on territorial dimension of development policies (2011)

8/3/2019 On Territorial Dimension of Development Policies (2011)

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_MK@IJS

FI WMSS@WFS@JB G@KMI_@FI

FH GMXMBFUKMIW UFB@O@M_

Fstrgj :1 :0 Luby 35::


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Ufbsnj Urmzygmiolj w Sjgz`m ]i`` Murfpmlsn`ml 35::Ufb`sa Urms`gmioy fh tam Ofuio`b fh tam Murfpmji ]i`fi 35::Urs`gmiom pfbfij`sm gu Ofism`b gm b]i`fi murfpmiim 35::

Ufb`sa Urms`gmioy fh tam Ofuio`b fh tam M]

_mkìjr fi Wmrr`tfr`jb G`kmis`fi

fh Gmvmbfpkmit Ufbò`ms

_mkìjr Ujpmrs jig Urfommgìds:1-:0 Luby 35::, Fstrgj, Ufbjig


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Wa`s gfoukmit `s js pjrt fh j dmimrjb rmhbmot`fi fi tam huturm

fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms. @t gfms ift prmlugdm ì jiy wjy tamhìjb pfs`t`fi fh tam Urms`gmioy fi tam `ssums g`soussmg.


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Wjcbm fh ofitmits

Fclmot`vm jig jdmigj fh tam smkìjr...............................................................................................................................................4

Ufb`sa Urms`gmioy Wmrr`tfr`jb g`kmis`fi fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms..................................................................................................:5

G@HHMSMIW JUUSFJOAM_ WF GMXMBFUKMIW UFB@O@M_ WAM @IWMSUBJP CMWTMMI OFIOMIWSJW@FIJIG GMOFIOMIWSJW@FI FH WMSS@WFS@JB GMXMBFUKMIW ............................................................................................................... :?

Drzmdfrz Dfrzmbjn Gfotrìms fh rmd`fijb pfbò`ms - tam`r v`rtums jig b`k`tjt`fis ...........................................................................:=

Lfsm Mir`qum Djro`bjzf, Lfjqu`k Fb`vm`rj Kjrtìs Nmy Hìgìds jig Ufbòy @kpbòjt`fis ì tam FMOGSmd`fijb Futbffn 35:: ...................................................................................................................................................................3:

@igmrk`t D`bb @kprfvìd rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms ..................................................................................................................30

_mrdmy _. Jrtfcfbmvsn`y Smd`fijb pfbòy ì Suss`j. _pjt`jb ofiomitrjt`fi-gmofiomitrjt`fi fh stjtm rmd`fijb pfbòy ....................?=

Hjcr`z`f Cjroj Jbtmrijt`vm Jpprfjoams tf Gmvmbfpkmit Ufbòy< @itmrsmot`fis jig G`vmrdmioms .................................................. 7=

HSFK WAMFSP WF JUUB@OJW@FI AFT WF SM@IHFSOM WMSS@WFS@JB G@KMI_@FI @I U]CB@O UFB@O@M_..................................... =:

Ua`b`p KoOjii Cr`mh Iftms fi tam Kjlfr Urjotòjb Mbmkmits fh Ofkkmioìd tam Gms`di fh ji @itmdrjtmgjig Wmrr`tfr`jb Ubjom-Cjsmg Jpprfjoa tf Ofams`fi Ufbòy.............................................................................................................=?

Sfcmrtf Ojkjdi` Bfojb nifwbmgdm, ijt`fijb v`s`fi< oajbbmidms jig prfspmot hfr tam M] rmd`fijb pfbòy ..................................=4

Ljomn _zbjoatj Hrfk tamfry tf jppbòjt`fi< Afw tf rmìhfrom tam tmrr`tfr`jb g`kmis`fi ì M] pfbò`ms ......................................... 8=

Kjrtì Hmrry Umrhfrkjiom kjijdmkmit ìstrukmits ì kubt`-bmvmb, tmrr`tfr`jb pfbò`ms< mxjkpbmshrfk ijt`fijb rmd`fijb pfbò`ms ........................................................................................................................................................4:

WFTJSG_ WMSS@WFS@JB JUUSFJOA @I GMXMBFUKMIW UFB@O@M_ @GMJ_ JIG USJOW@OM_ .......................................................... 44

@jì Cmdd Wfwjrgs tmrr`tfr`jb jpprfjoa ì gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms `gmjs jig prjotòms .................................................................40

Jigrs Sfgrdumz-Ufsm _pjt`jbby-cbìg strjtmd`ms js pbjom-cjsmg gmvmbfpkmit strjtmd`ms ......................................................... 1=

L` Cbjmn Cjbjioìd tfp-gfwi jig cfttfk-up jpprfjoams ì tam Ozmoa Smpucbò.....................................................................0:

Gujrtm Sfgr`dums @itmdrjtmg jpprfjoa< hrfk ofkkfi kytas tf r`dat cjbjioms ............................................................................00

FWAMS OFIWS@C]W@FI_ ........................................................................................................................................................................... :5=

Tfbh Aucmr Hrfk Cjcybfi tf Crussmbs< _fkm tamfrmtòjb rmhbmot`fis fi Kubt`-smotfr, Kubt`-bmvmb Ufbò`ms,Bjidujdm G`vmrs`ty jig tam _`kpb`hòjt`fi fh M] Ofams`fi Ufbò`ms .........................................................................................:54

Tfbh Aucmr Hmgmrjb Offrgìjt`fi< Ufbòy Kjnìd Cmyfig Ofkkjig & Ofitrfb ..........................................................................::?

Jrlmi vji gmr Curd Ubjom smis`t`v`ty< ajigbìd tam spjom fh hbfws ì pbjom-cjsmg pfbò`ms ..........................................................::4

C@FDSJUA@OJB IFWM_ .............................................................................................................................................................................. :3:


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Fclmot`vm jig jdmigj fh tam smkìjrWam _mkìjr `s frdji`smg js ji ìhfrkjb g`souss`fi hfruk fi tam rfbm fh tmrr`tfr`jb g`kmis`fi ì pucbò pfbò`ms ì tamofitmkpfrjry wfrbg. Wam smkìjr w`bb prfv`gm j ofkpjr`sfi fh tamfrmtòjb jig prjotòjb jpprfjoams fh tam Murfpmji ]i`fi,tam FMOG, tam Tfrbg Cjin, jig fh tam ìg`v`gujb ofuitr`ms. Wam pjrtò`pjits w`bb ajvm ji fppfrtui`ty ift fiby tf g`souss imw

gmvmbfpkmits ì tam tmrr`tfr`jb jspmots fh pucbò pfbò`ms, prfv`gm mxjkpbms fh imw pfbòy jpprfjoams jbfid w`ta tammkmrdìd tmrr`tfr`jb `ssums jig oajbbmidms stmkkìd hrfk oajidìd pfbòy miv`rfikmit cut jbsf tf jttmkpt tf wfrn futsuddmst`fis hfr mhhmot`vm tmrr`tfr`jb pfbòy gms`di.

Wam smkìjr w`bb cm jttmigmg cy a`da bmvmb mxpmrts ì tam h`mbg fh pfbòy kjnìd, prjot`t`fimrs hrfk M] Kmkcmr _tjtms,rmprmsmitjt`vms fh ìtmrijt`fijb frdji`zjt`fis midjdmg ì tam gms`di jig mxmout`fi fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms, js wmbb js cymkìmit tamfrmtò`jis.

Wam Ufb`sa Urms`gmioy bffns hfrwjrg tf jppbyìd tam du`gjiom fctjìmg hrfk tam fpmi g`souss`fi jt tam smkìjr tf miajiomtam gms`di, offrgìjt`fi jig `kpbmkmitjt`fi fh tam M] gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms, w`ta pjrtòubjr hfous fi Ofams`fi Ufbòy. Wamsmkìjr safubg rmsubt ì ji ìormjsmg jwjrmimss, jkfid a`da bmvmb pjrtò`pjits ìvfbvmg ì tam gmcjtm fi tam huturmgmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms (ìobugìd Ofams`fi Ufbòy), jig fi tam pfss`cbm fpt`fis fh tam tmrr`tfr`jb fr`mitjt`fi fh tamsm pfbò`ms.Kfrmfvmr, wm mxpmot tajt tam smkìjr w`bb ofitr`cutm tf tam hfrkubjt`fi fh ofiobus`fis waòa w`bb cm prmsmitmg jt tam ìhfrkjbkmmtìd fh kì`stmrs gurìd tam Ufb`sa Urms`gmioy (Ifvmkcmr 35::).

:stgjy - Kfigjy, Luby :1ta

0.?5 Fpmiìd fh tam smkìjr

Ljomn USFWJ_, Kjrsajb fh tam Tjrk`snf-Kjzursn`m Xf`vfgmsa`p, Ufbjig

Tjbgmkjr _]DFON@, ]igmrsmormtjry fh _tjtm, Kì`stry fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit, Ufbjig

Xmrfiòj DJHHMP,GD Smd`f, Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi

:5.55 - :?.55 _mss`fi : (ofhhmm crmjn jt k`g-smss`fi)

G`hhmrmit jpprfjoams tf gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms - tam ìtmrpbjy cmtwmmi ofiomitrjt`fi jig gmofiomitrjt`fi fhtmrr`tfr`jb gmvmbfpkmitWamrm jrm cjsòjbby twf ìtmbbmotujbby ofamrmit, cut jt tam sjkm ofkpmtìd, pjrjg`dks fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbòy, mspfusmg jigofitìujbby mbjcfrjtmg w`taì tam Tfrbg Cjin, tam FMOG, jig tam Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi. Cfta jdrmm tajt dmfdrjpay kjttmrshfr gmvmbfpkmit, tajt jddbfkmrjt`fi `s j huigjkmitjb gr`vmr fh rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit, jig tajt pfbò`ms prfkftìdgmvmbfpkmit safubg j`k jt rmhfrkìd ìst`tut`fis. Cut, tam h`rst fh tam twf pjrjg`dks suddmsts tajt tamsm pfbò`ms safubg cmj`kmg jt pmrsfis rjtamr taji pbjoms, jig tajt ìst`tut`fijb rmhfrks safubg kfstby cm, js `t `s sfkmt`kms gmpòtmg, spjt`jbbycbìg. Wam smofig v`mw jrdums tajt gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms jig ìst`tut`fijb rmhfrks safubg cm j`kmg jt pmrsfis w`taìpbjoms jig cm spjt`jbby tjrdmtmg fr pbjom-cjsmg, tjnìd ìtf joofuit tam spmo`hò`t`ms fh ìg`v`gujb tmrr`tfr`ms. Wam oafòm fhtam fpt`kjb pjrjg`dk fh gmvmbfpkmit cy tam M] ajs prjotòjb `kpbòjt`fis fi tam wjy ofiomitrjt`fi, ofig`t`fijb`t`ms jigrmsubts kmjsurmkmit systmks jrm gms`dimg, jig `s tamrmhfrm vmry `kpfrtjit w`taì tam hrjkmwfrn fh tam Murfpm 3535_trjtmdy.

@ssums tf cm g`soussmg

Js hjr js tam mofifkò g`kmis`fi `s ofiomrimg, wajt gf wm nifw jcfut tam pfs`t`vm jig imdjt`vm mofifkòmxtmrijb`t`ms hrfk jddbfkmrjt`fis6 Afw kuoa gf pfbòy-kjnmrs nifw jcfut tam fpt`kjb s`zm fh jddbfkmrjt`fis jig jcfuttam`r dbfcjb bfid-tmrk mhhmot6 Tami `t ofkms tf tam ìtmrpbjy cmtwmmi tam mofifkò jig tam sfo`jb g`kmis`fi, wajt safubg cm sj`g jcfut tamsyimrd`ms jig/fr trjgm-fhhs cmtwmmi tamsm twf g`kmis`fis6 @s tamrm j prmgòtjcbm mhhmot, ì cfta safrt jig bfid-tmrk, fhmofifkò ofiomitrjt`fi fi sfo`jb ìmqujb`ty fr sfo`jb-ìobus`fi6 @i wajt smism safubg ofivmrdmiom cm pursumg6 _afubg/oji ìst`tut`fis ojpjcbm fh suppfrtìd j amjbtay, sustjìjcbm kjrnmt-cjsmg systmk cm cu`bt ìgmpmigmitby fhspmo`hò bfojb ofig`t`fis6 Jrm dmimrjb ist`tut`fijb rmhfrks truby spjt`jbby-cbìg6 Oji spjt`jbby-tjrdmtmg pfbò`ms jig ìst`tut`fijb rmhfrks msojpm tam ojpturm cy bfojb rmit-smmnmrs pusaìd jdjìstìifvjt`fi6 Jrm pucbò pfbò`ms jcbm tf joombmrjtm drfwta ì struoturjbby fcsfbmtm, uigmrgmvmbfpmg rmd`fis fr gf tamy pmrhfrkfiby j ofkpmisjtfry huiot`fi, pfstpfiìd jglustkmits jig jbbmv`jtìd sfo`jb gmpr`vjt`fi6 Oji wm prfkftm g`hhus`fi fh drfwta hrfk tam kfst gyijkò ifgms fh gmvmbfpkmit jig, `h sf, afw tf joa`mvm tam sj`gg`hhus`fi6 Tajt jrm tam wjys fh ofuitmrjotìd tam cjon-wjsa mhhmots6 @i ftamr wfrgs `s ofiomitrjtmg drfwta jig ìobus`vmgmvmbfpkmit joa`mvjcbm6


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Wf wajt mxtmit tam pbjom-cjsmg pfbò`ms tjnm ìtf joofuit tam mkmrdmiom fh tam spjom fh hbfws `.m. afw tamsmpfbò`ms rmbjtm tf ìtmrofiimot`fis jig ìtmrrmbjt`fis cmtwmmi pbjoms6 Tajt `s tam mv`gmiom jcfut tam mhhmots fh tam twf pjrjg`dks6Kfgmrjtfr

Drzmdfrz DFS\MBJN, Murfrmd, ]i`vmrs`ty fh Tjrsjw, Ufbjig

Ujimb`stsLji FBCSPOAW,Murfpmji Ujrb`jkmit

@igmrk`t D@BB, Bmjg Mofifk`st, Tfrbg Cjin

Lfsm Mir`qum DJSO@BJ\F, FMOG

KòajCFI@, Cfjrg fh _trjtmdò Jgv`sfrs tf tam Ur`km Kì`stmrs fh Ufbjig

_mrdmy _. JSWFCFBMX_N@P, Suss`ji Jojgmky fh _o`miom, Suss`ji Hmgmrjt`fi

Hjcr`z`f CJSOJ, _pmo`jb Jgv`smr tf tam Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi

:7.?5 - :4.?5 _mss`fi 3 (ofhhmm crmjn jt k`g-smss`fi)

Hrfk tamfry tf jppbòjt`fi - afw tf rmìhfrom tmrr`tfr`jb g`kmis`fi ì pucbò pfbò`ms

Wam ìtrfguot`fi fh tmrr`tfr`jb jpprfjoa ìvfbvms qu`tm s`zmjcbm r`sns rmbjtmg tf tam a`da prfcjc`b`ty fh `kpmrhmot smbmot`fi fhg`rmot`fis fh ìtmrvmit`fi. Wam trjishmr fh rmsfuroms tf rmd`fis oji mig up sambtmrìd tamk hrfk kjrnmts, prmvmitìd bjcfurkfc`b`ty jig ormjtìd j gmpmigmioy oubturm. Wam rmspfis`c`b`ty fh tam mxtmrijb pfbòy jotfrs hfr du`gìd jig kfi`tfrìdìtmrvmit`fis oji cm jcgòjtmg ì tam ijkm fh sucs`g`jr`ty, mitrmioaìd mx`stìd bfojb mb`tms. Jbtmrijt`vmby, ta`s rmspfis`c`b`tyoji cm jcusmg, `kpfsìd fi rmd`fis afkfdmimfus ìtmrvmit`fis jig j pjss`vm ofkpb`jiom oubturm. Wam jpprfpr`jtmtmrr`tfr`jb bmvmb oji cm wrfidby `gmit`h`mg w`ta jgkì`strjt`vm rmd`fis jig j smotfrjb tfp-gfwi jpprfjoa oji cm rmprfguomg cyrmd`fis tfwjrgs tam`r urcji jig rurjb jrmjs. Wam dfvmrijiom fh spjt`jbby-tjrdmtmg pfbò`ms safubg cm gms`dimg ì frgmr tftjonbm tamsm r`sns. Wam trjishmr fh rmsfuroms kust cm kjgm ofig`t`fijb fi spjt`jbby-tjrdmtmg ìst`tut`fijb oajidms tf cmgms`dimg fi tam cjs`s fh w`gmby jdrmmg ofig`t`fijb`ty prìo`pbms. Ufbòy futofkms ì tmrks fh ìajc`tjits wmbb-cmìd kust cmjdrmmg, kmjsurmg, w`gmby ofkkuiòjtmg, jig gmcjtmg. Ofiomitrjt`fi fh j or`tòjb kjss fh rmsfuroms fi j hmw tamkjtòpr`fr`t`ms kust cm joa`mvmg w`tafut prmvmitìd ìtmdrjt`fi jt pbjom bmvmb. @i ftamr wfrgs, tam mit`rm prfdrjkkìd systmk(ìobugìd prfdrjkkìd `tsmbh, ofiomitrjt`fi fh rmsfuroms, ofig`t`fijb`ty, jig fr`mitjt`fi fi rmsubts) jt tam vjr`fus bmvmbs(Murfpmji, ijt`fijb, rmd`fijb jig bfojb) kust cm prfpmrby gms`dimg ì frgmr tf jssurm tam mhhmot`vmimss fh ìtmrvmit`fi.Afwmvmr, tam qumst`fi `s afw tf ìtrfguom wfrnjcbm systmk ì tamsm jrmjs6

