#oop_d_its - 3rd - migration from c to c++

12/04/2023Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 1

Migration: C to C++

C/C++ Program Structure

int main(){

function1();

function2();

function3();

return 0;}

void function1(){

//...return;

}

void function2(){

//...return;

}

void function3(){

//...return;

}

OperatingSystem

OperatingSystem


Naming VariableMUST

Identifier / variable name can include letters (A-z), digits (0-9), and underscore (_)

Identifier starts with letter or underscore

Do NOT use keywords as identifier

Identifier in C++ is case-sensitive

CONSIDER

Use meaningfull name

Limit identifier length up to 31 characters, although it can have length up to 2048

Avoid using identifiers that start with an underscore


Keywords C++ Keywords

Keywords common to the C and C++ programming languages

auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while

C++-only keywords

and and_eq asm bitand bitor bool catch class compl const_cast

delete dynamic_cast explicit export false

friend inline mutable namespace new not not_eq operator or or_eq

private protected public reinterpret_cast static_cast

template this throw true try typeid typename using virtual wchar_t xor xor_eq


Declaring Variable

int value;char[] firstName;Char[] address;int 9ball;long bigInt;System::String full_name;int count!;long class;float a234_djJ_685_abc___;


Initializing Variable

int value = 0;char[] firstName = “Budi”;long bigInt(100L);System::String^ full_name = “Budi Lagi”;


Fundamental Data Types

Type Size (Bytes) Range of Values

bool 1 true or false

char 1 -128 to +128

signed char 1 -128 to +128

unsigned char 1 0 to 255

wchar_t 2 0 to 65535

short 2 –32,768 to +32,767

unsigned short 2 0 to 65,535

int 4 –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295

long 4 –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long 4 0 to 4,294,967,295

float 4 ±3.4×10±38

double 8 ±1.7×10±308

long double 8 ±1.7×10±308


LiteralsType Example of Literals

char, signed char,or unsigned char

‘A’, ‘Z’, ‘8’, ‘*’

wchar_t L’A’, L’Z’, L’8’, L’*’

int -77, 65, 12345, 0x9FE

unsigned int 10U, 64000u

long -77L, 65L, 12345l

unsigned long 5UL, 999999999UL, 25ul, 35Ul

float 3.14f, 34.506F

double 1.414, 2.71828

long double 1.414L, 2.71828l

bool true, false


Example of Data Types

int main(){

char c = 'A';wchar_t wideChar = L'9';int i = 123;long l = 10240L;float f = 3.14f;double d = 3.14;bool b = true;return 0;

}


EnumerationsVariable with specific sets of values

Enum Day {Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun};

Day today = Mon;

Enum Day {Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun};

Day nextDay = Tues;


Basic Input/Output Operations

int main(){

//declare and initialize variablesint num1 = 0;int num2 = 0;

//getting input from keyboardcin >> num1 >> num2;

//output the variables value to command linecout << endl;cout << "Num1 : " << num1 << endl;cout << "Num2 : " << num2;

return 0;}


Escape SequenceEscape Sequence What It Does

\a Sounds a beep

\n Newline

\’ Single quote

\\ Backslash

\b Backspace

\t Tab

\” Double quote

\? Question mark


Basic Operatorsint main(){

int a = 0;int b = 0;int c = 0;

c = a + b;c = a - b;c = a * b;c = a / b;c = a % b;

a = -b;

return 0;}


Bitwise Operators& bitwise AND

~ bitwise NOT

| bitwise OR

^ bitwise XOR

>> shift right

<< shift left


Increment and Decrement Operators

int main(){

int a = 0;int b = 0;

a++;b--;++a;++b;

return 0;}


Shorthand Operators

int main(){

int a = 0;int b = 0;

a += 3;b -= a;a *= 2;b /= 32;a %= b;

return 0;}


Explicit Castingstatic_cast<the_type_to_convert_to>(expression)

