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chology (1979- 1987), Research Quarterly for fiercise and Sport (1970- 1987), Jouml of Sport Behavior (1979-1987), International Journal of Sport Psychology (1970-1987), l%e Journal of Applied Research in Coaching Athletics (1986-1987), and l%e Sport Psychologist (1987). The criteria for inclusion of an inventory were as follows:

1. The inventory was included in a refereed research journal publication from which data were analyzed.

2. There was evidence of the instrument's reliability and validity either in the article or available directly from the author.'

3. The inventory was used in sport psychology research.

There are some limitations to this compiled list of measurement tools. First, the present list of inventories is extensive but does not represent an exhaustive perusal of the professional literature. It was virtually impossible to include every inventory ever used in sport psychology research, particularly with respect to the thousands of theses and dissertations produced over the years. It is also possible there are other valid and reliable inventories in the nonsport literature that can be used with respect to understanding, explaining, and predicting sport behavior and/or the cognitions of sport competitors. Such inventories were not included. A third limitation is that the inventories differ as to the extent of their validity and reliability. In some cases a series of statistical analyses have been completed to ensure that the scale was valid and reliable. In other cases, publication of a measure was dependent on a single repeated measure of the inventory to determine the scale's consistency or the opinions of coaches or other experts as a measure of content (face) validity. It is not surprising, therefore, that some inventories might serve as a better device to measure feelings, attitudes, and behaviors than others.

Note: An asterisk (*) after an inventory's title indicates that data on its reliability and validity are not available from the source. However, in some cases this information may be obtained directly from the inventory's author@).

Achievement MotivationIFear of Success and Failure (a) Title: me Achievement Motivation Questionnaire

Description: Provides a measure of McClelland's concept of achievement motivation. Source: Lynn, R. (1969). British Jounal of Psychology, 60, 529-534.

(b) Title: A Qzmtionnaire Measure of Individual Differences in Achieving Tendency Description: Measures an adult's preferences toward seeking, and being motivated by, achievement situations. Source: Mehrabian, A., & Bank, L. (1978). Educational and Psychological Measure- ment, 38, 475-478.

(c) Title: Fear of Success Scale (FOSS)

'If an inventory was unpublished, yet referenced or used in a refereed journal article, the inventory's author@) waslwere asked to supply the writer with information about the reliability and validity of the instrument.

Psychological Inventories 333

Description: Measures the extent of a person's feelings and actions to avoid or feel uncomfortable with success. Source: Zuckerman, M., & Allison, S.N. (1976). An objective measure of fear of success: Construction and validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40,422-430.

(d) Title: Sports Behavior Scale* Description: Measures achievement and affiliation. It has been shown to discriminate between groups of elite and nonelite athletes, recreational and competitive sport participants, males and females, and different age groups. Source: Howe, B.L. (1976). Achievement and affiliation in sport for junior and senior school athletes. Proceedings, Svetovy Kongress ZSSP, Praha, pp. 271-277.

(e) see Willis, J.D. (1982) under the topic "Motivation."

Aggression (a) Title: The Bredemeier Athletic Aggression Inventory (BAAGZ)*

Description: Composed of 100 items, 50 of which measure instrumend aggression (to reach some goal) while the remaining 50 measure reactive (goal) aggression (to injure or harm another person). Source: Bredemeier, B. (1978). The assessment of reactive and instrumental athletic aggression. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Psychological Assessment. Netanya, Israel: Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sport. Or write Dr. Brenda Bredemeier, Department of Physical Education, University of California- Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.

(b) Title: The Anger Self-Rpon Anxiety Test (ASR) Description: Measures awareness of anger, and the expression of anger, guilt, condem- nation of anger, and mistrust. Source: Zelin, M.L., Adler, G., & Myerson, P. (1972). The anger self-report: An objective questionnaire for the measurement of expression. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 39, 340-352.

(c) Title: Buss-Durkee Hostility Scale Description: Measures seven components of hostility including assault, indiiect hostility, irritability, negativism, resentment, suspicion, and verbal hostility. Source: Buss, A.H., & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 343-348.

(d) Title: Children's Action Tendency Scale Description: Assesses children's self-reported aggression tendencies in everyday situations. Source: Deluty, R.H. (1979). Children's action tendency scale: A self-report measure of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness in children. Journal of Consult- ing and Clinical Psychology, 47, 1061 - 107 1.

(e) Title: Scale of Children's Action Tendencies* This inventory is included in a manuscript currently under review for publication en- titled "Divergence in Children's Moral Reasoning About Sport and Daily Life" by Dr. Brenda Bredemeier. Author's address: 200 Hearst Gymnasium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Anxiety (a) Title: Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT)

Description: Comes in adult and children's versions. A measure of competitive trait anxiety.

334 Anshel

Source: Martens, R. (1977). Published as a book of the same title by Human Kinetics Publishers, Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61820.

(b) Title: Comp&'tion State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-I) Description: A measure of state anxiety in sport situations. Source: The inventory may be obtained from Dr. Rainer Martens, Human Kinetics Publishers, Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61820.