@ssums tf cm g`soussmg

Afw safubg tam prjotòjb jspmots fh prfdrjkkìd jig kjijdìd gmvmbfpkmit prfomssms w`taì tam hrjkmwfrn fh tamtmrr`tfr`jbby-fr`mitmg jpprfjoa cm tjonbmg6 Wam pfss`cbm jiswmrs tf ta`s qumst`fi ofubg hfous fi< tam wjys ì waòa fclmot`vmsjrm gmtmrkìmg> afw tamkjtò pr`fr`t`sjt`fi jig ofiomitrjt`fi `s gmo`gmg upfi, jig fi tam cmst wjy fh hfrkubjtìd tam sofpmjig hfrk fh suppfrt. Afw safubg tam dmimrjb ofig`t`fijb`ty prìo`pbms bffn b`nm6 @i gms`diìd ofig`t`fijb`t`ms afw oji tam jpprfpr`jtmcjbjiom cm joa`mvmg cmtwmmi misurìd ìst`tut`fijb oajidm jig bmttìd rmd`fijb jotfrs jgjpt `t tf tam`r spmo`hò ofitmxts6 @i smttìd tamkjtò pr`fr`t`ms wajt `s tam wjy tf jvf`g smotfr`jb`sjt`fi6 Afw safubg ofiomitrjt`fi cm gms`dimg6 Tajt rmqu`rmkmits oji cm gms`dimg jt dmimrjb bmvmb ì frgmr tf truby prfkftm ìtmdrjt`fi jt pbjom bmvmb6 Afw tfmisurm j trum ìvfbvmkmit fh kuiò`pjb jutafr`t`ms ì tam gms`di jig `kpbmkmitjt`fi fh prfdrjkkms6 @i cu`bgìd j systmk fh ìgòjtfrs hfr fr`mitìd pfbòy tf rmsubts wajt safubg cm tam rfbm fh tam suprj-ijt`fijb, ijt`fijbjig suc-ijt`fijb bmvmbs6 _afubg ofkpjrjc`b`ty fh ìgòjtfrs cm rmqu`rmg6 Cut afw tf jbbfw tami hfr tam spmo`hò fclmot`vms fhpbjoms6 Afw oji wm cmst usm j rmhfrkmg jig pbjom-cjsmg Ofams`fi Ufbòy tf misurm tajt tmrr`tfr`jb, mofifkò jig sfo`jbofams`fi pbjy j omitrjb rfbm ì tam gmb`vmry fh tam Murfpm3535 _trjtmdy6

Kfgmrjtfr

Tfbh A]CMS, Hmgmrjb Oajiombbmry, Justr`j

Ujimb`sts

Ua`b`p KoOJII, _pmo`jb Jgv`smr tf tam Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi

Gji`mb CSJ]I, Kì`stry fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit, Ozmoa Smpucbò

Sfcmrtf OJKJDI@, Ufb`tmoiòf g` K`bjif, @tjbyLjomn _\BJOAWJ, Tjrsjw _oaffb fh Mofifkòs, Ufbjig

Umtmr TF_WIMS, Dfvmrikmit Fhhòm hfr Bfojb _mbh-Dfvmrikmit jig Smd`fijb Ufbòy, _bfvmi`jKjrtì HMSSP, Murfpmji Ufbò`ms Smsmjroa Omitrm, ]i`tmg Nìdgfk


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3ig gjy - Wumsgjy, Luby :0ta

0.:= - :3.:= _mss`fi ? (ofhhmm crmjn jt k g-smss`fi)

Wfwjrgs tmrr`tfr`jb jpprfjoa ì gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms `gmjs jig prjotòms

Imw jpprfjoams tf rmd`fijb jig tmrr`tfr`jb pfbò`ms jrm cmìd gmvmbfpmg ì g`hhmrmit wjys ì g`hhmrmit ofuitr`ms. Wamrm jrmmxjkpbms fh imw pfbòy gmvmbfpkmits waòa jttmst tf tam drfwìd `kpfrtjiom fh tam tmrr`tfr`jb g`kmis`fi fh tam gmvmbfpkmitpfbò`ms ì tamsm ofuitr`ms jig tam`r rmd`fis ì tam ofitmxt fh tam dfvmrijiom rmhfrk. _uoa gmvmbfpkmits kmr`t ojrmhubjijbys`s fh tam`r suoomssms jig hj`burms, js tamy ìvfbvm j rm-taìnìd fh tam rmbjt`fisa`ps cmtwmmi omitrjb, rmd`fijb jig bfojb(kuiò`pjb) dfvmrikmit, jig jbsf tam rmbjt`fisa`ps cmtwmmi g`hhmrmit smotfrjb kì`str`ms. Wa`s rm-taìnìd ajs cfta jiìst`tut`fijb js wmbb js j tmrr`tfr`jb jig spjt`jb g`kmis`fi. @i ìst`tut`fijb tmrks, kubt`-bmvmb dfvmrijiom rmhfrks prfv`gmfppfrtui`t`ms hfr gms`diìd imw jpprfjoams tf rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms. _uoa fppfrtui`t`ms oji cm ormjtmg v`j ifvmbafr`zfitjb orfss-smotfrjb fr orfss-lur`sgòt`fijb offrgìjt`fi jrrjidmkmits fr v`j ifvmb vmrtòjb offrgìjt`fi jrrjidmkmits.@ist`tut`fijb rmhfrks kust cm gms`dimg sf js tf kjx`k`zm tam midjdmkmit fh jbb bfojb stjnmafbgmrs jig tf mxpbf`t tamojpjc`b`t`ms fh jbb bfojb jig rmd`fijb jotfrs. Afwmvmr, ì frgmr tf cm suoomsshub tamsm ìst`tut`fijb gmvmbfpkmits kust cmtj`bfrmg cfta tf tam spmo`hò ofitmxts jig tf tam gms`rmg fclmot`vms, jig tamsm w`bb cm mxpbò`tby tmrr`tfr`jb jig spjt`jb ì ijturm.@i ftamr wfrgs, tam bfdò fh tam dfvmrijiom rmbjt`fisa`ps safubg cmst rmhbmot tam tmrr`tfr`jb bfdò fh tam rmd`fi jig prfv`gmstruoturms jig systmks waòa miajiom jig mxpbf`t tam mofifkò dmfdrjpay jig spjt`jb mofifkò hmjturms fh tam bfojb`ty.

@ssums tf cm g`soussmg afw tamkjtò pr`fr`t`sjt`fi jig ofiomitrjt`fi `s gmo`gmg upfi, jig fi tam cmst wjy fhhfrkubjtìd tam sofpm jig hfrk fh suppfrt.

Afw oji wm cmst usm j rmhfrkmg jig pbjom-cjsmg Ofams`fi Ufbòy tf misurm tajt tmrr`tfr`jb jig sfo`jb ofams`fi pbjy jomitrjb rfbm ì tam gmb`vmry fh tam Murfpm3535 _trjtmdy6 Afw tf joa`mvm prfpmr cjbjiom cmtwmmi tam tfp-gfwi jpprfjoafi fim ajig (Murfpm 3535) jig tam cfttfk-up jpprfjoa fi tam ftamr (tmrr`tfr`jb pftmit`jbs)6

Tajt jrm tam prjotòjb tmrr`tfr`jb `kpbòjt`fis hfr pbjom-cjsmg pfbò`ms jig afw oji ta`s jpprfjoa cm usmg tf miajiombfojb ojpjc`b`t`ms jig tf misurm tam hfstmrìd fh bfid-tmrk ìst`tut`fijb ojpjo`ty-cu`bgìd6


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G`hhmrmit jpprfjoams tf gmvmbfpkmit pfb`o`msWam `itmrpbjy cmtwmmi ofiomitrjt`fi jig gmofiomitrjt`fi

fh tmrr`tfr`jb gmvmbfpkmit


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Drzmdfrz DfrzmbjnGfotrìms fh rmd`fijb pfbò`ms - tam`r v`rtums jig b`k`tjt`fis

:. Hfr kfgmsty ì rmd`fijb pfbòy

_ìom `ts fr`dìs ì tam t`kms fh tam Drmjt Gmprmss`fi, kfgmri rmd`fijb pfbòy ajs cmmi mxpfsmg tf smvmrjb oajbbmidms, fh

cfta ìtmbbmotujb jig prjotòjb ijturm. @i sp`tm fh jppmjbìd tamfrmtòjb gmvmbfpkmits, tam prjotòjb rmsubts fh rmd`fijb pfbò`msajvm ift hubh`bbmg tam`r prfk`sms jig ajvm ift kmt mxpmotjt`fis. Bmt us kmit`fi lust hmw prfomssms jig pamifkmij waòasafubg ajvm cmmi mb`kìjtmg (fr jt bmjst rmguomg) ajg tam rmd`fijb pfbò`ms cmmi suoomsshub.

Wam ìtmrrmd`fijb g`hhmrmioms3ajvm cmmi drfwìd ì kfst ofuitr`ms, mspmo`jbby ì tam imw M] Kmkcmr stjtms jig ftamrofuitr`ms tajt ajg uigmrdfim joombmrjtmg sfo`f-mofifkò rmstruoturìd. Wa`s kji`hmstmg `tsmbh kfstby ì tamkmtrfpfb`tji ifi-kmtrfpfb`tji g`kmis`fi, ì sp`tm fh jbb jttmkpts tf fvmrofkm ta`s g`hhmrmit`jt`fi jig jssurm tajt tambmss gmvmbfpmg rmd`fis w`bb cm drfwìd hjstmr taji tam kfrm gmvmbfpmg fims, tf joa`mvm jt bmjst cmtj-ofivmrdmiom, w`taafpms hfr s`dkj-ofivmrdmiom ì j bfidmr rui.

Mvmi kjss`vm spmigìd ì bmss gmvmbfpmg rmd`fis ajs ift joombmrjtmg tam`r drfwta. Js j rmsubt, huigs g`rmotmg hfrrmd`fijb drfwta ajvm ajg kfstby sfo`jb kmjiìd, jig ì smvmrjb ojsms bmjg tf mkmrdmiom fh gmpmigmioy oubturm (rmit-smmnìd strjtmd`ms) hrfk cfta ijt`fijb jig ìtmrijt`fijb gfifrs?.

Wrjg`t`fijb fr`mitjt`fis fh rmd`fijb pfbò`ms w`ta j c`js tfwjrgs cjsò, amjvy ìhrjstruoturm ajs ì kjiy ojsmsg`kì`samg struoturjb ofkpmt`t`vmimss fh bjddìd rmd`fis tarfuda gmbjyìd tam gmvmbfpkmit fh aukji ojp`tjb jig`kprfvmkmit fh ìst`tut`fijb ìhrjstruoturm.

@ist`tut`fi cu`bgìd ì smvmrjb bjddìd ofuitr`ms jig rmd`fis ajs prfcjcby cmmi tam wmjnmst spft ì jbb mhhfrts tfjoa`mvm kfrm ofams`vm mofifky, sfo`mty jig tmrr`tfry fh tam Murfpmji ]i`fi. Wa`s aypftams`s `s cmìd ourrmitbyvjb`gjtmg cy tam ijturm jig gmvmbfpkmit fh tam mofifkò or`s`s fh tam Murfzfim jig smvmrjb Kmkcmr stjtms waòa(cmìd tr`ddmrmg cy tam hìjio`jb or`s`s) ajg ìst`tut`fijb (jig psyoafbfdòjb) rffts fi jbb bmvmbs tam M] pfb`tòjbbmjgmrsa`p, tam pfb`tòjb mb`tms ì tam Kmkcmr stjtms jig tam sfo`mt`ms fh tam M] ofuitr`ms.

Js j rmsubt, wm w`timss strfid pmrs`stmiom fh tam rmd`fijb prfcbmk(s) `s smvmrjb ofuitr`ms. Wam mkp`ròjb mv`gmiomgmkfistrjtms j strfid gurjc`b`ty fh a`stfròjb rmd`fijb pjttmris, ì sp`tm fh tam afpms tajt tamsm pjttmris wfubg cm oajidmg cykjss`vm mxtmrijb jss`stjiom rmigmrmg tf tam bmss wmbb-fh rmd`fis. Omitrjb Jppjbjoa`j `s st`bb tam ìtmrijb pmr`pamry fh tam ]_ ìsp`tm fh tam hjot tajt `t ajg milfymg tam drmjtmst sajrm fh tam Jppjbjoa`ji Urfdrjk. Kmzzfd`frif ajs ift mitmrmg tam pjta fhhjst drfwta jig ajs ift gmkfistrjtmg tam jc`b`t`ms fh tam Wa`rg @tjby waòa mkmrdmg jbb fh j suggmi w`tafut jiy ambp hrfk tam@tjb`ji dfvmrikmits jig tam M]. Wam kfst rmomit mxjkpbm fh tam hfrkmr DGS grjkjtòjbby safws tajt kjss`vm ìhbfw fhhìjio`jb jig tmoaiòjb ambp hrfk tam futs`gm bmjgs ifwamrm, jig ì kjiy ojsms kjy cm ofuitmrprfguot`vm cy n`bbìdìg`v`gujb kft`vjt`fi jig jtt`tugms fh smbh-rmb`jiom jig smbh-rmspfis`c`b`ty. Mjstmri Ufbjig ajs rmkjìmg tam bmjst gmvmbfpmgrmd`fi ì tam ofuitry, ì sp`tm fh smvmrjb jttmkpts tf mqujb`sm tam bmvmb fh mofifkò gmvmbfpkmit7.

Wa`s b`st oji cm prfbfidmg. Kfrmfvmr, jbfid w`ta mofifkò rmstruoturìd fh tam smofig ajbh fh tam 35 ta omitury imw ojtmdfryfh rmd`fis suppbmkmitmg tam ift`fi fh prfcbmk jrmjs tam gmìgustr`jb`smg fims, bmht w`tafut tam`r trjg`t`fijb mofifkòcjsm waòa wjs kfvmg tf tam imwby gmvmbfpìd ofuitr`ms tajt fhhmrmg bfwmr ofsts fh prfguot`fi fh ofkkfg`t`ms ift tfftmoaifbfdòjbby jgvjiomg. Cy ta`s, tam oajbbmidms hfr rmd`fijb pfbò`ms wmrm kubt`pb`mg, jig tam suoomss rjtm ajs iftìormjsmg grjkjtòjbby tafuda tamrm ajvm cmmi kfrm suoomsshub ojsms w`ta pfst-ìgustr`jb rmstruoturìd taji w`taìtrfguoìd drfwta tf tam stjdijtìd rmd`fis.

Tay gfms `t ajppmi6 Tay tam rmd`fijb pfbò`ms ojiift joa`mvm tam`r jkc`t`fus dfjbs6 Wamrm jrm smvmrjb rmjsfis hfr ta`s.

H`rstby, twf ofitrjgòt`vm tmigmio`ms oji cm fcsmrvmg. @i smjroa hfr bfwmr ofsts fh prfguot`fi ojp`tjb `s kfvìd hrfk kfrmmxpmis`vm (a`damr gmvmbfpmg) pbjoms (ofuitr`ms, ofitìmits) tf tam oamjpmr (bmss gmvmbfpmg) fims. Afwmvmr, fiom jrr`vìd tfsuoa j oamjpmr ofuitry ta`s ojp`tjb smmns tam kfst prfspmrfus pbjoms tajt fhhmr tam cmst mxtmrijb ofig`t`fis hfr mofifkòjot`v`ty. Waus cfta tamfrmtòjb jpprfjoams jrm ofrrmot< tam fim tajt stjtms tajt ìtmrrmd`fijb g`hhmrmioms ì tam bmvmb fhgmvmbfpkmit ajvm j ijturjb tmigmioy tf mqujb`sm (bjcmbbmg js imfobjssòjb jpprfjoa) jig tam ofitrjgòt`vm fim stjtìdtajt cy ijturm tam bmvmb f gmvmbfpkmit ajs tf cm pfbjr`smg (j cuioa fh tamfr`ms hrfk oukubjt`vm ojusjt`fi tarfuda drfwta

3@ purpfsmby rmhrjì hrfk usìd tam jbkfst fhhò`jb ì tam M] tmrk g`spjr`t`ms, sìom cmhfrm wm jrm jcbm tf bjcmb sfkm g`hhmrmiom js j g`spjr`ty wm safubggmhìm j pjr`ty, `.m. tam tarmsafbg fh g`hhmrmit`jt`fi cmyfig waòa wm kjy sjy tajt sfkm g`hhmrmioms jrm mxomss`vm. Wa`s `s vmry g`hhòubt, `h pfss`cbm jt jbb sf tmrks ìvfbvìd mvmi `kpbò`t vjbum lugdkmits safubg cm usmg w`ta utkfst ojrm.?Wa`s rmit-smmnìd strjtmdy jig gmpmigmioy fi mxtmrijb jss`stjiom ofubg ajvm cmmi smmi ì tam :005s ì tam pffrmr ofuitr`ms fh tam M]-:=, jig ifw ajssprmjg tf tam imw Kmkcmr stjtms. Hfr mxjkpbm, g`souss`fis w`ta tam jutafr`t`ms fh Jbmitmlf, tami tam pffrmst fh Ufrtudjbs rmd`fis, rmvmjbmg tajt ì :00=tamy ajg fiby fim gmvmbfpkmit strjtmdy< tf smmn huigs hrfk Crussmbs jig B`scfi. Migfdmifus gmvmbfpkmit fppfrtui`t`ms wmrm cmyfig tam spamrm fhìtmrmst fh ta`s rmd`fijb mb`tm. _uoa jtt`tugms, ift ymt jcjigfimg ì Tmstmri Murfpm, jrm ifw sajrmg cy sfkm rmd`fijb mb`tms ì Omitrjb jig Mjstmri Murfpm.

7 @i tam ymjrs :0=5-:0== j kjss`vm ìgustr`jb`sjt`fi mhhfrt wjs uigmrtjnmi ì Ufbjig (js ì ftamr ofuitr`ms fh tam _fv`mt cbfo). Wam jkc`t`fus ìvmstkmitprfdrjkkm ajs ift cmmi hubh`bbmg, cut tam bmvmb fh suoomss wjs mvmi bfwmr ì tam mjstmri pjrt fh tam ofuitry. Mvmi tam fki`pftmit ofkkui`st stjtm ajs iftcmmi jcbm tf fvmrofkm tam rms`stjiom fh fcsfbmtm sfo`f-mofifkò struoturms, pffr ìhrjstruoturm, jig pmr`pamrjb`ty jbb wmbb-nifwi g`kmis`fis fh tamsyigrfkm fh uigmrgmvmbfpkmit.


