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Page 1: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

On-scene Trauma care

Page 2: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

พบผบาดเจบ Trauma or Accident

ประเมนจดเกดเหต

Scene assessment

การประเมนเบองตนและดแลรกษา Primary assessment • A-B-C-D-E • Treat as need: Save and Run

แกไขภาวะคกคามชวต Life threatening or multisystem injuries

การประเมนซ าและดแลรกษาระหวางน าสง การรายงานเหตการณ

การยดตรงและเคลอนยาย น าสงผปวย รายงานเหตการณ

Page 3: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

หลกการประเมนและรกษาผบาดเจบ ณ จดเกดเหต

น าสงโรงพยาบาล (Patient Transfer)

ยดตรงและเคลอนยายผปวย (Patient Packaging)

ประเมนอาการขนตน (Primary Survey)

แกไข/รกษา (Resuscitation)

ประเมนอาการซ าตอเนอง (Reevaluation)

ประเมนอาการซ าอยางละเอยด

(Secondary Survey)

ประเมนความปลอดภยจดเกดเหต (Scene Assessment)

Page 4: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Save and Run Primary survey A-B-C-D-E

ท าอยางไร จงเรยกวา “SAVE and RUN ”

Page 5: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Life threatening or multisystem injuries

Yes No

Resuscitation and Spinal immobilization if indicated

Initiate rapid transport (closest appropriate facility)

Re-evaluate primary assessment

Secondary assessment if appropriated

En route interventions and continued assessment

Secondary assessment SAMPLE history

Manage injuries as appropriate

Reevaluate primary assessment

Initiate transport

ประเมนอาการขนตน (Primary Survey)

Page 6: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size
Page 7: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size
Page 8: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

การประเมนอาการขนตน (Primary Survey)

Airway with c-spine protection(การดแลทางเดนหายใจและกระดกสนหลงสวนคอ)

Breathing with adequate oxygenation (ดแลการหายใจและใหออกซเจน)

Circulation with hemorrhage control (ดแลระบบใหลเวยนเลอด และหามเลอด)

Disability (ประเมนการรสกตวและระบบประสาท)

Exposure / Environment / Event (การควบคมอณหภมกาย)

Page 9: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Primary Survey คอ การประเมนและตรวจรางกายอยางรวดเรวเพอหาภาวะคกคามตอชวต

Quick assessment for life threatening injury

- การอดตนของทางเดนหายใจ (Airway obstruction)

- เหนดลอดใหญฉกขาด (Great vessel injury)

- แผลเปดขนาดใหญททรวงอก (Open pneumothorax)

- ลมคงในชองเยอหมปอด (Tension pneumothorax )

- เลอดออกมากในชองปอด( Massive Hemothorax )

- หนาอกหรอทรวงอกยบและปอดช า (Flaile chest with Lung contusion)

- เลอดออกในชองเยอหมหวใจ (Cardiac tamponade)

Page 10: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

วธการประเมยอยางรวดเรวภายใน 10 วนาท การสนทนากบผปวยดวยค าถามงายๆ

● แนะน าตว (Identify yourself)

● ถามชอผปวย (Ask the patient his or her name)

● สอบถามอาการหรอเหตการณ (Ask the patient what happen

ed)

Quick Assessment

Page 11: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition

Limmer • O’Keefe • Dickinson

การตอบค าถามหรอพดคยไดปกต บงบอกวา

ทางเดนหายใจปกต (A : Patent airway)

หายใจไดด (B : Sufficient air reserve to permit speech)

การใหลเวยนเลอดปกต ไมชอก (C : Sufficient perfusion to permit cerebration)

ระดบการรสกตวปกต (D : Adequate Brain Perfusion )

Page 12: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size
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หลกการประเมนและรกษาผบาดเจบ ณ จดเกดเหต

น าสงโรงพยาบาล (Patient Transfer)

ยดตรงและเคลอนยายผปวย (Patient Packaging)

ประเมนอาการขนตน (Primary Survey)

แกไข/รกษา (Resuscitation)