(c) Title: Competition State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-11) Description: A multidimensional measure of state anxiety, assessing somatic and cognitive anxiety in sport situations as well as confidence. Source: Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R.S., Bump, L.A., & Smith, D. (1982). Cognitive and somatic dimensions of competitive anxiety (CSAI-2). Paper presented at NASPSPA Conference, University of Maryland, College Park.

(d) Title: Anxiety Assessment for Wrestlers Description: Assesses wrestler precompetitive anxiety patterns and sources of anxiety or stress. Source: Gould, D., Horn, T., & Spreeman, J. (1984). Competitive anxiety in junior elite wrestlers. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5,58-71. Available from Dr. Daniel Gould, Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois, 906 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61 801.

(e) Title: Spielberger 's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Description: A measure of state and trait anxiety for adults. Source: Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.F. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

(f) Title: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children Description: Measures state and trait anxiety for children. Source: Spielberger, C.D. (1973). Preliminary test Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children ("How I Feel" Questionnaire). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

(g) Title: The Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ) Description: Measures cognitive and somatic anxiety, each of which acts independently. Source: Schwartz, G.E., Davidson, R.J., & Coleman, D.J. (1978). Patterning of wgni- tive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety. Effect of meditation versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321-328.

Q Title: Autonomic Perception Questionnaire Description: Measure feelings when in a state of anxiety. It has been modified by Hollandsworth and Jones (Journal of Sport Psychology, 1979, 1 , 291-300) to record the feelings of distance m e n just before and after the race (referred to as the Runner's Autonomic Perception Questionnaire*). Source: Mandler, G., Mandler, J.M., & Uviller, E.T. (1958). Autonomic feedback: The perception of autonomic activity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56, 367-373.

(i) Title: The S-R Sport Inventory of Anxiousness Description: Samples projected behaviors of athletes as an indicator of state anxiety. Source: Fisher, A.C. (1979). Multidimensional scaling of sport personality data: An individual differences approach. Journal of Sport Psychology, I , 76-86.

Arousal (a) Title: Activation-Deactivation Aa!jective Checklist

Description: Objective self-report measure of transient levels of activation.


Source: Thayer, R.E. (1967). Measurement of activation through self-report. Psycho- logical Reports, 20, 663-678.

(b) Title: Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklist, Short Form Description: See "a" above. Source: Thayer, R.E. (1978). Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal). Motivation and Emotion, 2, 1-34.

(c) Title: Children S Arousal Scale Description: Uses an adjective checklist to determine the child's feelings as a measure of affective arousal. Source: Anshel, M.H. (1985). Effect of arousal on warm-up decrement. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 1-9.

Attention (a) Title: Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS)

Description: Measures a person's attention characteristics, the appropriateness of one's attentional focus, and the abiity or inability to shift from one attentional focus to another. Source: Nideffer, R.M. (1976). Jouml of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 394-404. An interpreter's manual for the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (1976) is available from the Behavioral Research Applications Group, Rochester, NY, or from Enhanced Performance Associates, 12468 Bodega Way, San Diego, CA 92128. The TAIS is available in the French language from Dr. Robert J. Vallerand, University of Quebec at Montreal, Department of Psychology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8.

(b) Title: Rifery Attention Questionnaire (RAQ) Description: Measures the attentional competencies of shooters based on those attention components that are believed to be most relevant to rifle shooting performance. Source: Etzel, Jr., E.F. (1979). Validation of a conceptual model characterizing attention among international rifle shooters. Jouml of Sport Psychology, 1, 281-290.

(c) Title: Tennis Test of Attentional Style (T-TAIS) Description: Determines the cognitive processes of tennis participants with specific reference to the individuals' preferences on focusing their attention. Source: Van Schoyck, S.R., & Grasha, A.F. (1981). Attentional style variations and athletic ability: The advantages of a sports-specific test. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, 149-165.

Attitude (a) Title: The Attitude Toward Women Scale

Description: (see title of source below) Source: Spence, J., & Helmreich, R. (1972). The Attitude Toward Women Scale: An objective instrument to measure attitudes toward the rights and roles of women in contemporary society. JSAAS Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2, 66 (Ms. No. 153).

(b) Title: Attitude Toward Play Inventory (see under "Sport Socialization" section) (c) Title: Minor Sport Enjoyment Inventory

Description: Indicates the child participant's enjoyment of sport. Source: The inventory may be obtained from authors Leonard M. Wankel and Philip S.J. Kreisel, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2H9. For use in sport, see Wankel, L.M., & Kreisel, P.S.J. (1985). Factors underlying enjoyment of youth sports: Sport and age group comparisons. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 51-64.

336 Anshel

(d) Title: Coaches ' Perceptions of Athletes ' Attitudes Description: Measures responsiveness, sportsmanship, cooperation, appearance, and relationship with others. Source: Cooker, P.G., & Caffey, C.A. (1984). Addressing the cognitive and affective needs of college athletes: Effects of group counseling on self-esteem, reading skills, and coaches' perceptions of attitude. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 377-384. Avail- able from the first author, P.G. Cooker, Division of Counseling and Educational Psy- chology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677.

