: Snapshot showing geo-visualization wizard of India-WRIS

5.2.2 FMIS BiharFlood Management Information System (FMIS) is a World Bank sponsored project under WaterResources Department, Government of Bihar (http://fmis.bih.nic.in/). This application is beingdeveloped in four stages. The first stage focuses on the most flood prone areas in North Bihar, fromBurhi-Gandak River in the west to Koshi River in the east, including the districts of East Champaran,


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Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Samastipur, Dharbanga, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Madhubani, Supaul, Saharsa,and Khagaria covering about 26,000 sq. km. in area. The phase II would include entire North Bihartogether with Patna, Bhagalpur and Munger districts.

FMIS application, once completed, would cover substantially enhanced functions and products,supported by improved hydrologic observations and telemetry, more reliable and longer termrainfall forecasts, enhanced flood forecasts and inundation predictions with better models, airborneSynthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) surveys for real-time inundation information during floods, close-contour surveys of the flood plain using LIDAR technology, mapping floodplain geomorphologyincluding micro-relief to understand and improve drainage, improved communication links andinformation flow, risk and vulnerability analysis, institutional and community outreach mechanisms,and real-time flood data dissemination. The fully upgraded FMIS would then support the preparationof a master plan for flood control and drainage, irrigation improvement, and overall water sectordevelopment in Bihar State (Figure 43).

Figure 43: Snapshot showing home page of FMIS, Bihar

The main objectives of FMIS include:

· The long-term objective of FMIS is to develop and implement a comprehensive FMIS toeffectively support flood control and management in the flood prone areas of Bihar State.

· The short-term objective is to develop flood hazard characterization and operational floodmanagement information products, supplemented by improved flood forecast modelling, aflood website, updated flood control manuals, plans for upgrading hydrologic measurements,telemetry and FMIS training. FMIS would be upgraded in graduated steps in the future byintroducing the extensive use of modern information technologies for developing and


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implementing a comprehensive Flood Management Information System (FMIS) in priorityareas.

The technologies behind the functioning of IFMS includes: GIS, Remote Sensing, MM5 Rainfallforecast Model, and Flood Modelling. In this regard, it is important to know the DevelopmentFramework of FMIS in detail. Figure 44 presents the development framework used in FMIS.

Figure 44: Development framework of FMIS

5.2.3 DOWR OdishaThe Department of Water Resources, Government of Odisha also maintains a web-site that providesinformation on various river basins in Odisha, issues daily flood bulletins, and provides data onreservoirs, river gauges, rainfall etc. (http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/). It mainly includes informationrelated to state water resource department under the following heads - water resources of Odisha,flood control and drainage, irrigation scenarios, irrigation projects, acts-rules-policies, and otheractivities. Instead of online real-time flood mapping and information sharing scenarios, DOWROdishamostly provides information and statistics in tabular and document format (Figure 45) on the abovementioned aspects.


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Figure 45: River systems in Odisha as presented in DOWR Odisha


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Chapter 6 Implications of climate change on flood hazard

6.1 IntroductionGiven that weather extremes are directly affected by climate change, it is important to understandthe degree to which the adverse impacts of these on flooding intensity and frequency in major riverbasins could be exacerbated in the future. Varying spatially and temporally, these impacts are likelyto have considerable implications for water resource planning, as well as adding to the risks to waterinfrastructure systems and affecting return on investments. Attention is increasingly being paid toadaptation strategies at the regional and basin levels. However, the current paucity of informationregarding the potential risk to hydrological systems at this scale presents a substantial challenge foreffective water resources planning and investment. In this study the objective of the climate changecomponent is to assess the possible impacts of climate variability and climate change on the floodhazards in the two selected basins. This chapter documents the climate change projections for thetwo basins (Deliverable D10).

6.2 Selection of climate simulation models, scenarios, and time slicesThe models that could be considered for downscaling the climate scenarios at local scale mustskilfully (as ascertained with at least quantitative analyses) replicate the statistics of the currentclimate at local scales. Many of the global climate models (now called as Earth System Models orESMs) with their current horizontal resolutions are not tuned to provide realistic climate simulationsat sub-grid scales particularly in regions characterized by non-uniform topography and near thecoastal locations. The main source of skill in new ESM simulated temperature and rainfall is theseasonal and annual cycle in rainfall and the warming trend with time, which is primarily forced bygreenhouse gases and aerosols. For this purpose, we have identified three climate models anddownscaled the model-simulated near surface maximum and minimum surface air temperaturesand daily rainfall for selected locations in Bihar and Odisha State and compared these with the actualaverage daily observations for the baseline period of 1961-1990. The findings of this validationexercise suggest that there still are problems in simulating the local climate with respect to currentmodel statistics in most of the models. Therefore we need to apply systematic bias corrections tothe model simulated maximum and minimum surface air temperatures and rainfall at each of thesites considered in this study. But the said corrections are least in the identified three ESMs (<2.0oCon point scale). The simulations of daily intensity of rainfall in some of the ESM are also in significanterror in that the model does not realistically simulate the high daily rainfall episodes. Some modelsproduce precipitation approximately twice as often as that observed and make rainfall far too lightly.Therefore we consider the choice of three ESMs adopted in this study as most appropriate forobtaining climate variability and climate change scenarios at a time scale of mid- 21st century.

The three state-of-the-art Global Climate Models used for CMIP5 experiments, namely, HadGEM2-ESModel (UK), GFDL-CM3 Model (USA), and MIROC-ESM Model (Japan) have been considered fordownscaling the climate change scenarios in this study. As outlined in the inception report of thisproject, these three climate models have demonstrated a reasonable degree of skill in simulating thebaseline climatology over the Indian sub-continent. The Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP) GHG scenarios used in IPCC AR5 are a step evolving away from the non-mitigation SRES


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scenarios considered previously in IPCC AR4. They are compatible with the full range of stabilization,mitigation and baseline emission scenarios, represent consistent sets of projections of only thecomponents of radiative forcing that serve as input for climate modelling, pattern scaling, andatmospheric chemistry modelling and span a full range of socio-economic driving forces. RCPs allowclimate modellers to test different social, legislative and other policy initiatives, and see theeconomic effects as well as environmental; mitigation results as well as adaptation. In the currentscenario of uncertainty in global agreement on mitigative actions for restricting the greenhouse gasemissions, the RCP6.0 represents the most plausible concentration pathway for the future. As policymakers and decision makers at country level and at municipal level in a developing country are notso much interested in a range of possibilities as regards the absolute local climate change but in thescale of vulnerability due to nature of future extremes and adaptive actions to be mainstreamed intheir future development plan, we have opted for considering the best choice of RCP6.0 in ourvulnerability assessment. Hence, in this study, RCP 6.0 representative concentration pathway wasconsidered for the generation of the climate change projections as it follows a stabilizing CO2

concentration close to the median range of all the four policy pathways. Projections of futureclimate change has been done on three time scales, namely, baseline (1961-1990), near term (2040si.e., 2030 to 2059), and long term (2080s i.e., 2070 to 2099). However, in case of SLR (Sea Level Rise),data from only two climate models (MIROC-ESM and HadGEM2-ES) were available as not all themodelling team have shared their SLR outputs (a derived parameter) for CMIP5 experiments. Thetemporal resolution of data processed from these climate models and the model’s horizontalresolution at which the simulations were performed are given in Table 19.

Table 19 Temporal resolution of data analysed for the three climate models

Climate model Spatial resolution Temporal resolution

For rainfall data

HadGEM2-ES Model Longitude: 1.87°; Latitude: 1.25° Daily

GFDL-CM3 Longitude: 2.50°; Latitude: 2.00° Daily

MIROC-ESM Model Longitude: 2.81°; Latitude: 2.79° Daily

For SLR data

HadGEM2-ES Model Longitude: 1.00°; Latitude: 1.00° Monthly

MIROC-ESM Longitude: 1.40°; Latitude: 1.00° Monthly

Figure 46 to Figure 51 depict the location of grid points in the data sets obtained from three climatemodels over the selected Brahmani-Baitarani and Burhi-Gandak river basins.


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Figure 46 Location of HadGEM2-ES climate model gridpoints over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin

Figure 47 Location of GFDL-CM3 climate model grid pointsover the Brahmani-Baitarani basin

Figure 48 Location of MIROC-ESM climate model gridpoints over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin

Figure 49 Location of HadGEM2-ES climate model gridpoints over the Burhi-Gandak basin

Figure 50 Location of GFDL-CM3 climate model gridpoints over the Burhi-Gandak basin

Figure 51 Location of MIROC-ESM climate model gridpoints over the Burhi-Gandak basin


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Following the finalization of climate simulation models, scenarios, and time horizons, we havecollected daily time series of rainfall data for all the three global climate models at selected timehorizons (three time slices selected for this study). However, the sea level rise data was obtainedonly at monthly level derived from the average value of daily data for respective time slices.Subsequently, these data were converted into usable format as all the data being obtained were inthe standard NetCDF format.

6.3 Future climate data analysisIn view of the limitations of obtaining precise climate change scenarios of future changes in rainfallas stated in sub-section above, bias correction on daily basis will need to be applied to modelsimulated future projections of daily rainfall data. For this, first the model simulated baseline perioddaily rainfall data will be validated against observed station rainfall data (procurement of observeddata from IMD is under process). The approach adopted for bias correction to the model simulateddaily rainfall data is currently being developed and will be fully documented in the Final Report.Subsequently, the bias correction thus obtained will be applied to projected daily rainfall data series.The bias-corrected daily rainfall data series for the future time slices will then be used for inferring anumber of rainfall indices to understand the nature of future changes in rainfall variability andextremes at various temporal scales. These inferred changes in indices would be applied in thehydrological modelling exercise to assess the future flood intensity potentials during different timehorizons.

The following rainfall indices will be calculated using bias-corrected projected rainfall data:

· Number of days with light rain in a month (i.e., when rainfall amount realized in a day is between2.5 mm and 7.5 mm);

· Number of days with moderate rain in a month (i.e., when rainfall amount realized in a day isbetween 7.6 mm and 35.5 mm);

· Number of days with rather heavy rain in a month (i.e., when rainfall amount realized in a day isbetween 35.6 mm and 64.4 mm),

· Number of days with heavy rain in a month (i.e., when rainfall amount realized in a day isbetween 64.5 mm and 124.4 mm);

· Number of days with extreme rain in a month (i.e., when rainfall amount realized in a day isbetween 124.5 mm and 244.4 mm);

· Number of dry days in a month (i.e., when rainfall amount realized in a day is < 2.5 mm);

· Number of dry spells in a month (>2days and <3mm); and

· Number of consecutive days with no rainfall within each dry spell.

The above-mentioned rainfall indices will facilitate in our better understanding of the nature of likelychanges in rainfall and in assessment of the future flood scenarios in the selected two river basinsand subsequently in the development of integrated flood management options.


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6.4 Climate change scenarios for Bihar and OdishaSpatial distribution patterns in maximum and minimum surface air temperatures and rainfall overBurhi-Gandak basin of Bihar state and Brahmani-Baitarani basin of Odisha state were developedusing above-mentioned climate simulation models data in GIS platform (ArcGIS 9.3). These analysesprovide the likely shifts in spatial changes of temperature, rainfall, and SLR during 2040s (2030-2059)and 2080s (2070-2099) with respect to baseline time period (1961-1990). The results of this can beused to assess the implications of climate change on various meteorological and hydro-meteorological hazards (e.g., drought, flood, and heat wave etc.) in the selected river basins.

6.4.1 Projections of future climate change over BiharThe projected rise in maximum (day-time) and minimum (night-time) surface air temperatures overBurhi-Gandak basin of Bihar state at two time slices namely, 2040s and 2080s are illustrated inFigure 52 and Figure 53, respectively. The plausible changes in annual mean and monsoon seasonrainfall over Burhi-Gandak basin of Bihar for two time slices namely, 2040s and 2080s are depicted inFigure 54 and Figure 55 respectively. The results shown here for the purpose is for GFDL-CM3 modelonly as a representative one.

It is evident from Figure 52 that the mean maximum annual day-time surface air temperatures inBurhi-Gandak basin of Bihar State is likely to rise on an average by about 2.0°C around the middle ofthis century while the rise in mean annual night-time minimum surface air temperature couldexceed 2.2°C by the middle of this century. This suggests that the diurnal temperature range wouldbecome lesser in future in the Burhi-Gandak basin of Bihar State. During 2080s, annual maximumday-time and minimum night-time surface air temperatures in Burhi-Gandak basin are expected torise in excess of 3.5°C and 4.0°C respectively (Figure 53). These projections of rise in surface airtemperatures in future suggest that the intensity of heat waves in and around Burhi-Gandak riverbasin should become stronger with time during peak summer months and record high temperaturescould be experienced here more often in future.

Figure 52 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for 2040s in Bihar(Burhi-Gandak basin is marked with green colour boundary)


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Figure 53 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for 2080s in Bihar(Burhi-Gandak basin is marked with green colour boundary)

An examination of the change in rainfall patterns (simulated by GFDL CM3 model) as depicted inFigure 54 suggests that the annual mean and monsoon season rainfall is projected to decrease byabout 0.20 mm / day and by about 0.5 mm / day respectively (a total of about 73 mm in a year) overthe Burhi-Gandak basin by the middle of this century. Figure 55 reveals that the seasonal monsoonrainfall could increase by about 0.40 mm / day (a total of about 48 mm in the season) over the Burhi-Gandak basin by the end of this century. On annual basis, the rainfall would increase over the Burhi-Gandak basin would by around 0.20 mm / day (a total of about 73 mm in a year) by the end of thiscentury. It is evident from Figure 54 and Figure 55 that, on an average, the Burhi-Gandak basin islikely to experience increase in rainfall in the latter part of this century whereas during mid-centuryrainfall is likely to decrease.

Figure 54 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2040s in Bihar (Burhi-Gandak basin ismarked with red colour boundary)


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Figure 55 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2080s in Bihar (Burhi-Gandak basin ismarked with red colour boundary)

6.4.2 Projections of climate change over OdishaThe projected rise in maximum (day-time) and minimum (night-time) surface air temperatures overBrahmani-Baitarani basin of Odisha state at two time slices namely, 2040s and 2080s are illustratedin Figure 56 and Figure 57 respectively. The plausible changes in annual mean and monsoon seasonrainfall over Brahmani-Baitarani basin of Odisha for two time slices namely, 2040s and 2080s aredepicted in Figure 58 and Figure 59 respectively. The results shown here for the purpose is thosefrom GFDL-CM3 model only as a representative one.

Figure 56 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for 2040s in Odisha(Brahmani-Baitarani basin is marked with blue colour boundary)


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Figure 57 Projected rise in annual mean maximum and minimum surface air temperatures during for 2080s in Odisha(Brahmani-Baitarani basin is marked with blue colour boundary)

It is evident from Figure 56 that the mean maximum annual day-time surface air temperatures inBrahmani-Baitarani basin of Odisha State is likely to rise on an average by about 1.7°C around themiddle of this century while the rise in mean annual night-time minimum surface air temperaturecould exceed 2.1°C by the middle of this century. The diurnal temperature range would becomelesser in future in the Brahmani-Baitarani basin of Odisha State. During 2080s, annual maximumday-time and minimum night-time surface air temperatures in Brahmani-Baitarani basin areexpected to rise by 3.0°C and 3.7°C respectively (Figure 57). These projections of rise in surface airtemperatures in future suggest that the intensity of heat waves in Brahmani-Baitarani basin shouldbecome stronger with time during peak summer months and record high temperatures could beexperienced here more often in future.

