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Open Access in Singaporedrivers & trends; players & progress
Choy Fatt Cheong & Dianne Cmor
Nanyang Technological University
Outline
• Impetus for Open Access in Singapore
• Beginnings and current landscape
• Platforms, deposits, usage
• Policies, mandates, routes
• Obstacles to implementation
• Strategies for adoption
Singapore Basics
Physical Land Area: 715.8 sq km
Population: 5.3 million
3.8 million (71.9%)
Singapore Residents
Literacy Rate: 96.4% (Aged 15 & above)
74.1% of those aged 25-34 years
have tertiary qualifications
2013 GDP S$370.1bn (US$295.7bn)
Real Growth : 4.1%
Per Capita GDP: S$68,541
(US$54,776)
Sources: Singapore in Brief 2013 published by Department of Statistics, MTI’s Economic Survey of Singapore 2013
Growth of Research Activities in Singapore
Compound annual growth
rate 2002 to 2012:
R&D$ - > 7.8%
(excludes postgrad students)
Researchers -> 6.2%
Gross Expenditure on R&D and GDP Growth (1990-2012)
Source: National Survey of Research and Development in Singapore 2012. Agency for Science, Technology and
Research Singapore, Dec 2013. < http://www.a-star.edu.sg/Portals/0/media/RnD_Survey/RnD_2012.pdf>
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1990 … 1995 … 2000 … 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
GD
P $
m
GE
RD
$m
GERD GDP ($m)
Institutions Included in this Report
Singapore Universities
• Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
• National University of Singapore (NUS)
• Singapore Management University (SMU)
Singapore Research Funding Agencies
• Agency for Science, Technology and
Research (A*STAR)
• National Research Foundation (NRF)
Singapore OA Beginnings
2007 – Discussions beginning at universities
2008 – First requests from faculty for APC funding
2009 – First institutional repository
2011 – First university open access mandate/policy
2013 – First funder open access policy adopted (following Obama administration OSTP memorandum)
Institutional Repositories
IR Platform Content Types
DR-NTU(Digital Repository-NTU)
Dspace
(Open Source)
articles, conference papers, theses, books, book
chapters, commentaries, selected student
research papers/posters, working papers, briefs,
teaching cases
ScholarBank@NUS Dspace
(Open Source)
articles, conference papers, editorials, patents,
reviews, sound recordings, theses, video
recordings
InK(Institutional Knowledge at
SMU)
BePress
(Hosted
Solution)
articles, conference papers, books, book
chapters, reports, working papers, magazines,
dissertations, theses, teaching cases, videos,
transcripts, photos
A*OAR(A*STAR Open Access
Repository)
Dspace
(Open Source)
articles, conference proceedings
Repository “Items”
• Institutional repositories have more than one
purpose
– To capture and showcase the research output of
the institution
– To provide open access articles, theses, etc.
• As such, repositories can be a combination of
citation only (metadata) and full text
• Statistics from repositories must be considered
with this is mind – not all items are OA full text
DR-NTU - Items
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Before 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
No
. o
f it
em
s
Year
Total No. of items in DR-NTU
16,259 (+ 2341 theses)
DR-NTU - Usage
172,530
357,815
450,630
583,533559,541
366,502
Before 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
DR-NTU Full-text downloads 2,490,551 total
ScholarBank@NUS - Deposits
3956
5910
10740
15052
23075
29558
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Apr 2010
(Launch)
Feb 2011
(Added Scopus
Data)
Sep 2011
(Added YSTCM
Recordings)
May 2012
(Added
Patents)
Jul 2013
(Added SciVAL
Data)
Apr-2014
(Current)
Total No. of Items
Total No. of Items
ScholarBank@NUS - Usage
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
May-13 Jun-13 Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14
Views
Item views Bitstream views
SMU InK - Items
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
Jan
-12
Feb
-12
Ma
r-1
2
Ap
r-1
2
Ma
y-1
2
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
Au
g-1
2
Sep
-12
Oct
-12
No
v-1
2
De
c-1
2
Jan
-13
Feb
-13
Ma
r-1
3
Ap
r-1
3
Ma
y-1
3
Jun
-13
Jul-
13
Au
g-1
3
Sep
-13
Oct
-13
No
v-1
3
De
c-1
3
Jan
-14
Feb
-14
Ma
r-1
4
Cumulative Number of Items (Metadata and Full Text)
InK launched in Jan-11 with 8,000 items, growing to 13,000 items in Mar-14
SMU InK - Usage
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Number of Full Text Downloads
A*OAR - Items
3923 29
75
4
94
251
3240
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14
No
. o
f P
ub
lica
tio
ns
Arc
hiv
ed
A*STAR - Usage
241 223
513
1543
1712
2468 2451
2980
4032
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14
No
. o
f V
iew
s
How Much OA Full Text?