(e) Title: Attitudinal Questionnaire Description: Measures the attitudes and feelings of sport participants toward a hypo- thetical new coach. Source: Weinberg, R., Reveles, M., & Jackson, A. (1984). Attitudes of male and female athletes toward male and female coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 448-453.

Attributions (also see Locus of Control) (a) Title: Attributional Style Scale

Description: Determines attributions of subjects as a function of helplessness and depression. Source: Seligman, M.E., Abrarnson, L.Y., Semmel, A., & von Baeyen, C. (1979). Attributional style scale. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 242-247.

(b) Title: The Causal Dimension Scale Description: Allows the respondent to make a free-response causal attribution for performance/outcome and then to assess the attribution for locus of causality, stability,, and control. Source: Russell, D. (1982). The Causal Dimension Scale: A measure of how individuals perceive causes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42, 1 137- 1 145.

(c) Title: Wingate Sport Achievement Responsibility Scale Description: A sport-specific, trait attribution scale that measures the enduring attitudes of athletes in attributing and partially predicting their dispositions toward success and failure. Source: Tenenbaum, G., Furst, D., & Weingarten, G. (1984). Attribution of causality in sport events: Validation of the Wingate Sport Achievement Responsibility Scale, Journal of Sport Psychology, 6,430-439. The scale is available from the first author, Dr. Gershon Tenenbaum, Department of Research and Sport Medicine, Wingate Insti- tute, Wingate Post, Netanya, Israel.

Burnout (a) Title: Maslach Burnout Inventory

Description: Consists of three subscales: emotional exhaustion (assesses feelings of being emotionally overextended and exhausted by one's work), depersonalization (measures an impersonal response toward recipients of one's service, care, or instruction), and personal accomplishment (assesses feelings of competence and successful achievement in one's work with people). Source: Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Jouml of Occupational Behavior, 2 , 99-113. Also may be obtained from the Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.

Coaching Effectiveness (a) Title: Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS)


,Description: Used to code and objectively analyze the reactive and spontaneous behaviors of athletic coaches in naturalistic field settings. Source: Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Hunt, E. (1977). A system for the behavioral assessment of athletic coaches. Research Quarterly, 48, 401-407.

(b) Title: Coach Observation Schedule Description: Indicates the classes of behavior that occur in the act of coaching and measures the frequency of behaviors emitted and their degree of emphasis. Source: Rushall, B.S. (1977). Two observation schedules for sporting and physical education environments. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 2 , 15-21.

Cognitive Strategies (a) Title: Psychological Preparation in Wrestling Questionnaire

Description: Assesses cognitive and behavioral strategies usually employed by wrestlers as they prepare for or engage in competition. Source: Fist used in the following publication: Gould, D., Weiss, M., & Weinberg, R. (1981). Psychological characteristics of successful and nonsuccessfid Big Ten wrestlers. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3,69-81. Available from Dr. Daniel Gould, Department of Kinesiology, University of Ulinois, 906 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801.

(b) Title: None given* Description: Measures the use of mental techniques in the preparation of athletes prior to competition and the role these cognitive variables play in separating successful and less successful elite athletes. Source: Mahoney, M.J., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive i%erapy and Research, 1 , 135-141.

(c) Title: Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports Description: Assesses anxiety, concentration, self-confidence, mental preparation, and team emphasis. Source: Mahoney, M.J., Gabriel, T.J., & Perkins, T.S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. i%e Sport Psychologist, 1 , 18 1 - 199. Available from the first author, M.J. Mahoney, Graduate School of Education, Univer- sity of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 ($3 charge for materials and postage).

Cognitive Style (a) Title: Matching Familiar Figures Test

Description: Measures reflexion-impulsivity, the extent to which the person thinks about making a certain response given a degree of uncertainty. Source: Kagan, J., Rosman, B.L., Day, D., Albert, J., & Phillips, W. (1964). Infor- mation processing in the child: Significance of analytic and reflective attitudes. Psycho- logical Monographs, 78, (1, Whole No. 578).

(b) Title: Group Embedded Figures Test Description: Measures field independence-dependence, a person's ability to disembed an item from a stimulus field, the extent to which a person perceives part of a field as discrete from the surrounding field as a whole rather than embedded in the field (also referred to as analytical perception). Source: Witkin, H.A., Oltrnan, P.K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S.A. (1971). A manual for the embeddedfigures test. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

(c) Title: Modijied Hill Cognitive Style Profile* Description: Determines a person's preferences for receiving, processing, and remem- bering information and interacting with the environment.

338 Anshel

Source: Available from Mountain View College Press, Mountain View College, 4849 W. Illinois Ave., Dallas, TX 75211. Used in the following publication: Anshel, M.H., & Ortiz, M. (1986). Effect of coding strategies on movement extent as a function of cognitive style. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 13 11-13 17.

Competitiveness (a) Title: Competitive Orientation Inventory

Description: Weighs the value of the athlete's desire or goal to perform well and need to win simultaneously instead of requiring an athlete to select one orientation over another. Source: Vealey , R.S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Jouml of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.