An examination of the change in rainfall patterns (simulated by GFDL CM3 model) as depicted inFigure 58 suggests that the annual mean as well as monsoon season rainfall is projected to decreaseby about 0.10 mm / day (a total of about 37 mm in a year) over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin by themiddle of this century. Figure 59 reveals that the seasonal monsoon rainfall could increase by about1.10 mm / day (a total of about 132 mm in the season) over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin by the endof this century. On annual basis, the rainfall would increase over the Brahmani-Baitarani basin byaround 0.30 mm / day (a total of about 110 mm in a year) by the end of this century. It is evidentfrom Figure 58 and Figure 59 that, on an average, the Brahmani-Baitarani basin is likely toexperience increase in rainfall only in the latter part of this century whereas during mid-centuryrainfall is likely to decrease.


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Figure 58 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2040s in Odisha (Brahmani-Baitarani ismarked with red colour boundary)

Figure 59 Projected change in annual and monsoon season rainfall (mm/day) for 2080s in Odisha (Brahmani-Baitaranibasin is marked with red colour boundary)

6.4.3 Projections of Sea Level Rise along Odisha CoastlineLarge potential risks are also posed by sea level rise resulting from thermal expansion of the oceansand melting of land-based ice as the climate warms up. During the 20th century, while the globalaverage sea level rose at an average rate of 1.8 mm/year over 1961–2003, the average mean relativesea level around the tropical oceans increased at the rate of 0.81 mm/year, although the rate of risehad been variable across locations due to local meteorological factors and vertical land movement(IPCC, 2007). Extreme sea-level events occur in the form of storm surges, driven by tropical or extratropical cyclones and in the form of tsunamis. In the Bay of Bengal, sea levels have reportedly risenby an average of 12.7 mm a decade, with the highest rate of increase observed during ENSO events.By the end of 21st century, sea level rise is projected to more than double and many GCMs projectestimates of close to a meter for most parts of the north Indian Ocean including the Bay of Bengal.The projected rise in sea level along the coastline of Odisha as simulated by an ensemble of twoGlobal Climate Models (considered for downscaling of SLR projections in this study) for 2040s and2080s is illustrated in Figure 60 and Figure 61, respectively.


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Figure 60 Projected rise in sea level along the coastline of Odisha by 2040s as simulated by an ensemble of two GlobalClimate Models

The most important effect of sea level rise would be to increase the inundation of coastal areas.However, most coastal hazards are intrinsically local in nature as the regular and repetitive localprocesses of wind, waves, tides and sediment supply that fashion the location and shape of theshorelines, other than the periodic storms. Therefore, coastal hazards along coastal Odisha shallneed to be managed in the context of local knowledge, using data gathered by site-specific tide-gauges and other relevant technologies. Shorelines naturally move around over time in response tochanging environmental conditions. Many planning regulations already recognize this, for exampleby applying minimum building setback distances or heights from the tide mark. In addition,engineering solutions are often used in attempts to stabilize a shoreline. To the degree that they areboth effective and environmentally acceptable, such solutions should be encouraged. Nevertheless,occasional damage will continue to be imposed from time to time by severe tropical storms or otherunusual natural events. This will happen no matter how excellent the pre-existing coastalengineering and planning controls may be. In these circumstances, the appropriate policy should beone of careful preparation for, and adaptation to, hazardous events. Broadly speaking, local sea levelrise could lead to a decline in the availability of fresh water supply, increase in coastal erosion andsalt water intrusion, and contribute to the loss of productive deltas. This also has attendantimplications to agriculture, and coastal and marine resources. For populations living in coastal areas,inundation would also likely cause large costs for infrastructure relocation.


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Figure 61 Projected rise in sea level along the coastline of Odisha by 2080s as simulated by an ensemble of two GlobalClimate Models


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Chapter 7 Agriculture and the impacts of floods

7.1 IntroductionAgricultural sectors play a key role in the overall Bihar and Odisha economic and social well-being.Contribution of agriculture to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is 21.30% in Bihar and 21.05% in Odisharespectively (UNDP, 2012). However, the share of agriculture in both the employment sector and theGDP has declined over time in India as well in Bihar and Odisha. The share of agriculture in GDP isobserved to decline from 39% in 1980-81 to 17% in 2009–10 while at the same time thecorresponding decline in the employment sector was observed to fall from 63% to 60% at thenational level. One of the primary factors for such decline in food production in recent years isenhanced severity of climatic hazards such as drought, flood, and heat wave. This is attributed to thefact that climatic hazard affects the two most important direct agricultural production inputs,precipitation and temperature. Climatic hazard also indirectly affects agriculture by influencingemergence and distribution of crop pests and diseases, exacerbating the frequency and distributionof adverse weather conditions, reducing water supplies and irrigation, and enhancing severity of soilerosion. The potential impacts of extreme weather events such as drought and flood are varied andcan affect a wide range of economic, environmental and social activities. Drought causes direct andindirect impacts. Those include acute water shortage and over exploitation of groundwater, soildegradation, loss of crop, spread of pest and disease, migration of people, increased unemployment,strain on financial institutions, malnutrition of human beings, etc. On the contrary, flood causes hugesurplus of water in a very short span leading to infrastructural damage, agricultural and livelihoodlosses. For this study our focus only will be on the flood hazard and associated impacts on thecropping systems. This chapter documents the agricultural system in the two basins and itsassociated flood hazard induced impacts (Deliverable 28).

7.2 Review of agricultural systemsHistorical agricultural data (from 2000 to 2009) has been collected for 10 districts of Bihar (Begusarai,Khagaria, Munger, Muzaffarpur, East Champaran, West Champaran, Samastipur, Sheohar, Sitamarhi,and Vaishali) in the Burhi-Gandak and 11 districts of Odisha (Anugul, Balasore, Bhadrak, Debagarh,Dhenkanal, Jajapur, Kendrapara, Kendujhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, and Sundargarh) falling in theBrahmani-Baitarani basin. These data has been collected from the Ministry of Agriculture andCooperation, Government of India (http://apy.dacnet.nic.in/crop_fryr_toyr.aspx). Based on theanalysis of available crop data, major crops cultivated in each district falling in the Burhi-Gandak andBrahmani-Baitarani basins were identified which has been given below.

Table A-1 (Appendix A) provides a list of major crops for the Burhi-Gandak basin. During the Kharifseason rice and maize are the staple cereal crops and occupy about 85% of the cropped area. Pulse,which serves as staple as well as cash crop in this basin, occupies almost 10% of cropped area andstands second in terms of acreage.

During the Rabi season, wheat and maize are the staple cereal crops in Burhi-Gandak basin andoccupy about 80% of total cropped area. Pulse, which serves as staple as well as cash crop in this

http://apy.dacnet.nic.in/crop_fryr_toyr.aspx


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basin, occupies about 10% of cropped area and stands second in terms of acreage. Oilseed, which ismostly grown as a cash crop, stands third (about 8%) in terms of cropped area.

Table A-2 (Appendix A) provides a list of major crops grown in the Brahmani-Baitarani basin. Duringthe Kharif season, rice is the staple cereal crop and occupies about 90% of total cropped area. Pulse,which serves as staple as well as cash crop in this basin, occupies almost 8% of cropped area andstands second in terms of acreage.

During the Rabi season oilseed, which is grown mostly as a cash crop in Brahmani-Baitarani basin,occupies about 55% of total cropped area. Pulses including chickpea, which is cultivated as a stapleas well as a cash crop in this basin, stand second (about 35%) in terms of cropped area. Wheat is alsogrown in this basin but its acreage is only about 8%.

Figure 62 and Figure 63 show the cropping pattern over the years in the two basins. These figuresshow that there has been increasing trend in high value crop acreage (e.g., green gram) in both thebasins, whereas there have not been any significant changes in the acreage of principle crops such asrice and maize in these basins .

Figure 62 Kharif season crop acreage trend analysis over the years in the Burhi-Ghandak basin

7.3 Assessment of flood induced impact on agricultureFloods can damage agricultural crops leading to a reduction in the crop productivity. The severity ofdamage on the crop production depends on the flood intensity (flow/depth) and season. Aerobiccrops (e.g., maize, pulses, and groundnut) cannot survive under standing water and submergence.Anaerobic crop (e.g., rice) can resist standing water due to supply of oxygen to root through aerialparts but cannot tolerate submergence for continuous 7 days. Deep water rice can resist flood up to15 days when at rapid growth stages. But at early stage of crop growth, sudden rise of water level,speed and muddiness of water are the factors which make most of the varieties vulnerable. Sincerice is the main crop in rainy season in both basins, the extent of damage varies according to days of


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submergence. The flood can be classified as Early Cropping Season Flood, Mid Cropping SeasonFlood, and Late Cropping Season Flood.

Figure 63 Kharif season crop acreage trend analysis over the years in the Brahmani-Baitarni basin

Early cropping season flood (June-July): For all major crops, June is the beginning of planting seasonin both basins. Normally before the onset of monsoon, farmers sow the lowland and some mediumland rice which germinates after onset of Monsoon and grows to a certain height to resist standingwater during the month of July and August. After onset of Monsoon, pulses, oilseeds, and uplandrice are sown along with raising nursery for transplanted rice for medium land. Normally earlyseason flood causes following damages:

· Damage of rice in nursery, standing crop of vegetables, pulses, and oilseeds.· Early-transplanted and standing direct sown rice are also affected by flood.

Mid cropping season flood (August-September): When flood comes during this period the extent ofloss in most of the times is severe and irreparable as the crops are in active growth stage and thefarmers have already spent enough money on management of crops. Besides, farmers loose theseason of cultivation and the land cannot be used to cultivate immediately. Normally mid seasonflood causes following damages:

· Incidence of pest and diseases to standing crop that escaped or resisted flood.· Damage of upland crops like vegetables, pulses and oilseeds at fruiting stage.· Damage of short duration rice at maturity stage and medium and late duration rice at

growth stage.

Late cropping season flood (October-November): The flood causes severe damage to medium andlong duration rice at maturity and grain filling stage. Farmers bear complete loss of money investedto grow the crops. The winter vegetables, oilseeds, and pulses sown in uplands are also seriouslyaffected at growth stages. Normally late season flood causes following damages:

· Lodging and germination of grains in the field.


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· Incidence of disease and pest in crops that escaped or resisted water logging.· High value vegetables are also affected.

As flood is causing huge damage to the crops in Bihar and Odisha, Table 20 and Table 21 show theextent of crop land affected area due to flood in the districts of Odisha falling in Brahmani-Baitaranibasin.

Table 20 District wise maximum crop land area affected during 2001 to 2008

District Maximum Area affected by flood (in ‘000 ha) (from 2001-2008)

Rice crop Non-rice crop Total

Angul 11.1 (2001) 10.47 (2001) 21.57

Balasore 71.35 (2007) 6.81 (2007) 78.16

Bhadrak 60.62 (2003) 3.13 (2005) 63.75

Deogarh 1.92 (2001) 0.76 (2001) 2.68

Dhenkanal 4.69 (2001) 1.85 (2001) 6.54

Jajpur 56.18 (2001) 7.44 (2003) 63.62

Kendrapara 58.39 (2001) 11.84 (2006) 70.23

Keonjhar 2.09 (2003) 0.98 (2003) 3.07

Mayurbhanj 9.74 (2007) 2.58 (2007) 12.32

Sambalpur 3.19 (2001) 0.58 (2001) 3.77

Sundargarh 0.8 (2001) 0.39 (2003) 1.19

(source: Disaster Management Plan for Odisha, 2014)

Table 21 Crop damage due to flood in Bihar (source: Bihar FMIS)

Year Crop damage (in million Rupees)

1998 3,669.67

1999 2,420.39

2000 830.37

2001 2672.179

2002 5114.961

2004 5220.564

2007 Heavy losses of crops

Further detailed flood induced risk assessment will be carried out once flood hazard (waterflow/depth) results, which will be derived from the hydrological modelling in this project, areavailable for historical flood events as well under future climate (i.e., during 2040s and 2080s time


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horizons) flood events. The proposed methodology would primarily involve developing vulnerabilitycurves between flood intensity (water flow/depth) and crop productivity. This analysis will help todesign the appropriate flood hazard adaptation measures to minimize the flood hazard risk on theagricultural production under climate change scenarios. Effort will be made to carry out thevulnerability assessment at block level.

7.4 Flood management options for agricultureDamage to crops and livelihood is highly significant in terms of cost to the government as well as thefarmers themselves. Although the floodplain is ideal for agriculture, measures should be taken toprevent losses. These can include a shift in timing for the planting and harvesting of crops, change inthe cropping system, etc. This can be adopted to avoid seasonal floods and subsequent crop losses.Feasible remedial measures, which can be taken to minimize the flood induced risks during early,mid, and late cropping seasons flood are given below.

Following remedial measures can be taken to minimize the flood induced risks during early croppingseason flood:

· Supply of seeds of short duration varieties of rice for replanting and non-rice crops for re-sowing;

· Re-sowing in direct seeded upland rice;

· Nursery raising of shorter duration rice for re-transplanting medium and lowland.

· Closer spacing and higher rate of manure application for late planted crops.

· Re-sowing upland crops like oilseeds, pulses, and vegetables.

· Use of poly house for raising nursery of vegetables.

Further, it is to note that there is acute shortage of seed for re-sowing and replanting operation inearly season flood. Availability of seeds (both rice and non-rice crops) should be ensured byintervention of Government and NGOs.

Following remedial measures can be taken to minimize the flood induced risks during mid croppingseason flood:

· Harvesting the panicles of upland rice and drying in the yard.

· Gap filling and transplanting aged seedling.

· In case of complete damage of crop in rainfed areas, follow direct sowing of horse gram,sesame, green gram, black gram in uplands and relay cropping of pulses in medium land andlow land.

· In irrigated areas, cultivation of high value crops like sunflower, groundnut, pigeonpea, andvegetables will generate revenue to farmers and cultivation of grain crops like maize, ragi,wheat and boro rice will help in meeting the requirements of food and fodder needs.

Mid-season flood usually affect most of the crops at mid growth stage causing damage in differentdegree depending upon submergence. Upland paddy which is at maturity stage has to be harvestedfrom top due to standing water in field. Left over seedlings in nursery which have become aged canbe utilized for gap filling or replanting in affected rice field.


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Following remedial measures can be taken to minimize the flood induced risks during late croppingseason flood:

· Replanting of vegetables, oil seeds, and pulses in upland.

· Relay cropping in low land with pulses.

· Sowing of seeds by using zero till drill and planting under zero tillage condition.

· Nursery raising of vegetables in poly house and in plastic trays for replanting.

· Growing winter crops in irrigated conditions like maize, wheat, sunflower, mustard,pigeonpea, chickpea, field pea, potato, vegetables, etc.

· Poly bag technique for planting cucurbits.

· Harvesting paddy from panicle under standing water conditions.

· Ratoon cropping of lowland rice.

· Need based prophylactic and control measures against swarming caterpillars that sometimesbecome problematic in rice that escaped and resist flood.

Late season flood causes germination of grains in standing crop of paddy. Varieties susceptible tolodging will be completely damaged. Sometimes, farmers do not go for harvesting rice. There is alsoaddition of lot of organic matter due to decomposition of crop residues. Since, the majority of lowand medium lands are under paddy cultivation in kharif, farmers bear a great loss in late seasonflood. Incorporation of organic residues followed by paira cropping of pulses and growing oilseedsand pulses like Toria, Sesamum, Greengram Blackgram, Horsegram, Khesari, Bengalgram and Fieldpea etc. In residual moisture as direct sown crop are important crops like Maize, Wheat, Sunflower,Groundnut and Winter Vegetables which can be grown successfully under irrigated situation toboost the economy of farmers. Massive boro rice cultivation will compensate demand for rice.Sometimes land preparation is delayed due to high moisture content demand for rice. Raisingseedling in poly bag Orin plastic trays and transplanting in medium and low land will save time andirrigation requirements.

