open source jura cbs (03 11-2010)

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Open Source jura

Advokat Martin von Haller GrønbækPartner, Bender von Haller Dragsted

CBS - 14-03-2011

mandag den 4. april 2011

– Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted– Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)– Editorial board IFOSSLR– Co-founder, Creative Commons DK– Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter– Legal advisor to Umbraco and Composite– Experience with GPL enforvement in Denmark

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Martin von Haller Grønbæk

– http://www.bvhd.dk– http://www.openlife.dk– http://www.vonhaller.dk– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller– http://www.23hq.com/mhg– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller

– [email protected]– [email protected]– [email protected]


http://www.bvhd.dk

http://www.bvhd.dk

http://suse.groenbaek.net/openlife


http://www.vonhaller.dk


http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller


http://www.23hq.com/mhg


http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller


http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller


mailto:[email protected]






Martin von Haller Grønbæk

–Legal500: “At IT boutique Bender von Haller Dragsted, Martin von Haller Grønbæk is the Danish expert on open source and emerging issues around Web 2.0 and internet law.”

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http://www.legal500.com/firms/15610/offices/16182

http://www.legal500.com/firms/15610/offices/16182

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Agenda• Historien bag FLOSS• Varemærker og OSS• Ophavsret og OSS• Patenter og OSS• OSS Licenser• Copykeft• Business models• Cases


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http://vodpod.com/watch/46377-revolution-os-1hr-25-

mins


http://vodpod.com/watch/46377-revolution-os-1hr-25-mins






Free Software

• Hacker culture• Richard Stallman• Free Software Foundation• Software should be free• GNU “GNU is not Unix”• BSD and ATT

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Linus, Tux and Linuxmandag den 4. april 2011

Linux and Open source

• Linus Torvalds– Linux released under the GPL v2

• Eric Raymonds– Cathedral and the Bazaar

• Bruce Perens– Open Source Initiative

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Bruce Perens


OSS and Microsoft• 2002

– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”, “communism”

• 2004– SCO, Patent threaths, “Beware of infectious GPL”

• 2006– Umbraco

• 2008 – Peaceful co-existence, Novell deal

• 2009– Contributions to Linux

• 2010– Composite

• 2013– Winux?

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Communisme ?


Communism ?


Cancer?


OSS Business• 1998

– Netscape

• 1999– Cygnus

• 2000– VA Linux, RedHat

• 2005– IBM, SUN

• 2006– Purple Scout, Redpill Linpro

• 2008– MySQL sold to SUN (2009: to Oracle) Symbian

• 2010– (almost) All Fortune500 companies use OSS

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Begreber

• Free software• Open source software• Copyleft• Free Software Foundation• Open Source Initiative• Free Libre Open Source

Software

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Free vs. Openmandag den 4. april 2011

FLOSS


Free Software ideologi• “All software should be free” • Du får fire friheder• Du skal sikre disse friheder for

andre• Når du videredistribuere fri

software, sikre software disse friheder til næste led

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“Free not as in free beer but as in

freedom”


Open source initiative


Open Source principerne

• Ret til at distribuere• Adgang til kildekolde• Ret til af lave afledede værker• Opretholdelse af kodens “integritet”• 5-10: Ikke-diskrimination

– Kommerciel anvendelse– Ikke begrænsninger i andre aftaler– Ingen geografiske begrænsninger– Patenter

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Overhold principperne! Ellers lad være med at

kalde det OSS


Giv æren til den,

som den tilkommermandag den 4. april 2011

Ophavsret● The programmer or the producer owns the

software● Property rights are limited● Copyright is limited in time● The user is a user not an owner● The license is an agreement not a law● The license grants positively defined user

rights. ● All residual rights belongs to the licensor● Without copyright no licenses


Open source og

varemærkermandag den 4. april 2011

Open source og patenter


Patents• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to

an inventor or his assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention”

• FSF: “a patent on any performance of a computer realised by means of a computer program"

• Licensor shall not restrict use by patents (downstream)

• OSS licensee shall not claim patents against licensor or sublicensee (upstream and downstream)

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Patent trolls


Licenses• Academic or permissive licenses

– Apache License v2– MIT License– New BSD license

• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences– Weak copyleft

• Artistic license v1• Eclipse Public License• Mozilla Public License v.1.1

– Strong copyleft• GNU GPL v1-3• GNU LGPL v1-3 32


Copyleft - the basics

• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute• (Exception: “written offer valid for any

third party” in GPL, v. 2)• Comply or cease use, or call back

distribution• Make combined program, including

modifications and otherwise closed code available under GPL (or compatible licens)

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GPL


Derivative work• A work based on one or more pre-

existing works• Improvement, translation, correction• Not collective work • Modifications are copyrighted

themselves• Very few court cases• GPL: Combinations

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Combination• Combination of code into a whole• NB: All combinations are permitted and

“private” combinations have no restrictions • Mechanism of communication • Semantics of the communication• Output not covered• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)• Output of language interpreter• (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)• Library is under GPL, program is not• Program is under GPL, module is not