ประเมนอาการซ าตอเนอง (Reevaluation)

ประเมนอาการซ าอยางละเอยด

(Secondary Survey)

ประเมนความปลอดภยจดเกดเหต (Scene Assessment)

Adjuncts

Adjuncts

Page 14: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Transfer

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Airway-keep it open/Cervical spine immobilization

• Tongue

• Secretion

• Blood

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ตรวจหาอาการแสดงของภาวะทางเดนหายใจอดกน

อาการหายใจหอบ รวมกบ-

- รองรอยแผลหรอการบาดเจบภายนอก

- เสยงแหบ

- หายใจครดคราด

- ไอ หรอ ไอเปนเลอด

Airway with c-spine protection

Sign of life threatening condition

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Airway Management

1. Simple AIRWAY Management

- Manual Airway Management

- OPA , NPA

- Suctioning

2. Complex Airway Devices

- LMA

- Combitube

- ET Tube

- Surgical Airway

Methods of Airway Management

Manual Hands only Simple Oropharyngeal airway Nasopharyngeal airway Complex Endo-tracheal intubation Supraglottic airway Pharmacologicaly assisted/rapid-sequence intubation Percutaneous airway Surgical airway

Page 21: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

1.Simple Airway Management

• Maintain airway with suction, manual

maneuvers and simple airway adjunct

• Sniffing position > best protect airway

in non trauma patient

– Placing target 2-3 cm in thickening under

torso

• Inline cervical spine immobilization

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Manual Airway Protection Jaw thrust/Traumatic Chin lift/C-spine immobilization

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OPA-oropharyngeal airway/NPA-nasopharyngeal airway

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Suction Device

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2.Complex Airway Devices

- LMA

- Combitube ( Laryngotracheal tube)

- ET Tube

- Surgical Airway

Page 28: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Laryngotracheal tube LMA

Supra-glottic airway device

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การดแลทางเดนหายใจ Airway ดวยการใส ET tube

• ขอบงชส าหรบ ET-Tube intubation – ผปวยไมสามารถปกปองทางเดนหายใจได – ระบบการหายใจหรอการแลกเปลยน oxygen ลมเหลว – ใสเพอปองกนเนองจากผปวยมแนวโนมทจะแยลง

• เชน Inhalation injury, Penetrating neck injury, Cerebellar stroke เปนตน

• การยนยนต าแหนงทถกตอง – การฟงปอด + CXR + End tidal CO2

• การ Clear airway

Page 31: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Mcgrew forcep

Page 32: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)

ขอด

- ผปวยบาดเจบทไมสามารถใสทอชวยหายใจไดทนทวงท

- ผชวยเหลอไมไดรบการฝกหรอไมมความช านาญในการใสทอชวยหายใจ (Endotracheal Tube)

- ผชวยเหลอผานการฝกหรอมความสามารถใส LMA

Page 33: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

ขอดของ LMA

- ใสงาย รวดเรว - ใชผชวยและอปกรณไมมาก

ขอจ ากด - ยงไมมการใชอยางแพรหลาย - บคลากรทผานการฝกมปรมานนอย - ไมสามารถปองกนการส าลกได 100%

- สามารถใสไดระยะเวลาทจ ากด

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ต าแหนงของ LMA ในทางเดนหายใจ

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การเลอกขนาดของ LMA

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ลกษณะอาการบาดเจบ

Page 41: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Breathing-oxygenation and ventilation

• ด • คล า • เคาะ • ฟง • วด oxygen pulse saturation

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ภาวะกระดกซกโครงหก และอกยบ

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Oxygenation keep pulse saturation ≥ 95%

What is Fi02 ≥ 0.85 = Oxygen mask with reservoir bag > 11-15 LPM

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Assist ventilation

• Bag-valve mask ventilation ;Oxygen flow 15 LPM ; 10-12 tpm

Page 48: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Indication for Assist ventilation

- Slow respiratory rate ( RR < 10 )

- Dyspnea / Tachypnea ( RR > 40)