Further while recommending the crop management options under recurrent and/or severe floodconditions, possible shifts in the cropping calendar or cropping system, or uptake of new crop can beconsidered so that farmers can sustain their livelihood under the extreme weather conditions. Forexample, if flood has become a recurrent phenomenon then farming communities can switch fromless water intensive crop (e.g., green gram) to more water intensive crop such as rice and sugarcane.However, before switching over from the conventional crop to new crop, market analysis would berequired to so that new crop can be sold in the market.


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Chapter 8 Review of structural measures for flood control

8.1 IntroductionIn India, various flood protection measures have been adopted to reduce impact of floods. Based onthe nature of function, flood protection measures may be broadly classified as structural and non-structural measures. Construction of storage reservoirs, diversion channels, river training works andembankments are some of the structural mitigation measures. Due to flat topography in flood plains,embankments are mostly widely used flood protection measures in basins under study.

In this part of the write up, current design practices of embankments are being reviewed. To ensurethe uniformity in preparation of flood protection embankments schemes, design criteria have beenlaid down in compendium of guidelines in the field of Flood Management prepared by GFCC (2004).These criteria have been updated based on Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) – guidelines forplanning and design of river embankments (levees) – (First Revision BIS Code 12094: 2000). Also theHandbook of Flood Protection, Anti Erosion and River Training Working, Flood ManagementOrganization of the Central Water Commission (2012) has been used for this review.

8.2 Design criteria for embankmentsThe section gives the review of current design practices for various components of embankments.These include spacing of embankments, design High Flood Level (design H.F.L), free board, top width,hydraulic gradient, side slope (river side slope, country side slope, slope protection works, treatmenton top of embankments, land acquisition).

8.2.1 Spacing of embankmentsIn case of embankments on both banks of the river, the spacing between the embankments shouldnot be less than 3 times Lacey wetted perimeter for the design flood discharge. In case ofembankment on only one bank the embankment should not be less than a distance equal to 1.5times Lacey's wetted perimeter from the midstream of the river.

8.2.2 Design High Flood Level (Design H.F.L)Depending on observed hydrological data availability, the design H.F.L may be fixed on the basis offlood frequency analysis. Embankment schemes should be prepared for a flood of 25 yearsfrequency for the protection of predominant agricultural area. In case of embankments to bedesigned to protect townships, industrial areas or other places of strategic and vital importance, thedesign H.F.L. should generally correspond to 100 year return period.

8.2.3 Free boardIn case of rivers carrying design discharge up to 3000 cumec, a minimum free board of 1.5 m overdesign HFL (including the backwater effect, if any) should be provided. For rivers having dischargemore than 3000 cumec, a minimum free board of 1.8 meters over the design H.F.L. should be


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considered. The freeboard should also be checked for ensuring a minimum of about 1.0 meter freeboard over the design H.F.L corresponding to 100 year return period.

8.2.4 Top widthGenerally the top width of the embankment should be kept at 5.0 m. The turning platforms 15 to 30m long and 3 m wide with side slope of 1:3 shall be provided along the countryside of theembankment every running kilometre of embankment.

8.2.5 Hydraulic gradientHydraulic Gradient line should be determined on the basis of the analysis of the soils, to be used inthe construction. However, the following guidelines have been recommended:

Table 22 Hydraulic gradient guideline

Type of fill Hydraulic Gradient

Clayey soil 1 in 4

Clayey sand 1 in 5

Sandy soil 1 in 6

8.2.6 Side slope

8.2.6.1 River side slopeThe river side slope should be flatter than the underwater angle of repose of the material used in thefill up to an embankments height of 4.5 meter slope should not be steeper than 1 in 2. In case ofhigher embankments, the slope should not be steeper than 1:3 when the soil is good and to be usedin the most favourable condition of saturation and draw down. In case, the higher embankmentsprotected by rip-rap, the river side slope of earthen embankments up to 6 meters high may be 1 in 2or 1 in 2.5 depending upon the type of slope protection.

In embankments constructed of sandy materials, the riverside slope should be protected with coverof 0.6 m thick good soil.

8.2.6.2 Country side slopeFor country side slope, a minimum cover of 0.6 m over the hydraulic gradient line should beprovided. For embankment up to 4.5 m height, the country side slope should be 1 in 2 from the topof embankment up to the point where the cover over hydraulic gradient line is 0.6 m after which aberm of suitable width with the country side slope of 1:2 from the end of the berm up to the groundlevel should be provided. For the embankments above 4.5 m and below 6 m heights, thecorresponding slope should be 1:3. Normally berms should be of 1.5 m width. For embankmentsabove 6 m height detailed design may be furnished in the project estimate.


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8.2.6.3 Slope protection worksGenerally the side slopes and 0.6 m wide in top from the edges of the embankments should beturfed with grass sods. In embankments prone to the erosion, necessity of protective measures suchas slope protection by rip-rap and / or river training works should be examined separately followingBIS 14262-1995.

8.2.7 Treatment on top of embankmentsAn embankment should be provided with suitable soling over filter for proper drainage. Forembankments protecting towns, industrial areas and places of strategic importance, provision of all-weather road surfaces of 3 to 3.5 m width should be examined to ensure maintenance works forreaches which are not easily accessible.

8.2.8 Land acquisitionTo ensure uniformity in respect of land acquisition for flood embankments, it is suggested that theprovision for land acquisition should include at least 1.5 m additional width beyond the toe of theembankments on the river side and width of 3 m beyond the toe of embankment on the countryside.

8.3 Guidelines for construction of embankmentsAs per the recommendations, construction of river embankments on dry land should be based onIndian Standard BIS: 11532-1985. Some of the important aspects that should be carefully attendedduring the construction phase include; investigation of borrow areas, their location and depth ofexcavation, foundation preparation, earthwork, compaction, moisture control and slope protection.The recommended distance and depth of borrow pits are given below.

Table 23 Maximum depth of borrow pit

Maximum depth of Borrow pit (m)

Distance of Borrow pits (m) River side Countryside

25 up to 50 1.0 0.6

Over 50 up to 75 1.5 0.6

Over 75 up to 100 2.0 0.6

8.4 Standards for other componentsOther than above design practices following standards have suggested for design, planning andconstruction of specific components of embankments.

· Planning and Design of Revetment IS: 14262-1995· Planning and Design of Groyns /Spurs IS: 8408- 1994· Planning Design of Guide Bank IS: 10751-1994· Construction and Maintenance of Guide Banks IS 12926:1995· Planning and Design of Surface Drain IS 8835-1978


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8.5 Improvement in the existing practicesThe existing flood mitigation strategies for Burhi-Gandak river basin and Brahmani-Baitarani riverbasin have already been discussed in the Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 respectively. This chapterelaborates the structural practices which should be followed by the design engineers and otherconcerned departments while doing flood mitigation work. For the improvements in the currentpractices the following improvements can be adopted based on the comparison of existing and idealpractices.

8.5.1 Areas of improvements for Burhi-Gandak river basin in BiharThe following points have been observed during the gap analysis for the structural practices forBurhi-Gandak basin:

1. The upper reaches of Burhi – Gandak basin are yet to be provided with embankments

2. The existing embankments at both sides have gaps which should be appropriately dealt with.For example, at downstream of Gandak at Valmikinagar, spilling of flood water is reporteddue to the gaps in the embankments and synchronization of floods in the Gandak with thatin the Ganga.

3. Geological and geomorphological consideration should be taken into account whileconstructing the embankments.

4. The existing embankments should be maintained adequately as at places the top andwherever slopes have faced deterioration.

5. Periodically review and maintenance of the flood protection structures should be donebefore, after and during the monsoon season. For example, Figure 64 shows one of thedamaged embankments during monsoon season.

Figure 64: Damaged embankment of one of the reaches of Burhi-Gandak River


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6. The height of the existing embankments has reduced at various places and therefore theembankments’ raising and strengthening need to be done according to the practicesdiscussed in this chapter.

7. Some of the embankments on the reaches of Burhi-Gandak have been aligned too close tothe river banks. Such embankments should be reviewed according to section 8.2.1.

8. The design HFL for existing structures should be compared with the modelled flood depthand should be redesign, if necessary.

8.5.2 Areas of improvements for Brahmani-Baitarani river basin in OdishaThe following points have been observed during the gap analysis for the structural practices forBrahmani-Baitarani basin:

1. The embankments in the flood plains between Kharsuan and Brahmani needs to bereviewed as per the ideal practices as the existing embankments have increased the floodinginstances.

2. Proper maintenance needs to be done of the dams on the reaches of Brahmani-Baitarani.

3. The structural parameters of Rengali dam and reservoir capacity should be reviewed on thebasis of design practices and modelled flood depth. It has been seen that in the latermonsoon months (August and September) the flood mitigation capacity decreases as thereservoir capacity is not sufficient.

4. Periodically review and maintenance of the flood protection structures should be donebefore, after and during the monsoon season. For example, Figure 65 shows one of thedamaged embankments during heavy rain.

Figure 65: Embankment washed away by the Baitarani River in Jajpur


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5. As an ideal practice for flood mitigation structural measures, the measures should be anappropriate combination of short-term measures like embankments and long-termsustainable measures like reservoirs with adequate provision of flood cushion. Naturaldetention basins may also be used for flood moderation. Channel improvement may be triedif found technically and economically feasible.

8.6 Next stepsIn the next steps of the study engineering measures will be considered for the possible suggestionsfor flood control and drainage. Some of the strategies that will be reviewed include:

• Storage reservoir in upstream area• Improvement and regulation in a natural depression• Diversion of a part of the peak flow to another non- flood prone river or basin• Construction a parallel channel by-passing a particular town/reach of the river• Embankments• River Training Works• Urban Storm Water Drainage System

Based on the current design practices and outcomes of the hydrological and hydraulic modelling(changes in) design parameters will be suggested for embankments. This includes recommendationsfor return period and review of current practices on adoption of freeboard. Geotechnical analysis ofslope stability and suggestions for improved design of embankments is foreseen once additionalfunds (ADB UNESCO-IHE) become available.


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Chapter 9 Community participation in IFM

9.1 IntroductionImpact of flood on communities can be broadly categorised into losses to life, assets, and livelihoods.However, the characteristics of floods and how they affect the local communities varies from riverbasin to river basin. It follows from this that community problems and needs also vary from basin tobasin. During the field investigation, we found a variation in community problems and needs withineach basin also, since floods impact upstream and downstream communities differently. Sub section9.2 further elaborates on these aspects.

The Phase 1 Report documented the IFM best practices across the world and flood managementpractices in India in detail. It also provided a separate section on community based floodmanagement in the country. These sections documented some of the recent projects implementedin the country which have community components for disaster management. It is apparent from thereview of these projects that the importance of community involvement in flood management iswell recognised in India and several initiatives have already been taken in this direction.

9.2 Methodology adopted for identifying community flood issues andneedsA two-pronged approach was adopted to collect community based information – communityconsultation through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and household survey. The purpose of thesecommunity based activities is basically to collect first-hand information on the localized issues, needsand community perception on hazard and risk, community preferences of structural and non-structural interventions for flood management. While community consultation provides a largepicture of the community in general, the household survey will provide household specificinformation, including losses and damages caused by flooding.

Figure 66 and Figure 67 show the locations of community surveys in both basins.

9.2.1 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)FGDs were as carried out in 5 villages each in the two basins. Out of these 5 FGDs, 2 are exclusivelyamong women’s groups. The women’s groups consultation help in understanding the gender issues,difference in the perception of men and women towards various flood management issues andactivities, specific needs and priorities, etc. The districts and villages within the district for FGDs wereselected across the basin and covered the upper, middle and lower reached of the river. This isimportant as the issues and needs are different in these river stretches. The upper stretches do nothave much issue related to flood but probably has issues related to lack of water availability foragricultural purposes.

The FGDs were conducted using guiding questions and followed the key rules of communityconsultations. The team visited the village identified for the FGD one day ahead of time andinformed the important people in the village regarding the intent of the community meeting and


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with the support of these people invited the community for the meeting. People from different agegroup both male are female were invited to participate for the meeting.

9.2.2 Household surveyThe community consultations (FGDs) were supplemented by household surveys. Stratified randomsampling method was adopted for the selection of the samples across the

basin. Total of 350 households were surveyed in which samples from rural and urban areas wereincluded. Out of the 350 households, 300 houses were surveyed in rural area in 15 villages across 3districts and 25 household each in two urban areas in each basin. The districts were selected in theupper, middle and lower reaches of the basins. Economic strate is considered while selecting thehousehold and this was done through considering the house type used as key criteria. Based on thecomposition of kuchcha, pucca and semi pucca house composition in the census data similarpercentage composition of houses were considered (60-20-20, respectively) while selecting thesample for the survey.

The household survey was administered through a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The surveywas conducted with the help of trained surveyor hired locally. The survey activities were supervisedby the community experts and regular quality checks were carried out during the course of thesurvey. The data collected were later tabulated and analyzed to understand community profile,needs and issues.

9.3 Review of community flood issues and needsCommunity flood issues and needs in this study have been assessed through communityconsultations and household survey. The team also interacted with various department stakeholdersto gather different perceptions on the issues that came up.

9.3.1 Community flood issues and needs – Burhi-Gandak BasinDuring our field visit and consultation with WRD officials, it became clear that the nature of floodissues in different segments of the basin is different. For instance, the upper reaches of the basinexperience flash floods, while the middle stretch faces water logging problems and the lowerreaches have flooding issues due to backwater effects. Water logging (ponding) in the middlestretches may stay for more than 15 days at a time and in some places for almost three monthsforcing farmers to leave their paddy fields barren during the rabi season. The impact of floods in thelower stretches is severe due to the infiltration of water from other basins. However, the communityin the lower stretches (Khageria) is better prepared for tackling floods as they face this problemalmost every year.

As mentioned in Section 2.1.1.1, the Burhi-Gandak River is a “plains-fed river” and the heavy silt itcarries causes meandering of the river course when it reaches its mid-course. Traditionally,community members practice agriculture in the flood plain, which otherwise is the domain of theriver. As a substantial geographical area of Bihar state comes under the flood plains of differentrivers that traverse the State, the communities traditionally use the fertile soil/silt carried by theriver during floods to grow crops that thrive well because of enhanced fertility.


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Figure 66 FGD and HH survey locations in Burhi-Gandak basin

However, over time, human activities in the flood plain have intensified and the river’s ‘right of way’has been permanently encroached by human activities. This has impacted the livelihoods ofcommunity members detrimentally during periods of excessive rainfall or river discharge.

9.3.1.1 Flood affecting assets and livelihoodThere are several villages within the embankment in the basin which have permanent structuresincluding institutions and infrastructure. Livelihood activities within these villages are mainlydependent on agriculture and livestock. The communities in the state in general, and in the basin inparticular, have a tendency towards not abandoning their homes for safer places during flood events.The community within the embankment appears well accustomed to recurring floods that are anannual event as is exemplified by the small boats many in the community have at hand. A majoritynumber of members in the community either skip sowing the rabi crop or cultivate the rabi cropwhile risking the loss of the final harvest in case of a flood. In many parts of the basin, communitiestend to believe that minor floods are good and provide a better harvest during the kharif seasonbecause these events bring forth fertile soils to their land.

Many villages in the basin have experienced recurring flood events during the last two decades thathave caused losses to life, agricultural crops, and livestock. Historical data shows that the river


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breached its embankments in and around Muzaffarpur during 1975, 1987, and 2007. All thesereported breaches were on the right bank of the canal. However, though some reports, including thePhase 1 Report submitted earlier mentioned that communities forcibly breached some of theseembankments to protect upstream villages, community consultations during the present study failedto elicit any inferences to that effect.

