onshore wind what you need to know4f553fa71f6b11e5f9b0-e9e5be702ded16836c4ccca0ea3e9a9c.r68.c… ·...

ONSHORE WINDWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

ONSHORE WIND BRIEFING

IS WIND POWER EXPENSIVE?

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONOF WIND POWER

DOES WIND POWER CUT CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS?

WIND IS MAKING ASIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY

HOW ARE POTENTIAL EFFECTS MANAGED?

HOW LONG ARE WIND FARMS DESIGNED TO LAST?

WIND WORKS

WORKING TOGETHERFOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE

3

Renewables are now a major part of our energy

mix, with technologies such as wind, hydro and

biomass providing the equivalent of around half

of Scotland’s electricity needs1. This contribution

will increase as consented and planned projects

are built and become operational, and new

industries such as offshore wind and marine energy

begin to develop. By 2015 the aim is to have the

equivalent of 50 per cent of Scotland’s electricity

needs sourced from renewables2 – a target we are

already close to reaching.

Onshore wind, which currently makes up the largest

proportion of Scottish renewable energy generation,

has grown steadily in recent years, backed by some

of the best wind resources in Europe3.

The Scottish Government has set an ambitious

and challenging target to deliver at least the

equivalent of 100 per cent of our electricity needs

from renewable sources by 20204. Reaching this

target could help Scotland simultaneously reduce

emissions to tackle climate change, increase our

energy security5 and ultimately create a world

leading renewable energy industry supporting

thousands of jobs6.

Onshore wind is crucial to reaching this ambition,

through generation of renewable electricity and its

role in financing major grid upgrades and research

and development (R&D) in less mature technologies

such as offshore wind and marine energy7.

In light of the level of public interest in renewable

energy, and in onshore wind in particular,

Scottish Renewables has produced this

briefing paper to provide information about this

important technology.

ONSHORE WINDWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

SCOTTISH RENEWABLES ONSHORE WIND WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

Renewable electricity generation in 2013 rose by over

15 per cent on the previous year to 17,011 gigawatt

hours (GWh)8, a record for Scotland. This is equivalent

to almost half (46.5 per cent)9 of Scotland’s gross

electricity consumption in 2012.

Wind energy was the largest contributor of renewable

generation in Scotland and had a record year in 2013,

producing 11,216 GWh10, the equivalent of around 30

per cent of our electricity needs11.

In 2013, development continued at a steady pace and

Scotland is now home to over 4.5 gigawatts (GW)12

of installed onshore wind capacity, enough to power

the equivalent of over 2.3 million homes13. There is a

further 3.7GW14 of capacity either under construction

or with planning permission which is enough to power

an extra two million homes.

MEETING SCOTLAND’S NEEDS

The capacity factor or load factor of a wind turbine

is the ratio of actual energy produced in a given

time, compared with its full potential. Over a year,

the output from a single turbine will vary depending

on wind speeds.

A typical turbine is expected to generate

approximately 20 to 40 per cent of its theoretical

maximum output over a year. The average load factor

for wind turbines in Scotland from 2000 to 2012 was

27.9 per cent15.

However, it is important to consider that this is the

average output and that turbines will be active and

producing power for around 6,000 to 7,500 hours

each year, or about 70 to 85 per cent of the time16.

No energy generation technology works at 100 per

cent capacity 100 per cent of the time. For example,

in 2012, the load factor for coal was 57.1 per cent; for

gas, 30.4 per cent; and for nuclear, 70.1 per cent17.

Turbines produce power over a wide range of wind

speeds, beginning to generate electricity at between

3 and 4 metres per second (m/s), and approaching

maximum output at around 25 m/s (equal to 55 miles

per hour)18. Above this speed, a turbine will typically

shut down to protect itself from damage.

LOAD FACTORS

WIND WORKS

HOW A WIND FARM OPERATES

5

BASE LOAD AND VARIABILITY

The ‘base load’ is the minimum amount of electricity

that has to be supplied by the network over a certain

period to meet demand. The majority of base load is

provided by generating stations which can operate

24 hours a day, albeit with periodical shutdowns (e.g.

gas, coal, biomass or nuclear power).

Although wind generation is variable, network

operators and other market participants can forecast

it accurately. National Grid has stated, “provided

that the necessary flexible generation and other

balancing service providers remain available, there

is no immediate technical reason why a large

portfolio of wind generation cannot be managed in

balancing timescale”19.