- Decrease level of conscious

- Severe Hypoxia

Page 49: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

C : Circulation and stop bleeding • Looking for external massive hemorrhage and press it

• Search for Internal hemorrhage(Chest/Abdomen/pelvic)

Page 50: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Concept ● การหามเลอด (Control hemorrhage)

● Identify and treat shock

● Restore volume

● Reassess patient

Elderly

Children

Athletes

Medications

Pitfalls

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การขนชะเนาะ (tourniquet)

แผนรดกวาง > 1.5 นว

Page 55: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Technique to stop bleeding

Page 56: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Identify and treat shock

Page 57: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Shock presentation

• Rapid, shallow breathing (respiratory system)

• Level of conscious : anxiety, combative, drowsiness

• Tachycardia, decreased systolic and pulse pressure (heart

and cardiovascular system)

• Cold, pale, clammy, diaphoretic or even cyanotic skin with

decreased capillary refill time (skin and extremities)

Page 58: On-scene Trauma care - KKHem.kkh.go.th/DOWNLOAD2/AEC5_On scene trauma care.pdfClassification of Traumatic Shock Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size

Circulation- perfusion ?

• Pulse Check for pulse radial (80-90 mmHg)> femoral(70-80 mmHg) > carotid(60-70 mmHg) or capillary refill < 2 sec

• Skin : Temperature/color/Moisture

• Capillary refill time < 2 sec : not mean a thing if

Peripheral vascular disease , Vasodilator drug,

Cold environment

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Classification of Traumatic Shock

Hypovolemic shock • Vascular volume smaller than normal vascular size • Result of blood and fluid loss - Hemorrhagic shock

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Classification of Traumatic Shock

Distributive shock • Vascular space larger than normal - Neurogenic "shock" (hypotension)

Cardiogenic shock • Heart not pumping adequately • Result of cardiac injury

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Hypovolemic shock Classification

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Fluid therapy

• IV fluid VS blood

• Balance resuscitation

• No IV opening before transporting

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Hypovolemic shock

• Developing of shock depends on how fast blood is lost from the circulation

• Whole blood replacement is usually not available in the prehospital environment

• The best crystalloid solution for treating hemorrhagic shock is lactated Ringer's solution

• Normal saline can be used

• The first step is administration of packed RBCs and plasma at a ratio of 1:1 or

1:2

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Fluid resuscitation

Concept : balanced resuscitation •Accept SBP 80 mmHg in uncontrolled hemorrhage

•Do not use in head injury

•Do not open IV line in the field

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Uncontrolled hemorrhage

Shock class I or II

IV KVO Balanced resuscitation

Shock class III or IV

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Controlled hemorrhage

Shock I Shock II,III,IV

IV KVO IV bolus 1-2 L

Rapid response Transient or No response

Balanced resuscitation IV maintenance

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Procedure do on running ambulance

• IV opening

• Limb splint (limb fracture on long spinal = limb immobilization)

• Secondary assessment

• Dressing minor wound

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Disability (ระดบความรสกตว/อาการทางระบบประสาท)

- ระดบความรสกตว (AVPU)

- Glasgow Coma Score

- ขนาดรมานตา (Pupillary response)

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Glasgow Coma Scale

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การด ขนาดร มานตา

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WHY decrease LOC ?

1. Decreased cerebral oxygenation (caused by hypoxia! hypoperfusion)

2. Central nervous system (CNS) injury

3. Drug or alcohol overdose

4. Metabolic derangement (diabetes, seizure, cardiac arrest)

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Sign of increase ICP and herniation

• dilation or sluggishness of the ipsilateral pupil • decorticate posturing, decerebrate posturing • Cheyne-Stokes ventilations • Cushing's phenomenon

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Prevent hypot

hermia

Exposure / Environment

Completely undress the patient

Missed injurie

s

Pitfalls

Caution

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Expose and environmental

• Complete expose if necessary

• Keep warm prevent hypothermia

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Adjunct to primary survey

• Peripheral pulse oxygen saturation

• ECG monitoring

• Blood pressure measurement

• EtCo2

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Life threatening or multisystem injuries