According to the community in Muzaffarpur, since the water from the Baghmati River has stoppedcoming into the Burhi-Gandak River for past 10 years, there is no flood threat now near Muzaffarpurregion. As a result of the same, the Burhi-Gandak River in this region has drastically reduceddischarge.

9.3.1.2 Loss of LivelihoodThe key means of livelihood in the basin are agriculture and raising livestock. The community mainlydepends on Kharif crops (rice, pulses and cash crops like tobacco in some places) and growingvegetables in small quantities during summer (March to May). Floods in this region mostly occur inthe months of July and August that are mainly caused by Monsoon rains and release of water fromupstream Nepal that can cause damage in the basin by affecting the crops and the livestockpopulation.

Some contrasts are apparent in communities located downstream and upstream. The community inKhageria, which is downstream and is used to recurrent floods was found to be inclined towardscultivating the next crop even when their corps in the preceding season got affected badly. Incontrast, communities upstream that are not affected by recurrent floods were found to bereluctant to cultivate their next crops when their crops in the preceding season got badly affected.

9.3.1.3 Post flood issuesPost flood issues affecting the community tend to linger on for a couple of months in the basin andonly add to losses the community suffered during the actual flood events. Though flood watersmostly inundate the basin for less than a week; some of the low lying agricultural lands in the middlesegment of the river stay submerged in water for periods up to three months. The post flood issues,as documented in UNICEF reports and reported by the community, included malnourishment, poorsanitation, and drinking water problems. Water borne diseases and large scale migration to urbanareas - to Patna and to neighbouring states are also common. Key issues reported during floodevents include improper access to shelters, paucity of drinking water, poor sanitation, breakdown intransportation, and boat accidents etc. Since schools are used as shelters, educational activities areforced to close down causing interruption in education as well as in the mid-day meals scheme forchildren.

9.3.1.4 Siltation problemsThere is heavy silting in almost all rivers of Bihar and the department has tried to carry outcontrolled de-silting at barrages. However, the siltation is too heavy and the above step has onlybeen able to resolve the problem partially. For instance, the barrages at Walminagar used to openthe bottom sluice gate to release silt along with water during the non-flood season. All the barrageshave an operations manual defining operational procedures. Community workers are of the opinionthat there should be controlled breaching of the embankments after assessing the impact of the


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activity. This will help remove the silt from the riverbed and help replenish the fertility of agriculturalland.

9.3.2 Community flood issues and needs – Brahmani-Baitarani BasinThe community and the government machinery in the State of Odisha are better prepared torespond to cyclones than floods. The State’s early warning and evacuation mechanism has becomevery effective in the case of cyclones, which was evident from the recent cyclone - Phailin 2013. Incontrast, the August 2014 floods caused much more damage in the State. The flood problem is acutein the lower reaches of the Brahmani-Baitarani Basin. The flooding in the basin occurs both duringthe monsoon months as well as during the post monsoon months; the latter due to the cyclonicdepressions that develop in the Bay of Bengal during this period. On a comparative note, this riversystem has fewer embankments compared to the Burhi-Gandak basin in Bihar.

9.3.2.1 Flood affecting assets and livelihoodThe basin in general is characterised by flash floods. Several villages are situated between thedistributaries of the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers and flood waters tend to come from all sideswhen affecting these villages. The flow of Baitarani is not regulated while that of the Brahmani isregulated. These floods cause losses in terms of lives, livestock, and assets and public infrastructure.

9.3.2.2 Loss of livelihoodWhile the monsoon months (June –August) excessive rain and post monsoon months (October –November) bring heavy rain due to cyclonic depression in Bay of Bengal. For this reason, flood occurboth during Rabi and Kharif seasons in this region causing difficulty to plan their agriculturalactivities in the basin. As in the Burhi-Gandak area, some farmers here also consider minor floodsbeneficial since they bring in fertile soils from the upper reaches. They engage in fishing as the mainlivelihood activity during the course of these minor floods; though the remunerations from this arelower than what they would have fetched from agriculture.

9.3.2.3 Post flood issuesEven though the State’s administrative machinery is very effective in post flood relief efforts, thestate witnesses a high incidence of water borne and vector borne diseases in these post-floodperiods. There have been several instances of disease outbreaks in the region.

The State has constructed multipurpose shelters in many locations under various risk mitigationprograms. However, most of these shelters, being cyclone risk mitigation ventures, are in the lowerreaches of the river basin. In general, during floods, schools and community halls are being used asshelters. The community faces problems of drinking water and sanitation in post-flood situations.Another key problem in the basin is the poor transport network connecting the villages, whichmakes the response and relief activities difficult to carry out in post flood situations.


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Figure 67 FGD and HH survey locations in Brahmani-Baitarani basins

9.3.2.4 Poor water retention of the soilBoth over abundance and scarcity of water are a problem in the basin according to the community.During floods there is excess water and during the dry months there is acute scarcity of water foragriculture. By and large, the soil in the basin has poor water retention capacity, which makes itdifficult for farmers to raise crops in summer months. The construction of embankments makes itdifficult to uptake water for irrigation from the river, even though it protects the agricultural landduring floods. WRD has tried to install pumping systems to take in water from the river to irrigateagricultural land during the summer months; though these are not sufficient to address theirrequirements, according to the community.

9.3.2.5 Saline intrusion and sand overcastThe lower reaches of the river system are affected by saline intrusion and sand overcast inagricultural land. Both these have a long lasting impact on community livelihoods that depend onagriculture. The State has developed a salt tolerant rice variety, though it is not very popular amongthe cultivators in the basin, due to various reasons including low yield compared to hybrid variety,and low awareness among the farmers. Kendrapada district faces a severe problem of salineintrusion and sand overcast in agriculture fields.

Community level consultations planned in the coming months envisage providing more informationon specific problems of the community in the flood affected districts of the basin.


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9.4 Identification of pilot projects to increase flood resilienceDuring our consultations with communities in both the basin the following potential pilot projectswere identified. The key criteria used while selecting the pilot projects include:

1. Has an evident community component in the flood management of the basin

2. Has measurable indicators for monitoring the results within the duration of the project

3. Has visibility and sustainability in terms of local support from community organisations orany formal institutions

The following potential projects have been identified from which the team intends to pick one, andmonitor and involve some of the local organizations as part of the pilot project to improve floodresilience in the basins.

1. Community initiative in early warning, response and rescue operation. Under UNDP 2009DRM program, both Bihar and Odisha constituted village level DM committees in all thevillages in the State. The DM committees have clearly defined roles and task groups tosupport villages before, during, and after any disaster events. Even though these committeesare not active in most of the cases, some of these DM committees are still functioning andsupporting village community with the support of community organisations.

2. Community initiatives in monitoring and maintenance of the embankments

3. River training – alternate drainage model. During stakeholder consultations, we came toknow that an NGO called Navajagrathi Kendra is experimenting with alternate drainage toreduce water logging and flooding with the support of community.

The team is planning to investigate these above mentioned prospective pilot projects during its fieldoperation planned in December to February for household survey and community consultations.

9.5 Adaptation strategies and coping mechanismWhile structural measures are required for long term flood mitigation, communities need to developlivelihood adaptation strategies and coping mechanism to reduce the risk towards flood hazard.Taking into consideration of the characteristics (nature and periodicity) of the flood in the two basins,basin-specific adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms are required. These adaptationstrategies and coping mechanisms should be suitable to the local conditions and should merge withthe existing livelihood practices of the region. Introducing totally new livelihood options or alientechnology to communities may not be well received and therefore not sustainable. For this reason,it is essential to understand community priorities and needs in the basin. It is also required toidentify efforts of community practicing elsewhere which are proved to be successful.

When defining adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms, key elements that need to be kept inmind are mentioned below:

1. Acceptable to the community and not totally alien to the system for ease of adoption;

2. Introduction of activities that generate any product needs to be mapped in the whole supplychain to ensure that there are no bottlenecks in marketing those products;


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3. Any introduction of technology for developing adaptation or coping mechanism should notdepend too much on external skills as this will be a threat for the sustainability;

4. Extensive search and identification of locally tested indigenous options for adaptation andcoping mechanisms;

5. Should have net benefits independent of any hazard. Some adaptation options may yield netbenefits even without occurrences of any hazard;

6. Analyse the barriers for implementing strategies and work effectively to address the same.

The adaptation strategies will be finalised once hydrological modelling and community based fieldinvestigations (HH survey and FGD) are completed. Some of the initial observations evolved basedon preliminary interaction with the communities and other stakeholders are listed below.

· Both States have developed flood resistant crop varieties, particularly for rice, which areavailable for the community. However, the awareness towards this is not great and thesevarieties are not used much among the communities. These crop varieties can withstandwaterlogging up to 20 days.

· There are initiatives among farmers to switch to crops other than rice including short durationcash crops to protect their livelihood.

· Alternate livelihood options suitable need to be explored taking into consideration thewaterlogging issues.

· Alternate crops which can be harvested on short duration are required particularly forBrahmani-Baitarani basin which is exposed to floods in both Rabi and Kharif season.

· The best way to ensure production in flood-prone areas is to grow crops in the flood-free period.This requires restructuring the cropping pattern based on local agro-climatic conditions.

· Flood insurance has several advantages as a means of alleviating the loss burden.

· The effectiveness of early warning system needs to be improved in both basins to reduce theflood induced risks.

· Providing agro-advisory based on weather forecast (for season) can help farmers to plan theiragriculture calendar.

· Strict enforcement is required not to have immovable assets between the embankments andriver course to reduce causality and loss.

· Community based initiatives for developing drainage to avoid waterlogging need to bepromoted and encouraged to resolve localised waterlogging issues.


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Chapter 10 Data status

This chapter provides an overview of the status of collected data as per end of December 2014. Adetailed list of all data is provided in the Meta-database, which is provided as Appendix B.

10.1 Burhi-Gandak

10.1.1 TopographyDigital Elevation Model (DEM)SRTM data will be used and improved using spot heights from SOI toposheets.

Cross SectionsSome cross sections at CWC gauge stations are available, but need checking. Survey for around 50cross sections is in procurement stage.

Embankment dataDetailed data has been obtained through our State IFM expert, such as distance, chainage, designheights and profiles. Although a shape file of embankments exists, the quality is not good (geometryof river and embankment are mismatching, at several places river is crossing or overlapping withembankments). Instead a better shape file would be requested through FMIS.

Embankment maintenance schedules are available with three district level chief engineer's office-Motihari, Muzaffarpur and Samastipur. Our Bihar FM expert is working on collecting the data.

History of Embankment Breaches: Partial detail has been collected for the reach under the control ofthe Chief Engineer, Muzaffarpur, WRD. For other reaches the data is being pursued and collected bythe local FM expert.

Structures in the river system and main tributariesFor the Burhi-Gandak basin, there is no major irrigation system of its own. However, the irrigationsystem from the Gandak in the eastern side having two major canal systems passes through Burhi-Gandak basin. So, the irrigation structures are meant for Gandak canal system only. The schematicdiagram of the irrigation network of the Gandak Canal system passing through Burhi-Gandak hasbeen collected.

Canal network and river system data obtained from FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar.

Railway bridges: span and linear waterway data is available. Bridge locations to be defined in GIS.Road bridges: no data so far.

10.1.2 HydrologyRainfallDaily rainfall data has been obtained from CWC (8 stations, 2000 – 2013). Hardcopies before 2000are being processed by CWC. Gridded rainfall obtained for 1 degree, 0.5 degree (IMD; from CWC),0.25 degree downloaded from Japan (Aphrodite). IMD rain gauge data for Patna & Muzaffapur isrequested from IMD (through CWC).


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Water LevelsDaily water levels for 7 stations from 1958-2006 available, hourly monsoon levels from 2005-2013are being processed by CWC. Water level series for Munger (near confluence of Ganges) availablefor 3 years. Hathidah discharge and water level time series have been obtained. Water levels anddischarge at Burhi-Gandak river mouth will be estimated by linear interpolation between Hathidahand Munger.

DischargeDaily Discharge and Hourly Gauge Data in the period June to October has been obtained for 8stations in hardcopy for the period 1988 to 2012 (being processed by CWC; classified data).

10.1.3 Exposure dataAdministrative and Demographic DataBlock and district boundaries obtained from FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar. Data on populationand households at Taluka level obtained in tabular format from Census of India (website).

UtilitiesData on Schools Health Facilities, Safe shelters, Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices, ElectricalPower, Potable Water, Communication, Power Plant and Sensitive Installation is still to be obtainedfrom SOI/ State Govt. Departments/Bihar Remote Sensing Application Centre. Also alternativesources will be pursued, since it may prove difficult to get data from the aforementioned agencies.

Transportation systemData on road system is received up to district level roads. Information on road types, surface types,number of lanes etc. and other tertiary road categories like village roads, city roads is missing. Railnetwork obtained from FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar. Data on airports is not available.

Land use and AgricultureLand use/Land Cover data has been obtained from FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar. 10 years districtlevel crops acreage and production data has been downloaded from the ministry of agriculturewebsite. Furthermore the following has been obtained: Farm Inputs for Bihar State; AgricultureCensus 2010-11 Bihar; Area, Production and yield of Kharif pulses District wise details 2012-13-Bihar;District wise irrigated area in Bihar year 2010-11; District wise Land utilization details of Bihar year2011-12.

Flood reportsFlood reports from various years have been downloaded from FMIS. Also District wise damage datais available for the period 1991-2012.

10.2 Brahmani-Baitarani

10.2.1 TopographyDigital Elevation Model (DEM)SRTM data to be used and improved using spot heights from SOI toposheets.


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Cross sectionsSurvey for 86 cross sections is in procurement stage. Figure 68 shows the locations of the crosssections.

Figure 68 Locations of cross sections to be surveyed in Brahmani-Baitarani basins

Embankment dataData available with district level executive engineers and chief engineer's office. CWC has written aletter requesting the data to the Chief engineer, Irrigation, Bhubaneswar to share data from allexecutive engineers operating from different districts. FM Expert Odisha is following up with theconcerned officials. The same goes for embankment maintenance schedules and history of breaches.

Structures in the river system and main tributariesNo data received. Local FM expert is following up with executive engineer's offices located at 7/8districts.

10.2.2 HydrologyRainfallDaily rainfall data has been obtained from WRD (Rengali dam, 1988 – 2012) and other stations (2006– 2014) and CWC (14 stations: 1990 – 2013 / 1990 – 2005 / 1992 – 2013). Gridded rainfall obtainedfor 1 degree, .5 degree (IMD; from CWC), .25 degree downloaded from Japan (Aphrodite). IMD raingauge Ranchi, Keonghar, Angul is requested from IMD (through CWC).

Water LevelsHourly Gauge data during Flood Season (June-October) from CWC for 6 stations have been obtained.Monthly Maximum and Minimum Levels of Rengali reservoir have been obtained as well as dailyreservoir balancing data. Also reservoir levels inflows and outflows during the recent flood in Odisha.

River Gauge Data during the recent flood of 2014 have been obtained for 8 stations.


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DischargeDaily discharge data for 9 stations have been obtained through WRIS/CWC. Also Daily DischargeData and hourly Gauge data in the period from June to October from all the stations maintained byOdisha Government have been collected.