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pfbms tf imw mofifkò dmfdrjpay). Wam h`rst tamfrmtòjb stjigpfìt smmks tf cm ofrrmot fi tam ìtmrijt`fijb sojbm tamsmofig fi tam ìtrjijt`fijb, ìtmrrmd`fijb sojbm. Js j rmsubt, wm w`timss ìtmrijt`fijb ofivmrdmiom, jig jt tam sjkm t`kmìtmrrmd`fijb (ìtrjijt`fijb) g`vmrdmiom.

Jig tam rmd`fijb pfbòy ojiift gf kuoa jcfut `t. Wa`s `s cmojusm tam mig fh tam bjst K`bbmiiùk crfudat up j sajrpmiìd fhtam mqu`ty-mhhò`mioy g`bmkkj. @i tam ìgustr`jb (hfrg`st) kfgmb bfojtìd ji ìgustr`jb ìvmstkmit ì j pmr`pamrjb tmrr`tfry ofubgajvm ajg pfs`t`vm mhhmots fi tam rmd`fijb mofifky (jbtafuda tam ojtamgrjbs fi tam gmsmrt jrm j v`v`g mxjkpbm tajt ta`s ajg

ift jbwjys cmmi tam ojsm). _uoa ji ìvmstkmit usujbby wjs hìjiomg hrfk pucbò sfuroms, sìom tam stjtm - joofrgìd tfNmyims`ji prìo`pbms wjs ji jot`vm mofifkò jotfr. Wa`s `s if bfidmr tam ojsm ì tam fbgmr mofifky ì waòa gmo`s`fis fiìvmstkmit jrm if bfidmr tjnmi cy pucbò jutafr`t`ms cut cy pr`vjtm jdmits (kfstby cy tam WIOs), jig tam qujb`ty fh tmrr`tfr`jbcusìmss, sfo`jb jig ijturjb miv`rfikmit `s tam kfst `kpfrtjit hjotfr ì smbmotìd tam bfojt`fi hfr tam imw mitmrpr`sm. Wausifwjgjys tam bjddìd, pmr`pamrjb rmd`fis kjy cm ì ji mvmi wfrsm jig bmss prfk`sìd pfs`t`fi taji `t wjs tam ojsm sfkmta`rty ymjrs jdf, jig tam fiby fppfrtui`ty hfr tam stjtm suppfrtìd ìifvjt`fi jig rmsmjroa `s ift bmjgìd tf suppfsmgrmsubts (js Sfgr`dumz-Ufsm prfvms, wm fhtmi mig up w`ta j imw hfrk fh ojtamgrjbs tam tmoaifpjrns ì pmr`pamrjb rmd`fis).

@t safubg cm jbsf ìgòjtmg amrm tajt tam spmo`hò typm fh jgvjiomg rmd`fis `s ourrmitby fh spmo`jb `kpfrtjiom - tamkmtrfpfb`sms. Kmtrfpfb`sms dfvmri tam wfrbg, js Ojstmbbs sjys. Wamy ofiomitrjtm kjijdmkmit, hìjiom, oubturm,ìifvjt`fis. Jig kmtrfpfb`sjt`fi `s tam kfst strfidby prfifuiomg prfomss ì kfst fh tam ojtoaìd-up mofifk`ms. Kfrmfvmr,tamrm `s if rmbfojt`fi fh kmtrfpfb`tji huiot`fis hrfk tam mxpmis`vm ofrm tf tam oamjpmr pmr`pamry, sìom fiby tamkmtrfpfb`tji ofrms oji pmrhfrk tamk=.

Wamsm prfomssms jbsf mxpbjì wa`bm tamrm smmks tf cm j pfs`t`vm ofrrmbjt`fi cmtwmmi tam rjtm fh DGU drfwta jigìtmrrmd`fijb g`hhmrmit`jt`fi. Wam ojtoaìd-up ofuitr`ms mspmo`jbby tam OMM fims, cut jbsf @rmbjig ì tam :=-ymjr pmr`fg:007-3550 ajvm cmmi drfwìd rjp`gby jt tam mxpmism jig kjycm mvmi cmojusm fh tam`r ìormjsìd rmd`fijb g`vmrdmiom.Wa`s ofrrfcfrjtms tam fbg T`bb`jksfis aypftams`s fh tam :085s, waòa jssukms tajt fi tam ì`t`jb stjdms fh gmvmbfpkmitrmd`fijb g`hhmrmit`jt`fi ìormjsms jbfid tam prfomss fh drfwta, wa`bm fi tam kfrm jgvjiomg fims `t cmdìs tf gmormjsm.

@t wfubg j tar`bbìd mxmro`sm tf mstjcb`sa ojusjb rmbjt`fisa`ps cmtwmmi drfwta jig tmrr`tfr`jb g`hhmrmit`jt`fis. Fim kjyaypftams`sm tajt ì tam mjrby stjdms ta`s g`hhmrmit`jt`fi `s j ofig`t`fi hfr joombmrjtmg drfwta. @t ofubg cm ìgòjtmg tajt tamtmrr`tfr`jb bfofkft`vms ì tam prmv`fus ìgustr`jb pjrjg`dk tamsm wmrm tam ìgustr`jb ofiomitrjt`fis, ifwjgjys tamkmtrfpfb`sms ajvm tjnmi fvmr ta`s rfbm prfv`gm tam cubn fh vjbum jggmg ormjtmg ì j d`vmi ofuitry, jig wajt `s mvmi kfrm`kpfrtjit ifw, tamy ofiimot tam ijt`fijb mofifk`ms w`ta tam ìtmrijt`fijb (ifw wm tmig tf ojbb `t dbfcjb) somim. Afwmvmr,jbfid tam gmvmbfpkmit prfomss jbsf tam pmr`pamrjb rmd`fis jgvjiom jig dmt mqu`ppmg w`ta ìhrjstruoturm, taus cmofkìdjttrjot`vm hfr ìvmstkmit jig smttbmkmit, jig ì ta`s wjy djì kfrm mxfdmifus pftmit`jb hfr gmvmbfpkmit, waòa tmigs tf

mqujb`sm tam ìtmrrmd`fijb g`hhmrmioms. _f, ì tam h`rst stjdm wm k`dat ajvm drfwta cmojusm fh g`vmrdmiom, ì tam bjtmr stjdmofivmrdmiom cmojusm fh drfwta.

Jig, hìjbby, tam pmrspmot`vm fi tam rmd`fijb `ssums ajs cmmi oajidmg cy tam hìjio`jb or`s`s jig `ts jhtmrkjta. Fi tam fimajig, justmr`ty kmjsurms ajvm bmg tf j gmormjsm fh tam jkfuit fh huigs tajt oji cm g`rmotmg tf pucbò ìtmrvmit`fi hfr tamsjnm fh spjt`jb fr rmd`fijb prfomssms. Fi tam ftamr ajig, afwmvmr, j cmttmr (tam orux fh tam kjttmr `s tf gmo`gm wajt `t mxjotbykjis!) jbbfojt`fi fh tamsm huigs kjy cm rmdjrgmg js j pfwmrhub tffb fh fvmrofkìd tam b`k`tjt`fis hfr drfwta crfudat up cytam or`s`s.

@i ofiobus`fi< rmd`fijb pfbòy safubg jssukm j kfgmst jtt`tugm tfwjrgs `ts dfjbs jig fclmot`vms. @t `s vmry g`hhòubt tffvmrofkm ì j safrt, jig mvmi ì kmgùk rui tam ijturjb prfomssms fh sfo`f-mofifkò gmvmbfpkmit, uigmrpìimg cydmfdrjpaòjb bfojt`fi jig ijturjb ofig`t`fis, waòa ajvm sajpmg tam trjlmotfr`ms fh ofuitr`ms, stjtms jig rmd`fis ì jpmrspmot`vm fh Crjugmb`ji bfidum gurm. Wa`s kfgmsty safubg cm mvmi drmjtmr ì tam b`dat fh uiobjr`t`ms fh tam vmry gfotrìmsfh ta`s pfbòy, ofihbòtìd fr jt bmjst ift prmo`sm mifuda.

3. Wamfrmtòjb hfuigjt`fis

Js jbrmjgy ìgòjtmg, objssòjb rmd`fijb pfbòy ajs j`kmg jt mqujb`sjt`fi fh ìtmrrmd`fijb g`hhmrmit`jt`fi. @i Murfpm tamofitìmit fh if gfuct tam strfidmst rmd`fijb pfbòy - tam Wrmjty fh Sfkm rmpmjtmg ta`s dfjb, jggìd tajt ta`s safubg bmjg tfajrkfi`sjt`fi fh gmvmbfpkmit fh tam Kmkcmr stjtms jig safubg cm joa`mvmg cy jss`stìd tam bmjst hjvfurmg rmd`fis.

Wa`s smmkmg rmjsfijcbm ì tam fbg, trjg`t`fijb gmvmbfpkmit pjrjg`dk jig Nmyims`ji mofifkò gfotrìm. Afwmvmr, js tammofifkò rmjbty cmdui tf oajidm, tamfrmtòjb ofis`gmrjt`fis stjrtmg tf qumst`fi tam trjg`t`fijb jpprfjoams.

Wam h`rst ìgòjt`fi ojkm sfkm 35 ymjrs jdf ì tam hfrk fh Imw Mofifkò Dmfdrjpay waòa suddmstmg tajt jddbfkmrjt`fi `stam kjì gr`vmr hfr rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit, jig ofiomitrjt`fi hfr tam sjnm fh drmjtmr ofkpmt`t`vmimss safubg cmofkm tamkjlfr fr`mitjt`fi fh rmd`fijb pfbòms. Wf sfkm mxtmit drfuig hfr ta`s fr`mitjt`fi ajs cmmi jbsf prmpjrmg cy K.Ufrtmr'sofiompt fh obustmrs waòa ajvìd sfkm rffts fi Umrrfuxs `gmj fh drfwta pfbms jig Kjrsajbb`ji ìgustr`jb g`stròts - jbsf

=Wa`s `s tam rmjsfi hfr suoa j strfid kmtrfpfb`sjt`fi prfomssms ì tam pfst-sfo`jb`st ofuitr`ms. Wam gmìgustr`jb`sjt`fi prfomss wjs j dmimrjb fim, cut fibyì c`d o`t`ms tam bfst ìgustr`jb huiot`fis ofubg ajvm cmmi rmpbjom cy tam kmtrfpfb`tji fims. Js j rmsubt, tam fbg g`v`gm fi tam jx`s urcji-rurjb jrmjs ajs cmmirmpbjomg cy tam imw fim jbfid tam kmtrfpfb`tji-ifikmtrfpfb`tji fim.


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ìgòjtmg tajt ofiomitrjt`fi fh smvmrjb ìifvjt`vm jot`v`t`ms ìormjsms fvmrjbb mhhò`mioy fh mofifkò prfguot`fi tarfuda sp`bb-fvmrs jig syimrdò mhhmots.

Wamsm imw ofiompts wmrm hfrkubjtmg ì pjrjbbmb tf rjp`g joombmrjt`fi fh dbfcjb`sjt`fi prfomssms jig tam r`sm fh kmtrfpfb`smsjs tam kjì ifgms fh tam dbfcjb imtwfrns ì waòa ift fiby gmo`s`fis jrm cmìd tjnmi, cut jbsf ìifvjt`fis jig oubturjbstrmjks jrm cmìd prfguomg. Wamsm prfomssms ajvm, ì turi, ìormjsmg tam kmjiìd fh ofiomitrjt`fi jig kjgm tam jttmkptsfh kjnìd tam gmvmbfpkmit kfrm mqujb mvmi kfrm g`hhòubt, `h pfss`cbm jt jbb. Kmtrfpfb`sms fh tam pfst-ìgustr`jb mrj jggmg tam

qujb`ty g`kmis`fi tf tam qujit`tjt`vm jddbfkmrjt`fis tajt wmrm tam prfguot fh tam ìgustr`jb pjrjg`dk.

J ta`rg g`kmis`fi ajs tami cmmi jggmg tf tam twf kmit`fimg jcfvm tam ìormjsmg rfbm fh hbfws jig ìtmrofiimot`fis, sfwmbb gmsor`cmg cy K.Ojstmbbs ì a`s hjkfus rmkjrn jcfut j oajidm hrfk spjom fh pbjoms tf spjom fh hbfws. Wa`s ì turiìormjsmg tam rfbm fh tamsm ifgms fh tam dbfcjb kmtrfpfb`tji imtwfrn waòa wmrm cmttmr ofiimotmg jig cmtwmmi waòa tamhbfws fh gmo`s`fis, kfimy, ìifvjt`fis jig ormjt`vm pmfpbm wjs tam drmjtmst jt tam mxpmism fh tam kfrm pmr`pamrjb jrmjswaòa cmdui tf gmkfistrjtm mvmi bmss drfwta pftmit`jb taji `t ajg cmmi tam ojsm ì tam prmv`fus gmvmbfpkmit pjttmri8.

Wam rmd`fijb pfbò`ms ajg tf ofpm w`ta tamsm imw oajbbmidms. Afwmvmr, tamrm `s djp cmtwmmi tam so`mit`hò gmsor`pt`fi fh tamofitmkpfrjry gmvmbfpkmit ì `ts tmrr`tfr`jb g`kmis`fis jig tam trjg`t`fijb jpprfjoams fh rmd`fijb pfbò`ms. Wa`s `s gum tf tamhjot tajt tamfry `s vjbum hrmm j ofbg gmsor`pt`fi fh tam fcsmrvmg rmjbty, fctjìmg js j rmsubt fh fclmot`vm so`mit`hò jpprfjoa,jig gfms ift ajvm tf tjnm ìtf joofuit `gmfbfdòjb uigmrpìiìds jig mvmi kfrm sf sfkmt`kms ofihbòtìd ìtmrmsts fh tampjrt`ms ìvfbvmg. Cut pfbòy `s pfb`tòjb, jig stmps cmyfig tam offb mxpmrts mym. Ufbòy ajs ift fiby tf hubh`bb dfjbs rfftmg ì`gmfbfdòjb vjbum lugdkmits, cut jbsf ajs tf smourm j prfpmr rmsubt fh j pfpubjr vftm. Wa`s kjnms tam g`jbfdum cmtwmmiso`miom jig pfbòy mvmi kfrm g`hhòubt, jig fhtmi ormjtms hrustrjt`fi jkfid tam rmsmjroamrs waf fcsmrvm tajt sucfpt`kjb(joofrgìd tf tam`r lugdkmits) sfbut`fis jrm cmìd `kpbmkmitmg ì prjotòm4.

_f tf wajt mxtmit pjrtòubjr gfotrìms fh rmd`fijb pfbò`ms ajvm jonifwbmgdmg tam oajidìd gmvmbfpkmit pjrjg`dk, jig ìwaòa ojsm tam trjg`t`fijb gfotrìms ajvm bfst tam kfst fh tam`r pfwmr6 @i pjrtòubjr, wajt jrm tam jiswmrs fh tamsm gfotrìmstf tam hfbbfwìd cjsò qumst`fis6

:. Tajt `s tam ìtmrpbjy cmtwmmi ofiomitrjt`fi jig gmofiomitrjt`fi fh tmrr`tfr`jb gmvmbfpkmit6 @i wajt o`roukstjioms tamrmd`fijb pfbò`ms safubg suppfrt fim fr jiftamr tmigmioy6

3. Tajt jrm tam sfo`jb ofismqumioms fh mofifkò ofiomitrjt`fi6 Wf wajt mxtmit tam sbfdji pfbjr`smg drfwta ìobus`vmgmvmbfpkmit oji cm put ìtf prjotòm jig w`ta wajt ìstrukmits jig kmjsurms6

?. Afw gfms tam ìifvjt`fi pfbòy trjisbjtm `tsmbh ìtf mqujb`sjt`fi fh tmrr`tfr`jb gmvmbfpkmit6 Oji wm grmjk jcfut kjnìdìifvjt`fi ormjt`fi kfrm tmrr`tfr`jbby mqujb `h rmsmjroa jig ìifvjt`fi pftmit`jb jrm sf strfidby g`hhmrmit`jtmg jigofiomitrjtmg ì spjom6

7. Jrm tam pmr`pamrjb, struoturjbby fcsfbmtm jig uigmrgmvmbfpmg rmd`fis jcbm tf joombmrjtm drfwta gum tf mxtmrijb suppfrtg`rmotmg tf tamk cy pucbò pfbòms - fr oji ta`s suppfrt cm fiby fh sfo`jb kmjiìd6

=. Afw oji wm joa`mvm strfidmr g`hhus`fi fh drfwta hrfk tam kfst gyijkò ifgms fh gmvmbfpkmit - tam kmtrfpfb`sms, jigsafubg wm jig `h yms afw try tf g`kì`sa tam cjon-wjsa mhhmots kji`hmstmg kfstby ì k`drjt`fi hbfws hfr bmss tf cmttmrgmvmbfpmg pbjoms6

8. Tajt jrm tam prjotòjb ìstruot`fis hfr pbjom-cjsmg pfbò`ms jig afw ta`s jpprfjoa oji cm ìofrpfrjtmg ìtf tam spjomfh hbfws ì waòa ìtmrofiimot`fis jig ìtmrgmpmigmio`ms jrm fh oruo`jb oajrjotmr6

4. Afw oji rmd`fijb pfbò`ms ìormjsm tam mofifkò jig tmoaifbfdòjb pmrhfrkjiom fh pjrtòubjr ofuitr`ms jig ofuitrydrfupìd ì tam ofkpmt`t`vm dbfcjb mofifky, sf uimvmiby jhhmotmg cy tam rmomit hìjio`jb or`s`s6

?. Wam gfotrìmsWwf ofitmkpfrjry gfotrìms fh rmd`fijb pfbòy smmk tf cm fh tam drmjtmst `kpfrtjiom< tam Ofams`fi pfbòy `kpbmkmitmg cytam Murfpmji ]i`fi jig tam ?-G jpprfjoa prfpfsmg (cut hfr fcv`fus rmjsfis ift put ìtf prjotòm) cy tam Tfrbg Cjin.