(b) Title: Sports Competition Trait Inventory Description: Measures competitiveness in sport, the person's tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations. Source: Fabian, L., & Ross, M. (1984). The developing of the Sports Competition Trait Inventory. Journal of Sport Behavior, 7, 13-27.

(c) Title: Competitiveness Inventory Description: Assesses competitiveness as a multidimensional, sport-specific variable in the desire to approach and strive for success in sports. Source: Gill, D. (1986). Competitiveness among females and males in physical activity classes. Sex Roles, 15, 233-247.

(d) Title: Sport Orientation Questionnaire-Form B* Description: Assesses three factors: competitiveness, win orientation, and personal goal orientation. Source: Gill, D.L., & Deeter, T.E. (1986, April). Initial development of a multidimensional, sport-specific competitiveness inventory. Paper presented at the National Convention of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Cincinnati, OH. Available from ERIC, No. ED 273 627, or from the first author, Dr. Diane Gill, Department of Physical Education, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27412. According to the first author, this inventory is currently (Fall 1987) under journal review as: Gill, D.L., & Deeter, T.E. (1987). Development of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire.

Expectancies (a) Title: Personal Assessment Questionnaire

Description: Ascertains the athlete's perceived past success as a predictor of future success specifically in basketball. Sources: (a) Fisher, A.C., & Zwart, E.F. (1982). Psychological analysis of athletes' responses. Jouml of Sport Psychology, 4, 139-158. May be obtained from Dr. A. Craig Fisher, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850. (b) Coulson, R., & Cobb, R.B. (1979, March). Development and assessment of a scale to measure generalized expectancy of sport success. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, New Orleans.

Group Cohesion (a) Title: The Group Environment Questionnaire


Description: Assesses the cohesiveness of athletic teams by assessing each athlete's perceptions of the team on which he or she participates. Source: Widmeyer, W.N., Brawley, L.R., & Carron, A.V. (1985). The Measurement of Cohesion in Sport Teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Published by Sports Dynamics, 11 Ravenglass Crescent, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 3x7.

(b) Title: Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire Description: A measure of grouplteam cohesion or togetherness. Source: Martens, R., Landers, D., & Loy, J. (1971). Available from Dr. Rainer Martens, Human Kinetics Publishers, Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61820.

(c) Title: Spon Cohesion Instrument Description: Measures both task-related and social-related forces that are presumed to exist in interacting sport groups as part of team cohesion. Source: Yukelson, D., Weinberg, R., &Jackson, A. (1984). A multidimensional group cohesion instrument for intercollegiate basketball teams. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 103-117.

(d) Title: Group Environment Scale Manual Description: Comprises 10 subscales that measure the psychosocial characteristics of task-oriented, social, and mutual support groups. Source: Moos, R.H. (1981). Group Environmental Scale Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

I~a€vry (a) Title: Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control

Description: Assesses a person's ability to direct and maintain accurate mental images. Source: White, K., Sheehan, P.W., & Ashton, R. (1977). Imagery assessment: A survey of self-reported measures. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1, 145-170. Also found in Richardson, A. (1969). Mental Imagery. New York: Springer.

(b) Title: The Bens QMZ Scale Description: The control and vividness of mental imagery. Source: Sheehan, P.W. (1967). A shortened form of Belts' questionnaire upon mental imagery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, pp. 386-389.

(c) Title: Imagery Exercise Questionnaire Description: Subjects rate their vividness of the kinesthetic and visual sensations on a 7-point scale. Source: Epstein, M.L. (1980). The relationship of mental imagery and mental rehearsal to performance on a motor task. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 211-220.

(d) Title: Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire Description: Predicts individual differences in visual imagery ability that correspond to performance on a variety of visual memory tasks. Source: Marks, D.F. (1973). Visual imagery differences in recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64, 17-24.

Leadership (a) Title: Leadership Scale for Sports

Description: Assesses five factors that describe the most wrnmon behaviors and styles in sport leadership. These are training and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback. Source: Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S.D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in

340 Anshel

sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2 , 34-45. (b) Title: R e Leadership Opinion Questionnaire

Description: Measures the leader's attractiveness to group members and the ability to meet group members' needs. Source: Heishman, E.A. (1957). In R.M. Stogdill& A.E. Coons (Eds.), Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.

(c) Title: R e Group Atmosphere Scale* Description: Measures the degree to which athletes perceive the team atmosphere to be accepting and supportive. Source: Fiedler, F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.

(d) Title: R e Leader Behavior Questionnaire Description: Assesses the behavioral characteristics and provides a profile of the group leader. Source: Hemphill, J.K., & Coons, A.E. (1957). Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire. In R.M. Stogdill & A.E. Coons (Eds.), Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. Columbus: The Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.

(e) Title: The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire-Form XU Description: See (d) Source: Stogdill, R.M. (1963). Manual for the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire-Form XU. Columbus: The Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.

Learned Helplessness (a) Title: Learned Helpless Scale

Description: Measures the extent to which a person feels in control of various situations. Source: Dweck, C.S., & Reppucci, N.D. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Jouml of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 109-116.