Table 24 Water Level stations in Brahmani-Baitarani basin

Station Start End # Years #Records Completeness Frequency

Altuma 15-06-1990 15-10-2012 23 66072 97.31% Hourly

Bolani 15-06-1976 15-10-1989 14 38112 91.3% Hourly

15-06-1991 15-10-1992 2 240 4.07% Hourly

15-06-1995 15-10-1995 1 2658 87% Hourly

Gomlai 15-06-1978 15-10-2012 35 102040 98.76% Hourly

Talcher 15-06-1987 15-10-1988 2 5904 100% Hourly

15-06-1990 15-10-2012 23 66830 98.43% Hourly

Panposh 15-06-1972 15-10-2012 41 117456 97.36% Hourly

Jenapur 15-06-1979 15-10-2012 34 99599 99.23% Hourly

Rengali 15-06-1977 15-10-1977 1 2233 75.64% Hourly

15-06-1979 15-10-1981 3 7065 79.8% Hourly

15-06-1987 15-10-1987 1 360 12.2% Hourly

15-06-1989 15-10-2012 24 67728 95.6% Hourly

Anandpur 15-06-1990 15-10-2013 24 69576 98.20 Hourly

Table 25 Discharge data analysis in Brahmani and Baitrani Basin

Station Start End # Years #Records Completeness(%)

Frequency

Altuma 1990 2005 16 1802 91.62 Daily

Bolani 1972 1996 25 2943 96 Daily

Gomlai 1979 2012 34 4147 100 Daily

Talcher 1985 1996 12 1296 89 Daily

Panposh 1996 2012 17 2069 100 Daily

Jenapur 1979 2012 34 4107 99 Daily

Anandpur 1972 2013 43 5121 99.94 Daily


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Rengali DamSpillway Rating Table, Elevation-Capacity Relation Table and Operating rule curve of Rengali Damhave been obtained. Also a Memorandum for Rule Curve Meeting of Rengali Dam and Samal Barrageheld on 31-07-2006 was collected.

Tidal dataA request has been made to SOI to obtain hourly tidal date at Paradip for the period listed in thetable below.

Table 26 Requested hourly tidal data for Paradip

Sl No Year/s Months1 1999 April to December2 2002 to 2012 April to December3 1973 October and November4 1974 September and October5 1981 November and December6 1982 May and June

OtherDaily windspeed, Pan evaporation, Pan water temperature data for Baitarani Basin from IMD hasbeen obtained through CWC.

10.2.1 Exposure dataAdministrative and Demographic DataBlock and district boundaries not obtained. Data on population and households at Taluka levelobtained in tabular format from Census of India (website).

UtilitiesData on Schools Health Facilities, Safe shelters, Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices, ElectricalPower, Potable Water, Communication, Power Plant and Sensitive Installation is still to be obtainedfrom SOI/ State Govt. Departments/ORSAC. Also alternative sources will be pursued, since it mayprove difficult to get data from the aforementioned agencies.

Transportation systemData on road, railway, airport, seaport is still to be obtained from SOI/ State Govt.Departments/ORSAC. Also alternative sources will be pursued, since it may prove difficult to get datafrom the aforementioned agencies.

Land use and AgricultureLand use/Land Cover data has not been obtained yet.

10 years district level crops acreage and production data has been downloaded from the ministry ofagriculture website. Furthermore, data has been collected on Cropped/Irrigated Area Statistics inOdisha State District wise and State Level details for the years 2009-10 and 2010-11; and State levelestimates of Area, yield rates and production for the years 1981-82 to 2010-11.

Flood reportsThe following reports were obtained from Special Relief Commissioner Revenue and DisasterManagement Dept, Govt. of Odisha:


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· Memorandum on the very severe cylone "PHALIN" and the subsequent floods 12 to 15 October-2013

· Supplementary Memorandum on Floods in Odisha from 21 to 25 October-2013· Memorandum of Floods, 2011· Additional Memorandum of Floods-2011· Annual Reports on Natural Calamities for the years 2001-02, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-

06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12 in Odisha· Reports on levels and damages in the floods of 1994 in Rengali dam, Brahmani, Baitarni Rivers· Relief Budget Brahmani Baitarani basins 2008-09 to 2013-14


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Chapter 11 Preliminary conclusions and next steps

11.1 Preliminary conclusionsThe Operational Research Project PATA 8089 is work in progress. As has been reported in theprevious chapters, a lot of data, information, ideas and knowledge from the key disciplines of IFMhave been collected. This needs to be further analysed, modelled and combined before the pictureof integrated flood management for the two sub-basins is completed. Nevertheless, somepreliminary conclusions can already been drawn on the various fields. These show the current statusas well as the broad inadequacies in the current flood management framework.

Performance review of current flood management in the sub-basinsDespite current efforts of flood mitigation, both basins experience flood damages and casualties onan annual basis. River management faces a multitude of challenges, such as riverbank erosion,breaches in embankments, high silt loads, waterlogging and inadequate spatial planning. Floods canbecome devastating when multiple forcings peak, such as a combination of high rainfall event withtidal surge in case of the Brahmani-Baitarani delta. Or as a combination of high discharges of theBurhi-Gandak river with high water levels in the Ganges river.

Flood forecasting still continues to be based on gauge to gauge correlation, providing warningsbased on water levels instead of inundation areas. State level disaster management has seensignificant progress over the last decade, with State Disaster Management Authorities installed inboth states. These SDMA’s play a key role in taking preventive measures, such as building floodshelters and advocating a holistic approach covering the whole spectrum of disaster management.The State Water Resources Departments (WRD’s) are entrusted with construction and maintenanceof embankments, dams and anti-erosion works. At the lower levels, the SDMA’s exist under thecoordination of district collectors and magistrates. In the sub-division level, the activities arecoordinated by Deputy collectors; in the block levels a body constituted by Gram Panchayatsecretaries, ward members and elected members takes care of flood management activities atvillage levels.

Integrated flood management in both basins is still hampered by a shortage of sufficiently skilledpersonnel at government agencies, a lack of a basin-wide planning, insufficient communityparticipation in flood mitigation planning as well as a shortage of sufficient funding (both forinvestments and O&M). Developments at the basin level are not properly coordinated due to theabsence of a basin level organization.

At the same time there is an array of potential mitigating and adaptive measures in both basins,ranging from the construction of new storage reservoirs to providing flood proofing measures andincreasing the resilience of the population. Such diverse measures require the participation ofvarious line departments working together. Also economic feasibility and cost-efficiency analysis isrequired to take well informed decisions. The basis for such analysis needs insight in annual risks,which can only be provided through appropriate hydrological and hydraulic modeling combined withprobability analysis.


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Flood hazard modellingFlood hazard modelling is a prerequisite for developing flood risk maps, which on its turn are inputto economic cost-benefit analysis for flood reduction measures. At this moment data collection andanalysis is on-going for both basins. One of the most critical model input data is an accurate digitalelevation model. Current data sources (such as Bhuvan Cartosat) are hardly adequate and significantimprovements would require huge investments, which are beyond the scope of the project. As analternative, use will be made of SRTM data enhanced with bias correction through spot heightobservations.

Climate change and floodsBased on global climate models and using the IPCC emission scenario of RCP 6.0 the climateprojections suggest for the both basins an average decrease in rainfall during mid-century, whereasin the latter part of this century rainfall is likely to increase. From these predictions it is hard to sayhow flooding probabilities will change, since it is very difficult to estimate changes in extreme rainfallevents. However, because of higher average temperatures (which are expected to rise with 2 to 4°by the middle and the end of this century, respectively), it is likely that the number of days withextreme rainfall (> 244.4 mm per day) will increase.

Sea level along the coast of Odisha is expected to rise from 50 to 77 cm for 2040 and 2080,respectively.

Floods and agricultureAlthough its share in both the employment sector and the GDP has declined over time in the states,the agricultural sector still plays a key role in the overall Bihar and Odisha economy and well-being ofits population. Floods still cause huge damage to the crops, which normally benefit from the idealconditions in the floodplains (soil fertility and water availability). Feasible remedial measures tominimize the flood induced risks should distinguish between early, mid, and late cropping seasons.

Design criteria for embankmentsDue to flat topography in floodplains of the basins, embankments are most widely used floodprotection measures in our sub-basins. Embankment schemes should be prepared for a flood of 25years frequency for the protection of predominant agricultural area. In case of embankments to bedesigned to protect townships, industrial areas or other places of strategic and vital importance, thedesign H.F.L. should generally correspond to 100 year return period. Government guidelines anddesign criteria are in place with respect to design High Flood Level, free board as well as crosssectional dimensions (gradient, slope top width).

Community participation in IFMImpact of flood on communities can be broadly categorised into loss of life, assets, and livelihoods.However, the characteristics of floods and how they affect the local communities varies from riverbasin to river basin. It follows from this that community problems and needs also vary from basin tobasin. During the field investigation, we found a variation in community problems and needs withineach basin also, since floods impact upstream and downstream communities differently. Althoughcommunity research is still on-going, already some interesting observations have been made, suchas:

· The community and the government machinery in the State of Odisha are better prepared torespond to cyclones than floods. The State’s early warning and evacuation mechanism has


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become very effective in the case of cyclones, which was evident from the recent cyclone -Phailin 2013. In contrast, the August 2014 floods caused much more damage in the State.

· As floods occur during the Rabi and well as Kharif seasons, farmers often cannot plan theiragricultural activities based for hazard calendar. In both basins, some farmers consider minorfloods beneficial since they bring in fertile soils from the upper reaches. They engage in fishing asthe main livelihood activity during the course of these minor floods, though the remunerationsfrom this are lower than what they would have fetched from agriculture.

· Community workers in Bihar are of the opinion that there should be controlled breaching of theembankments after assessing the impact of the activity. This will help remove the silt from theriverbed and help replenish the fertility of agricultural land.

11.2 Next steps

11.2.1 DeliverablesAs can be seen in Table 27 five (5) Deliverables have been completed, fifteen (15) are on-going andeighteen (18) have not yet started. Of these 18 deliverables 13 can be taken up after the additionalADB – UNESCO-IHE contract has been granted. The other 5 deliverables will be taken up after theresults of flood modelling and community surveys become available.

Table 27 Progress of Deliverables

Deliverable Status RemarksD1 Performance review current FM strategies Completed Chapter 2 and 3 of the Interim

ReportD2 Outlined strategic framework for FM for 2 sub-basins

On-going Awaiting initial results frommodelling and surveys

D3 Outlined plans IFM for two sub-projects To be taken up Awaiting initial results frommodelling and surveys

D4 Proposals to integrate IFM under CC into CWC’s DPRrequirements

To be taken up Awaiting initial results frommodelling and surveys

D5 Guidelines for IFM planning at two sub-basins To be taken up Awaiting initial results frommodelling and surveys

D6 Two peer-reviewed research papers To be taken up Formal agreement on topicsreceived 5 March 2015

D7 Progress reports, workshop reports and awarenessprogram

On-going

D8 Hydrology scenarios for flood and hydraulicmodelling

On-going See Chapter 4 of the InterimReport

D9 Detailed analysis of flood scenarios andmanagement options

To be taken up Awaiting model developmentand calibration

D10 Climate change projections for two sub-basins Completed Chapter 6 of the Interim Report

D11 Climate change scenarios for the hydrological andhydraulic modelling

On-going Expected to be ready mid- April2015.

D12 Review of climate change inclusion in nationalflood warning

On-going

D13 Strategies for mainstreaming CC scenarios in stateand national planning

On-going


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D14 IFM GIS-based information system On-going Chapter 5 of the Interim Report

D15 Review of cost-effectiveness and CBA of floodmanagement approaches

To be taken up Awaiting supplemental contract(expected end April 2015)

D16 Review of economic impacts of floods To be taken up Awaiting supplemental contract(expected end April 2015)

D17 Proposed strategy for data collection and analysisfor CWC guidelines


D18 Review of current institutional arrangements forthe 2 sub-basins


D19 Proposal for appropriate institutional strategiesand requirements for IFM


D20 Organizing consultation sessions for governmentstaff and others


D21 Review of current legal regulatory arrangementsfor IFM


D22 Proposals for appropriate legal framework for IFM To be taken up Awaiting supplemental contract(expected end April 2015)

D23 Legal requirements for river basin organizations To be taken up Awaiting supplemental contract(expected end April 2015)

D24 Review of community flood issues and needs Completed Chapter 9 of the Interim Report

D25 Identification of pilot projects to increase floodresilience

On-going

D26 Community needs to support IFM plan for sub-basins

On-going

D27 Proposals to mainstream community needs intoIFM

On-going

D28 Detailed agricultural systems review Completed Chapter 7 of the Interim Report

D29 Strategies for agricultural systems to address floodand drought

On-going

D30 Requirements for addressing agriculture in IFMplanning and RBO

On-going

D31 Review of environmental impacts of floodmanagement strategies


D32 Proposal for integrated environmentalconservation in IFM planning and RBO


D33 Review current practice of embankmentconstruction

Completed Chapter 8 of the Interim Report

D34 Geotechnical analysis of slope stability To be taken up Awaiting supplemental contract(expected end April 2015)

D35 Suggestions for improved design of embankments To be taken up Awaiting supplemental contract(expected end April 2015)

D36 Strategies for integrated flood control anddrainage

On-going

D37 Pre-feasibility designs and costings for urban andrural drainage

On-going

D38 Recommendations for drainage design On-going


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11.2.2 Peer reviewed papersAs per the mandate of publishing two peer reviewed research papers under this assignment, wereceived (5 March 2015) from the National Water Mission of the Ministry of Water Resources, RiverDevelopment & Ganga Rejuvenation the following two topics:

1. Review of Return Periods for Designing Flood Protection Works2. Impact of Climate Change on Flood Intensity in Brahmani Basin in particular and other River

Basins in Odisha in general due to changes in rainfall pattern due to Climate Change

The first research paper will focus on design standards for flood control, with special attention toreturn periods to be used. Although this may sound a rather technical topic, we approach this in aninterdisciplinary manner, taking into account agricultural and other land use requirements as well aseconomic trade-offs and community needs. The reason behind this is that deciding on a returnperiod is actually a policy decision on safety levels. In our project we introduce risk based decisionmaking as the rational way to go, which means that all socio-economic interests should be weighed.

For topic 2 we have proposed to compose one research paper on the aspect of climate changeentitled, “The impact of climate change on flood intensity in major river basins of Odisha state ofIndia”. The extended abstract of this proposed research paper has already been shared withCWC/ADB. A first (incomplete) draft has been prepared.

11.3 Balance of expert input and time planTotal inputs of experts averages 42 and 45% for field and home office services, respectively (Table28), but there is considerable variation between experts. The input of the Geotechnical expert (Mr.Verma), Environmental expert (Mr. Upadhyay), Legal expert (Mr. Nansey) and Economist (Mr.Sarkar) awaits the approval of the ADB – UNESCO-IHE contract.

Table 28 Input of experts as per End December 2014.

FIELD SERVICES HOME OFFICE SERVICESTotal

Contract Cumulative percentageTotal

Contract Cumulative percentage

Expert Name Provision Inputs at used Provision Inputs at used

Period End Period EndInternationalMarcel Marchand 5.20 2.14 46% 0.50 0.55 110%Murari Lal 2.00 1.24 62%Ruben Dahm 3.90 1.41 36% 0.50 0.58 116%NationalSachidananda Pati 8.50 3.23 38%Baidyanath Verma 0.50 0.00 0%Barun Sarkar 0.50 0.00 0%Madan Gopal Kauleshnam 14.00 4.32 31%Dinesh Manhachery 0.50 0.00 0%Jaydev Nansey 0.50 0.00 0%Kishor Dhore 3.00 0.83 28%Muralikrishna Madhavannair 8.50 4.36 51%C. V. Prasad 14.00 3.42 24%Rupesh Sinha 5.00 2.87 57%Sethurathinam Subbiah 15.00 9.30 62%


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Ujjwal Sur 5.00 3.90 78%Uttam Singh 2.00 1.41 71%Videh Upadhyay 0.50 0.00 0%TOTAL SERVICES 9.10 3.82 42% 80.50 36.01 45%

A revised time planning has been prepared, based on the latest update of the work (Table 29). It isanticipated that, despite the delays occurred last year, the project can be finalised within the officialclosure date of the project (31 July 2015). This can only be done if no further delays are encountered.