Yes No

Resuscitation and Spinal immobilization if indicated

Initiate rapid transport (closest appropriate facility)

Re-evaluate primary assessment

Secondary assessment if appropriated

En route interventions and continued assessment

Secondary assessment SAMPLE history

Manage injuries as appropriate

Reevaluate primary assessment

Initiate transport

ประเมนอาการขนตน (Primary Survey)

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ผปวยอาการวกฤต (Critical Trauma patient)

ทางเดนหายใจ (Airway)

– มอาการของทางเดนหายใจอดกนหรอตรวจเหนรองรอยบาดแผล(Inadequate/obstruction)

การหายใจ (Breathings)

– หายใจชาหรอเรวผดปกต (too fast/ slow)

– ระดบออกซเจนต า (Hypoxia : 02 sat <

95%)

– หายใจหอบ (Dyspnea)

– บาดแผลเปดททรวงอก (Open

pneumothorax)

– รอยช าและหนาอกยบ (Flail chest )

– สงสยภาวะลมคงในชองเยอหมปอก (Suspected

tension pneumothorax)

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ผปวยอาการวกฤต (Critical Trauma patient)

• อาการทางระบบใหลเวยน (Circulation) – พบเลอดออกปรมานมาก (Significant exter

nal hemorrhage)

– สงสยภาวะเลอดออกอวยวะภายใน (Suspected internal hemorrhage)

– พบวามอาการของภาวะชอก(Shock)

• อาการทางระบบประสาท(Disability) – ระดบการรสกตวผดปกตเชน ซม สบสน

(GCS < 13)

– มอาการชกรวมดวย (Seizure activity)

– มอาการชา หรอออนแรงรวมดวย (Sensory and motor deficit)

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• ผปวยแผลถกแทงขนาดใหญ บรเวณศรษะ คอ ล าตว หรออยเหนอตอ ขอศอก เขา

(Penetrating trauma to head, neck, or torso, or proximal to the elbow and knee in the extremities)

• บาดแผลอวยวะฉกขาด (Amputation or near-amputation proximal

to the fingers or toes)

ผปวยอาการวกฤต (Critical Trauma patient)

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ผปวยอาการวกฤต (Critical Trauma patient)

ภาวะอน ๆ (Any trauma in the presence of following) – มโรคประจ าตวทอนตราย (History of serious medical conditions) – อายมาก (Age > 55 years) – เดก (Children) – ภาวะอณหภมกายต า (Hypothermia) – บาดแผลไฟใหมน ารอนลวก (Burns) – ผปวยตงครรภ (Pregnancy > 20 wks) – ภาวะเสยงอนๆ ขนกบพจารณาของผออกเหต (Prehospital care provider judgment of

high-risk conditions)

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1 ประเมนจดเกดเหต (Scene Size Up )

2 ประเมนและรกษาผปวย (Patient Assessment)

Airway with C-spine immobilization

Breathing assist and oxygen support

Circulation resuscitate and Bleeding control

Disability examination

Environment control

3 ยดตรงผปวยเพอน าสง (Patient Packaging and proper transfer)

Within 10 minute

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ขนท 3 การยดตรงผปวยและน าสง (Packaging and Transportation)

- ใสเฝอกดามคอ (Hard collar)

- เคลอนยายขนกระดานรองหลงและยดตรง (Packaging)

- เคลอนยายขนรถและน าสง

- ตดตอศนยสงการ รายงานขอมล

ขนท 2 ประเมนและรกษาขนตน (Primary Survey)

- ประคองศรษะและกระดกสนหลงสวนคอ - ปฏบตตามขนตอน ABCD และแกไขรกษา

ขนท 1 ประเมนสถานการณจดเกดเหต

- ประเมนความปลอดภย

- สวมอปกรณปองกนตนเอง ประเมนกลไกการบาดเจบ จ านวนผปวย รายงานเบองตน

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continued

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Any questions?

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