(b) Title: Attributional Style Questionnaire (see Attribution section)

Locus of Control (a) Title: A Locus of Control Scale for Children

Description: Assesses the extent to which children feel responsible for, and reinforced by, their own behavior. Source: Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B.R. (1973). A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 148-154.

(b) Title: Multidimensional Measure of Children's Perceptions of Control Scale Description: The scale measures three dimensions of locus of control in children based on the degree to which they say (a) they do not know why these outcomes occur (unknown control), (b) their own attributes bring about these outcomes (internal control), and (c) that other people's attributes bring about these outcomes (powerful others). Each source or control is studied within three behavioral domains: cognitive, social, and physical. Source: Connell, J. (1985). A new multidimensional measure of children's perceptions of control. Child Development, 56, 1018-1041.


(c) Title: Locus of Control Scale Description: The tests measure the extent to which adults make internal or external causal attributions (explanations) for their performance. Source: Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (Whole No. 609).

(d) Title: Zntental, Powerjkl Others, and Chances Scales Description: Comprised of three 8-item subscales, presented as a unified scale of 24 items as a generalized measure of locus of control. Source: Levenson, H. (1974). Activism and powerful others: Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control. Jouml of Personality Assessment, 3, 377-383. Also see Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In H.M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (Val. 1): Assessment methods (pp. 15-63). New York: Academic Press.

(e) Title: Exercise Objectives Locus of Control Scales Description: Consists of three 6-item subscales measuring exercise-specific locus of control. Source: McCready, M.L., & Long, B.C. (1985). Locus of control, attitudes toward physical activity, and exercise adherence. Joumal of Sport Psychology, 7, 346-359.

(f) Title: Health Locus of Control Scale Description: Determines the extent to which the person believes that hislher health is the primary reinforcement of exercise. Source: Wallston, B.S., Wallston, K.A., Kaplan, G.D., & Maides, S.A. (1976). Development and validation of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) Scale. Joumal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 580-585.

Mood (a) Title: Profile of Mood States

Description: Self-report inventory that yields scores on tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. Source: McNair, D.M., Lon, M., & Droppleman, L.F. (1971). EDITS Manual for POMS. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Also see Morgan, W.P. (1980). Test of champions: The iceberg profile. Psychology Today, 14,92-93, 97-99, 102, 108.

(b) Title: Mood Adjective Checklist Description: Measures one's current affective status along 11 dimensions including aggression, anxiety, concentration, egotism, elation, fatigue, sadness, skepticism, social affection, surgency, arousal, and vigor. Source: Nowlis, V. (1965). In S.S. Tompkins & C. Izard (Eds.), Affect, cognition and Personality. New York: Springer.

(c) Title: Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist Description: Each of the preceding inventories measures the person's current affective status as a function of anxiety, aggression, sadness, skepticism, and others. Source: Zuckerrnan, M., & Lubin, B. (1965). Manual for the multiple affect adjective checklist. San =ego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.

(d) Title: Mood Induction Procedure Description: Promotes and measures the extent of a particular preselected mood in a person, such as elation or depression. Used to assess the effect of mood on task performance.

Source: Velten, E. (1968). A laboratory task for the induction of mood states. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 473-482.

Morality/Ethical Behavior (a) Title: Continuum of Injurious Acts

Description: Assesses athletes' judgments of the legitimacy of selected injurious acts intentionally inflicted within the sport context. Source: Bredemeier, B.J. (1985). Moral reasoning and the perceived legitimacy of intentionally injurious sport acts. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7 , 110-124. Available from the author, Dr. Brenda Jo Bredemeier, Department of Physical Education, 200 Hearst Gymnasium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Motivation (a) Title: The Perceived Competence Scale for Children

Description: The scale taps a child's general sense of self-worth along with his or her perception of competence in the cognitive, social, and physical domains. Source: Harter, S. (1982). Child Development, 53, 87-97. The manual (Form 0 ) is published by the University of Denver, Denver, CO.

(b) Title: Sport Competence Information Scale Description: Measures the type of information children use in judging their competence in the cognitive, physical, and social domains. Source: Horn, T.S., & Hasbrook, C.A. (1987). Psychological characteristics and the criteria children use for self-evaluation. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9,208-221. To obtain a copy, write Dr. Thelma Horn, Department of HPER, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056.

(c) Title: For title, description, and source, see C o ~ e l l , J.P., 1985, in Section b under Locus of Control.

(d) Title: Intrinsic/Entrinsic Motivation Scale Description: This scale was derived from an inventory used to test motivation in the classroom and was validated by the authors in a sport setting. Source: Weiss, M.R., Bredemeier, B.J., & Shewchuk, R.M. (1985). An intrinsic1 extrinsic motivation scale for the youth sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 75-91. For the inventory's original reference, see Harter, S. (1981). A new self-report scale of intrinsic versus extrinsic orientation in the classroom: Motivational and information components. Developmental Psychology, 17, 300-312. Available from Dr. Maureen Weiss, 131 Esslinger Hall, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.

(e) Title: Intrinsic Motivation Inventory Description: Assesses feelings, including interestlenjoyment and pressureltension, that are relevant to intrinsic motivation. Source: Available from the author, Dr. Richard M. Ryan, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627.