Table 29 Revised Time Planning

Tasks FM A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J AData collection surveysDEM updateModelling (incl. CC)Hazard mappingRisk MappingCentral planningIFM requirements for DPR's IFM RequirementsRBO Requirements RBO RequirementsLegal aspectsInstitutional aspects

Regional planningFlood control and drainage pre-feas.designsAgriculture RequirementsEconomic aspects EvaluationEnvironmental aspects EvaluationGeotechnical aspectsBasin FM Plans Basin FM PlansDisctrict FM Plans District FM PlansCommunity levelSurveysMonitoring PilotsMeetings and workshopsRound Table meetings X XReportingInception Report XInterim Report XDraft Final Report XFinal Report X

Months2014 2015


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ReferencesChittibabu, P., Dube, S.K., Macnabb, J.B., Murty, T.S., Rao, A.D., Mohanty, U.C., and Sinha, P.C. 2002. Mitigation

of Flooding and Cyclone Hazard in Orissa, India. Natural Hazards 31: 455–485, 2004.

CWC, 2012, Handbook of Flood Protection, Anti Erosion and River Training Working, Flood ManagementOrganization, Central Water Commission, New Delhi, India

Daly, C., Neilson, R.P., Phillips, D.L. (1993). A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatologicalprecipitation over mountainous terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 33, 140-158.

GFCC (1992). Comprehensive Plan of Flood Control for the Ganga Basin Part II/11. The Burhi-Gandak RiverSystem. Ganga Flood Control Commission, Patna (updated Report 1992).

GFCC, 2004, Compendium of Guidelines in the field of Flood Management, Ganga Flood Control Commission,Patna

HP (1998). CWC studies on Brahmani and Baitarani. Hydrology Project [reference to be checked].

Kumar, S., A. Sahdeo & S. Guleria (2013). Bihar Floods: 2007 (A Field Report).NIDM, Delhi.

Mitra, S. and A. Mishra (2014). "Hydrologic response to climatic change in the Baitarni river basin." Journal ofIndian Water Resources Society 34(1): 24-33.

Mitra, S. and A. Mishra (2014). "Hydrologic response to climatic change in the Baitarni river basin." Journal ofIndian Water Resources Society 34(1): 24-33.

Sanyal, J. Carbonneau, P, & Densmore, A.L. (2013). Hydraulic routing of extreme floods in a large ungaugedriver and the estimation of associated uncertainties: a case study of the Damodar River, India. NaturalHazards, 66 (2). Pp. 1153-1177.

Sinha, R. & V. Jain (1998). Flood hazards of North Bihar Rivers, Indo-Gangetic plains. Memoir Geological Societyof India, No. 41, 1998 pp. 27-52.

Werner, M., Schellekens, J., Gijsbers, P., van Dijk, M., van den Akker, O., Heynert, K. (2013). The Delft-FEWSflow forecasting system. Environmental Modelling and Softwarehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.07.010.


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Appendix A Agricultural statisticsTable A-1 Major crops cultivated during Kharif and Rabi seasons in the districts of Bihar falls in Burhi-Ghandak basin

District Major crops duringKharif season

Kharif seasoncropped area(%)*

Major crops during Rabiseason

Rabiseasoncroppedarea (%)*

Begusarai

Maize 67.98 Wheat 67.09Rice 17.40 Maize 20.57Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

9.64Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, sesame, linseed,sunflower, safflower)

6.99

Khagaria

Maize 35.54 Wheat 49.40Rice 23.66 Maize 37.73Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

22.96Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, sesame, linseed,sunflower, safflower)

5.18

Munger

Rice 77.59 Wheat 78.92Maize 17.33 Maize 5.86Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

2.29 Chickpea 4.90

Muzaffarpur

Rice 72.76 Wheat 63.65Maize 11.64 Green Gram 16.38Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, green gram) 7.01 Maize 8.42

East Champaran

Rice 85.74 Wheat 78.36Maize 4.40 Lentil 6.03Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, green gram) 4.45 Maize 5.30

WestChamparan

Rice 78.85 Wheat 63.40

Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, green gram) 10.91

Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, sesame, linseed,sunflower, safflower)

14.33

Maize 2.43 Lentil 10.38

Samastipur

Rice 54.04 Wheat 47.04Maize 24.89 Maize 22.02Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

8.12 Green Gram 10.43

Sheohar

Rice 78.99 Wheat 77.45Pulses (pigeonpea, greengram) 4.66 Maize 5.13

Mesta 5.25 Lentil 4.30

Sitamarhi

Rice 77.25 Wheat 76.35Maize 4.64 Lentil 5.76Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

4.98 Green Gram 3.73


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Vaishali

Rice 36.15 Wheat 57.67Maize 32.99 Green Gram 21.25Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

9.83 Maize 8.14

*Cropped area shown here is the average of nine years cropped area (2000 to 2010)


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Table A-2 Major crops cultivated during Kharif and Rabi seasons in the districts of Bihar falls in Brahmani-Baitarana basin

District Major crops during Kharifseason

Kharifseasoncroppedarea (%)*

Major crops during Rabiseason

Rabiseasoncroppedarea (%)*

Angul

Rice 74.57Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed, nigerseed, sunflower, safflower)

49.15

Pulses (pigeonpea, horsegram, black gram, greengram)

14.68Chickpea 34.71

Sesame 3.82 Wheat 2.37

Groundnut 2.89Oil seed (rapeseed, castorseed, mustard, sunflower,safflower)

62.13

BalasoreRice 96.93 Chickpea 7.82Pulses (green gram,pigeonpea, horse gram) 1.24 Other rabi pulses 24.95

Bhadrak

Rice 97.07 Wheat 5.10Pulses (green gram, blackgram, pigeonpea, horsegram)

2.63Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, sunflower, castorseed)

54.78

Debagarh

Rice 84.45 Chickpea 4.94Pulses (green gram, blackgram, pigeonpea, horsegram)

7.69 Wheat 18.00

Sesame 4.37Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed, nigerseed, sunflower, safflower)

47.22

Dhenkanal

Rice 83.50 Chickpea 21.48Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, green gram, horsegram)

9.59 Wheat 6.81

Groundnut 4.01Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed,sunflower, safflower)

54.59

Jajpur


11.72 Wheat 2.45

Groundnut 6.96

Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed,linseed, sunflower,safflower)

60.14

Kendrapara


13.24Other rabi pulses 8.45

Kendujhar

Rice 80.97 Pigeonpea 15.31Pulses (pigeonpea, horsegram, black gram, greengram)

4.81Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed,linseed, sunflower)

18.85


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Niger seed 8.57 Chickpea 5.00

Mayurbhanj

Rice 91.17 Other rabi pulses 69.51

Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

3.32

Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed,linseed, sunflower,safflower)

61.94

Sambalpur

Rice 93.00 Chickpea 14.80Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

2.97 Other rabi pulses 12.51

Sundargarh

Rice 89.05

Oil seed (rapeseed,mustard, castor seed,linseed, niger seed,sunflower, safflower)

68.29

Pulses (pigeonpea, blackgram, horse gram, greengram)

5.35 Lentil 12.01


118

Appendix B Questionnaire


119


120


121


122


123


124

Appendix C Comments MatrixComments on Interim Report submitted on 26 January 2015

Comments from ADB (V. Samarasekara, H. Varma) Reply / action taken

General: The Interim Report indicates a good level ofwork that has been done by the TA team, but we like youto consider reporting to ensure that the key deliverablesof this work are clearly articulated and in a logicalmanner. We don't suggest TA team to spend time onrestructuring the interim Report now, especially sincewe are already delayed, but the DFR should be presentedin a much more logical and concise manner. For instancewe can make main report more focussed and crisp andthe other relevant contents of the report can goin annexes..... Please include comments matrix in thereport.

Consultants will take due account of theremark while preparing the DFR.Comments matrix has been included inthe report.

General: The con-financier (DFID) for instance is keen toknow amongst other things details and status of theresearch papers to be published. You may like to updaterelevant section indicating topics approved by MOWR,our approach towards preparation of these papers andlatest status of these papers. We may mention some ofthese details in chapter one also giving status of progressso that reader can know about topics details etc. in thebeginning of report itself also. Similarly we think as weprogress to DFR/FR, it would be useful for the team toprovide a section of the Report which clearly articulatesthe importance of this work for ADB and otherinstitutions in the way we seek to design future IFMprojects. What is the learning here that will inform futuredesign?

Status of the papers is now mentionedin Chapter 1.New section 1.4 (Lessons for future IFMprojects) is included

P. 1 Please indicate end date Done

P. 2 Please consider a third column titled remarks and inthis column indicate at what stage the work/deliverableis at.

Done

P. 2 By how far? Please specify months Specified

P. 3 Rather than speak in general terms please be specificand list the challenges

Done

P. 3 Can you please elaborate either here or in a moreappropriate part of the text what the data gaps are -who/what is causing the delay and timelines

Reference is made to Chapter 10 on datastatus.

P. 3 Please include in annex the HH questionnaire Done

p. 4 What are they lacking in terms of data acquisitionand who is responsible for ensuring that they get it.

Reference is made to Annexure D.Metadatabase.


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P. 5 Consultant Team should be requested to be specificin their reporting, state timelines in this case when will adecision be made on the cross section data?

Decision has been made. Indication oftimeline is given in footnote.

P. 5 When? Community surveys have beencompleted as mentioned in footnote.

P 10 ?? Please clarify this i.e. there either are or are nosettlements. This information should be easy to confirmwith Maps/Govt of Odisha staff.

Updated

P 107 Since MOWR has confirmed about two topics forresearch papers on 5 March 2015 we can update statushere in this revised report version

Done

p. 107 When is it likely to be completed and what will thescenarios be used for……

Expected date is mentioned. Thescenarios are used for the estimation ofCC impacts on flood risk.

P 108 Since supplementary study is likely to be awardednow before end of April 2015, please modify allhighlighted portion accordingly indicating time frame foraward of study.

Modified accordingly

P 109 Since MOWR has communicated decision on peerreviewed papers on 5 March. Please update this portionby indicating topics and status of the preparation ofpapers.

Done.

Comments on IR from DFID (A. Ganguly) 10 March,received via ADB on 19 March 2015

Reply / action taken

1 The report is dated January 2015 and we understandthat it reflects progress till December 2015. As such it isexpected that some further activities have happenedsince then. For example the household survey wouldhave been completed by now. A brief update on thesemay be provided by the Consultants or reference shouldbe made to progress reports. The report says thatcommunity based activities will be completed byFebruary 2015. There should be updates on this andother similar tasks.

Reference will be made to our regular(monthly and quarterly) reports.

2 Chapters 2 and 3 describe and review floodmanagement practices in Bihar and Odisha. We observethat the recommendations (suggested improvements) inSec 3.4 are rather brief as compared with thecorresponding section in the previous chapter. It issuggested that these be arranged issue wise and someconsistency be maintained here.

Done

3 Chapter 7 is titled Agriculture and flood managementunder climate change. However it is more an assessmentof flood impact on agriculture.

You are quite right. Title has beenchanged.

4 In Chapter 9, some indication should be given onsampling for the household survey. I believe this has

A section on the sampling method anddetails of the HH survey is included.


126

been competed by now. Many observations are of ageneric nature and we expect detailed analysis in thenext report.

Detailed analysis will be in the nextreport.

5 In Sec 11.2, the report says 13 deliverables can betaken up after additional contracting is done. This is amatter of recurrent concern and an update should beprovided. Some of the deliverables are critical. It is notclear how field level inputs for some of these (legal,economic etc) will be obtained, or if at all these inputsare needed. CBA and cost effectiveness analysis isimportant and we are keen to see results.

Unfortunately this is entirely beyondcontrol of the Consultant

6 Round table meetings are planned in March and July.Intimation of dates should be given and if possible, DFIDwill be present as observers to the proceedings

We will inform DFID about the dates

7 All questionnaires should be provided as annexure. Questionnaires are included as annexure

8. In terms of timeline, it may be noted that the presentMoU (DFID-ADB) expires in March 2015 and discussionsare on to arrange an extension till August 2015. Thispoint will have to be inserted / dealt with. since as ofnow the MoU is valid only upto March 2015. Due toclosure of DFID’s umbrella programme (CRISSA)(through which the MoU is implemented), extensionbeyond August 2015 will not be possible and for thisreason, it is requested that all activities be completed asper the schedule.

Consultants are not party in the MoUbetween DFID and ADB and wetherefore refrain from mentioning apossible extension of it. As is mentionedin the Interim Report we anticipate tohave all activities completed as perschedule.

A general observation: While preparing the final report,the inter disciplinary nature of the study should be bornein mind, and technical and socio-economic/ legal/institutional aspects should be suitably integratedthroughout the report as far as practicable

Noted. The Final Report will be ofinterdisciplinary nature.


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Comments on IR from N.K. Goel, IIT Roorkee, receivedon 11 May 2015


1. Chapter 1. Introduction.The Chapter is in order.

Noted

2. Chapter 2. Performance Review of current floodmanagement in Bihar, with special reference to theBurhi-Gandak river basin.The current flood management in Bihar is preciselyreviewed. The gaps and necessary improvements toreduce the hazards have also been stated.The role of different central and state agencies isclearly mentioned.

Noted

3. Chapter 3. Performance Review of current floodmanagement in Odisha, with special reference tothe Brahmani-Baitarani river basin.The current flood management in Bihar is preciselyreviewed. The gaps and necessary improvements toreduce the hazards have also been stated.The role of different central and state agencies isclearly mentioned.

Noted

4. Chapter 4. Flood hazard modelling.Proposed work plan is okay.

Noted

5. Chapter 5. Development of IFMIS.Proposed work plan is okay.

Noted

6. Chapter 6. Implications of climate change on floodhazard.The method adopted to downscale the outputs ofclimate model and bias correction need to beexplained.

The approach adopted for biascorrection to the model simulated dailyrainfall data is currently being developedand will be fully documented in the FinalReport.

7. Chapter 7. Agriculture and flood management underclimate change.The proposed work plan is okay.

Noted

8. Chapter 8. Review of structural measures for floodcontrol.Gap analysis for the structural practices of both thebasins is nicely described which would prove a majorstep to reduce flood hazards and would increaseefficiency in controlling flood along with non-structural measures.

Noted

9. Chapter 9. Community participation in IFM.To address community involvement in the IFM, theimplementation of pilot projects at the communitylevel is an appreciable attempt.

Noted

10. Chapter 10. Data status.More efforts are needed to complete the datacollection part.

Consultants are working on it.

11. Chapter 11. Preliminary conclusions and next steps.The available records need to be critically analysed.

Not sure what records are referred to.But we critically examine all data beforeusing it.

12. Some minor mistakes of editorial nature in Interim All corrections made.


128

Report are listed below:1. On page iv, after subsection 4.6 it should be

subsection 4.7, 4.8… and so on, instead of 4.1, 4.2…Please correct it on page 45 also.

2. (on page 2, Table 1, Row 3, Column 1) It is written as‘Performance review of current flood managementin Bihar, with special reference to the Brahmani-Baitarani river basin’. In place of Brahmani-Baitaraniit should be Burhi Gandak.