National Grid has also stated to a Scottish

Parliamentary Committee that “a very large thermal

plant – a coal or gas-fired plant, or a nuclear plant –

poses us an operational challenge in that its output

can suddenly drop off all at once, whereas the output

from wind farms tends to come off more slowly; wind

farms have a number of turbines, so they do not cause

that issue. The variability issue that wind poses is

not one that we get from a thermal plant. At a very

high level, it is just a different challenge. Nuclear and

fossil-fuelled plants provide some challenges, while

wind farms provide others”20.


IS WIND POWEREXPENSIVE?

The Renewables Obligation (RO) is the main financial

support mechanism for investment in renewable energy.

Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs)21 are issued

to operators of accredited renewable generating stations

each time they generate a certain amount of electricity.

The total value of the RO in 2012-13 was £1.99 billion22.

In comparison, the budget for decommissioning the

UK’s nuclear power stations in 2013/14 was £3.2billion23.

Smaller scale renewables developments under 5MW,

including wind, are generally supported by the Feed-in

Tariff (FiT)24 rather than the RO. FiT generators are paid

a set amount for each unit (kilowatt hour) of electricity

they generate depending on factors such as the size of

system and type of technology. The cost of the RO to the

average household bill in 2013 was £30 , while the same

cost for the FiT was £7, the equivalent of around 71p per

week when combined25.

It is important to put this in context with support for other

parts of the energy industry. For instance, the OECD has

estimated that in 2011 tax breaks and financial support

for coal, oil and gas in the UK totalled over £4.2billion26.

COSTS

Changes to financial support for renewable energy

and onshore wind are currently being finalised by

the UK Government under the Electricity Market

Reform27 process. These changes will introduce

a cap on total spending available for levy funded

renewables projects up to 2020. The final details of

this process should emerge this year and they will be

introduced in stages from 2014 to 2017.

CHANGES TO RENEWABLES SUPPORT

THE COST OF THE RO TO THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BILL IN 2013 WAS £30, WHILE THE SAME COST FOR THE FIT WAS £7, THE EQUIVALENT OF AROUND 71p PER WEEK WHEN COMBINED.

7

The current average energy bill in the UK is £1,267.

Wholesale energy costs account for 47 per cent of

the average bill, while the cost of energy and climate

change policies makes up only 9 per cent28.

Ed Davey, Energy Secretary, has noted, “The main

driver of these energy price rises has been rising

wholesale energy costs, and the need to upgrade

energy infrastructure to ensure security of supply in

the long-term”29.

In the same speech, he said that “Without this

low carbon investment, energy security would be

jeopardised as Britain would become ever more

dependent on imported oil and gas, and energy bills

in the future would be increasingly subject to high

and volatile fossil fuel prices”30.

ENERGY BILLS

All electricity generators have their output modified

by National Grid to ensure demand for electricity is

met without the network being overloaded. These

‘transmission constraints’ are where bottlenecks

occur and generators have to stop feeding electricity

to the grid. This process is part of National Grid’s

role31 and is a fundamental part of how the grid

currently operates.

All generators, including gas, coal and renewables,

seek compensation for being constrained by National

Grid. Constraint payments to wind farms from April

2013 to April 2014 amounted to £49.7million. This is

just 14.6 per cent of the overall costs of £339 million

which is mainly paid to fossil fuel generators to

manage demand on the electricity grid”32.

In the longer term, one of the ways this congestion

could be reduced is by ensuring sufficient grid

infrastructure upgrades and investing in energy

storage technologies.

CONSTRAINT PAYMENTS

THE COST OF THE RO TO THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BILL IN 2013 WAS £30, WHILE THE SAME COST FOR THE FIT WAS £7, THE EQUIVALENT OF AROUND 71p PER WEEK WHEN COMBINED.


REDUCING SCOTLAND’S EMISSIONS

THE CARBON LIFECYCLE OF A WIND FARM

Wind power is a clean, renewable source of energy

which produces no greenhouse gas emissions when

generating electricity.

It is estimated by the UK Government that in 2012

renewable electricity generation in Scotland displaced

more than 10 million tonnes33 of carbon dioxide. This

is a 24 per cent increase on the 8.3 million tonnes

of carbon dioxide displaced in 201134.

As with any industrial development, constructing a

wind farm has an associated carbon impact through

manufacturing, transportation and construction.

To address this, the Scottish Government has

developed a Carbon Calculator which presents

“a full life cycle methodology for calculating

how long the development will take to ‘pay back’

the carbon created during its construction and,

conversely therefore, for how long the wind farm

will operate making direct carbon savings during

its expected lifetime”35.