(the_type_to_convert_to)expression


Constant Declaration

int main(){ const double rollwidth = 21.0;

const double rolllength = 12.0*33.0;

const double rollarea = rollwidth*rolllength;

return 0;}


Declaring Namespace

namespace MyNamespace{

// code belongs to myNamespace}

namespace OtherNamespace{

// code belongs to otherNamespace}


Using Namespace#include <iostream>namespace myStuff{

int value = 0;}int main(){

std::cout << “enter an integer: “;std::cin >> myStuff::value;std::cout << “\nYou entered “ << myStuff::value << std:: endl;return 0;

}

#include <iostream>namespace myStuff{ int value = 0;}

using namespace myStuff;int main(){std::cout << “enter an integer: “;std::cin >> value;std::cout << “\nYou entered “ << value << std:: endl;return 0;}

Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS

Visual C++ Programming Environment

12/04/202321

HHardware

Operating System

Native C++ MFCCommon Language

Runtime (CLR)

Native C++Framework

Classes

Managed C++

ISO/ANSI C++ (unmanaged)

C++/CLI.NET Framework


C++/CLI Data TypesType Size (Bytes) CLI Value Class

bool 1 System::Boolean

char 1 System::SByte

signed char 1 System::SByte

unsigned char 1 System::Byte

wchar_t 2 System::Char

short 2 System::Int16

unsigned short 2 System::UInt16

int 4 System::Int32

unsigned int 4 System::UInt32

long 4 System::Int32

unsigned long 4 System::UInt32

float 4 System::Single

double 8 System::Double

long double 8 System::Double

long long 8 System::Int64

unsigned long long 8 System::UInt64

Chapter 3 23ITC1398 Introduction to

Programming

Control Structures

Three control structures Sequence structure

Programs executed sequentially by default

Selection structuresif, if…else, switch

Repetition structureswhile, do…while, for


Programming

if Selection Statement

Choose among alternative courses of action

Pseudocode exampleIf student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 print “Passed”

If the condition is truePrint statement executes, program continues to next statement

If the condition is falsePrint statement ignored, program continues


Activity Diagram


Programming

if Selection Statement

Translation into C++if ( grade >= 60 ) cout << "Passed";

Any expression can be used as the condition

If it evaluates to zero, it is treated as false

If it evaluates to non-zero, it is treated as true


Programming

if…else Double-Selection

StatementifPerforms action if condition true

if…elsePerforms one action if condition is true, a different action if it is false

PseudocodeIf student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 print “Passed”Else print “Failed”

C++ codeif ( grade >= 60 ) cout << "Passed";else cout << "Failed";


Activity Diagram


Programming


StatementTernary conditional operator (?:)Three arguments (condition, value if true, value if false)

Code could be written:cout << ( grade >= 60 ? “Passed” : “Failed” );

Condition Value if true Value if false


Programming


StatementNested if…else statementsOne inside another, test for multiple cases Once a condition met, other statements are skippedExample

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90 Print “A” Else

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80 Print “B”

Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70

Print “C” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to

60 Print “D”

Else Print “F”


Programming


StatementNested if…else statements (Cont.)

Written In C++if ( studentGrade >= 90 ) cout << "A";else if (studentGrade >= 80 ) cout << "B"; else if (studentGrade >= 70 ) cout << "C"; else if ( studentGrade >= 60 ) cout << "D"; else cout << "F";


while Repetition StatementA repetition statement (also called a looping statement or a loop) allows the programmer to specify that a program should repeat an

action while some condition remains true. The pseudocode statement

While there are more items on my shopping list Purchase next item and cross it off my list


for Repetition Statement


do …while Repetition Statementdo { statement } while ( condition );


switch Multiple-Selection Statement


For your practice …

Lab Session I (Ahad, 19.00-21.00)4.14

5.20

6.27

Lab Session II (Senin, 19.00-21.00)4.35

5.12

6.30

12/04/2023Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS

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#oop_d_its - 3rd - migration from c to c++

Health & Medicine

char c

day nextday

monenum day

example of data typesint

void function2

variables value

void function3

variablesint num1