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Combination cont.• CMS Templates

– Exc: Javascript calls• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs• Plug-ins under a GPL program

– dynamically linked plug-ins– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins

• System library exception• Aggregate work is not combined work• Linking exception• LGPL allows linking to closed applications

– Java archive files38


Distribution• GPL v2: Distribution• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance• In soft- and hardware• ASP loophole og network exception• Affero Public License• Contractors on/off-site• Outsourcing• Mergers and Acquisitions• Let recipient download the GPL’ed code

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Escapes• Make deal with licensor• Replace code• Work around• GPL v3, sec. 8

– Termination notice• NDA: Developer can agree not to

release changes at all• NDA: Developer can agree only to

release changes to customer

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Enforcement• The GPL is enforceable!

– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables; 2006: D-Link

– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen vs. Katzer

– SCO• Copyright holder• Injunction• GPL-VIOLATIONS.ORG

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Damages• Compensation under copyright• No penal damages or stipulated

damages• Economic loss suffered by licensor• Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee• Legal fees

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Tivo

• Anti-Tivoization–Hardware restrictions–Cryptography–Tivo, OLPC–GPLv3 (not business distribution)

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Business models• Dual licensing

– Warranties– Copyleft exemptions

• Services– Warranties– Support and maintenance– Consultancy– Accesories

• Marketing and distribution• Hardware sales

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The Mindstorm story


LEGO goes open source

1 May 2006. LEGO press release

Hackers, Get Ready! LEGO Group Announces Open Source Firmware, D e v e l o p e r K i t s f o r L E G O ® MINDSTORMS® NXT

Consumer-directed robotics experience creation to enter “NXT” phase with open firmware, Software, Hardware and Bluetooth Developer Kits to launch in August


Background

● Mindstorms robots launched in 1998● The best-selling LEGO product ever● Huge Mindstorm community● LEGO was and is not a software

company● Only minor upgrades to the firmware● Several parallel Mindstorms OS’s


Challenges● LEGO was not comfortable with

“openness”● LEGO has been and is extremely reliant

on strong IPRs● ”You don't give away IPRs for free”● Turbulent period for LEGO in general● Third party software included


Solution● Embrace User driven innovation● Open source as the enabler● Third party permission for

redistribution under an OS license● Choice of license

− ”Genuine” open source licence− Permissive (Academic) or Copyleft

(reciprocal license)


The OS license choice● Mozilla Public license v. 1.1● Weak copyleft● Modification is limited altering

the files● “I did not understand GPL v.2”● LEGO was only concerned with

modifications of the actual files

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The “beauty” of the solution!• Huge press coverage and goodwill• Large number of downloads of

code• Much more “intelligence” in the

bricks• Convincing strategy towards

competitors• Option to “close” the code again• Many more bricks sold!

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Dual licensing


CASE: MySQLDual-licensing

• The software company perspective• The same code is licensed under two

different licences:– MySQL Community Server: GPL v.

2 with FOSS exception– MySQL Enterprise: Commercial

license

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Owner's prerogative

● The owner can decide to release under any and as many terms she likes

● Dual licensing is only possible for owner's own modfications

● Or assigned modifications● Control is necessary to mitigate liability● ”Closing in” the code again


Copyright and control• MySQL has exclusive copyright

to the code• MySQL controls and certifies the

code• The GPL does not give any

rights to use MySQLs trademarks

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Why pay?

• Certification of the code• Warranties• Maintenance and support• Copyleft exemption

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Still not convinced?

• MySQL AB was in 2008 bought by Sun Microsystem, Inc. for approximately USD $1 billion in total consideration

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CASE: NITA

• Danish National IT and Telecom Agency

• eFaktura (eInvoice)• Electronic invoices to, from and

between public agencies• Core service: UDDI registry for

webservice to identify senders and receivers

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Challenges• Two applications provided by

NITA to user (e.g. ERP vendors)

• API between users’ ERPs and UDDI WS

• Reference implementation integrating API with ERP

• NITA wanted to release the application under an OS license

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Goals

• Satisfying the politicians• Wide adoption of UDDI• Community based

improvement of the API• Many vendors should

integrate API into their ERP

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Solutions• API

– Copyleft– Mozilla public license v. 1.1

(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)• Reference implementation

– Permissive licence– FreeBSD license

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Also available athttp://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/

Thanks for listening!


http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/cc-some-rights-reserved-12-11-2008-presentation/


Creative Commons- some rights reserved

Advokat Martin von Haller GrønbækPartner, Bender von Haller Dragsted

CBS - 14-03-2011


AgendaBehovet for CC

Forholdet til ophavsret

CC licenserne

Eksempler på anvendelse

Varme emner

CC International

CC og biblioteker

Support Free Culture and Open Content!


PersonaliaIT-Lawyer, partner at Bender von Haller Dragsted

Advises a.o on open source and content licensing

Co-founder of Forening for Dansk Internet Handel (FDIH), Open Source Leverandør Foreningen (OSL), Danish Chapter of Internet Society (ISOC DK), DK-Hostsmaster A/S and ... Creative Commons DK

Board member of several SME IT companies

Member of the Danish IT-security committee

Openness fanatic!