The average payback time for a wind farm is

estimated to be between three and ten months, while

over its lifetime, a wind farm is also expected to

generate at least 20 to 25 times the energy used in

its manufacture, installation, operation and eventual

decommissioning36.

IN 2012 RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN SCOTLAND DISPLACED MORE THAN 10 MILLION TONNES OF CARBON DIOXIDE.

DOES WIND POWER CUT CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS?

9

SUPPORT FOR WIND ENERGY IN SCOTLAND

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONOF WIND POWER

A DECC poll in 2014 found that 70 per cent of people

said they support the development of onshore

wind37 – the highest figure since the poll began

on March 2012. The same survey shows that support

for onshore wind is greater than both nuclear and

shale gas.

These results are consistent with a 2013 YouGov poll38

commissioned by Scottish Renewables which revealed

that 64 per cent of people surveyed in Scotland

support the continued development of wind power

as part of a mix of renewable and conventional forms

of electricity generation.

The poll, which surveyed 1003 people in Scotland,

found 30 per cent strongly agreed with the statement

‘I support the continuing development of wind power

as part of a mix of renewables and conventional forms

of electricity generation’, and a further 34 per cent

said they tended to agree. This compares with just 11

per cent who strongly disagreed with the statement.

Young people were among the most favourable with

32 per cent of the 18-24 year-olds surveyed strongly

supporting wind power and a further 37 per cent

tending to support the continued development of this

renewable energy source.

The 2013 YouGov poll, commissioned by Scottish

Renewables, suggested that more than two-thirds

(69 per cent) of respondents said their decision to

visit an area of Scotland would not be affected by

the presence of a wind farm39.

Wind farms are also tourist attractions in their

own right. The visitor centre at Whitelee Wind

Farm has had more than 350,000 visitors since

it opened in 2009, with tens of thousands more

estimated to have used the paths and cycle tracks

built throughout the site.

WIND FARMS AND TOURISM


In 2013, Scottish Renewables commissioned

independent researchers to survey 541 companies

working in the renewable energy field in the most

comprehensive study of its kind to date. The report,

published in 2014, showed that 11,695 people are

currently in full-time employment, an increase

of 5% from the previous year40. Of all renewables

technologies, onshore wind was the biggest

employer with 3,397 people working in the sector.

Jobs in onshore wind are located in communities

throughout Scotland with Glasgow, the Lothians and

Highlands & Islands having particularly high number

of people employed in the sector. Onshore wind is

also a driver for jobs in other areas, especially in

upgrading the electricity grid, which employs 529

people in Scotland.

EMPLOYMENT

WIND IS MAKING A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY

OF ALL RENEWABLES TECHNOLOGIES, ONSHORE WIND WAS THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER WITH 3,397 PEOPLE WORKING IN THE SECTOR.

11

ATTRACTING INVESTMENT

Scottish companies are playing a vital role in

onshore wind’s development. A number of these

companies are now working at home and abroad,

taking Scotland’s expertise in renewables across

the globe, including world-class Scottish companies

such as RJ McLeod, Sgurr Energy, Natural Power

Consultants, Dawson Energy and SSE.

Analysis of figures produced by DECC shows that

investment in Scotland’s renewable energy industry

was £1.16 billion in 201341. Onshore wind accounted

for £1.07 billion of the total invested.

Inward investment into Scotland is helping to drive

the development of the onshore wind sector, and

the beginning of the offshore wind sector, in which

Scotland has huge potential42. Companies such as

Gamesa have already established themselves as a key

supplier to the onshore wind market.

Wind farm developers have worked with Scottish

communities for a number of years to bring additional

financial benefits over and above other tangible

benefits of renewable energy developments such as

job creation, increased energy security and emissions

reductions. Payments known as ‘community

benefit’ are entirely voluntary and are separate

from the planning system.

This voluntary financial support, which comes directly

from wind farm operators, is used in communities

to make changes where local people see fit43.

Community Benefit payments across Scotland now

total over £6 million44 per annum.

As part of Scottish Renewables’ commitment to

maximise the benefits of renewable energy for

people across Scotland, we have worked with our

members to produce an agreed industry protocol45

for community benefits from new onshore wind

developments. This protocol recommends that

developers take a consistent approach to community

benefits, ensures recognition is given to the value

of the partnerships between the onshore wind

sector and local communities in Scotland, and

encourages further exploration of the potential for

community ownership.