(f) Title: Sport Intrinsic Motivation Scale* Description: An indirect assessment of intrinsic motivation in sport. Source: Ryan, E.D. (1979). Amibution, intrinsic motivation and athletics: A repli- cation and extension. In C.H. Nadeau, W.R. Halliwell, K.M. Newell, & G.C. Roberts (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport-1979 @p. 19-26). An updated version containing one additional (an 8th) question is available from the author, Dr. E. Dean Ryan, Department of Physical Education, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.


(g) Title: Mayo Task Reaction Questionnaire Description: Measures intrinsic motivation. Source: Mayo, R.J. (1977). The development and construct validation of a measure of intrinsic motivation (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1976). Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 5417B.

(h) Title: Competition-Related Motives Scales Description: Measures the motives to approach success and avoid failure. The scales may be obtained from the author at Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303. Source: Willis, J.D. (1982). Three scales to measure competition-related motives in sport. Jouml of Sport Psychology, 4, 338-353.

(i) Title: Leisure Motivation Questionnaire Description: Identifies intellectual, social, competence-mastery, and stimulus avoidance dimensions for explaining the reasons why individuals engage in leisure activities. Source: Beard, J.G., & Ragheb, M.G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15, 219-228.

(j) Title: Self-Motivation Scale Description: Measures the level of self-motivation of the subjects. Source: Dishman, R.K., Ickes, W., & Morgan, W.P. (1980). Self-motivation and adherence to habitual physical activity. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 115-132. Also see Dishman, R.K., & Ickes, W. (1981). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4 , 421-435.

(k) Title: Participation Motivation Questionnaire Description: Assesses motives or reasons for participating in youth sports. The orignal, unpublished name of this inventory was the Iowa Sports School Questionnaire. Source: Gill, D.L., Gross, J.B., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14, 1-14.

Observations (a) Title: Cheffers Adaptation of Flanders Interaction Analysis System (CAFLQS)

Description: Identifies specific interaction patterns found between two or more parties. Often used to observe student-teacher or coach-athlete interactions in regard to expectancies (the Pygmalion Effect or self-fulfilling prophecy). Source: Cheffers, J., Mancini, V., & Martinek, T. (1980). Interaction analysis: An application to verbal and non-verbal activity. Minneapolis: P.S. Amidon. Also see R. Smith & F. Smoll's Washington Self-Description Questionnaire in the section on Self-ConceptISelf-Esteem (g).

Perceived Exertion (a) Title: Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale

Description: The person subjectively indicates, during a work bout, the level of intensity of that effort. Source: Borg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 377-381.

(b) Title: Perceived Exertion Scale (revised) Description: Indicates the parallel between blood and muscle lactate with perceptual ratings of exertion (but not for heart rate). Source: Noble, B.J., Borg, G.A.V., Jacobs, I., Cici, R., & Kaiser, P. (1983). A category-ration perceived exertion scale: Relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15, 523-528.

344 Anshel

Precompetition (a) Title: Pre-competition and Competition Behavior Inventory*

Description: Determines what characteristics and behaviors exist for the athlete irn- mediately prior to competition. Can be used by the coach to ascertain the performer's pre-event mental status. Source: Rushall, B.S. (1979). Psyching in sport. London: Pelham Books. Or write Dr. Brent Rushall, c/o Department of Physical Education, San Diego State University, San Deigo, CA 92182.

(b) Title: Pre-competition Psychological Checklist* Description: Indicates the symptoms of arousal that the athlete is experiencing, the level of arousal, and an estimation of hislher chances of winning. The checklist's pur- pose is to log the athlete's arousal symptoms and level before each contest. Source: Same as (a) in preceding inventory.

Pressure (a) Title: Sport Pressure Checklist*

Description: A measure of the levels and sources of pressure perceived by athletes. Capable of providing immediate feedback to coaches concerning athletes' perceptions of pressure sources prior to performance. Source: Rushall, B.S., & Sherman, C.A. (1987). A definition and measurement of pressure in sport. The Journal of Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics, 2 , 1-23.

Personality (selective inventories used in sport research)

(a) Title: Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Forms A & B) Description: Each of the forms contains 187 items or questions, each item requiring an answer of either yes, occasionally, or no. The scores are plotted on a profile sheet for each of 16 personality dimensions. Examples include reserved vs. outgoing, subrnissive- ness vs. dominance, or relaxed vs. tense. Source: Cattell, R.B., Eber, H.W., & Tatsuoka, M.M. (1980). Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign, IL: Institute for Person- ality and Ability Testing. Also see Karson, S., & O'Dell, J.W. (1976). A guide to the clinical use of the I6 PF. Champaign: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. The authors (Karson et al.) developed specific scales for the measurement of (a) motivation distortion (faking good) (b) faking bad, and (c) random answering. For use with 16 PF Forms A and B only, not forms C and D.