Total Deposits Total
Full Text
FT Researcher
Submissions
(articles,
conferences, etc)
FT Theses
Submissions
NTU 18,600 13,335 (72%)
10,994(59%)
2,341 (13%)
NUS 28,133 9,284 (33%)
1,008(4%)
8,434(29%)
SMU 13,209 3,045 (23%)
2,740(22%)
122(1%)
A*STAR 550 550(100%)
550(100%)
--
Singapore
TOTALS 60,492 26,214 15,292 10,897
Institutional Policies/Mandates
• NTU OA Mandate 2011 - requiring deposit of fulltext
of all staff publications and higher degree theses
• SMU OA Policy 2013 - requiring deposit for all
publications, giving faculty choice of access level:
open, SMU only, abstract only
• NUS does not have a mandate or policy of its own,
but encourages OA and will comply with funder
mandates
A*STAR Mandate
• A*STAR is a publicly funded agency that promotes and funds R&D to create economic growth, industry development and positive societal outcomes
• August 2013 – Green (self-archiving) Open Access mandate
• All peer-reviewed publications generated from A*STAR funding must be deposited in an open access repository no later than 12 months after publication
• Can deposit in A*OAR or any other repository of the researcher’s choice
National Mandate - NRF
• Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF) is a department within the Prime Minister’s Office set up in 2006
• As a national funder of Research, Innovation and Enterprise, it funds strategic initiatives and builds R&D capabilities
• NRF requires research-performing institutions to have open access policies, in order for their researchers to tap on their grants (effective July 2014)
• Promotion, compliance and enforcement to be done by the research performing institutions
Green or Gold Route?
• Generally, institutions are following and promoting
Green OA (self archiving)
• No universities providing funds for Gold OA, though
individual researchers may choose to do so
• A*STAR and NRF allow for use of grant money to pay
for Gold Article Processing Charges (APC)
• A*STAR supports Green, allows funds to be used to
pay for APC in Gold OA journals, but cautions against
publishing in hybrid journals at this time
Obstacles to Implementation
• Lack of knowledge about OA
• Concern about copyright, lack of understanding
• Lack of interest/concern for OA
• Cannot locate final manuscript versions
• Extra work for researchers for green OA – not well integrated into workflow, some institutions providing support for this extra work but variable
• Need to publish in high impact journals, so fully OA journals rarely a top choice
• No university funding for gold OA, though researchers can budget for it in grant applications
Strategies for Adoption
• Mandates not strictly enforced at this time,
preference is for researchers to see merits and
willingly comply
• Strong focus on education and promotion
• Deposit services range from assistance in helping
researchers to deposit to full deposit services
• Some integration between repositories and other
research reporting platforms, but needs
improvement to facilitate easy deposit
NTU Strategies for Adoption
• Researchers able to submit in 3 ways – Email manuscript to Library
– Deposit manuscript via RIMS when updating (Research Information Management System)
– Deposit directly into DR-NTU
• “OA Blitz” saw personalized outreach to all faculty by subject librarians resulting in 800 full text deposits in one semester (Fall 2013)
• Academic Publishing series of talks for postgraduates and early career researchers highlights Open Access
• OA and mandates discussed in new faculty/ researcher orientations
NUS Strategies for Adoption
• Library partnering with Faculty of Arts and Social
Sciences to promote direct submission to
ScholarBank@NUS
• Workshops highlighting how faculty will benefit from
participation, showing connection between Google
Scholar and ScholarBank@NUS
• Library assists researchers with full-text submission
while working on improving submission process
SMU Strategies for Adoption
• Promote InK and OA during faculty orientation
• Follow up by research librarians with individual faculty to encourage full text deposits
• Presentations made at school meetings
• Work with Provost, Deans, Associate Deans to promote and garner wider support
• Pull data from Research Publication System which has option to upload full text
• Plan to replace RPS with new integrated system with workflows, easy to use, automatically push items to InK
A*STAR Strategies for Adoption
• Organize workshops and talks to educate researchers
about open access
• Roadshow to introduce the 2013 OA Policy/mandate
as well as discuss copyright and OA in general
• Individual visits to A*STAR research institutes, and
talks at staff townhalls with Q&A
General Messages for Researchers
• Permanent archive/URL of publications
• Wider audience
• Increased visibility
• Easily retrievable via search engines
• Use statistics for your publications
• Possible increase in downloads of your publications
• Possible increase in citations to your publications
• Comply with funder and university mandates
Thank you!
And many thanks to the following colleagues for their input:
Kan Sok Cheng, NUSYeo Pin Pin, SMUKostas Repanas, A*STARKaren Tan, NRF