The protocol recommends that our members deliver

community benefit of £5,000/MW, or equivalent, for all

new wind farms over 50kW46.

The Scottish Government has also established a

community benefit register47 in conjunction with

Local Energy Scotland to show the level of payments

being made to communities, how communities are

utilising them and to indicate what other benefits

renewables projects bring over and above a

community benefit payment.

COMMUNITY BENEFIT

COMMUNITY BENEFIT PAYMENTS ACROSS SCOTLAND NOW TOTAL OVER £6 MILLION PER ANNUM.


PLANNING

HOW ARE POTENTIAL EFFECTS MANAGED?

Planning policy is guided by the National Planning

Framework and Scottish Planning Policy.

The publication of the revised versions of these

documents is scheduled for Summer 2014.

The extent of the interaction between wind farms,

wildlife and Scotland’s natural habitats varies from

site to site. However, the industry has worked with

key stakeholders to produce good practice guidance

to help promote responsible siting and design of wind

farms. Consideration of environmental impacts is

part of Scotland’s planning system; only wind farms

deemed acceptable by relevant planning authorities,

such as local authorities or the Scottish Government,

are given planning permission48.

Planning authorities consider Scotland’s natural

heritage when assessing wind farm planning

applications. Natural heritage designations such as

National Parks or Sites of Special Scientific Interest

are protected so as to assist with better planning and

management of the countryside49.

13

Scottish Renewables works with member companies,

agencies such as Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH),

and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency

(SEPA) as well as the Scottish Government to

produce a range of guidance on best environmental

practice such as the ‘Good Practice During Windfarm

Construction’50 guidance. We are also working with

these organisations and others to commission

scientific research to understand the full relationship

between renewables developments and the

environment, for example the Scottish Wind Farm

Bird Steering Group51, whose focus is the interaction

between wind farms and Scotland’s bird population.

Environmental organisations such as Friends of the

Earth Scotland, WWF Scotland and RSPB Scotland

all support responsible renewables developments.

These organisations, along with Scottish Renewables

and others, wrote to the Convener of the Scottish

Parliament’s Economy, Energy and Tourism

Committee to “re-state our support for the growth

of well-planned renewables – including wind power

– in Scotland, and to highlight the contribution this

industry will make in securing our economic and

environmental future for generations to come”52.

RESEARCH AND GUIDANCE


Noise assessments are a key part of the planning

process and will be considered by the relevant

planning authority. The industry takes concerns

about wind turbine noise very seriously and works

with Government and acoustic specialists to ensure

that up to date information is available. Sources of

wind turbine noise can be divided into two categories;

mechanical and aerodynamic.

Mechanical noise could be described as similar to

that from other types of rotating machinery. Modern

designs have used long established engineering

techniques to greatly reduce mechanical noise while

developers must adhere to strict limits as part of the

planning process.

Aerodynamic noise originates from the flow of air over

parts of a wind turbine. Although there are varying

types of this noise53, mitigation methods have been

developed and planning conditions are in place to

safeguard against this.

It has been claimed that wind turbines create a level

of infrasound or low frequency noise that is harmful to

humans. However, in a parliamentary answer on 25th

March 2014 the UK Minister of State, Department of

Energy and Climate Change, Greg Barker said that,

“A number of independent peer reviewed research

studies have concluded that there is no evidence

of health effects arising from infrasound or low

frequency noise, generated by wind farms that are

NOISE AND HEALTH

15

The UK’s aviation and air traffic management

(ATM) regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA),

recognises that wind energy will make a significant

contribution to our renewable energy targets and that

wind turbine developments and aviation need to

co-exist for the UK to achieve those targets56.

The complex nature of aviation and ATM operations

means that the potential impact of a proposed

development on those operations (and infrastructure)

must be considered on a case by case basis and,

where necessary, any mitigation agreed.

AVIATION

built according to Government guidelines”54.

The UK Government has also indicated that that they,

“are aware of one specific report of illness allegedly

related to the operation of wind turbines, of which

there are over 3,500 in operation in the UK. There is

however no scientific evidence that demonstrates a

link between wind turbines and direct adverse health

impacts in people living in proximity to them”55.


Following the operational stage of a wind farm

development, three options are potentially available

for the use of a site. Firstly, the site can be repowered,

which could increase its capacity and efficiency,

potentially leading to fewer turbines. Alternatively, if

the turbines are in good condition, the site can submit

to be re-consented for a further operational stage

with no change to existing infrastructure. Finally, the

site can be decommissioned in line with a pre-agreed

plan with the relevant planning authority.