Ofams`fi pfbòy smmks tf cm jt tam orfssrfjgs. Ift rmpmjtìd tam drfwìd or`tò`sk fh `ts prjotòjb `kpbmkmitjt`fis (jijoofuit wjs d`vmi ì fur pjpmr w`ta Lfai Cjoatbmr, Ufbòy _tug`ms, 7/3554) tarmm ts kjì prfcbmks kjy cm ìgòjtmg sfo`jbofams`fi, mb`kìjtìd cjrr`mrs tf afr`zfitjb jig vmrtòjb kfc`b`ty tarfuda ambpìd tf fvmrofkm g`hhmrmioms ì bmvmbs fhmguojt`fi, ojrmmr jgvjiomkmit jig kjtmr`jb stjtus> jig tmrr`tfr`jb ofams`fi1, rmkfvìd ofistrjìts fi spjt`jbgmvmbfpkmit waòa rmstròt tam joa`mvmkmit fh sfo`jb jig mofifkò ofams`fi, suoa js mb`kìjtìd cjrr`mrs tf trjispfrt,ofiimotìd tam kjlfr ifgms fh Murfpmji jig ijt`fijb spjom, jig gmvmbfpìd rmsmjroa jig cusìmss imtwfrns.

3. Tmjn rmspfism tf tam drfwìd `kpfrtjiom fh tam spjom fh hbfws jig trjg`t`fijb jttjoakmit tf tam spjom fh pbjoms.Wamsm jrm kutujbby ìtmrgmpmigmit pmrspmot`vms, w`ta j gfkìjit rfbm hfr tam hbfws fh dffgs, pmfpbm, ojp`tjb jig,mspmo`jbby rmomitby, ìhfrkjt`fi (fim safubg rmkmkcmr tajt mofifkò gmo`s`fi `s jbsf ìhfrkjt`fi). @i tam ourrmit mrj,ofuitr`ms jig rmd`fis w`bb fiby djì bjstìd ofkpmt`t`vm jgvjitjdm `h tamy oji prfguom ìifvjt`fis fi j stmjgy cjs`s,fpmrjtìd ì dbfcjb imtwfrns fh ìifvjt`fi ormjt`fi jig g`hhus`fi. _t`kubjtìd drfwta ì tamsms imw o`roukstjioms kusttjnm g`hhmrmit hfrks taji `t ajg cmmi tam ojsm uigmr tam prmv`fus pjrjg`dk. @s Ofams`fi pfbòy prmpjrmg tf tjnm tamsmoajidms uigmr ofis`gmrjt`fi6 Wf wajt mxtmit tam imw ofiompt fh pbjom-cjsmg pfbò`ms `s fpmi hfr miajioìdìtmrofiimot`v`ty, hjo`b`tjtìd ìtmr-pbjom hbfws jig ìtmrjot`fis6 @h wm ofiomitrjtm fur ìtmrvmit`fis fi pbjoms gfitwm bfsm hrfk s`dat tam ofrr`gfrs fh mxoajidm jig kfvmkmit fh `gmjs, ìhfrkjt`fi, ìifvjt`fi, pmfpbm, dffgs jigsmrvòms6 Wam huiot`fijb jpprfjoa tf Ofams`fi strmssms tam rfbm fh tamsm ofrr`gfrs jrm tamy ift bmht js`gm wamipbjom-cjsmg pfbò`ms jrm ì tam hfous fh Ofams`fi pfbòy6

?. Uffr jig kfstby hfrkjb offrgìjt`fi gurìd tam `kpbmkmitjt`fi stjdm jig tami sajbbfw jig hrjdkmitmg mvjbujt`fi fhmhhmots fh pfbò`ms. Mvjbujt`fi cmojkm j smpjrjtm tamfry, `t wjs mqu`ppmg w`ta spmo`jb vfojcubjry jig prfomgurms.Mvmrycfgy `s pmrhfrkìd mvjbujt`fis immgmg fr ift, cut rmqu`rmg. Mx-jitm, k`g-tmrk, fi-dfìd, mx-pfst mto. Afwmvmr,tam mx-pfst mvjbujt`fis jrm hìjb`smg jhtmr tam ofkìd prfdrjkkìd pmr`fg `s h`xmg, sf tamy kjy cm usmhub hfr tam imxtfim. Cut ta`s kmjis tajt wm ajvm fvmr :5 ymjr t`km bjd, jig ì rjp`gby oajidìd rmjb`ty fur ofiobus`fi hfrk tamsmmvjbujt`fis kjy fhtmi ajvm fiby a`stfròjb kmjiìd.

Tajt smmks mvmi kfrm `kpfrtjit, mvjbujt`fis jrm hrjdkmitmg jig g`sìtmdrjtmg. Wamrm jrm if lfìt mvjbujt`fis fhìtmrvmit`fis hìjiomg hrfk g`hhmrmit M] huigs< MH_ `s mvjbujtmg (afw smr`fusby6) tftjbby ìgmpmigmitby hrfk tam prflmotshìjiomg cy MSGH jig tam OH. Wam rmsubts fh OJU aypftamtòjbby fhtmi ofitrjgòtìd tam dfjbs fh Ofams`fi pfbòy jrm ift rmbjtmg tf tam mvjbujt`fi fh ta`s pfbòy jt jbb.

Wa`s s`tujt`fi stmks hrfk wmjn offrgìjt`fi. @t `s rmbjt`vmby cmttmr fi tam prfdrjkkìd-strjtmdò bmvmb, cut fiom tamprfdrjkkms jrm wr`ttmi jig prflmots grjhtmg `kpbmkmitjt`fi `s cmìd pmrhfrkmg prjotòjbby ìgmpmigmitby cy pjrtòubjr`kpbmkmitìd jutafr`t`ms fhtmi bfojtmg ì tam sjkm kì`stry, jdmioy, fr rmd`fijb dfvmrikmit.

Ofams`fi pfbòy w`bb rmkjì tam kfst `kpfrtjit - fi pjr w`ta OJ_U pfbòy fh tam Murfpmji ]i`fi. @ts mhhmot`vmimss jigmhhò`mioy w`bb if gfuct cm `kprfvmg `h sfkm fh `ts wmjnimssms ofubg cm mb`kìjtmg.

Wam ?-G gfotrìm fh tam Tfrbg Cjin `s j rmbjt`vmby imw ìtmbbmotujb tafuda ift ymt prjotòjb prfpfs`t`fi. @t `s cjsmg fitam ofiompt fh _mmìd Gmvmbfpkmit ì ?-G< gmis`ty, g`stjiom jig g`v`s`fi. Wam kjì kmssjdm fh ta`s prfpfsjb `s tajtmofifkò drfwta w`bb cm uicjbjiomg, cut gmvmbfpkmit st`bb oji cm ìobus`vm waòa smmks kuoa kfrm rmjb`stò taji tamofivmrdmiom-gr`vmi jtt`tugm fh Ofams`fi pfbòy fh tam M].

@t `s cmìd fhtmi ìgòjtmg tajt tam prfpfsjb fh tam TC `s spjt`jbby cbìg. Iftaìd kfrm ìofrrmot! Wa`s `s j prfpfsjb strfidbyrmbjtmg tf pbjom, tmrr`tfry, jig spjom. Pms, fim g`kmis`fi fh ìtmrvmit`fi `s spjt`jbby cbìg gmvmbfpkmit fh ìst`tut`fis. Cutta`s `s ofrrmot, sìom tam rubm fh bjw, trjispjrmioy, bjon fh ofrrupt`fi, mhhmot`vmimss fh jgkì`strjt`fi, fpmiimss fh mofifky,safubg cm spjt`jbby cbìg, js rmbjtmg tf tam mit`rm tmrr`tfry jig ift lust b`k`tmg tf ta`s fr tajt rmd`fi. Pms, ìtrfguoìd tamsmìst`tut`fis safubg cm rmbjtmg tf tam d`vmi sfo`f-mofifkò ijt`fijb jig/fr rmd`fijb ofitmxt, cut tam utkfst dfjb fh `s tf

1Wam ift`fi fh tmrr`tfr`jb ofams`fi fiby rmomitby jggmg lfìmg mofifkò jig sfo`jb ofams`fi ì tam fhhò`jb M] bjidujdm, jig ajs ift js ymt cmmi jpprfvmg ìtrmjty hfrk.


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joa`mvm ìst`tut`fis wfrnìd ì j s`k`bjr, ofkpjrjcbm wjy. Jbb ftamr prfpfsjbs jig ìgòjt`fis fh tam TC gfotrìm jrm strfidbyspjt`jbby rmbjtmg0.

]igmrgmvmbfpkmit `s fhtmi j rmsubt fh j lfìt ofkcìjt`fi bfw bfojb gmis`ty, ofstby ìtmrijb g`stjioms, jig ìtmrijt`fijbg`v`s`fis. Fvmrofkìd tamsm `kpmg`kmits kjy bmjg tf drfwta jig `ts sprmjgìd hrfk pbjoms fh ofiomitrjt`fi tf ftamrtmrr`tfr`ms.

Wamrm `s ift immg fh rmpfrtìd fi tam ofitmit fh tam TU 3550 rmpfrt, `t `s w`gmby nifwi. Tajt oji cm ìgòjtmg amrm `s tajttff strfid dmimrjb`sjt`fi smmks tf cm tam drmjtmst wmjnimss fh ta`s prfpfsjb. @t puts ìtf fim sjon vmry g`vmrsm ofuitr`msw`ta vjstby g`hhmrmit sfo`f-mofifkò systmks, jig fhhmrs tamk g`hhmrmit ofkcìjt`fis fh tam sjkm tarmm mbmkmits, cm `tìst`tut`fis-ìhrjstruoturm-ìomit`vms fr spmo`jb`sjt`fi-jddbfkmrjt`fi-k`drjt`fi mto. Oji tamsm suddmst`fis cm sffvmrwambkìdby ui`vmrsjb6 _afubg, hfr mxjkpbm, wafbm fh Murfpm st`bb uigmrdf ofiomitrjt`fi jig urcji`sjt`fi6 Kfrmfvmr,tam jgv`sms sfkmt`kms smmk ift tf cm rfftmg gmmpby mifuda ì rmjb`ty. Mvmi `h Suss`j safubg ofiomitrjtm `ts pfpubjt`fi jigmofifkò pftmit`jb afw oji ta`s cm gfim6 Tajt rmsfuromg safubg cm spmit fi ta`s, jig wajt ìstrukmits usmg6

Imvmrtambmss, tam TC gfotrìm `s ìhbumit`jb jig gmhì`tmby safubg ift cm g`sk`ssmg fr bjcmbmg js spjt`jb lust ì tam drfuigsfh rmbjt`vmby sajbbfw uigmrstjigìd.

@istmjg fh ofiobus`fis

Lust hmw smitmioms. Wam Ofams`fi pfbòy js j pfb`tòjb uigmrtjnìd w`ta ròa `kpbmkmitjt`fi mxpmr`miom smmks tf cm tff

prjotòjb, jig tff b`ttbm tamfrmtòjb. Fi tam ofitrjry tam prmpfs`t`fi fh tam TC `s lust j smt fh mbmdjit jig tamfrmtòjb `gmjs,jig `ts prjotòjb`t`ms jrm ift tff gmmp, jig gmhì`tmby ajvm ift cmmi tmstmg ì prjotòm. Tajt safubg cm jgv`smg `s j ji jttmkpttf bffn jt tam Ofams`fi pfbòy hrfk tam pmrspmot`vm fh tam TC suddmst`fis, jig tf suppbmkmit tam ?-G gfotrìm cy crfjg jig fhtmi uimjsy prjotòjb mxpmr`miom fh pfbòy `kpbmkmitjt`fi tajt tam Ofams`fi pfbòy `s ròa w`ta.

0 Smjb`stò jtt`tugm jig spjt`jb fr`mitjt`fi `s cmst prfvmg cy tam hfbbfwìd quftjt`fi< Wam oajbbmidm hfr dfvmrikmits `s tf jbbfwmvmi miofurjdmuicjbjiomg mofifkò drfwta, jig ymt misurm ìobus`vm gmvmbfpkmit. Wamy oji gf ta`s tarfuda mofifkò ìtmdrjt`ficy crìdìd bjddìd jig bmjgìdpbjoms obfsmr, ì mofifkò tmrks. Wa`s ìtmdrjt`fi oji cmst cm gfim cy uibmjsaìd tam kjrnmt hfroms fh jddbfkmrjt`fi, k`drjt`fi, jig spmo`jb`zjt`fi, ift cyh`datìd fr fppfsìd tamk.


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Lfsm Mir`qum Djro`bjzf, Lfjqu`k Fb`vm`rj KjrtìsNmy Hìgìds jig Ufbòy @kpbòjt`fis i tam FMOG Smd`fijb Futbffn 35::Wa`s skjbb iftm prfv`gms j cr`mh sukkjry fh nmy hìgìds mkmrdìd ì fur hfrtaofkìd 35:: Smd`fijb Futbffn (SF) tf cmfhhò`jbby bjuioamg ì tam hjbb fh 35::. Wa`s pucbòjt`fi w`bb cm tam h`rst fh j c`mii`jb smr`ms. Wam struoturm fh tam smr`ms w`bbofis`st fh j smot`fi sukkjr`sìd tam nmy rmd`fijb trmigs jig pfbòy oajbbmidms gurìd tam pmr`fg fh mxjkìjt`fi, j smot`fi fi

j spmo`jb tamkjtò hfous, j smot`fi ofitjììd ofuitry iftms jig hìjbby j smot`fi gmgòjtmg tf j smbmotmg pfbòy hfruk.Ta`bm ta`s iftm ojiift prfv`gm j ofkprmamis`vm rmv`mw fh jbb tam ròa jig mxtmis`vm kjtmr`jb ofitjìmg ì fur hfrtaofkìdSF, `t w`bb rjtamr hfous fi tam smot`fi jig kjtmr`jb mxjkììd rmd`fijb drfwta g`spjr`t`ms jig fppfrtui`t`ms, tam bìns cmtwmmitam rmd`fijb jig jddrmdjtm g`kmis`fi, pfbòy `kpbòjt`fis mkmrdìd hrfk tamsm styb`smg hjots jig hìjbby j cr`mh sukkjry fhtam kjì `gmjs prmsmitmg ì tam pfbòy hfruk pbjom-cjsmg fr spjom-cbìg gmvmbfpkmit kfgmbs waòa tffn pbjom ì Ujr`s fi:8ta Luim 35:: jkfidst tam jutafrs ofitr`cutìd tf ta`s pfbòy hfruk ì tam SF.

Wam struoturm fh ta`s iftm ofitjìs hfur smot`fis. Wam h`rst prfv`gms j gmsor`pt`fi fh tam kjì drfwta trmigs mxjkììd hfromsfh ofivmrdmiom jig g`vmrdmiom ì FMOG rmd`fis. Wam smofig mxjkìms tam bìns cmtwmmi tam rmd`fijb jddrmdjtm drfwtahfbbfwmg cy tam ta`rg smot`fi gmsor`cìd tam pfbòy rmspfism (jig `kpbòjt`fis). Wam hìjb smot`fi w`bb sukkjr`sm tam kjìjrdukmits prmsmitmg ì tam pfbòy hfruk.

:. Hfroms fh ofivmrdmiom jig g`vmrdmiom suddmst fppfrtui`t`ms hfr drfwta jrm fcsmrvmg ì jbb

typms fh FMOG rmd`fisFvmr tam pjst h`htmmi ymjrs, rmd`fijb drfwta ì FMOG ofuitr`ms ajs cmmi qu`tm amtmrfdmimfus. Ta`bm prmgfkìjitby urcjirmd`fis ajvm dmimrjbby mxa`c`tmg a`damr bmvmbs fh prfguot`v`ty jig DGU pmr ojp`tj, tamy ajvm ift milfymg jiy jgvjitjdm ìtmrks fh drfwta pmrhfrkjiom. Urmgfkìjitby rurjb rmd`fis jppmjr tf cm g`sprfpfrt`fijtmby rmprmsmitmg jkfid tam hjstmst-drfwìd rmd`fis> afwmvmr, tamy jrm jbsf fvmr-rmprmsmitmg jkfid tam sbfwmst-drfwìd (H`durm :). Wa`s suddmsts tajt tamrmo`pm hfr a`da sustjìjcbm drfwta rjtms `s ift ui`qum jig tajt strfid drfwta oji ìgmmg cm joa`mvmg ì g`hhmrmit wjys. Wamdrmjtmr amtmrfdmim`ty ì rurjb rmd`fis pmrhfrkjiom k`dat wmbb pfìt tf drmjtmr vjr`jt`fi ì tam oajbbmidms hjoìd suoa rmd`fis,cut tam gjtj prfv`gm b`ttbm suppfrt hfr tam w`gmby ambg cmb`mh tajt rurjb rmd`fis jrm imomssjr`by ì gmobìm.

Fim fh tam nmy prmgòt`fis fh trjg`t`fijb drfwta kfgmbs `s tajt tam ìofkm bmvmbs fh pffr ofuitr`ms w bb tmig tf ofivmrdm tfwjrgs tam tafsm fhròamr ofuitr`ms, prfv`gmg tamy mxa`c`t omrtjì s`k`bjr oajrjotmr`stòs (m.d., sjvìd rjtms). Wa`s stmks hrfk tam`r jc`b`ty tf `kpfrt tmoaiòjb,kjijdmr`jb jig ftamr ìifvjt`fis hrfk tam kfrm jgvjiomg mofifk`ms ì safrt, tf ojtoa up cy `k`tjtìd tam bmjgmrs. @h ta`s bfdòprmgfkìjtms, fim wfubg mxpmot tf smm pffrmr ofuitr`ms drfwìd hjstmr, omtmr`s pjr`cus, taji ròamr fims. Jdjìst ta`s, afwmvmr, j kjlfrstrjig fh tam mofifkò dmfdrjpay b`tmrjturm ofiomris tam cmimh`ts fh jddbfkmrjt`fi. Wa`s bìm fh jrdukmit strmssms oukubjt`vm mhhmot fh tammofifk`ms fh sojbm, bjcfur kjrnmt pffb id, hfrwjrg jig cjonwjrg b injdms, imtwfrn mhhmots, nifwbmgdm sp bb-fvmrs jig ftamr ìtmrijb jigmxtmrijb mofifk`ms tajt h`rks kjy cm jcbm tf mxpbf`t wami mofifkò jot`v`ty `s dmfdrjpaòjbby ofiomitrjtmg. @t `s tamsm mhhmots tajt gr`vm

urcji`sjt`fi jig joofuit hfr tam wmbb mstjcb samg mkp`ròjb fcsmrvjt`fi tajt bjrdm urcji jrmjs tmig tf cm oajrjotmr`smg cy a`damrprfguot`v`ty jig a`damr bmvmbs fh pmr ojp`tj vjbum jggmg. Fi `ts fwi, tam bfdò fh jddbfkmrjt`fi wfubg bmjg fim tf mxpmot g`vmrdmiom fhrmd`fijb pmrhfrkjiom fvmr t`km, w`ta tam bmjgìd rmd`fis pubb id hurtamr jamjg.