3. On page number 7, for the top figure: it is Sitamarhiand not Sutamarhi Rail Bridge.

4. Page number 9: Total length of the Burhi-GandakRiver may be cross verified; 580 km or 320 km.

5. Units may be corrected: e.g. replace m3 by m3, km2by km2 and so on.

6. In table 7, please replace ‘Each Champaran’ by ‘EastChamparan’.

7. (Page 13, Table 7, 2nd Column): the sum of all therows of the second column is 10,144, but it iswritten as 10.150. Please correct it.

8. (Page 16, Table 8, 2nd column): Whether the numberof people affected is in thousands or lakhs. Pleasespecify.

9. Page 21: Please replace ‘chotangpur’ by‘chotanagpur’.

10. (Page 48) In subsection 4.2.1, in place of Table 15 itshould be Table 14.

11. Page 62: Please replace ‘IFMS’ by ‘FMIS’13. In general, the interim report is nicely written and

appears to be progressing well. However moreefforts are needed to establish (i) whether or not thehydro-meteorological records of the two basinsunder study are showing any clear cut evidence ofnon-stationarity; if yes what are the reasons of thesame and then (ii) how to account for this non-stationarity in the estimation of water availabilityand design flood, and (iii) if these estimates aregetting changed then what to do in case of existingstructures and what to do in case of proposedstructures.

We have performed homogeneityanalysis with four tests (Pearson, Mann-Kendall, Spearman, Mann-Whitney).With these tests time series have beenanalysed for trends in time. Results andconsequences will be reported in theDraft Final Report.

Comments on IR from National Water Mission, receivedon 11 May 2015


1. No detailed analysis has been incorporated abouthydro-meteorological data for Burhi-Gandak andBrahmani-Baitarani basins.

Will be incorporated in the Final Report.

2. For return period of discharge taken from GFCC,1992 report for Burhi-Gandak basin there is nomention of the specific method adopted for analysis.

The GFCC has estimated these returnperiod floods based on a compilationtitled ‘Workshop on Flood FrequencyAnalysis by the National Institute of


129

Hydrology-Roorkee-1987-88’. As perthis procedure they have carried outFlood Frequency analysis, consideringthe time series of annual maximuminstantaneous gauges; in the floodfrequency analysis, they have adoptedboth the Gumbel’s Extreme Valuedistribution (Type I Extreme value) andthe Log Pearson Type III distributions;the results arrived at by the Log PearsonType III distribution have beenrecommended; the gauge heights thusarrived at for 25, 50 and 100-year returnperiods are then converted tocorresponding discharges using theRating Curve at respective site. Theseare the discharges, shown in the interimreport.However in our study for the final draftreport, with much more data beyond1990 of GFCC analysis, we will examineall distributions/appropriate methods offittings and arrive at Robust results.

3. There is need to demonstrate specific areas oferosion brought out by erosion mapping. Therepresentative sediment yield values of the basinalso need to incorporated for correlating the twoparameters for integrated flood management.

We acknowledge the huge importanceof the sediment transport in both riversystems and the impact this has on floodprobability. This will be included in theintegrated flood management plans in aqualitative way. Limited resources forthe study preclude modelling of theriver morphology and sediment budgets.

Comments on IR from Dr. Bhoop Singh, head NRDMSand NSDI, received on 11 May 2015


The interim report on the above subject has beenexamined by the Department of Science &Technology, Govt. of India. The present proposalenvisage to address all the issues related to floodrisk modelling and mapping and integrated floodmanagement planning. Developing for anoperational research to support mainstreaming ofintegrated flood management under climate changeis an important activity which need to be taken upfurther. The report is a very good compilation ofdata on research work being done, data gaps andalso new projections in terms of collection of fielddata and developing simulation model for floodforecasting for identification of inundated areas andpopulation / infrastructure going to be affected incase of flood, are the key components of the study.

Noted


130

The is very important to develop the capability andthe expertise in the Ministry of Water Resources.The interim report is prepared by them is importantand may be supported further to meet theaspiration of the Govt.

Comments on IR from N. K. Manglik, Director P&DDirectorate of CWC, received on 11 May 2015


The comments of P&D Dte on the Interim Report afterproviding training/clarification on the SOBEK Model areas follows:

1. Information on the hydrological model and thesetup should be included in the report

2. The cross section survey is delayed in BB and inBurhi Gandak Basin. The process should beexpedited so that project completion deadlinemay be achieved.

3. Rainfall-runoff part not available in the software.

4. In the report, it should also be included in thetheory of back water effect simulation in Burhi-Gandak river.

1. Will be included in the Final Report

2. Cross Section Survey is almostcompleted.

3. Rainfall-runoff has been explainedduring SOBEK training and is part ofSOBEK modelling software.4. Will be included in the Final Report

Comments on IR from R. AS Patel, AssistantCommissioner (NRM), Department of Agriculture &Cooperation (Natural Resource Management Division),received on 11 May 2015


The report has been examined and comments ofDAC are as under:‘District contingency plans for each district ofcountry are formulated for ready reference formanagement of the extreme climatic and othersituation in the districts for augmentation andminimizing risk of loss of crops and also for ensuringlivelihood support systems to the farmers. Thesecontingency plans are available on website of DACand can be utilized for further; upgrading andinclusion /modification in the final report of theADB.

This most useful information will beincluded in our final report as suggested.


131

Appendix D Metadatabase

Sl.No. Data Type Sub-Data Type Sources Coverage Current Status of DataGuestimation for

receiving data

DataReceiving

Date

1

Digital Elevation Model(DEM) - High Resolution NRSC/

RRSC/SRSC/WRIS/FMISBihar

Entire Basin

SRTM 90m data after applying appropriate enhancementtechniques (e.g. GCPs collected during field survey) to beused for hydraulic modeling as Bhuban 30m Cartosat datawas found unappropriate for the study

SRTM 90m datadownloaded for the studyarea

Jul-14

WRD

Entire Basin

Embankment Name, River Name, Emb_SYR,Emb_CYR etc.

Apr-14

Data from KauleshnamBURHI GANDAK KHAG. RIGHT ,LEFT Left Embankment (Distance, Chainage, H.F.L., F.L.) Jun-14

Data from KauleshnamBURHI GANDAK LEFT ,RIGHTSAMAS. Right Embankment (Distance, Existing . L., H.F.L., F.L.) Jun-14

Data from Kauleshnam BURHI GANDAK RTRight Embankment U/S & D/S of Akhara Ghat (Distance,Chainage, Existing . L., H.F.L., F.L.) Jun-14

Data from KauleshnamLS TILAWAY Right Tilaway Marginal Embankment (Distance ,Chainage

,Highest Flood Level ,Formation Level ,Exist. Emb. Level)Jun-14

Data from Kauleshnam SIKRAHNA LEFT ,RIGHTRight and Left Embankment (Distance, Existing top, H.F.L.,F.L.) Jun-14

WRD

Bihar_Mfpur_Canal&Embankment

Schametic diagram of EGC system (Muz. Zone), Cross sectionat 33.20 of right burhi gandak or embankment D/S of AkharaGhat

Jun-14

FMISBurhi-gandak-Ather-Bhawanipur

Status of burhi gandak as on 3 may 2013 (Ather toBhawanipur) Jun-14

FMISBurhi-gandak-Bhawanipur-Bhith sluice

Status of burhi gandak as on 3 may 2013 (Bhawanipur toBhith) Jun-14

FMISBurhi-gandak-Bhawanipur-Bhith sluice

Status of burhi gandak as on 3 may 2013 (Bhith sluice toKhagaria) Jun-14

FMIS Burhi-gandak-Harsher-Ather Status of burhi gandak as on 16 April 2013 (Harsher to Ather) Jun-14

FMIS Burhi-gandak Semra-chakia Status of burhi gandak as on 16 April 2013 (Semra to Chakia) Jun-14

3Embankment MaintenanceSchedules

Data available with three district level chief engineer's office-Motihari, Muzaffarpur and Samastipur. Our Bihar FM expertis working on collecting the data

4History of EmbankmentBreaches

Partial detail has been collected for the reach under thecontrol of the Chief Engineer, Muzaffarpur, WRD. For otherreaches the data is being persued and collected by the localFM expert

5 Gridded Rainfall Dataset

IMD (Obtained throughCWC)

Whole Basin One degree gridded rainfall for the period 1951-2007 and on0.5 degree resolution for the period 1971-2007. Now we aretrying to get 0.25 degree rainfall grid data for the wholebasin as this has been just released by IMD

6Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWCAhirwalia Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is being

processed by CWC

7Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Champatia Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

8Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Khagaria Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

9Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Lalbhagia Ghat Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

10Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Rosera Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

11Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Simra Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

12Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Samastipur Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

13Rainfall

Daily rainfall CWC Sikanderpur Received soft copy 2000-2013, hard copy <2000 is beingprocessed by CWC

14location and elevation ofrainfall stations

CWC Received location, Elevation not yet

15 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Muzaffarpur Received 13-03-1516 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Forbesganj Not needed17 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Varanasi (BHU) Not needed18 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Patna (A) Received 13-03-1519 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Bhagalpur Not needed20 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Purnea Not needed21 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Dehri Not needed22 Rainfall Daily rainfall IMD Gaya Not needed

23Discharge Daily Discharge Data and hourly Gauge data in

the period from June to OctoberCWC Champatia CWC in process of converting data from hard copy to soft

copy

24Discharge

as above CWC Lalbegiaghat CWC in process of converting data from hard copy to softcopy

25 Discharge as above CWC Ahirwalia Not yet received, probably not available

26Discharge

as above CWC Sikanderpur CWC in process of converting data from hard copy to softcopy

27 Discharge as above CWC Samastipur Not yet received, probably not available

28Discharge

as above CWC Rusera CWC in process of converting data from hard copy to softcopy

29 Discharge as above CWC Khagaria Not yet received, probably not available30 Discharge as above CWC Munger Not yet received, CWC following up

31Discharge

as aboveWRD/FMSI of Bihar

GovernmentAll the stations maintained

by Bihar GovernmentJoint Director, Hydrology, WRD Bihar promised to share thedata with local FM expert after collecting from respectivefield station

32 Water levelDaily data (year round) and hourly Gaugedata during Flood Season (June-October)

CWC Champatia Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoonlevels from 2005-2013 is being processed by CWC

33 Water level as aboveCWC Lalbegiaghat Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoon

levels from 2005-2013 is being processed by CWC

34 Water level as aboveCWC Ahirwalia Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoon


35 Water level as aboveCWC Sikanderpur Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoon


36 Water level as aboveCWC Samastipur Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoon


37 Water level as aboveCWC Rusera Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoon


38 Water level as aboveCWC Khagaria Daily water level from 1958-2006 available, Hourly monsoon


39 Water level as above CWC Munger Not yet received, CWC following up

39A Water Level Once daily gauge dataWRD, Bihar Baya tributory of Gandak-

Site:Godia: period 2000 to2006

ReceivedOct-14

39B Water Level Once daily gauge dataWRD, Bihar Burhi Gandak:Site-

Daisinghsarai;peiro-2000 to2006 t

ReceivedOct-14

39 C Water Level Once daily gauge dataWRD, Bihar Burhi Gandak

Site:DadaulGhat Period:2000to 2006

ReceivedOct-14

2 Embankment Lines

marchan

Typewritten Text

Burhi-Gandak

40Cross sections at gaugestations

CWC Gauge stations We received some information in PDF/DWG, need to check

41

Structures in the riversystem and main tributaries

location, dimensions and operating rules ifany

CE office, Muzafarpur The schematic diagram of the irrigation network of theGandak Canal system passing through Burhi-Gandak hasbeen collected

For Bihar local FM expert tofollow up with chiefengineer's office at 3districts.

42

Longitudinal information ofirrigation, embankments,and roads

longitudinal information on crest level, fullsupply level, bed level and surrounding terrainlevel.

Embankment and road data received for Bihar, but not theelevation info. For Odisha no data has been received

Same as above

43Flood Extent from SatelliteImages

Flood extent maps for Bihar available in FMISC, FM expert isfollowing up

44Wind speed, evaporationand temperature

Daily Wind Speed, Pan Evaporation and PanTemperature

IMD acquired through CWC Anandpur

Received

45 Canal networkCanal Network Polyline indicating the canalnetwork

FMIS WRD, Government ofBihar

Basin as a whole Received, To be reviewed

46 River systemRiver system including tributaries and localdrainages system-shape file



47 Land use/Land Cover dataFMIS WRD, Government ofBihar


48 Flood extent mapsFlood Extent Maps covering different areas indifferent periods



49 Rail Network FMIS WRD, Government ofBihar


50Block and districtboundaries



* Many other indicators (X-section etc.) will be coveredin the Data Inventory sheetcreated by concernedHazard Experts

Sl.No. Sub-Data Type and coverage Sources IdentifiedCurrent Status of Data (with

coverage)Data Receiving

Date

1

State/District/Taluk/Mandal State/District/Taluk Not received

2Village/ Ward Village/Ward (optional) Not received

3Population Population Received tabular data at Taluka level

(downloaded from Census of Indiawebsite)

4 Housing/Household Data Housing/Household Data Received tabular data at Taluka level

5

Schools 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Student strength4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7. No. of floors8. No. of classrooms,9. Staff details10. Replacement cost per square meter etc.

SOI/ State Govt. Departments/BiharRemote Sensing Application Centre

Not received

6

Health Facilities 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No. of beds4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7. No. of floors8. Staff details9. Replacement cost per square meter etc.


Not received

7

Safe shelters 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Occupancy capacity4. Address5. Area6. Catchment population8.No of Rooms9. No of Floors10. Replacement cost per square meter etc.


Not received

8

Police Stations 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No. of policemen4. Address5. Area6. No of Rooms7. construction materials8. No of Floors8. Replacement cost etc.


Not received

9

Fire Stations 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Staff4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7.Equipments8. Replacement cost etc.


Not received

10

Post Offices 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Staff4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7. No of Floors8.Replacement cost etc.


Not received

11

Electrical PowerElectric power distribution network (stations and sub-stations) should have information about voltage capacityof power station, type of power station, etc

State Govt. Departments/ BiharRemote Sensing Application Centre

Not received

12

Potable Water 1.District2.Water Pipeline Length in km3. Water Pipeline Location(start km and end km)4.Pipeline material5. Year of commissioning6.Replacement cost per km


Not received

13

Communication 1.District2.Length in km3.Location(start km and end km)4.Construction material5.Construction Year6.No. of landline connection7.No.of mobile connection8. Replacement cost per km etc.


Not received

14

Power Plant and Sensitive Installation 1.Name2.Type3.Address4.Geographical location5.Capacity of power plant6.Replacement cost etc.


Not received

Utilities

Data Type

Administrative Boundaries

SOI/FMIS Bihar/WRIS

Demographic Data

Census of India

15

Road 1. Geographical location2.Road name3. Type3. Length4. Surface type5. No of lanes6. Year of construction,.7. Transport Flow Data

State Govt. Departments/ BiharRemote Sensing ApplicationCentre/FMIS Bihar

Received up to district level roads 01-Apr-14

16

Railway 1.Railway network2.Railway line length3. Railway station buildings4. Double line/ single line5. Area6. Railway tunnels etc.

State Govt. Departments/ BiharRemote Sensing ApplicationCentre/FMIS Bihar

Not received

17

Airport 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No of Terminals4. Area5. Runway length6. Aircraft traffic7. Passenger traffic etc.