(b) Title: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Description: Constructed primarily for psychiatric diagnosis, the MMPI contains 550 items or statements that the person evaluates as being true or false with respect to Wherself. Personality characteristics such as hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviation, masculinity-femininity, and hypomania are evaluted. Source: (a) Dahlstroom, W.G., & Walsh, G.W. (1960). A Minnesota Multiphasic Personalty Handbook (MMPI). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (b) Hatha- way, S.R., & McKinley, J.C. (1967). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.

(c) Title: Edwards Personal Preferences Schedule Description: Evaluates the relative strength of 15 manifest needs (see Murray's system of human needs in Murray, H.A. [1938]. Explorations in psychology. New York: Oxford University Press). Examples include endurance, change, nurturance, affiliation, autonomy, achievement, dominance, and aggression.


Source: Edwards, A.C. (1959). Manual, Edwards Personal Preferences Schedule. New York: Psychological Corporation.

(d) Title: Eysenck Personality Inventory Description: Measures two independent dimensions, neuroticism-stability and extraversion-introversion. Each dimension is measured from 24 yes or no questions. Parallel forms A and B may be used for retesting situations. Source: Eysenck, H.J., & Eysenck, S.B.G. (1968). Eysenck Personality Inventory Manual. London: University of London Press.

(e) Title: California Psychological Inventory Description: Evaluates 18 dimensions of personality from 480 true or false statements. Source: Gough, H.G. (1969). Manual for the Chlifornia Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Relationships (a) Title: Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior Questionnaire

Description: Measures three dimensions of interpersonal behavior: the need to associate with others and to have others associate with the self, the need for mutual respect with others in areas of decision-making, and the need to like and be liked and to have close relationships with others. Source: (a) Schutz, W.C. (1958). FIRA: A three-dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. (b) Schutz, W.C. (1966). The interpersonal underworld. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.

RunninglFitnesslExercise (a) Title: Commitment to Running Scale

Description: A 12-item questionnaire about the person's length, frequency, and reasons for running. Source: Carmack, M.A., & Martens, R. (1979). Measuring commitment to running: A survey of runners' attitudes and mental states. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1,2542.

(b) Title: The Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) Description: Measures attraction to physical activity, and an estimation of an individual's self-rating of hislher capabilities in sport and vigorous activity. (For suggested alterations in the PEAS in sport see Safrit, M.J., Wood, T.M., & Dishman, R.K. [1985]. The factorial validity of the Physical Estimation and Attraction scales for adults. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 166-190.) Source: Sonstroem, R.J. (1978). Physical Estimation and Attraction scales: Rationale and research. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10, 97-102.

Satisfaction (a) Title: Industrial Organization Reactions Scale

Description: A measure of job satisfaction. Source: Smith, F.S. (1976). The Index of Organizational Reactions @OR) . JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 6, Ms No. 1265.

(b) Title: The Athletic Satisfaction Scale Description: A modified version of the Industrial Organization Reactions Scale and renamed The Athlete Satisfaction Scale by M.R. Weiss & W.D. Friedrichs. Source: Weiss, M.R., & Friedrichs, W.D. (1986). The influence of leader behaviors, wach amibutes, and institutional variables on performance and satisfaction of collegiate basketball teams. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8,332-346. The scale may be obtained from Dr. Maureen Weiss, Department of Physical Education, 131 Esslinger Hall, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.

Self-ConceptISelf-Esteem (a) Title: Children 's Self-concept Scale

Description: Measures self-esteem based on popularity with peers. Source: Piers, E. (1969). Manual for the Piers-Ham's Children S Selfconcept Scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests.

(b) Title: Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory Description: Indicates self-esteem as a function of the home and school environments. Source: Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.

(c) Title: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Description: Measures a general feeling of self-worth. Source: Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

(d) Title: Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale Description: Measures children's self-concept. Source: Martinek, T. J., & Zaichkowsky , L.D. (1977). Manual for the Self-concept Scale for Children. Jacksonville, IL: Psychologist & Educators, Inc.

(e) Title: Self-Description Questionnaire 111 Description: Measures 13 areas of self-concept for late adolescents and young adults. Source: Marsh, H.W., & O'Neill, R. (1984). Self-Description Questionnaire III (SDQ III): The construct validity of multidimensional self-concept ratings by late-adolescents. Journal of Educational Measurement, 21, 153-174.

(f) Title: Washington Self-Description Questionnaire* Description: Measures self-esteem for all age groups. Source: Smith, R.E., & Smoll, F.L. (1982). The development and correlates of a general self-esteem scale for children and adults. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington. It may be obtained from Dr. Ronald Smith or Dr. Frank Smoll, Depart- ment of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.

(g) Title: Tennessee Self-concept Scale Description: Assesses multidimensional aspects of adult self-concept. Source: Fitts, W.H. (1965). Tennessee Self-concept Scale Manual. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests.

(h) Title: Test for Self-Esteem* Description: Assesses adult self-esteem. Source: Barksdale, L.S. (1972). Building self-esteem. Los Angeles: The Barksdale Foundation for Furtherance of Human Understanding.