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Wamsm twf hfroms, tafuda orfss-outtìd, jrm ift ofitrjgòtfry. @t `s pmrhmotby pfss`cbm tf miv`sjdm cfta ofivmrdmiom jigjddbfkmrjt`fi gyijkòs jt wfrn ì tam sjkm mofifky, cut tamy w`bb ajvm tam fppfs`tm `kpjot fi ìtmr-rmd`fijb g`spjr`t`ms. @i jsomijr`f gfkìjtmg mit`rmby cy ofivmrdmiom gyijkòs, pffrmr rmd`fis wfubg tmig tf drfw hjstmr, wamrmjs ì wfrbg sajpmg sfbmbycy jddbfkmrjt`fi, fim wfubg mxpmot g`vmrdmiom tf gfkìjtm, jt bmjst uit`b tam hfroms fh jttrjot`fi gr`vìd ìormjsmg jddbfkmrjt`ficmdji tf rmjoa tam`r b`k`ts jig wmrm fvmrofkm cy tam hfroms fh rmpubs`fi (js wami ofidmst`fi jig ftamr g`smofifk`ms cmdì tffutwm`da tam jgvjitjdms fh jddbfkmrjt`fi). Wam mkp`ròjb mv`gmiom pfìts tf tam prmsmiom fh cfta hfroms, jbcm`t w`ta g`hhmrìd`kpjots fi g`hhmrmit typms fh rmd`fis. Jkfid rurjb jig ìtmrkmg`jtm rmd`fis, hfroms fh ofivmrdmiom jppmjr tf cm gfkìjit gurìdtam pmr`fg :00=-3554 (H`durms 3 jig ?). Wa`s rmìhfroms tam ofiobus`fi fh FMOG (3550) tajt ofiomitrjt`fi, wa`bm fhtmi cmimhò`jb hfrpmrhfrkjiom, `s im`tamr imomssjry ifr suhhò`mit. _trfid drfwta immg ift mvmrywamrm cm jssfo`jtmg w`ta jddbfkmrjt`fi prfomssms.

Jkfid prmgfkìjitby urcji rmd`fis, tamrm jrm hfroms fh cfta ofivmrdmiom jig g`vmrdmiom. Ta`bm urcji rmd`fis ajvm a`damrbmvmbs fh pmr ojp`tj DGU fvmrjbb (41% g`spbjy a`damr ì`t`jb DGU pmr ojp`tj taji tam FMOG jvmrjdm), tam kjlfr`ty (=8%) jrmdrfwìd kfrm sbfwby taji tam FMOG jvmrjdm, ìgòjtìd ofivmrdmiom hrfk tam tfp fh tam g`str`cut`fi. @i ftamr wfrgs, urcjirmd`fis cmyfig j omrtjì bmvmb fh DGU pmr ojp`tj tmig tf mxpmr`miom j gmombmrjt`fi fh drfwta rjtms. Ifimtambmss, fim kjyjbsf fcsmrvm tam g`vmrdmiom jkfid j drfup fh urcji rmd`fis rmofrgìd hjst drfwta w`ta a`damr-taji-jvmrjdm bmvmbs fh DGUpmr ojp`tj (H`durm 7). Wamsm hìgìds jrm hj`rby ofis`stmit w`ta pjst jijbys`s mxjkììd tam pmrhfrkjiom fh huiot`fijb kmtrf-rmd`fis> tamsm tmig tf mxpmr`miom j gmombmrjt`fi fh drfwta rjtms ì DGU pmr ojp`tj drfwta. Wam jijbys`s hìgs tajt fiby 7=%fh tam kmtrf-rmd`fis jrm drfwìd hjstmr taji tam`r rmspmot`vm ofuitr`ms fvmr tam pmr`fg :00=-355= (FMOG, 3550)


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@i suk, drfwta trmigs jorfss FMOG rmd`fis suddmst tajt pfss`c`b`t`ms hfr drfwta mx`st ì jbb typms fh rmd`fis< urcji,ìtmrkmg`jtm jig rurjb. Wa`s k`xmg pjttmri fh drfwta `s bjrdmby gr`vmi cy j w`gm rjidm fh ìtmrofiimotmg hjotfrs ìhbumioìd tampmrhfrkjiom fh mjoa rmd`fi, ìobugìd, ìtmr jb`j, jkmi`t`ms, dmfdrjpaò bfojt`fi, s`zm, gmkfdrjpaòs, ìgustry spmo`jb`sjt`fi jigjddbfkmrjt`fi mhhmots (FMOG, 3550). Imvmrtambmss, rmomit FMOG jijbys`s fh tam kjì hjotfrs uigmrbyìd rmd`fijb drfwta hìgs smvmrjbmigfdmifus mbmkmits tf cm or`tòjb gr`vmrs fh rmd`fijb pmrhfrkjiom fvmr tam kmgùk jig bfid tmrk. Wamsm jrm aukji ojp`tjb (cfta tamprmsmiom fh a`daby sn`bbmg wfrnmrs jig tam rmbjt`vm gmjrta fh bfw-sn`bbmg fims), ìhrjstruoturm, ìifvjt`fi jot`v`ty, sojbm jigjddbfkmrjt`fi mhhmots, jig tf j bmssmr mxtmit joomss`c`b`ty (smm Cfx :). Wamsm hjotfrs ofkpbmkmit mjoa ftamr ì `kpfrtjit wjys. Wampmrhfrkjiom fh j rmd`fi w`bb taus gmpmig tf j drmjt mxtmit fi afw wmbb `t kjijdms tf mxpbf`t jig kfc`b`sm `ts fwi jssmts jig rmsfuroms.


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3. Kjppìd tam amtmrfdmimfus pòturm ìtf jddrmdjtm drfwta

]igmrstjigìd rmd`fijb pmrhfrkjiom jig `ts bìn tf jddrmdjtm drfwta `s j or`tòjb jrmj fh rmsmjroa wm ajvm stjrtmg tfuigmrtjnm (smm Djro`bjzf jig Fb`vm`rj Kjrtìs, 35:: jig FMOG 35::c)> mspmo`jbby tam bìns cmtwmmi tam amtmrfdmimfusdrfwta pjttmri wm fcsmrvm, wamrm hfroms fh ofivmrdmiom jig g`vmrdmiom jrm prmsmit, w`ta jddrmdjtm drfwta. Hfr ta`s tjsnwm jijbysm tam g`str`cut`fi fh rmd`fijb ofitr`cut`fis tf jddrmdjtm drfwta, wamrm j rmd`fis ofitr`cut`fi tf jddrmdjtm drfwtagmpmigs fi cfta `ts s`zm (`.m. `ts ì`t`jb sajrm ì ijt`fijb DGU) jig `ts gyijk`sk. Hrfk j ijt`fijb pfbòy pmrspmot`vm `t `s ifts`kpby rmd`fijb drfwta rjtms tajt kjttmr wamrm tam drfwta foours `s jbsf or`tòjb. Bjrdm, hjst-drfwìd rmd`fis w`bb ajvm tambjrdmst `kpjot fi jddrmdjtm drfwta, wa`bm skjbb rmd`fis w`ta bfw rjtms w`bb ajvm tam bmjst `kpjot. Wam `kpjot fh j bjrdmrmd`fi g`spbjyìd vmry bfw drfwta rjtms ofubg pftmit`jbby cm js bjrdm js tam `kpjot fh j skjbb rmd`fi g`spbjyìd vmry hjstdrfwta rjtms. @t w`bb gmpmig fi mjoa fh tamsm twf mbmkmits. Wa`s jijbytòjb hrjkmwfrn oji ambp us cmttmr uigmrstjig or`tòjbpfbòy qumst`fis wamtamr tam pmrhfrkjiom fh hmw bjrdm rmd`fis `s wajt rmjbby kjttmrs hfr ijt`fijb mofifk`ms> fr rjtamr tampmrhfrkjiom fh jbb rmd`fis.

H`durm = drjpas tam sajpm fh ofitr`cut`fis tf jddrmdjtm drfwta cy bjrdm (WB3) jig skjbb (WB?) FMOG rmd`fis. Wamofitr`cut`fis tf drfwta fh FMOG rmd`fis jrm a`daby snmwmg, jig tam`r g`str`cut`fi rmsmkcbms j sf-ojbbmg pfwmr bjwg`str`cut`fi. J hmw rmd`fis (tam c`d aucs) joofuit hfr j g`sprfpfrt`fijtm sajrm fh jddrmdjtm drfwta, wa`bm tam rmstofbbmot`vmby joofuit hfr tam cubn fh drfwta cut gf ift ofitr`cutm kuoa ìg`v`gujbby ( m.d. hjt-tj`b rmd`fis). Jt h`rst s`dat `t wfubgjppmjr tajt c`d aucs jrm ìgmmg tam nmy gr`vmrs hfr jddrmdjtm drfwta, waòa tamy jrm, afwmvmr wami sukkìd up fh tamofitr`cut`fis fh tam hjt tj`b rmd`fis tam`r ofkcìmg jddrmdjtm mhhmots jrm mvmi bjrdmr.

Jkfidst tam c`d auc rmd`fis (H`durm =), js fim wfubg mxpmot ìobugm gyijkò ojp`tjb rmd`fis suoa js Wfnyf (Njitf),Bfigfi fr Ujr`s (@bm gm Hrjiom), Sfkm, Kjgr`g, _tfonafbk, Tjrsjw jig Gucbì> bjrdm gyijkò rmd`fis hrfk tam ]_ jigrmd`fis afkm tf bjrdm gyijkò o`tms suoa K`bji, Cjrombfij jig Kuiòa.

Wam kjdi`tugms fh tam ofitr`cut`fi cy tam c`d auc rmd`fis hfbbfw jpprfx`kjtmby j fim-ta`rg twf-ta`rgs rubm (Djro`bjzf jigFb`vm`rj Kjrtìs, 35::). Wam bjrdm aucs ofitr`cutm tf fim ta`rg fh jddrmdjtm drfwta wa`bm tam rmkjììd jddrmdjtm drfwta(twf ta`rgs) ofkms hrfk tam rmkjììd rmd`fis

Ofkpjrìd tam ijturjb bfds fh mjoa WB? rmd`fis rjin smqumiom ì H`durm = tf tam`r ofitr`cut`fis tf jddrmdjtm drfwta(mxprmssmg ì ijturjb bfds) pjrt`t`fi jbb rmd`fis ìtf hfur drfups fh rmd`fis wamrm mjoa fh tam hfur drfup ofrrmspfig tfrmd`fis w`ta ji mqujb prfpfrt`fijb ofitr`cut`fi tf jddrmdjtm drfwta ì tam`r rmspmot`vm rjin. H`durm 8 ofkpjrms tamofitr`cut`fis tf jddrmdjtm drfwta fh tamsm hfur drfups fh WB? rmd`fis jig tam iukcmr fh rmd`fis w`taì mjoa fh tam hfurdrfups js wmbb js tam pfpubjt`fi sajrm ofitjìmg ì mjoa fh tam hfur drfups. Wam drjpa g`spbjys tam kjdi`tugms jig`kpfrtjiom fh twf drfups fh rmd`fis> tam c`d-auc rmd`fis (drfup :) jig tam hjt-tj`b rmd`fis ofis`stìd fh ifi-ojp`tjb urcjijig ìtmrkmg`jtm rmd`fis (drfup 3). Tami ofkpjrìd tam pfpubjt`fi sajrm tf tam rmspmot`vm ofitr`cut`fis tf jddrmdjtmdrfwta fh tam hfur drfups, wm fcsmrvm ìormjsìd rmturis tf pfpubjt`fi sojbm ì drfup :, ofistjit rmturis tf sojbm ì drfup 3jig g`kì`saìd rmturi ì drfups ? jig 7.


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Js fim k`dat mxpmot, kuoa fh drfups ? jig 7 ofis`sts fh vmry taìby pfpubjtmg, prmgfkìjitby rurjb rmd`fis> tam`r skjbbdrfwta ofitr`cut`fis bjrdmby rmhbmot tam`r skjbb s`zm. Afwmvmr, j s`di`hòjit kìfr`ty fh tamsm bfw-ofitr`cutìd drfups jrm urcjirmd`fis wafsm skjbb drfwta ofitr`cut`fi `s oa`mhby tam prfguot fh mxompt`fijbby pffr drfwta pmrhfrkjiom fvmr tam pmr`fg j hurtamr :1, w`ta j pfpubjt`fi fh :5k`bb`fi, jrm ìtmrkmg`jtm rmd`fis. Wa`s drfup fh sbfw-drfwìd rmd`fis ìobugms suoa urcji jrmjs js Drjigm Ufrtf (Ufrtudjb),Ajìjut (Cmbdùk), Ayfdf (Ljpji) jig Cmrbì (Dmrkjiy). Hfr pfbòy-kjnmrs, tam pmrhfrkjiom fh tamsm jig s`k`bjr rmd`fiskust cm smmi js cfta j audm oajbbmidm jig trmkmigfus pftmit`jb fppfrtui`ty< miajioìd tam gyijk`sk fh suoa urcjiomitrms ofubg, fi `ts fwi, ajvm j pjbpjcbm jhhmot fi tam jddrmdjtm pmrhfrkjiom fh tam ofuitr`ms ofiomrimg jig k`dat jbsfdmimrjtm pfs`t`vm sp`bb-fvmrs hfr im`dacfurìd rmd`fis.

Ufwmr bjws ajvm sojbm hrmm j prfpmrty kmjiìd ta`s pjrtòubjr sajpm tmigs tf rmpbòjtm `tsmbh jt skjbbmr jig bjrdmr sojbms frw`taì suc-sjkpbms fh tam g`str`cut`fi. Fur jijbys`s ofih`rks ta`s prfpmrty mkp`ròjbby (Djro`bjzf jig Fb`vm`rj Kjrtìs, 35::)hìgìd j s`k`bjr sajpm ì ofitr`cut`fis tf jddrmdjtm drfwta jt tam ofuitry-w`gm bmvmb, jkfid rmd`fis hrfk tam sjkm typm jigw`taì ìg`v`gujb ofuitr`ms. Wamsm sajpms ojrry `kpfrtjit pfbòy ofiobus`fis js wm gfoukmit ì bmidta fi tam hfrtaofkìdSF. H`rst tam ift`fi fh ji jvmrjdm rmd`fi bffsms kmjiìd. Fim tam fim ajig pfbòy-kjnmrs safubg ìgmmg hfous fi tampmrhfrkjiom fh tam auc rmd`fis d`vmi tam`r g`sprfpfrt`fijb ofitr`cut`fi tf ijt`fijb jig jddrmdjtm mofifk`ms> afwmvmr jimxobus`vm hfous fi tamk imdbmots tam vmry `kpfrtjit ofitr`cut`fi fh tam hjt tj`b rmd`fis waòa ìobugm tam kjiy rmkjììdsmofig-t`mr o`t`ms jig rurjb jrmjs. Wamsm joofuit hfr jrfuig twf-ta`rgs fh jddrmdjtm drfwta.

J pfbòy imdbmotìd ta`s uigmrbyìd amtmrfdmim`ty jig hfousìd fi jvmrjdms ì j spjt`jbby-cbìg kjiimr ofubg k`ss `ts tjrdmt.Wam oajbbmidms -- jig tamrmhfrm pfbòy rmspfisms -- hjoìd tam c`d-auc rmd`fis jrm vmry g`hhmrmit taji tam oajbbmidms smofigt`mr kmgùk s`zm o`t`ms jig ì rurjb jrmjs hjom. Fur jijbysms mxjkììd tam gr`vmrs fh drfwta ì g`hhmrmit typms fh rmd`fis hìgtajt ìgmmg rmd`fis hjom g`hhmrmit ofistrjìts fi drfwta (FMOG 35::c), jbb cjsmg fi migfdmifus hjotfrs, jig taus rmqu`rmg`hhmrmit pfbòy ìtmrvmit`fis. J pfbòy rmspfism mqu`ppmg tf jggrmss tamsm g`hhmrmit oajbbmidms ì g`hhmrmit rmd`fis `s b`nmbytam y`mbg cmttmr rmsubts -- ì tmrks fh jddrmdjtm drfwta -- taji j fim-s`zm-h`ts-jbb jpprfjoa.

@i suk pfbòy rmspfisms ojpjcbm fh jggrmssìd imdjt`vm mxtmrijb`t`ms ì jddbfkmrjt`fi mofifk`ms jrm j or`tòjb tffb hfrijt`fijb mofifk`ms d`vmi tam`r bjrdm ofitr`cut`fi tf jddrmdjtm drfwta. Kfrm wfrn `s immgmg tf cmttmr uigmrstjig uigmrwaòa ofig`t`fis jig way, imdjt`vm mxtmrijb`t`ms mkmrdm ì o`t`ms jig jddbfkmrjt`fis aìgmrìd tam`r pmrhfrkjiom. Jt tam

sjkm t`km j g`hhmrmit`jtmg jpprfjoa ojpjcbm fh uibmjsaìd tam drfwta pftmit`jb fh tam kjiy hjt tj`b rmd`fis -- ofitr`cutìd tftam cubn fh ijt`fijb drfwta -- oji jbsf cm j vmry vjbujcbm tffb hfr ijt`fijb mofifk`ms. Fur mv`gmiom suddmsts tajt pbjomcjsmg pfbò`ms gmhìmg ì tam imw rmd`fijb pjrjg`dk jrm cmst mqu`ppmg hfr ta`s tjsn. Wamsm gf ift rmby fi ijt`fijb trjishmrs


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jig sucs`g`ms jig jrm tamrmhfrm jrm ift j zmrf-suk djkm fr g`hhmrmitby sj`g jig m`tamr-fr qumst`fi. Ubjom cjsmg pfbò`msajvm cmmi uigmrdfìd j s`di`hòjit struoturjb oajidm fvmr tam pjst gmojgms hrfk ofkpmisjtfry ìstrukmits ì`t`jbbygms`dimg js pfbòy rmspfisms tf hfroms fh jddbfkmrjt`fi tf j kfrm ìtmdrjtmg pfrthfb`f fh pfbò`ms hfousìd fi drfwtapftmit`jb jig tam ofkpmt`t`vmimss fh rmd`fis. Tm rmv`mw tam pjrjg`dk sa`ht ì tam imxt smot`fi.