Airport Authority of India/SOI Not received

19

Crop management practices 1. Season-wise (Kharif and Rabi) cropping calendar for theall major crops (e.g., sowing & harvest dates)2. Irrigation application information

20

Historical (15-30 years) livestock statistics Block/district wise livestock statistics 1. Animal Husbandry deparment

21

LULC NRSC/SOI/FMIS Bihar/WRIS Not received

River Network LineSOI/FMIS Bihar/WRIS Not received

River Network PolygonSOI/FMIS Bihar/WRIS Not received

Irrigation network 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

Drainage network line 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

23 Watershed/ Basin Boundary SOI/FMIS Bihar/WRIS Received as JPG from CWC

24 Soil map 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

25 Irrigation Command Area 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

26 Land use/Land Cover data Basin as a whole FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar Received, To be reviewed

27 Rail Network Basin as a whole FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar Received, To be reviewed

28Block and districtboundaries

Basin as a whole FMIS WRD, Government of Bihar Received, To be reviewed

Historical (15-30 years) acreage andproduction of all major crops cultivated inthe Burhi-Ghandak basins

22 River Network

Transportation System

18

Agriculture

1. Block/district wise agricultural statistics for rainfed andirrigated crops2. Season-wise (Kharif and Rabi) agricultural statistics3. Crops loss statistics caused due to extreme weatherevents3. Soil maps

1. Economic and StatisticalDepartment2. Agricultural department

1. 10 years district level cropsacreage and production data hasbeen downloaded from the ministryof agricluture website

April, 2014

Sl.No. Data Type Sub-Data Type Sources Coverage Current Status of DataGuestimation for

receiving dataData Receiving

Date

1

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) - HighResolution

NRSC/ RRSC/SRSC/WRIS/ORSAC Entire Basin

SRTM 90m data after applying appropriateenhancement techniques (e.g. GCPscollected during field survey) to be used forhydraulic modeling as Bhuban 30m Cartosatdata was found unappropriate for the study

SRTM 90m datadownloaded for thestudy area

Jul-14

2 Tidal Data Hourly Gauge data SOI Paradwip Port Data procurement in process Apr-15 In Progress

3 Embankment LinesWRD Odisha Joint Director, FMISC,WRIS

Data available with district level executiveengineers and chief engineer's office. ForOdisha, CWC has written a letter requestingthe data to the Chief engineer, Irrigation,Bhubaneswar to share data from all thisexecutive engineer operating from differentdistricts. FM Expert Odisha is following upwith the concerned officials.

September (End)

4 Embankment Maintenance Schedules Same as above5 History of Embankment Breaches Same as above

6

Gridded Rainfall Dataset IMD (Obtained through CWC) Whole Basin One degree gridded rainfall for the period1951-2007 and on 0.5 degree resolution forthe period 1971-2007. Now we are tryingto get 0.25 degree rainfall grid data for thewhole basin as this has been just releasedby IMD

7 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Ambikapur Not needed8 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Ranchi(A) Received 13-03-159 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Sunderghar Not needed10 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Jamshedpur Not needed11 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Sambalpur Not needed12 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Jharsuguda Not needed13 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Keonjhargarh Received 13-03-1514 Rainfall Daily Rainfall IMD Angul Received 13-03-1515 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Champua Received and analyzing16 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Kenduhar Received and analyzing17 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Swampatana Received and analyzing18 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Anandpur Barrage Received and analyzing19 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Akhuapada Anicut Received and analyzing20 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Jaraikela Received and analyzing21 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Tilga Received and analyzing22 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Altuma Received and analyzing23 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Bolani Received and analyzing24 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Gomlai Received and analyzing25 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Talcher Received and analyzing26 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Panposh Received and analyzing27 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Jenapur Received and analyzing28 Rainfall Daily Rainfall CWC Rengali Received and analyzing29 location and elevation rainfall stations CWC Received

30

Discharge Daily Discharge Data andhourly Gauge data in theperiod from June to October

WRD of Odisha Government All the stationsmaintained by OdishaGovernment

Received and analyzing

31 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Altuma (EBA0013) Received and analyzing32 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Anandpur Received and analyzing33 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Champua (EC000r5) Received and analyzing34 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Gomlai (EB000W3) Received and analyzing35 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Jareikela (EBJ0005) Received and analyzing36 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Jenapur (EB000G6) Received and analyzing37 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Panposh (EB000H6) Received and analyzing38 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Talcher (EB000W5) Received and analyzing39 Discharge Daily Discharge Data WRIS/CWC Tilga (EBI00L3) Received and analyzing40 location and zero datum of gauges CWC Received41 Cross sections at gauge stations CWC Gauge stations

42Water level Hourly Gauge data during

Flood Season (june-October)ERD/CWC Altuma Received and analyzing


Flood Season (june-October)Bolani Received and analyzing


Flood Season (june-October)Gomlai Received and analyzing


Flood Season (june-October)Talcher Received and analyzing


Flood Season (june-October)Panposh Received and analyzing


Flood Season (june-October)Jenapur Received and analyzing

48Discharge Daily Gauge data during Flood

SeasonRengali Dam Site Received and analyzing

49

Discharge Flood Season (June toOctober) Hourly Inflows in tothe Dam Reservoir for thefollowing flood events

WRD/ Odisha Government Rengali Dam Reservoir Received and analyzing

50Discharge and Water levels Daily Reservoir balancing data WRD/ Odisha Government Rengali Dam Reservoir Received

51water levels Monthly Maximum and

Minimum LevelsWRD/ Odisha Government Rengali Dam Reservoir Received

52River Gauge Data during the recent flood of2014 (Baitarni Basin)

WRD, Govt. of Odisha Champua (BaitarniBasin)

Received


WRD, Govt. of Odisha Anandapur (BaitarniBasin)

Received


WRD, Govt. of Odisha Akhupada (BaitarniBasin)

Received

55River Gauge Data during the recent flood of2014 (Brahmani Basin)

WRD, Govt. of Odisha Panposh (BrahmaniBasin)

Received


WRD, Govt. of Odisha Rengali (BrahmaniBasin)

Received


WRD, Govt. of Odisha Talcher (BrahmaniBasin)

Received


WRD, Govt. of Odisha Jenapur (BrahmaniBasin)

Received

marchan

Typewritten Text

Brahmani-Baitarani


WRD, Govt. of Odisha Indupur (BrahmaniBasin)

Received

60Reservoir levels inflows and outflows duringthe recent flood in Odisha

WRD, Govt. of Odisha Rengali Dam Reservoir Received

61Daily windspeed, Pan evaporation, Panwater temperature data for Baitarni Basin

IMD (Obtained through CWC) Anandpur Received

62rating curves Spillway Rating Table WRD/ Odisha Government Rengali Dam Reservoir Received

63 Elevation-Capacity RelationTable

WRD/ Odisha Government Rengali Dam Reservoir Received

64Operation rules Operating rules of Rengali

DamWRD/ Odisha Government Rengali Dam Reservoir Received and analyzing

65

Structures in the river system and maintributaries

location Not yet received For Bihar local FMexpert to follow upwith chiefengineer's office at3 districts. InOdisha, local FMexpert to follow upwith executiveengineer's officeslocated at 7/8districts

66Structures in the river system and maintributaries

dimensions Not yet received Same as above

67Structures in the river system and maintributaries

operating rules Not yet received Same as above

68

Longitudinal information of irrigation,embankments, and roads

longitudinal information on crestlevel, full supply level, bed leveland surrounding terrain level.

Embankment and road data received forBihar, but not the elevation info. For Odishano data has been received

Same as above

69Flood Extent from Satellite Images Data received for a period of 5 years (2008-

2013) in PDF format for BB basin

70River Shape file Local FM expert to collect Brahmani river

polygon data from WDR Chief engineer'soffice

71Mean Discharge, Brahmni/Odisha (WaterYear Book)

10-daily and monthly meandischarges

WRD, Government of Odisha Altuma Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Gomlai Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Jaraikela Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Jenapur Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Panposh Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Talcher Received

77

Monthly Mean Discharge, Brahmni/Odisha(Water Year Book)

Monthly means, 50, 75 and 25 %dependable discharges

WRD, Government of Odisha At Altuma, Gomlai,Jaraikela, Jenapur,Panposh, Talcher and Tilgastations

Received

78Mean Sediment Load, Brahmni/Odisha(Water Year Book)

10-daily and monthly meansediment load




WRD, Government of Odisha Jeraikela Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Jenapur Received









WRD, Government of Odisha Tilga Received

84Annual Water Quality, Brahmni/Odisha(Water Year Book)

Annual Water Quality DataSummary




WRD, Government of Odisha Jeraikela Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Kamalanga Received









WRD, Government of Odisha Tilga Received



WRD, Government of Odisha Nandina Received



WRD, Government of Odisha RSP Nala Received

92Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges Annual Maximum and Minimum

DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Gomlai Received


DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Jeraikela Received


DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Altuma Received


DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Panposh Received


DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Talcher Received


DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Tilga Received


DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Jenapur Received

99

Baitarni/Odisha(WaterYearBook)

10-dailyandmonthlymeandischarges;50,75and25%;discharges;andmaximumandminimumdischarges

WRD, Government of Odisha Anandpur Received

100

Baitarni/Odisha(WaterYearBook)

10-dailyandmonthlymeandischarges;50,75and25%;discharges;andmaximumandminimumdischarges

WRD, Government of Odisha JChampua Received

101Baitarni/Odisha(WaterYearBook) WaterQualitydata

WRD, Government of Odisha Anandpur Received

102Baitarni/Odisha(WaterYearBook) WaterQualitydata

WRD, Government of Odisha JChampua Received

103Baitarni/Odisha (Water Year Book) 10-daily/monthly sediment load WRD, Government of Odisha Anandpur Received

104Baitarni/Odisha (Water Year Book) 10-daily/monthly sediment load WRD, Government of Odisha JChampua Received

105Baitarni/Odisha (Water Year Book) 10-daily/monthly sediment load WRD, Government of Odisha Tikarapara Received

106Baitarni/Odisha (Water Year Book) Annual maximum and Minimum

DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha Anandpur Received

107Baitarni/Odisha (Water Year Book) Annual maximum and Minimum

DischargesWRD, Government of Odisha JChampua Received

108Daily gauges and Discharges Daily gauges and Discharges WRD, Government of Odisha

AkupadaReceived

Sl.No. Sub-Data Type Sources Identified Current Status of Data (withcoverage)

Data ReceivingDate

1

State/District/Taluk/Mandal State/District/Taluk Not received

2Village/ Ward Village/Ward (optional) Not received

3Population Population and other socio economic data Received tabular data at Taluka

level (downloaded from Census ofIndia website)

4 Housing/Household Data Housing/Household Data Received tabular data at Talukalevel

5

Schools 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Student strength4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7. No. of floors8. No. of classrooms,9. Staff details10. Replacement cost per square meter etc.

SOI/ State Govt. Departments/ORSAC

Not received

6

Health Facilities 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No. of beds4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7. No. of floors8. Staff details9. Replacement cost per square meter etc.


Not received

7

Safe shelters 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Occupancy capacity4. Address5. Area6. Catchment population8.No of Rooms9. No of Floors10. Replacement cost per square meter etc.


Not received

8

Police Stations 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No. of policemen4. Address5. Area6. No of Rooms7. construction materials8. No of Floors8. Replacement cost etc.


Not received

9

Fire Stations 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Staff4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7.Equipments8. Replacement cost etc.


Not received

10

Post Offices 1. Geographical location2. Type3. Staff4. Address5. Area6. construction materials7. No of Floors8.Replacement cost etc.


Not received

12

Electrical PowerElectric power distribution network (stations and sub-stations) should have information about voltage capacityof power station, type of power station, etc

State Govt. Departments/ ORSAC Not received

13

Potable Water 1.District2.Water Pipeline Length in km3. Water Pipeline Location(start km and end km)4.Pipeline material5. Year of commissioning6.Replacement cost per km


15

Communication 1.District2.Length in km3.Location(start km and end km)4.Construction material5.Construction Year6.No. of landline connection7.No.of mobile connection8. Replacement cost per km etc.


17

Power Plant and Sensitive Installation 1.Name2.Type3.Address4.Geographical location5.Capacity of power plant6.Replacement cost etc.


Census of India

SOI/WRIS

Utilities

Data Type

Administrative Boundaries

Demographic Data

18

Road 1. Geographical location2.Road name3. Type3. Length4. Surface type5. No of lanes6. Year of construction,.7. Transport Flow Data


19

Railway 1.Railway network2.Railway line length3. Railway station buildings4. Double line/ single line5. Area6. Railway tunnels etc.


20

Airport 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No of Terminals4. Area5. Runway length6. Aircraft traffic7. Passenger traffic etc.

Airport Authority of India/SOI Not received

21

Seaport/ Fishing Harbour 1. Geographical location2. Type3. No. of ships stranded4. Address5. Area6. Cargo handling capacity7. No. of Berths etc.

Port Authority of India/SOI Not received

26Crop management practices 1. Season-wise (Kharif and Rabi) cropping calendar for the

all major crops (e.g., sowing & harvest dates)2. Irrigation application information

27

Livestock statistics Block level livestock statistics 1. Animal Husbandry deparment orStatistical handbook

Not received

28

LULC NRSC/SOI/ ORSAC/WRIS Not received

River Network LineWRIS/ORSAC/ NRSC

Not received

River Network PolygonWRIS/ORSAC/ NRSC Not received

Irrigation network 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

Drainage network line 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

36 Watershed/ Basin BoundaryWRIS/ORSAC/ NRSC

Received as JPG from CWC

37 Land use map 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

38 Soil map 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

39 Irrigation Command Area 20140502: Not yet received by CWC

1. Block level agricultural statistics for rainfed andirrigated crops2. Season-wise (Kharif and Rabi) agricultural statistics3. Crops loss statistics caused due to extreme weatherevents3. Soil maps

1. Economic and StatisticalDepartment2. Agricultural department3. Statistical handbook

10 years district level crops acreageand production data has beendownloaded from the ministry ofagricluture website

April, 2014

Transportation System

River Network35

25

Agriculture

Acreage and production of all majorcrops cultivated in the Brahmani-Baitarnibasin

Sl No Data Type Format Source Current Status Receiving Date1 Farm Inputs for Bihar State Hard Copy Deputy Director, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar Received

2

Cropped/Irrigated Area Statistics in Odisha State Districtwise and State Level details for the years 2009-10 and2010-11; and State level estimates of Area, yield ratesand production for the years 1981-82 to 2010-11 Hard Copy Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Odisha Received

3 Agriculture Census 2010-11 Bihar Soft Copy Deputy Director, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar Received

4Area, Production and yield of Kharif pulses District wisedetails 2012-13-Bihar Soft Copy Deputy Director, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar Received

5 District wise irrigated area in Bihar year 2010-11 Soft Copy Deputy Director, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar Received

6District wise Land utilization details of Bihar year 2011-12 Soft Copy Deputy Director, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar Received

7Memorandum on the very severe cylone "PHALIN" andthe subsequent floods 12 to 15 October-2013 Softcopy

Special Relief Commissioner Revenue and DisasterManagement Dept, Govt. of Odisha Received

8Supplementory Memorandum on Floods in Odisha from21 to 25 October-2013 Softcopy


9 Memorandum of Floods, 2011 SoftcopySpecial Relief Commissioner Revenue and DisasterManagement Dept, Govt. of Odisha Received

10 Additional Memorandum of Floods-2011 SoftcopySpecial Relief Commissioner Revenue and DisasterManagement Dept, Govt. of Odisha Received

11

Annual Reports on Natural Calamities for the years 2001-02, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12 in Odisha Softcopy


12Reports on levels and damages in the floods of 1994 inRengali dam, Brahmn, Baitarni Rivers Softcopy Govt of Odisha Received

1311 years (1999-2010) district level crops acreage andproduction data for Bihar and Odisha Softcopy Department of Agriculture & Co-operation Received

14Relief Budget Brahmni Baitarni basins 2008-09 to 2013-14 Softcopy


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