Self-Disclosure (a) Title: Self-Disclosure Inventory for Adolescents

Description: Accounts for the influence of social-situational factors on self-disclosing behavior. This survey has been used as a tool to solicit the personal feelings and attitudes of athletic participants to their coaches (see source). Source: West, L.W., & Zingle, H.W. (1969). A selfdisclosure inventory for adolescents. Psychological Reports, 24, 439-445. Used in the following sport psychology research: Officer, S.A., & Rosenfeld, L.B. (1985). Self-disclosure to male and female coaches by female high school athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7,360-370.

(b) Title: Self-Disclosure Situations Survey* Description: See preceding inventory.


Source: Chelune, G.J. (1976). The Self-Disclosure Situations Survey: A new approach to measuring self-disclosure. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 6, 111-112.

Self-Efficacy (a) Title: Diving SelfEficacy Scale

Description: Measures the strength of one's convictions to successfully execute the behaviors required to produce a certain outcome, in this case beginning diving, a task considered fear-provoking and risky by the participants. Source: Feltz, D.L., Landers, D.M., & Raeder, U. (1979). Enhancing self-efficacy in high-avoidance motor tasks: A comparison of modeling techniques. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1 , 112-122.

(b) Title: Physical SeIf-Eficacy Scale Description: Measures the person's perceived physical ability and physical self- confidence. Source: Ryckman, R.M., Robbins, M.A., Thornton, B., & Cantrell, P. (1982). Development and validation of a physical self-efficacy scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 89 1-900.

(c) Title: Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (d) Title: State Sport-Confidence Inventory

Description: The TSCI and SSCI measure the "belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport" (Vealey, 1986, p. 222). The TSCI indicates the belief they usually possess and the SSCI measures the degree of certainty at one particular moment about their ability to be successful in sport. Source: Vealey, R.S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminaty investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.

(e) Title: Gymnastic Eficacy Measure Description: Assesses the efficacy expectations for gymnastics performance. Source: It was first used and reported in the following study: McAuley, E. (1985). Modeling and self-efficacy: A test of Bandura's model. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7,283-295. Available from its author, Dr. Edward McAuley, Department of Physical Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.

Sensation-Seeking (a) Title: Sensation-Seeking Scale-Form V

Description: Measures a person's need for risky and/or new activities and his or her susceptibility to boredom. Source: Zuckerman, M. (1983). Sensation seeking and sports. Personality and Indi- vidual Differences, 4, 285-293.

Sex Roles (a) Title: Bem Sex-Role Inventory

Description: The person receives scores in masculinity, femininity, and androgyny, indicating the extent to which a person endorses masculine, feminine, and both masculine and feminine characteristics, respectively. Source: Bem, S.L. (1974). The measurement of an individual's perceived sex roles. The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.

(b) Title: Role Conflict Inventory

348 * Anshel

Description: Part I measures the perception of role conflict while Part IT assesses ac- tual experience of role conflict as a problem at a personal level. Source: Sage, G.H., & Loudermilk, S. (1979). The female athlete and role conflict. Research Quarterly, 50, 88-103.

(c) Title: Australian Sex-Role Scale Description: Similar in style and objective to Bem's scale, but with adaptation to Austra- lian language and attitudes. Source: Antill, J.K., Cunningham, J.D., Russell, G., & Thompson, N.L. (1981). An Australian sex-role scale. Australian Journal of Psychology, 33, 169-183.

(d) Title: Personal Attributes Questionnaire Description: Identifies feminine sex-typed females. Source: Spence, J.T., & Helmreich, R.L. (1978). Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Sport Socialization (a) Title: Sport Involvement Inventory

Description: Indicates the influence of various family members on a child's decision to participate in sport. Source: Greendorfer, S.L., & Lewko, J.H. (1978). The role of family members in sport socialization of children. Research Quarterly, 49, 146-152.

(b) Title: Attitude Toward Play Scale* Description: Assesses the orientation of boys and girls toward sport. Source: Webb, H. (1969). Professionalization of attitudes toward play among adolescents. In G.S. Kenyon (Ed.), Aspects of contemporary sport sociology. Chicago: The Athletic Institute.

(c) Title: Children 's Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Inventory Source: Schutz, R.W., & Smoll, F.L. (1977). Equivalence of two inventories for assessing attitudes toward physical activity. Psychological Reports, 40, 1031-1034.

(d) Title: Revised CAZPA Inventory Description: Provides an analysis of children's attitudes toward physical activity. The research is equivocal as to whether or not this characteristic is enduring and stable. Source: Schutz, R.W., SmoU, F.L., &Wood, T.M. (1981). A psychometric analysis of an inventory for assessing children's attitudes toward physical activity. Jouml of Sport Psychology, 4, 321-344.

(e) Title: Second Revision of the CAZPA Inventory Description: See preceding inventory. Source: Schutz, R.W., Smoll, F., Carre, F., & Mosher, R. (1985). Inventories and norms for children's attitudes toward physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 256-265.

(f) Title: Social Behavior Scale Description: Assesses altruistic versus rivalrous behavioral tendencies in children. Source: Knight, G.P., & Kagen, S. (1977). Development of prosocial and competitive behaviors in Anglo-American and Mexican-American children. Child Development, 48, 1385-1394.

Stress (a) Title: Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale

Description: Determines the perception of a person's life stress.

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