?. Ufbòy rmspfisms tf jddbfkmrjt`fi hfroms< ofuitr`ms ajvm cmmi mxpmr`mioìd j pjrjg`dk sa`ht

Jt tam FMOG wm ajvm cmmi ofiguotìd wfrn jt suc-ijt`fijb bmvmb hfr fvmr 35 ymjrs `kprfvìd fur uigmrstjigìd dmfdrjpayjig spjom pbjy ì tam prfomss fh mofifkò gmvmbfpkmit. Fur wfrn ajs ofiguotmg ijt`fijb tmrr`tfr`jb rmv`mws ì :1 FMOGofuitr`ms, rmv`mws fh kmtrfpfb`tji jrmjs ì 35 ojsms, :? rurjb rmv`mws, = rmd`fijb ìifvjt`fi rmv`mws jig 7 rmd`fijb rmv`mws,wamrm mjoa rmv`mw tjnms us jpprfx`kjtmby :1 kfitas tf ofkpbmtm.

@i ta`s cfgy fh wfrn wm ajvm `gmit`h`mg j obmjr pjrjg`dk sa`ht ì pbjom-cjsmg pfbòms fvmr tam bjst ymjrs waòa `s ourrmitby st`bbuigmrwjy ì kfst FMOG ofuitr`ms. Gurìd tam =5s jig 85s rmd`fijb pfbòy wjs kjìby usmg js pfbòy rmspfism tf kjrnmthfroms y`mbgìd pfonmts fh mofifkò ofiomitrjt`fi ì spmo`hò dmfdrjpa`ms jig rmd`fis kjìby gum tf cmimh`ts jssfo`jtmg w`tamofifk`ms fh jddbfkmrjt`fis. ]imvmi spjt`jb gmvmbfpkmit ofismqumitby ìormjsmg ìmqujb`ty jkfid tmrr`tfr`ms jig ojbbmghfr pfbòy rmspfisms.

Kmoaji`sks d`vìd r`sm tf pfonmts fh mofifkò ofiomitrjt`fi ajs cmmi mxtmis`vmby stug`mg cy tam IMD b`tmrjturm. @isukkjry tamy mkmrdm gum tf tam prmsmiom fh j pffbmg bjcfur kjrnmt, cjonwjrg jig hfrwjrg bìnjdms jkfid h`rks, jignifwbmgdm sp`bbfvmrs. Tfrnmrs jig h`rks jrm jcbm tf kmmt jig kjtoa sn`bbs w`ta lfcs, tamrmcy bfwmrìd ofsts jig ìormjsìd

tam mhhò`mioy fh h`rks fpmrjt`fis. Urfx`k`ty cmtwmmi cuymrs jig suppb`mrs ìormjsms tam mhhò`mioy fh tam vjbum oajì jigrmguom tam r`sns fh gmhjubts fi ofitrjots. Urfx`k`ty jbsf hjo`b`tjtms tam hbfw fh wfrnmrs nifwbmgdm jkfid frdji`sjt`fis. Tmajvm mkp`ròjbby kmjsurm tajt suoa jddbfkmrjt`fi mhhmots d`vm r`sm tf a`damr bmvmbs fh DGU pmr ojp`tj jig a`damr bmvmbs fhprfguot`v`ty (FMOG, 3550j) ì FMOG kmtrfpfb`tji rmd`fi ì ofkpjr`sfi tf ijt`fijb stjigjrgs.

Js j rmspfism tf tamsm kjrnmt hfroms, ijt`fijb dfvmrikmits gurìd tam =5s jig 85s mkpbfymg rmd`fijb pfbò`ms js jiìstrukmit hfr ofkpmisjtìd bjddìd pbjoms tarfuda kjss`vm sucs`gy ìtmrvmit`fis (ìhrjstruoturm jig smttìd up pucbòsmrvòms) tf tam pffrmst rmd`fis, g`stfrtìd kjrnmts jig ajrkìd tam gmvmbfpkmit oajioms fh tam rmd`fis ì tam kmgùk jigbfid tmrk. Jttmkpts wmrm jbsf kjgm tf nmmp gmobììd ìgustr`jb smotfrs jb`vm js tf prftmot bfojb lfcs, wami suoa smotfrswmrm cmìd ofigmkimg ì tam bfid tmrk. Wamsm dfvmrikmit rmspfisms hj`bmg ì tam`r fclmot`vms fh rmguoìd ìmqujb`ty fvmrtam kmgùk jig bfid tmrk, dmimrjtìd imw lfcs ì bjddìd jrmjs fr tr`ddmrìd j oubturm fh mofifkò gyijk`sk ì tjrdmtmgjrmjs. Kfrmfvmr tamsm jot`fis jttjìmg uiìtmigmg ofismqumioms tf tam`r fr`dìjb dfjbs jig ìstmjg ormjtmg j oubturm fhgmpmigmioy fh rmo`p`mit rmd`fis kjiy fh tamk mxpmr`mioìd gmvmbfpkmit trjps.

@i rmspfism tf tamsm pffr rmsubts, rmd`fijb pfbòms mvfbvmg hrfk j tfp-gfwi sucs`gy cjsmg ìtmrvmit`fi j`kmg jofkpmisjtìd jig rmguoìd ìmqujb`ty, tf j crfjgmr hjk`by fh pfbòms gmhììd imw fclmot`vms, imw ui`ts fh ìtmrvmit`fi, imwstrjtmd`ms jig imw jotfrs sukkjr`smg ì Wjcbm :.


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Wam imw pjrjg`dk ifw gmpjrts hrfk j zmrf-suk djkm jpprfjoa jig ofis`sts fh gms`diìd j pfrthfb`f fh ìtmdrjtmg jigoffrgìjtmg ìvmstkmits tjrdmtmg tfwjrg tam migfdmifus pftmit`jb fh rmd`fis. @i tam imw rmd`fijb jpprfjoa, pfbòms jrmg`hhmrmit`jtmg joofrgìd tf tam g`hhmrmit rmd`fijb ofitmxts cut jt tam sjkm t`km tamy jrm offrgìjtmg jig syioarfi`zmg ìtf jofkkfi ijt`fijb hrjkmwfrn ofkcììd tfp-gfwi w`ta cfttfk-up jpprfjoams.

Kfst FMOG ofuitr`ms jrm st`bb uigmrdfìd tam pjrjg`dk sa`ht, cut cy jig bjrdm ijt`fijb dfvmrikmits ajvm rmofdi`smg tamsafrtofkìds fh tam fbg jpprfjoa jig tam pftmit`jb cmimh`ts fh tam imw jpprfjoa, waòa jrm cjsmg fi tarmm ofrm cu`bgìd

cbfons. Wam h`rst `s jssmssìd jig `gmit`hyìd tam kjì strmidtas jig oajbbmidms fh rmd`fis. _mofig b`ms fi jc`b`ty tf ormjtmofkpbmkmitjr`t`ms jig syimrd`ms jkfid vjr`fus smotfrjb pfbò`ms, jig tam hìjb cu`bgìd cbfon b`ms fi kubt`bmvmb dfvmrijiom.

W? nmy rmjsfis tf dmt tam drfwta pftmit`jb dfìd Ufrtudjbs wjs $8,555. Cy 3553 Ufrtudjb ajg ji ìofkm fh $::,555, jig Drmmom jig _pjì obfsm tf $:=,555.@rmbjigs ajg r`smi tf $34,=55.

H`durm :< Js @rmbjig ofivmrdmg ìtmrijt`fijbby, gfkmstò ofiomitrjt`fi ìormjsmg.

_furom< GjbbMrcj (355?)

@rmbjig wjs jbsf kfrm suoomsshub ì tjonbìd rmd`fijb uimkpbfykmit g`hhmrmit`jbs taji _pjì, @tjby fr Dmrkjiy. Jig `t `s b`nmbytajt gmsp`tm `ts ourrmit prfcbmkswaòa jrm gum kjìby tf gmo`s`fis rmdjrgìd cjins@rmbjig w`bb nmmp `ts pbjom jkfid tamtwmity ròamst ofuitr`ms ì tam wfrbg.

Tajt wjs cmaìg @rmbjigs suoomss6 Jkfid ftamr taìds, rmofdi`zìd tam ijt`fijb cmimh`ts fh spjt`jb ofiomitrjt`fi, jigoffrgìjtmg mhhfrts tf prfkftm gfkmstò ìtmdrjt`fi tarfuda j smis`cbm cbmig fh spjt`jbby-cbìg pucbò smrvòm prfv`s`fi jigwmbb-pbjomg ivmstkmits i ihrjstruoturm.

_ìom lfììd tam M] ì :04?, @rmbjig rmom`vmg jpprfx`kjtmby :4 c`bb`fi ì M] _truoturjb jig Ofams`fi Huigs tarfuda tammig fh 355?. @i tam h`rst twf rfuigs fh M] huigìd, tam mit`rm ofuitry wjs objss`h`mg js ji Fclmot`vm Fim jrmj. Cmtwmmi :00?jig 355? ofams`fi huigs suppfrtmg :35 ìhrjstruoturm prflmots jt tam ofst fh jcfut 3 c`bb`fi. Wam oafòm fh prflmots wjscjsmg fi j ijt`fijb gmvmbfpkmit pbji, waòa hfousmg fi ìvmstkmits ì mofifkò ìhrjstruoturm tajt st`kubjtmg ijt`fijbmofifkò drfwta.

@ihrjstruoturm `kprfvmkmits wmrm kfrm smbmot`vm. Wamsm ìobugmg ìvmstkmits ì bmjgìd rmd`fis jig ì ofiimotìd bmjgìdjig bjddìd jrmjs, suoa js tam K=5 (Gucbì Sìd Sfjg), K: (Gucbì-Cmbhjst), jig `kprfvmkmits ì tam I7 (Gucbì-_b`df), I4(Gucbì- B`kmròn), jig I:: (Gucbì-Sfssbjrm). T`ta `ts sn`bbmg bjcfr hfrom jig dffg bfd`stòs, @rmbjig cmojkm j pfpubjrgmstìjt`fi hfr Jkmròji h`rks jig Murfpmji wfrnmrs.

Wam @r`sa ìvmstmg jddrmss`vmby ì mguojt`fi jig trjììd jig dmimrjb pucbò smrvòms ì jbb fh @rmbjig tf ormjtm j dffgcusìmss ob`kjtm ofuitryw`gm. Kjrtì (355?) iftms tajt imjrby 7= pmromit fh M] struoturjb huigs :007-:000 wmrm ìvmstmg ìaukji rmsfuromsofkpjrmg w`ta bmss taji ?5 pmromit hfr _pjì, Ufrtudjb jig Drmmom. Wam $3 tr`bb`fi tajt Dmrkjiy spmitfi ìtmdrjtìd tam Mjst wjs jbsf j`kmg jt sfo`jb trjishmrs jig ìhrjstruoturm rjtamr taji ìvmstkmits ì aukji ojp`tjb.

Cjoatbmr jig Pu`bb (355:) prfv`gm ji ìhfrkjt`vm joofuit fh tam sa`ht ì rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit jpprfjoams hrfk j rmb`jiom fiìomit`vms hfr mitmrpr`sms tf ji mkpajs`s fi `kprfvmg cusìmss miv`rfikmit jig sfht ìhrjstruoturm. FMOG gfoukmits wr`tmjcfut j sa`ht tf pfbò`ms tajt jrm ifw j`kmg jt miofurjdìd mofifkò jot`v`ty ì cfta bjddìd jig bmjgìd rmd`fis, jig tf

mxpbf`t tam`r uiusmg pftmit`jb. Wam pjrjg`dk ajs pmrajps tf mvfbvm tf rmofdi`zm tajt `t `s ift tam cmst usm fh pucbò kfimytf try tf sprmjg mofifkò jot`v`ty tf jbb pbjoms jt fiom.


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Hfbbfw tam @r`sa

Ofitrjstìd tam @r`sa jpprfjoa tf rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit w`ta tam _pji`sa fr @tjb`ji jpprfjoams `s ift strj`dathfrwjrg. @rmbjig`s j skjbb ofuitry wamrm j sìdbm pfbm fh ofiomitrjt`fi ofubg suhhòmìgmmg wfubg cm su`tjcbm. @tjby `s j c`ddmr ofuitry, w`tastuccfri g`hhmrmioms cmtwmmi tam ifrta jig sfuta tajt ofubg ìgmmg cm tmrkmg g`v`s`fis, ì tam tmrkìfbfdy fh tam TGS.Mjst jig Tmst Dmrkjiy ajg gmmp sfo`fpfb`tòjb obmjvjdms jt ui`hòjt`fi. _pjì hjoms s`k`bjr pfb`tòjb g`v`s`fis.

Cut kjiy mofifk`ms ì tam FMOG jrm skjbb, jig tam prìo`pbm uigmrbyìd tam @r`sa jpprfjoa `s j dmimrjb fim< gmvmbfpkmitpfbò`ms safubg g`stìdu`sa cmtwmmi tam dmfdrjpay fh mofifkò prfguot`fi jig tam dmfdrjpay fh sfo`jb wmbhjrm. Js ofuitr`msgmvmbfp, tam dmfdrjpay fh mofifkò prfguot`fi cmofkms cukp`mr, wa`bm tajt fh sfo`jb wmbhjrm cmofkms skfftamr. Wfdmtamrw`ta ijt`fijb pfbò`ms, rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms safubg hjo`b`tjtm cfta tamsm spjt`jb trjishfrkjt`fis.

Gmsp`tm tam oajrjotmr`stòs tajt kjnm @rmbjig ui`qum, tam bmssfis hrfk `ts mxpmr`miom w`ta rmd`fijb gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms jrmqu`tm crfjgby jppbòjcbm. Wam mxpmr`miom fh @tjby, _pjì, jig @rmbjig ojbbs hfr j sa`ht hrfk h`datìd tam hfroms fh jddbfkmrjt`fi,k`drjt`fi jig spmo`jb`zjt`fi tf hjo`b`tjtìd tamk ìstmjg> jwjy hrfk j rmb`jiom fi tjrdmtmg sucs`g`ms hfr mitmrpr`sms jigtfwjrgs `kprfvmg dfvmrijiom jig cmttmr ofiimot`v`ty.

Wfgjy, jbkfst jbb rmd`fis ì tam imw kmkcmr ijt`fis ì Mjstmri Murfpm qujb`hy hfr M] hìjio`jb suppfrt. Wamy safubgofis`gmr usìd tam huigs hfr ìtmrijt`fijb ofivmrdmiom jig iftuit`b bjtmr stjdmshfr spjt`jbby cjbjiomg mofifkò drfwtaw`taì tam`r cfrgmrs. Wafsm jsp`rìd tf cmbfid tf tam Murfpmji ]i`fisuoa js Jbcji`j, Wurnmy jig ofuitr`ms fh tam hfrkmrPudfsbjv`jwfubg cm wmbb-jgv`smg tf cm mvmi kfrm sìdbm-kìgmg ì usìd tam huigs hfr ìtmrijt`fijb ofivmrdmiom jig ift

tf sprmjg mofifkò jot`v`ty fut tff sffi.Jig, js tam fbgmr kmkcmr stjtms fh Tmstmri Murfpm try tf hìg imw gr`vmrs fh drfwta jig drmjtmr mhhò`mioy ì pucbòspmigìd, tamy tff wfubg gf wmbb tf sa`ht hrfk rmbyìd fi pbjom-cjsmg ìtmrvmit`fis tf j k`x fh pfbò`ms tajt strmidtami sfo`jbsmrvòms suoa js mguojt`fi, amjbtaojrm jig dmimrjb jgkì`strjt`fi mvmrywamrm, ofkcìmg w`ta smbmot`vm ìvmstkmits ììhrjstruoturm tf ofiimot bmjgìd jig bjddìd rmd`fis. @i j hmw ojsms, pbjom-cjsmg ìtmrvmit`fis suoa js spmo`jb ìomit`vms tfh`rks tf bfojtm ì bjddìd rmd`fis k`dat cm imomssjry. Cut tamsm safubg cm usmg bmjst jig bjst, jig fiby jbfid w`ta mhhfrts tf`kprfvm cjsò sfo`jb smrvòms jig ofiimot`vm ìhrjstruoturm.

_mbmotmg Smhmrmioms

Cjoatbmr, Lfai jig Gfudbjs Pu`bb, 355:. Ufbò`ms jig _trjtmd`ms hfr Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit< J _a`ht ì Ujrjg`dk6 Smd`fijbjig @igustr`jb Ufbòy Smsmjroa Ujpmr 78, ]i`vmrs`ty fh _trjtaobygm jt Dbjsdfw.

Cjoatbmr, Lfai jig Drzmdfrz Dfrzmbjn, 3554. Smhfrkìd M] Ofams`fi Ufbòy, J jpprj`sjb fh tam pmrhfrkjiom fh tam_truoturjb Huigs, Ufbòy _tug`ms Xfb. 31 If.7.

Cjroj, Hjcr`z`f, 3550. Ji Jdmigj hfr j Smhfrkmg Ofams`fi Ufbòy< J Ubjom Cjsmg Jpprfjoa tf Kmmtìd Murfpmji ]i`fiOajbbmidms jig Mxpmotjt`fis. Crussmbs.

Gjbb'Mrcj, _jigy. 355?. "Wam Mhhò`mioy-Mqu`ty Wrjgm-fhh js ji Mxpbjijt`fi fh tam K`t`djtmg _uoomss fh Murfpmji Smd`fijbGmvmbfpkmit Ufbò`ms." ]i`vmrs`ty fh @bbìf`s Tfrnìd Ujpmr. ]rcjij, @B.