The Scottish Government has stated, “wind farm

developers must satisfy the local authority that they

have a suitable and robust plan for decommissioning

and restoration as one of the conditions of being given

permission to build and operate the wind farm, and

must also satisfy the local authority that a financial

bond is in place to meet the expected costs”59.

Scottish Natural Heritage, in conjunction with

key stakeholders including Scottish Renewables,

has produced guidance for the restoration and

decommissioning of wind farms in Scotland60.

WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?

The design and quality of turbine manufacturing is

improving all the time, but generally and according to

international standards, individual wind turbines are

built to last more than 20 years if they

are maintained properly57.

One of the longest operating wind farms in the UK is

Windy Standard, which opened in November 1996 and

is still operating and producing electricity58.

THE LIFE OF A WIND FARM

HOW LONG ARE WIND FARMS DESIGNED TO LAST?

INDIVIDUAL WIND TURBINES ARE BUILT TO LAST MORE THAN 20 YEARS IF THEY ARE MAINTAINED PROPERLY.


1 Renewable Electricity Statistics for Scotland, Scottish Government (March 2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00447302.pdf

2 More clean energy ‘essential for Scotland’, Scottish Government Press Release (2012) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/10/Renewables30102012

3 Onshore Wind Farms – Frequently Asked Questions, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/WindFAQ

4 Renewables revolution aims for 100%, Scottish Government Press Release (2011) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2011/05/18093247

5 Fossil fuel price shocks and a low carbon economy, Oxford Economics (2011) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68831/5276-fossil-fuel-price-shocks-and-a-low-carbon-economy-.pdf

6 Skills Investment Plan for the Energy Sector, Skills Development Scotland (2011) http://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/256998/sds_energysip_final.pdf

7 Onshore wind developers are also investing in marine technologies, for example: http://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/sound_of_islay.asp




11 Based on the total amount of electricity produced by wind in 2013 (see above) and gross electricity consumption in 2012, found on the Scottish Government’s website at the following link: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/SESO/DatasetSearch.aspx?TID=132

12 Renewable electricity capacity and generation, DECC (March 2014) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/172946/et6_1.xls

13 Figure based on Scottish Government figures for average annual household electricity consumption (4.6MWh) and DECC figures for Scotland’s average annual load factor for onshore wind (27.9%): Household Consumption, A Compendium of Scottish Energy Statistics and Information (2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00444530.pdf

14 Renewable Planning Statistics - Summary Tables, Scottish Government (2014) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Business/Energy/planningdata

15 Load Factors, Historic Regional Statistics, Energy Trends, DECC https://restats.decc.gov.uk/cms/assets/Uploads/Regional-Statistics_2012/Regional-spreadsheets-2012-14March2014.xls

16 Section 3.1, Wind Turbine Technology, Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Sustainable Development Commission (2005) http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Wind_Energy-NovRev2005.pdf

17 Paragraph 5.44, Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics, DECC (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279523/DUKES_2013_published_version.pdf

18 Section 3.1, Wind Turbine Technology, Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Sustainable Development Commission (2005) http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Wind_Energy-NovRev2005.pdf

19 Chapter 4, Embedded and Renewable Generation, National Electricity Transmission Statement (NETS) Seven Year Statement, National Grid (2011) http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/SYS/current/

20 National Grid, Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee, Official Report (23 May 2012) http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/28862.aspx?r=7275&mode=pdf#

21 What is the Renewables Obligation?’, Ofgem (2013) http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Sustainability/Environment/RenewablObl/Pages/RenewablObl.aspx

22 RO Annual Report, 2012-13 Ofgem (2013) https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/86393/roannualreport2012-13summaryfinal.pdf

23 Nuclear Decommissioning Authority http://www.nda.gov.uk/aboutus/

24 Feed-in Tariffs: get money for generating your own electricity, DECC https://www.gov.uk/feed-in-tariffs/overview

25 Page 91, Estimated impacts of energy and climate change policies on energy prices and bills , DECC (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/172923/130326_-_Price_and_Bill_Impacts_Report_Final.pdf

26 OECD - Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels (2013) http://www.oecd.org/site/tadffss/

27 Electricity Market Reform, DECC https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--2/supporting-pages/electricity-market-reform

28 Estimated impacts of energy and climate change policies on energy prices and bills, DECC (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/172923/130326_-_Price_and_Bill_Impacts_Report_Final.pdf