“in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed is king”


Digital indholdFormand for bestyrelsen i Saxo.com

Danmarks største Internet boghandel

Fremtidens platform for digitalt indhold

for produktion

markedsføring og salg

distribution

Deling!


– http://www.bvhd.dk– http://openlife.dk– http://www.vonhaller.dk– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller– http://www.23hq.com/mhg– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller

– [email protected]– [email protected]– [email protected]


http://www.bvhd.dk

http://www.bvhd.dk



















#1Åbent indhold


#1Free Culture


Mennesker kommunikerer!


EMRK art 10, Stk. 1. Enhver har ret til ytringsfrihed. Denne ret omfatter meningsfrihed og frihed til at modtage eller meddele oplysninger eller tanker, uden indblanding fra offentlig

myndighed og uden hensyn til landegrænser. Denne artikel forhindrer ikke stater i at kræve, at radio-, fjernsyns- eller

filmforetagender kun må drives i henhold til bevilling.


Envejs kommunikation


Censur


Propaganda


Forbrugeraf

informationer


(Relativ) passiv modtager


Ny teknologiændrer verdenen


Det store gennembrud


Demokratisering af adgang til at modtage og

afgive information


ReadWrite web


Post dotcom


Web 2.0mandag den 4. april 2011

“Participatory culture”


ReMix


MashUps


eFolklore


Kulturelt og kreativt

overskud


Innovation og økonomi


Demokrati


Ophavsret er nødvendig og rigtig


Men ophavsreten er en del af den

sociale kontrakt


Ophavsret skal fremme innovation og vækst


Er der behov for beskyttelse?


Tanker behøver som udgangspunkt ingen

beskyttelse


Manifestationen er sårbar


Give incitamenttil at skabe


Regulering af økonomi


Er der et markedsvigt?


Ikke redistribution


Kaldor-Hicks


Marginal samfundsnytteved øget regulering


Ophavsret skal fremme innovation og vækst


Ikke forhindre innovation


Ikke beskytte særinter

esser


Ikke kriminalisere

en hel generation


Der findes ikke et 11. bud


Menneskeret står over ophavsret


Ophavsretten skal genfinde sin balance


Lobbyisterne ejer lovgivningsprocessen


Balancen må genfindes gennem

markedet for indhold


FleksibitetTransperans

Tilgængelighed


Fair licenser!


LicensesAttribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd)

Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike (by-nc-sa)

Attribution Non-commercial (by-nc)

Attribution No Derivatives (by-nd

Attribution Share Alike (by-sa)

Attribution (by)


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All licenses

You always retain your copyright

Applies worldwide

Lasts for the duration of the work’s copyright

Is not revocable


All licenses allows To copy the work

To distribute it

To display or perform it publicly

To make digital public performances of it (e.g., webcasting)

To shift the work into another format as a verbatim copy


All licenses requiresTo get your permission to do any of the things you choose to restrict

To keep any copyright notice intact on all copies of your work

To link to your license from copies of the work

Not to alter the terms of the license

Not to use technology to restrict other licensees’ lawful uses of the work as a verbatim copy


Licenses are expressed

Commons Deed. A plain-language summary of the license, complete with the relevant icons.

Legal Code. The fine print that you need to be sure the license will stand up in court.

Digital Code. A machine-readable translation of the license that helps search engines and other applications identify your work by its terms of use.


Choose a license


Search for CC materials


CC international


http://creativecommons.org/projects/ccplus


+COMPANY

COMMERCIAL LICENSE


What works?

All digital content

Music

Audio

Text

Photos

...and “physical” ie. paperbased works too


Biq questions

What does “Commercial” mean?

What about data and databases?

What is a “derivative work”?


Open learning and open educational resources

Based on CC licenses

Projects

ODEPO Project.

OE Community Site.

Educator's Licensing Portal


“re-useful”

Opening and marking research and data for legal reuse — Scholar's Copyright Project

“one-click”

Facilitating the transfer of physical materials for verifying and extending research — Biological Materials Transfer Project

“de-fragmentation”

Integrating/connecting research, data, materials and services from disparate sources, for permission-free access — NeuroCommons and Health Commons


Edward O. Wilson

Photo by Jim Harrison, Feb. 2003

Lead the next scientific revolution.Submit your best work to PLoS Biology. www.plos.org

I choose


Collecting societies

Exclusive rights

Efficient enforcement

KODA agreement

NC licences are allowed

No compensation


Public domain

Works not covered by copyright

Moral rights

International challenges

CC0 - all rights waiver


Helt konkret:Staten skal frigive

indhold under CC!


<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/dk/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://

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presentation at Forskernet</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http://openlife.dk"

Also available athttp://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/dk/




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Thanks for the attention!

[email protected]@groenbaek.nethttp://www.bvhd.dkhttp://openlife.dk






http://www.bvhd.dk

http://www.bvhd.dk