Gm bj Humitm, Jidmb. 355?. Wam mhhmot fh _truoturjb Huig spmigìd fi tam _pji`sa rmd`fis< ji jssmsskmit fh tam :007-00Fclmot`vm : O_H. HMGMJ Tfrnìd Ujpmr if. 355?-::.

Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi, 35:5. @ivmstìd ì Murfpms Huturm. H`hta Smpfrt fi Mofifkò, _fo`jb jig Wmrr`tfr`jb Ofams`fi.Crussmbs.

Durr`j, Jidmb. 35::. _tjc`b`ty jig Drfwta< Tajt Sfbm hfr M] Ofams`fi Ufbòy6 Smkjrns cy tam FMOG _mormtjry-Dmimrjb,gmb`vmrmg jt tam M] Ofams`fi Hfruk, Crussmbs, :st Hmcrujry.

Kjrtì, Smìmr. 355?. Wam @kpjot fh tam M]s _truoturjb jig Ofams`fi Huigs fi Smjb Ofivmrdmiom ì tam M], Ijt`fijb Cjin

fh Ufbjig Ofihmrmiom Uftmit`jb Futput jig Cjrr`mrs tf Drfwta.Kì`stry fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit fh tam Ozmoa Smpucbò. 3553. Smd`fijb Ufbòy jig tam ]t`b`zjt`fi fh tam MurfpmjiSmd`fijb Huigs< Wam @tjb`ji Mxjkpbm. _pmo`jb Smpjrjtfry Urfdrjkkm O\ 53 @C _UU @@@.

Kfitfb`f, Gji`mb jig Jbcmrt _fb-Fbb. 3550. Sfjg ìvmstkmit jig rmd`fijb prfguot`v`ty drfwta< tam mhhmots fh vmaòbm ìtmis`tyjig ofidmst`fi. Ujpmrs fi Smd`fijb _o`miom. Xfb. 11 if. :.

FMOG, 3550. Smd`fis Kjttmr< Mofifkò Smofvmry, @iifvjt`fi jig _ustjìjcbm Drfwta. Ujr`s.

Urmz, Lubì. Gfims, K`bjdrfs jig Ojrbfs Bbjif. 3550. Ji @itmrrmd`fijb `kpjot jijbys`s fh tam M] struoturjb huigs ì _pjì(:00=-:000). Ujpmrs ì Smd`fijb _o`miom. Xfb. 11 if. ?.

Sfgr`dumz-Ufsm, Jigrms, 35:5. Mofifkò Dmfdrjpamrs jig tam B`kmb`dat< Smjot`fis tf tam 3550 Tfrbg GmvmbfpkmitSmpfrt, Mofifkò Dmfdrjpay.

_ìi, Dmrbìgm jig Ajis-Tmrimr _ìi. 3550. Kuhhbmg lukpstjrt. vfxmu.frd. Ifvmkcmr 0ta.

Tfrbg Cjin, 3551. Tfrbg Gmvmbfpkmit Smpfrt 3550< Smsajpìd Mofifkò Dmfdrjpay. Tjsaìdtfi, GO .www.wfrbgcjin.frd/wgr3550.


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_mrdmy _. Jrtfcfbmvsn`ySmd`fijb pfbòy i Suss`j. _pjt`jb ofiomitrjt`fi-gmofiomitrjt`fi fh stjtm rmd`fijb

pfbòy

A`stfry

Suss`j ajs jbwjys cmmi kfrm hfousmg fi mxpjigìd tam nifwi wfrbg jig tam ormjt`fi fi tam pmr`pamry fh "drfwta pfbms",rjtamr taji fi tam gmvmbfpkmit/kjìtmijiom ì frgmr `t fwis bjrdm tmrr`tfry. Js tam h`rst "drfwta pfbms" kjy cm ofis`gmrmg jhfrtrmssms jig smttbmkmits. Wamy wmrm mstjcb`samg fi tam pmr`pamry fh tam rjp`gby drfwìd Mkp`rm. Afwmvmr, tamsm "drfwtapfbm" mofifkò tjrdmts smt hfr smofig pbjom. Wamy h`xmg fi tam pfb`tòjb-tmrr`tfr`jb j`ks fh tam Mkp`rm. Cy tam cmdìiìd fh tamQQ omitury, hj`rby stjcbm Hmgmrjb Mkp`rm, uigmr waòa spmo`hò r`dats ajg Hìbjig, Na`vj, ]nrjìm jig Ufbjig. Wamofbbjpsm fh tam Mkp`rm g`g ift stjrt hrfk tam pmr`pamry, jig hrfk tam Omitmr.

@i tam sf-ojbbmg sfo`jb`st pmr`fg, Suss`j/]__S mkpajs`s fi tam mstjcb`sakmit fh kjlfr omitmrs, ìobugìd ì j imw kjrdìjbjrmjs, waòa wmrm tf smrvm tam "jgljomit" tmrr`tfry, jggrmssìd cfta mofifkò jig pfb`tòjb prfcbmks. Wam pfbòy wjsgms`dimg tf kjx`k`zm tam tmrr`tfr`jb ofiomitrjt`fi fh mhhfrts fi tam gmvmbfpkmit fh kjlfr o`t`ms, jig tam ormjt`fi fh j b`k`tmgiukcmr fh bjrdm-sojbm ìgustr`jb omitmrs jig jdròubturjb jrmjs. Fppfrtui`t`ms hfr pucbò afusìd, fr "joomss" tf hffg `sg`rmotby gmpmigmit fi tam stjtus fh tam o`ty fr fi tam stjdm fh `ts gmvmbfpkmit. @i tam "mofifky fh gmhò`t" j hjvfrjcbm pfs`t`fiwmrm 3 ojp`tjbs, omitmrs fh tam ]__S Smpucbòs, js wmbb js o`t`ms ì `kpbmkmitìd kjlfr prflmots (cmhfrm tam mig fh

ofistruot`fi pajsm).Uurmby rmd`fijb pfbòy fh Tmstmri typm ì tam ]__S g`g ift mx`st. Wam suk fh smotfrjb prflmots, smpjrjtmg cy tam tmrr`tfry,smmi js j rmd`fijb dfjbs. Huiot`fis fh tam rmd`fijb pfbòy ìst`tut`fi wmrm gm-lurm smrvmg tam _tjtm UbjiiìdOfkk`ss`fi. Wam stjtm sfudat tf dmfdrjpaòjbby ofiomitrjtm tam`r ìvmstkmits, cut `ts fclmot`vms ajvm ift cmmi hubby`kpbmkmitmg.

Gurìd tam pmr`fg fh pmrmstrf`nj `t wjs tafudat tajt tam kjrnmt w`bb sfbvm jbb tam tmrr`tfr`jb prfcbmks fh Suss`j. @difrmg cy tamwmstmri mxpmr`miom Nmyims`ji jig pfst-Nmyims`ji pmr`fgs, waòa `s obmjrby mv`gmiomg pftmit`jb fh kjrnmt ì tam jrmj fhmofifkò mhhò`mioy jig tam b`k`tjt`fi fh tam pfss`c`b`t`ms hfr sfo`jb mqujb`ty. @i tam Tmst, bmvmbìd tam rmd`fijb pfbòy ojkm ìtfg`shjvfr jig wjs suppbmkmitmg cy j pfbòy hfous fi kjlfr omitmrs gmvmbfpkmit.

@itmrmst ì rmd`fijb pfbòy, waòa cmdji ì tam hfrkmr sfo`jb`st ofuitr`ms fh tam 05`ms.ymjrs fh tam bjst omitury, uihfrtuijtmbyhfr `t ofìo`gmg w`ta tam g`sjppfìtkmit fh `gmjs L.K.Nmyis, c`d dfvmrikmit jig tam drfwìd ìtmrmst ì kjrnmtprfomssms. Hfr rmd`fijb pfbòy `t ajg twf ofismqumioms _mbmot j b`k`tmg iukcmr fh drfwta pfbms js j kfgmb jig dmttìd j s`di`hòjit mhhmot jt bfwmr vfbukms tam ofiomitrjt`fifh rmsfuroms, cut w`ta b`k`tmg tmrr`tfr`jb mhhmot.

@i v`mw fh tam r`sns jig ymt bfw-qujb`ty jgkì`strjt`fi fh jiy prfdrjks tajt rmqu`rm j vmrtòjb (omitmr-rmd`fi) jig afr`zfitjb(ìtmr-jdmioy) offrgìjt`fi, tam kfst joomptjcbm `s tam h`rst fpt`fi.

Kjì fclmot`vm fh tam pfbms fh drfwta strjtmdy `s st`kubjtìd cusìmss ìvmstkmit w`ta tam suppfrt fh tam stjtm. Wam tjsn fh tamstjtm jig rmd`fi jutafr`t`ms - tf ormjtm j hjvfrjcbm miv`rfikmit hfr ìvmstkmit prfkft`fi jt pfìt fh pr`fr`t`ms.

Jttmkpts tf hfous fi drfwta pfbms ajvm cmmi kjgm, js mxpmotmg, hrfk tam tfp. Tjs ì`t`jtmg cy tam Kì`stry fh Smd`fijbGmvmbfpkmit, jig `s tam fiby ì`t`jt`vm fh `ts rmd`fijb pfbòy, nifwi tf tam jutafr ta`s jrtòbm. @i ji mxtrmkm hfrk fh ta`s pfbòy`s `ts prfpfsmg hfous fi tam gmvmbfpkmit fh tam stjtm fh 3 ojp`tjbs. _uoa "ojp`tjb" jpprfjoa g`g ift b`nm tam rmst fh tamofuitry's pfpubjt`fi, jig j b`st fh omitmrs fh drfwta fr js wm sjy ì Suss`j, "rmd`fis fh bfofkft`vms" fh drfwta, fr rjtamr tam`rjgkì`strjt`vm omitmrs, ajs drfwi tf j gfzmi.

Uursuìd j pfbòy fh drfwta pfbms, tam fcv`fus immg `s j oafòm ì tam`r ojpjo`ty js omitmrs w`ta g`vmrs`h`mg mofifk`ms, frw`ta tam prfspmots fh `ts gmvmbfpkmit. Hfr tam stjc`b`ty fh j omitmr, ji `kpfrtjit qumst`fi `s pbjom fh tam prfv`s`fis fh tam rmjbfwimrs. Wam crjioa mofifky gfms ift d`vm tam mofifky tam stjc`b`ty fh kjiy ajc`tjts, mspmo`jbby ì tam bfid tmrk.

_kjbb tmrr`tfr`ms fh kjiy drfwta pfbms oji prfvfnm mhhmot fh ìtmrkmg`jtm (drmy) jrmjs.

Cfta g`rmot`fis fh Suss`j's rmd`fijb pfbòy (jig sfo`jb, jig dbfcjb) kust usm suoa tffb js j drfwta pfbm, cut ì tam`r systmk,ofvmrìd kfst pfpubfus ofuitry. Ijturjbby, ta`s w`bb cm tam pfbm fh j g`hhmrmit frgmr.

Gmsp`tm jbb tam g`hhmrmioms cmtwmmi Ufbjig jig Suss`j, tam Suss`ji prjotòm ì tam frdji`zjt`fi fh rmd`fijb pfbòy oji cmambphub Wam ormjt`fi fh drfwta pfbms fh g`hhmrmit bmvmbs> Ofkpb`jiom w`ta tam prìo`pbm fh suhhò`mioy fh huigs jbbfojtmg cy tam stjtm> @iormjsm tam prfhmss`fijb`sk fh tafsm midjdmg ì rmd`fijb pfbòy> Wjnìd ìtf joofuit tam rmjb`t`ms fh dmfdrjpay ì gmtmrkììd tam tmrr`tfr`jb fclmots fh rmd`fijb pfbòy.Suss`j immgs j smis`cbm pfbòy fh tmrr`tfr`jb ofiomitrjt`fi fh hfroms jig kmjis.

.

Jkstrfid A., Wjybfr L. Smd`fijb mofifkòs jig pfbòy. Fxhfrg, Kjbgmi< Cbjonwmbb, 3555. Q, 7?4 p.

Jrtfcfbmvsn`y _. Smd`fijb pfbòy ì Murfpm. Bfigfi< Lmss`nj Nìdsbmy, :008. :.. p.

Cjboaì U., _yofrj B. Smd`fijb pfbòy jig pbjiiìd ì Murfpm. Bfigfi, Imw Pfrn< Sfutbmgdm, :001. Q@, 314 p.

Dfrzmbjn D. Wam rmd`fijb g`kmis`fi fh trjishfrkjt`fi ì Omitrjb Murfpm. Bfigfi< Lmss`nj Nìdsbmy, :008. :=3 p.

Drfwìd rmd`fis, drfwìd Murfpm (Hfurta rmpfrt fi mofifkò jig sfo`jb ofams`fi) Buxmkcfurd< Fhhòm fh tam fhhò`jbpucbòjt`fis fh tam Murfpmji Ofkkui`t`ms. xx`, 35: p.

Hjìj L.J., Sfgr`dums L.B. Wam rmd`fijb pfbòy fh tam Murfpmji ]i`fi jig tam mibjrdmkmit prfomss tf Omitrjb jig Mjstmri

ofuitr`ms, - Mxmtmr< ]i`vmrs`ty G`souss`fi pjpmr ì mofifkòs 5:/54. 3? p._fo`jb mxobus`fi ì Murfpmji o`t`ms. Mg. cy Kjgji`pfur J., Ojrs D., Jbbmi L. Bfigfi< Lmss`nj Nìdsbmy, :001. ?5: p.

Xjiafvm I. Smd`fijb pfbòy< J Murfpmji jpprfjoa. Jbgmrsaft mt jb.< Jsadjtm, :000. QQ, 8?0 p.

Tfrnìd hfr tam rmd`fis. Buxmkcfurd< M], 3557. - ?7 p.

Jdrmmkmit fi tam gmb`k`tjt`fi fh pfwmrs cmtwmmi tam stjtm jutafr`t`ms fh tam Suss`ji Hmgmrjt`fi jig stjtm cfg`ms fh tamNjbììdrjg rmd`fi (s`dimg Ljiujry :3, :008).

Wam ofiompt fh orfss-cfrgmr offpmrjt`fi ì tam Suss`ji Hmgmrjt`fi, jpprfvmg cy j dfvmrikmitjb gmormm fh Hmcrujry 0,355:, I :08-p.

Wam ofiompt fh hmgmrjb sfo`jb jig mofifkò pfbòy ì tam Njbììdrjg rmd`fi (prmpjrmg cy tam Suss`ji Dfvmrikmit)(www.nfkmrsjit.ru/gfoukmits/gfo3?.atk).

Wam Hmgmrjb Wjrdmt Urfdrjk "Gmvmbfpkmit fh _pmo`jb Mofifkò \fim ì Njbììdrjg Fcbjst :001 - 355= ymjrs." (Jpprfvmg

cy SH Dfvmrikmit Gmormm fh _mptmkcmr 30, :004, I :3=0).Hmgmrjb Wjrdmt Urfdrjk "Gmvmbfpkmit fh tam Njbììdrjg rmd`fi hfr tam pmr`fg up tf 35:5" (jpprfvmg cy SH DfvmrikmitGmormm fh Gmomkcmr 4, 355:, I 188).

Hmgmrjb Wjrdmt Urfdrjkkm hfr tam Gmvmbfpkmit fh tam Njbììdrjg rmd`fi hfr tam pmr`fg 3550-35:7. Jpprfvmg cy tam SHDfvmrikmit Gmormm fh _mptmkcmr :004, I).

Hmgmrjb bjw "Fi spmo`jb mofifkò zfim ì Njbììdrjg rmd`fi. (I :?-H\, s`dimg cy tam Urms`gmit Ljiujry 33, :008).

Hmgmrjb bjw "Fi spmo`jb mofifkò zfim ì Njbììdrjg rmd`fi ... (I :8-H\ fh Ljiujry :5, 3558 ojkm ìtf hfrom fi Jpr`b :,3558).


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Jppmig`x : _truoturm fh tam SH Kì`stry fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit

Kì`stmrJgkì`strjt`vm Gmpjrtkmit

Gmputy Kì`stmr

Gmpjrtkmit fh Bmdjb _uppfrtGmputy Kì`stmrGmpjrtkmit fh _trjtmdò Ubjiiìd

Gmputy Kì`stmrWam Gmpjrtkmit fh Afusìd

Gmputy Kì`stmrGmpjrtkmit fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit jig Kuiò`pjb`t`msGmpjrtkmit fh kfi`tfrìd jig mvjbujt`fi fh dfvmrikmitGmpjrtkmit fh Ofistruot`fi

Gmputy Kì`stmrGmpjrtkmit fh spmo`jb prfdrjks jig prflmots fh tmrr`tfr`jb gmvmbfpkmit@itmr-Smd`fijb Fhhòm hfr tam Ifrta Ojuojsus hmgmrjb g`stròt

Gmputy Kì`stmrWam Gmpjrtkmit fh Afusìd UfbòyGmpjrtkmit fh Jroa`tmoturm, Cu`bgìd jig ]rcji Ufbòy

Gmputy Kì`stmrGmpjrtkmit fh Offrgìjt`fi hfr tam Fbykpò Djkms

Gmputy Kì`stmrGmpjrtkmit fh @itmrijt`fijb Smbjt`fisGmpjrtkmit fh @itmrijt`fijb Smbjt`fis jig orfss-cfrgmr offpmrjt`fi

Gmputy Kì`stmrGmpjrtkmit fh Hìjiom jig JoofuitìdGmpjrtkmit fh @ivmstkmit UrflmotsGmpjrtkmit fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit fh tjrdmtmg prfdrjks


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Jppmig`x 3 - K`i`stry fh Smd`fijb Gmvmbfpkmit< Dmfrd`j


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Hjcr`z`f Cjroj:3Jbtmrijt`vm Jpprfjoams tf Gmvmbfpkmit Ufbòy< @itmrsmot`fis jig G`vmrdmioms

.@itrfguot`fi

:. @i cfta tam gmvmbfpìd jig gmvmbfpmg wfrbg `t `s w`gmby cmb`mvmg tajt tam suoomss fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbò`ms gfms iftgmpmig fi tam jgfpt`fi fh jiy wfrbg-w`gm kfgmb cut rjtamr fi tam jgamrmiom tf j hmw sfuig jig mvmr-mvfbvìd prìo`pbmsjig fi tam ojpjo`ty tf kfi`tfr tafrfudaby, gmcjtm pucbòby jig jglust ofitìufusby pfbòy jot`fis w`taì j stjcbm, ormg`cbm jigbfid-tmrk hrjkmwfrn.