29 Statement by Edward Davey, Energy Secretary, about the government’s proposed measures to reduce the impact of policies on energy bills (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/government-action-on-energy-bills

30 Statement by Edward Davey, Energy Secretary, about the government’s proposed measures to reduce the impact of policies on energy bills (2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/government-action-on-energy-bills

REFERENCES

19

31 Hansard HC, 17 January 2012, col 684W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120117/text/120117w0003.htm#12011767000070

32 Monthly Balancing Services Summary March 2014, National Grid http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Electricity-transmission-operational-data/Report-explorer/Services-Reports/

33 HC Deb, 11 September 2013, c737W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130911/text/130911w0002.htm#130911w0002.htm_spnew14

34 Scottish Renewables Press Release http://www.scottishrenewables.com/news/scotlands-renewables-industry-displaces-CO2/

35 Wind Farms and Carbon, The Scottish Government (2012) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/CSavings

36 Hansard, 13 Jun 2012, col 492W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm120613/text/120613w0001.htm#12061379000079

37 Public Attitudes Tracker survey – Wave 9 Headline Findings, DECC (2014) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/public-attitudes-tracking-survey-wave-9

38 Scots support renewable energy, YouGov (2013) http://yougov.co.uk/news/2013/03/20/scots-support-renewable-energy/

39 YouGov/Scottish Renewables Survey, Press Release (2013) http://www.scottishrenewables.com/news/new-poll-scots-twice-favourable-wind-than-nuclear/

40 Employment in Renewable Energy in Scotland 2013, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/publications/employment-renewable-energy-scotland-2013/

41 Total Renewables Investment in Scotland in 2013, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/scottish-renewable-energy-statistics-glance/#table1

42 Crown Estate Portfolio, Scottish Territorial Waters http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/energy-infrastructure/offshore-wind-energy/our-portfolio/

43 For example, see the Kyle of Sutherland Apprenticeship Scheme, Foundation Scotland (2013) http://www.foundationscotland.org.uk/case-studies/kyle-of-sutherland-apprenticeship-scheme.aspx

44 Scottish Government Register of Community Benefits from Renewables, Local Energy Scotland http://www.localenergyscotland.org/view-the-register/

45 Onshore Wind Community Benefit Protocol, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/technologies/onshore-wind/

46 Onshore Wind Community Benefit Protocol, Scottish Renewables http://www.scottishrenewables.com/technologies/onshore-wind/

47 Scottish Government Register of Community Benefits from Renewables, Local Energy Scotland http://www.localenergyscotland.org/view-the-register/

48 What is the Scottish Government’s position on wind farms?’, Onshore Wind Farms – Frequently Asked Questions, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/WindFAQ

49 Natural Heritage Designations in Scotland, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Heritage/Systems

50 Good Practice During Windfarm Construction Guidance, SNH (2013) http://www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/renewable-energy/onshore-wind/good-practice-during-windfarm-const/

51 Windfarm Industry to share thoughts on bird impacts, Press Release, SNH (2012) www.snh.gov.uk/news-and-events/press-releases/press-release-details/?id=689

52 Joint letter to Murdo Fraser, Convenor of the Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee http://www.scottishrenewables.com/publications/joint-letter-convener-economy-energy-and-tourism-c/

53 Wind Turbine Amplitude Modulation: Research to Improve Understanding as to its Cause and Effects Renewable UK (2013) http://www.renewableuk.com/en/publications/reports.cfm/wind-turbine-amplitude-modulation

54 Hansard HC, 25 March 2014, c161W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm140325/text/140325w0001.htm#140325w0001.htm_wqn44

55 Hansard HC, 21 March 2012, col 764W http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120321/text/120321w0003.htm#12032191000087

56 Chapter 1, CAA Policy and Guidelines on Wind Turbines, Civil Aviation Authority(2013) http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP%20764%20Issue%205%20CAA%20Policy%20and%20guidelines%20on%20Wind%20Turbines%20v3%20(ISBN%20added).pdf

57 Keeping turbines spinning in the wind’, e-tech, Press Release (2012) http://www.iec.ch/etech/2012/etech_1112/store-1.htm

58 Windy Standard Wind Farm, RWE http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/310952/rwe-innogy/sites/wind-onshore/united-kingdom/in-operation/summary/

59 Onshore Wind FAQ, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/WindFAQ

60 Research and guidance on restoration and decommissioning of onshore wind farms, SNH (2013) http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/591.pdf

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