3. Wam gmcjtm prfkftmg cy tam FMOG `s obmjrby jcfut pfbòy prìo`pbms. Hfr `t tf cm usmhub jig tf prfv`gm du`gjiom hfrgj`by wfrn fi tam drfuig, `t safubg df cmyfig tam rm`tmrjt`fi fh mjoa s`gms v`mws jig `t safubg dmt r`g fh jiy prmpfstmrfusg`vmrdmiom cmtwmmi tamk, suoa js wamtamr gmvmbfpkmit pfbòy kust cm j`kmg jt pmrsfis fr pbjoms, wamtamr ofitmxtkjttmrs, jig wamtamr jddbfkmrjt`fi `s j pr`kjry sfurom fh drfwta. Cy a`dab`datìd tam ofitr`cut`fi jig tam (rjtamr w`gm)ìtmrsmot`fi fh mx`stìd v`mws, tam gmcjtm safubg bmjg tf `gmit`hyìd tam`r trum (s`di`hòjit) g`vmrdmioms jig tam jssukpt`fiswaòa kft`vjtm tamk. Taòa ì turi `s tam cjs`s hfr mvmryfim tf oafsm a`s/amr prmhmrrmg smt fh prìo`pbms. Wa`s `s tam purpfsmfh ta`s iftm.

?. @ sajbb h`rst suddmst tajt hfr tam gmcjtm tf jgvjiom tam pbjom-cjsmg vs. spjom-cbìg gumbbf safubg cm uibfonmg cy`gmit`hyìd h`vm g`hhmrmit jpprfjoams tf gmvmbfpkmit. Ajvìd sukkjr`smg tam`r ofitr`cut`fi, tam`r jssukpt`fis jig tam`r

rmofkkmigjt`fi, @ w`bb put hfrwjrg j drfup fh prfpfs`t`fis tajt ojpturms tam ìtmrsmot`fi fh jbb cut fim fh tamsm jpprfjoamswa`bm jt tam sjkm t`km crìdìd tf b`dat tam trum g`vmrdmioms cmtwmmi tamk jig sfkm g`stìot hmjturms fh tam pbjom-cjsmgpmrspmot`vm. Hìjbby, @ w`bb ofkm cjon tf tam gumbbf jig strmss tam rjt`fijbm hfr, jig tam ofismqumioms fh, jgfptìd tampbjomcjsmg pmrspmot`vm. @i sf gfìd, @ w`bb grjw upfi cfta tam jrtòbms prmsmitmg ì tam gmcjtm prfkftmg cy tam FMOG:?jighrfk sfkm mib`datmiìd ofitr`cut`fis tf tam tamfry fh gmvmbfpkmit:7. ]iquftmg rmhmrmiom `s jbsf kjgm tf tam Smpfrt JiJdmigj hfr j Smhfrk fh Ofams`fi Ufbòy (oajptmr @) prmpjrmg ì 3550 hfr tam Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi.

H`vm Jpprfjoams tf Gmvmbfpkmit Ufbòy

7. Bmts stjrt w`ta tam h`vm jpprfjoams. Mjoa fh tamk prfv`gms j spmo`hò ofitr`cut`fi tf tam pucbò gmcjtm< kfvìd hrfkh`rst tf bjst, tamsm ofitr`cut`fis jgg up. Jt tam sjkm t`km, vmry g`hhmrmit pfbòy du`gmbìms jrm rmofkkmigmg cy mjoa v`mw.Wamy oji pr`kjr`by cm jttr`cutmg tf g`hhmrmit jssukpt`fis jcfut nifwbmgdm< waòa jdmits nifw wajt pfbòy jot`fis tf tjnmwamrm jig afw6 Hfur g`hhmrmit jiswmrs jrm fhhmrmg tf ta`s qumst`fi (wami jggrmssmg)< j) tam _tjtm, c) bfid-mstjcb`samg bjrdmh`rks, o) bfojb jdmits (nifwbmgdm mkcmggmgimss ), g) ifim fh tamk (nifwbmgdm gfms ift prm-mx`st jig `t `s prfguomg cy tam

ìtmrjot`fi fh jbb tamsm jdmits). G`vmrdmioms jbsf mkmrdm ì tam fclmot`vm fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbòy (drfwta, sfo`jb ìobus`fi, jk`x fh tamk, ofivmrdmiom) jig ì tam jssukpt`fis jcfut bfojb mb`tms.

=. H`rst, tam Umrhmot @ist`tut`fis Jpprfjoa. @ts ofitr`cut`fi tf pucbò gmcjtm ofkms hrfk tam jrdukmit tajt dffgìst`tut`fis jrm j pr`kjry gr`vmr fh drfwta. @t kfvms hrfk ta`s stjigpfìt tf d`vm j spmo`hò gmhì`t`fi fh wajt dffg ìst`tut`fisjrm< tamy jrm tafudat tf cm pmrhmot dmimrjb ìst`tut`fis (ì tam h`mbgs fh mguojt`fi, amjbta, bjw jig frgmr, lustòm, bjcfurkjrnmts, wjtmr jig wjstm, mimrdy, bjig, mto.) wafsm hmjturms wm ajvm bmjrit tarfuda tam a`stfry fh gmvmbfpkmit. Wa`s v`mwjssukms tajt tam _tjtm (`.m. gmkforjtòjbby-mbmotmg ijt`fijb mb`tms) fr ji ìtmrijt`fijb fr suprj-ijt`fijb ìst`tut`fi (`.m. mb`tmsjppfìtmg cy ijt`fijb gmkforjtòjbby-mbmotmg mb`tms) nifws wajt tamsm pmrhmot ìst`tut`fis jrm> if ofitmxt-cjsmg ìtmrgmpmigmio`ms mx`st jkfid tamsm ìst`tut`fis. Mofifkò mhhò`mioy (dmimrjbby ìtmrprmtmg js tamkjx`k`sjt`fi fh ijt`fijb drfwta) `s ofis`gmrmg tf cm tam pr`kjry fr ui`qum fclmot`vm fh gmvmbfpkmit pfbòy, wa`bm mqu`ty frftamr sfo`jb dfjbs tmig tf cm trmjtmg js ofistrjìts (mxomss`vm sfo`jb tmis`fis g`sruptìd mofifkò drfwta) fr js cy-prfguotsfh drfwta (ji a`stfròjbby gmtmrkìmg ofrrmbjt`fi T`bb`jksfi fr Nuzimts ourvms - cmìd miv`sjdmg cmtwmmi sfo`jb jigmofifkò rmsubts). If jttmit`fi `s pj`g tf spjom, tf tam spjt`jb jbbfojt`fi fh rmsfuroms fr tf jddbfkmrjt`fi.

8. _mofig, tam Jddbfkmrjt`fi-gr`vmi Jpprfjoa. Wa`s v`mws ofitr`cut`fi tf tam pucbò gmcjtm `s tam jrdukmit tajt tamwfrbg `s ìamrmitby sp`ny jig tajt jddbfkmrjt`fi `s j pr`kjry gr`vmr fh drfwta, js wmbb js tam rmofdi`t`fi tajt gmvmbfpkmitrmqu`rms, tfdmtamr w`ta jpprfpr`jtm ìst`tut`fis, pucbò fr pucbòby-dfvmrimg ìvmstkmits (ì mguojt`fi, amjbta, smour`ty, lustòm,wjtmr jig wjstm, mimrdy, bjig, js wmbb js ì trjispfrt jig ofkkuiòjt`fi) su`tmg tf tam jddbfkmrjt`fi. Kfvìd hrfk ta`spmrspmot`vm, tam jpprfjoa jrdums tajt, sìom tam _tjtm js wmbb js jiy ìtmrijt`fijb fr suprj-ijt`fijb ìst`tut`fi, ajvm j vmry

:3Dmimrjb G`rmotfr jt tam @tjb`ji Kì`stry fh Mofifky jig Hìjiom. Jgv`sfr tf tam Murfpmji Ofkk`ss`fi:?_mm Oamsa`rm, U. (35::), Djro`bjzf, M., Fb`vm`rj Kjrtìs, L. jig Wfkpsfi, T. (35::), D`bb, @. (35::), N`k, L. (35::), KoOjii, U. jig Sfgr`dumz-Ufsm, J.

(35::).:7_mm ì pjrtòubjr Jomkfdbu, G. (3550)> Jomkfdbu, G. jig Lfaisfi, _.A. (3558)> Jda`fi, U. jig Gurbjuh, _.I. (355=)> Jtnìsfi, J.C. jig Crjigfbì`, J.(3551)> Cfurdu`difi, H., Hmrrm`rj, H.A.D. jig Tjbtfi, K. (3554)> Ojdbjr, N. (355=)> Gfrh, K.O. jig _jcmb, O.H. (:001)> Ajrt, F. jig Kffrm, L. (:005)>Nrudkji, U. (:00=)> Ifrta, G.O. (:005)> Sfgr`n, G. (355=, 35:5)> _mi, J. (:000, 3550).


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b`k`tmg nifwbmgdm fh tam mhhò`mit spjt`jb jbbfojt`fi jig spmo`hò hmjturms fh tamsm ìvmstkmits, tamy safubg cm kjrnmt-gr`vmi,`.m. pucbò ìvmstkmit gmo`s`fi-kjnìd safubg cm gr`vmi cy pr`vjtm gmvmbfpkmit ìtmrmsts. Cy gfìd sf, pucbò ìvmstkmitswfubg prfkftm jddbfkmrjt`fi prfomssms tajt ì turi wfubg cmimh`t jbb pmrsfis b`vìd ì bjddìd rmd`fis cmojusm tamsmìvmstkmits wfubg prfv`gm tamk w`ta tam fppfrtui`ty tf joa`mvm j cmttmr qujb`ty fh b`hm tarfuda k`drjt`fi.

4. Wa`s v`mw oji cm rjt`fijb`smg cy jssukìd tajt< j ui`qum fpt`kjb smt fh jddbfkmrjt`fis mx`sts jig kjrnmt hfroms oji g`sofvmr `t tarfuda j prfomss fh tr`jb jig mrrfrjig stmmr pucbò ìvmstkmits tfwjrgs `t :=> kjrnmt hfroms jrm ojpjcbm tf gf sf cmojusm tam gmo`s`fis fh bfid-mstjcb`samg bjrdm h`rks kjrnmt bmjgmrs - rmsubthrfk j cjbjioìd fh ìtmrmsts jig hrfk fidfìd imdft`jt`fis jkfid j kubt`tugm fh stjnmafbgmrs (kjijdmrs, sajrmafbgmrs,wfrnmrs, ob`mits, rms`gmits, mto.), waòa ì turi misurms nifwbmgdm mxtrjot`fi, jvf`gs gmo`s`fis cmìd gr`vmi cy jiy pjrtòubjrìtmrmst jig uitjidbms gmo`s`fi-kjnìd ofkpbmx`ty fvmr t`km.

Iftòm tajt `h m`tamr fh tamsm twf jssukpt`fis wmrm tf prfvm hjbsm js suddmstmg cy tam imw mofifkò dmfdrjpay (kubt`pbmmqu`b`cr`j) jig tam kfst jgvjiomg, ifi-ofitrjotjr`ji tamfry fh tam h`rk, js wmbb js cy tam bmssfis fh tam ourrmit mofifkòor`s`s:8 tam jddbfkmrjt`fi jpprfjoa wfubg bffn b`nm j drmmi b`dat hfr tam _tjtm tf cm ojpturmg cy pjrtòubjr pr`vjtm ìtmrmsts.

1. Wa`rg, tam Smg`str`cut`vm Jpprfjoa. Wa`s v`mws ofitr`cut`fi, ofkpjrmg tf tam prmv`fus fims, `s tam jrdukmit tajtjddbfkmrjt`fi crìds jcfut ift fiby mofifkò mhhò`mioy cut jbsf sfo`jb mxobus`fi w`taì tam jddbfkmrjt`fi cfuigjr`ms jigtajt `t tmigs tf prfguom, ì sp`tm fh k`drjt`fi, vmry bjrdm fr ìormjsìd gmvmbfpkmit djps cmtwmmi rmd`fis, tamsm twf

tmigmio`ms ajvìd tam pfwmr tf mrfgm tam hjcrò fh sfo`mty jig tami ajkpmr gmvmbfpkmit. Wam v`mw tami kfvms fi tf hfousfi tam ìofkm hmjturms fh gmvmbfpkmit ìtrj-rmd`fijb ìofkm ìmqujb`t`ms jig rmd`fijb djps ì DGU pmr ojp`tj jig tf ojbbhfr tafsm mhhmots tf cm ofkpmisjtmg cy rmg`str`cutìd huigs (tarfuda pucbò wfrns, ìomit`vms tf h`rks, sucs`g`ms tf pmfpbm)cfta tf tam gmpr`vmg jrmjs w`taì tam jddbfkmrjt`fi jig tf bjddìd rmd`fis.

0. Wa`s pfbòy ofiobus`fi `s ofis`stmit w`ta twf vmry g`hhmrmit v`s`fis jig jssukpt`fis< J tfuda kjrnmt-fr`mitmg v`s`fi. Wafsm waf cmb`mvm, js ì tam smofig jpprfjoa, ì j ui`qum fpt`kjb kjp fhjddbfkmrjt`fi cut jbsf cmb`mvm tajt vmry rmbmvjit prfcbmks fh sfo`jb mxobus`fi jrm cfuig tf jr`sm w`taì tam jddbfkmrjt`fis(uigmr-mkpbfykmit fr tam ìv`s`cbm mofifky, frdji`smg or`km, bjon fh smour`ty, hj`burm fh tam mguojt`fi systmk, mto.), frcmtwmmi rmd`fis, jrm ofiomrimg tajt tamsm oajbbmidms gf ift drfw sf uiw`mbgy js tf tarmjtmi tam jddbfkmrjt`fistamksmbvms. Wamy smm hìjio`jb rmg`str`cut`fi, fr ftamr nìgs fh spjt`jbbytjrdmtmg ìomit`vms, js cmìd immgmg jt sfkmpfìt. Wam sjkm `s trum hfr bjddìd rmd`fis, ì frgmr hfr tamk ift tf tarmjtmi ijt`fijb (fr mvmi ìtmrijt`fijb) stjc`b`ty. J sfht ofkpjss`fijtm v`s`fi. J s`k`bjr hìjio`jb rmg`str`cut`fi, jbtafuda fi j drjigmr sojbm, `s jgvfojtmg cy tafsmwaf cmb`mvm, fi tam ofitrjry, tajt tam wfrbg `s pftmit`jbby hbjt, `.m. tajt jbb pbjoms ajvm tam pftmit`jb tf joa`mvm tam sjkm DGUpmr-ojp`tj jig tajt ta`s `s j rmjsfijcbm bfid-tmrk dfjb. Hrfk tam`r pfìt fh v`mw tam sfo`jb fclmot`vm (jig tam ofiimotmgprmfooupjt`fi ift tf bmt tam hjcrò fh sfo`mty cmìd mrfgmg) ofìo`gms w`ta tam mofifkò fclmot`vm fh prfkftìd drfwta.Hìjio`jb rmg`str`cut`fi `s smmi js j wjy tf prfkftm ofivmrdmiom fh DGU pmr-ojp`tj jorfss rmd`fis jig joa`mvm cftafclmot`vms jt fiom.

:5. Tajtmvmr v`s`fi `s suppfrtìd ta`s jpprfjoa, `t prmsmits twf g`stìot hmjturms. H`rst, tamrm `s if pjrtòubjr ofiomri hfrtam rmit-smmnìd jot`v`t`ms tajt rmg`str`cut`fi tmigs tf miajiom. _mofig, tamrm `s if hfous fi tam `ssum fh nifwbmgdm< waòajdmits ì tam rmd`fi (fr ofkkui`ty), `h jiy, fr ftamr jotfrs, jrm ofkpmtmit jig ojpjcbm fh kjnìd usm fh tafsm trjishmrs. @itam kjrnmt-fr`mitmg vmrs`fi, tamsm twf hmjturms jrm lust`h`mg cy tam hjot tajt rmg`str`cut`fi `s obmjrby ofiom`vmg js j tffb tfjoa`mvm sfo`jb pmjom, waòa `s mxpmotmg tf cm dujrjitmmg cy rmd`fijb mb`tms (fr, w`taì ji jddbfkmrjt`fi, cy ofkkui`tymb`tms) wafsm bfyjbty `s cfudat cy jbbfwìd tamk pmrkjimit rmits. If rmjb ofiomri mx`sts jcfut afw tam rmsfuroms jrmjotujbby usmg. @i tam ofkpjss`fijtm vmrs`fi, tam jssukpt`fi `s tajt bfojb mb`tms jrm cfta cmimvfbmit jig ofkpmtmit. Wam

rmg`str`cut`vm v`mw, ì cfta `ts vmrs`fis, `s prm-mkìmit tfgjy ì tam suppfrt hfr bjrdm trjishmrs fh huigs tf bjddìd rmd`fisuigmr tam Murfpmji ]i`fi ofams`fi pfbòy. Wam ofkpjss`fijtm vmrs`fi kji`hmsts `tsmbh ì tam oafòm fh ofivmrdmiom js jpfbòy fclmot`vm hfr bjddìd rmd`fis. Wam kjrnmt-fr`mitmg vmrs`fi `s rmhbmotmg cy tam rms`stjiom w`taì tam MurfpmjiOfkk`ss`fi tf tam `gmj fh puttìd hfrwjrg kfrm cìgìd rubms jdjìst rmit-smmnìd.

::. Hfurta, tam Ofkkui`tjr`ji Jpprfjoa. Wam Ofkkui`tjr`ji (fr bfojb) jpprfjoas ofitr`cut`fi tf tam gmcjtm figmvmbfpkmit pfbòy ofkms hrfk `ts jrdukmit tajt bfojb jdmits jwjrmimss fh tam`r fwi nifwbmgdm jig prmhmrmioms `s j pr

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