part 1- nationalism
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Part 1- Nationalism. *Nationalism a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country. Nationalism was a uniting or dividing force. Breaks up Austrian & Ottoman Empires & threatens Russia. Unifies Germany & Italy. The German States. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Part 1- Nationalism
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*Nationalism a strong feeling of pride and
devotion to one’s country
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Breaks upAustrian &
Ottoman Empires& threatens
Russia
Nationalism was a uniting or dividing force
Unifies Germany
&Italy
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The German States
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German-speaking people lived in a number of small, medium sized states, Prussia and the
Austrian (Hapsburg) empire.
Prussia
Austrian (Hapsburg)
Empire
Europe1800s
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Germany was politically fragmented
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A Step Toward Unity Napoleon - France
Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire Created the Rhine Confederation
Congress of Vienna Created German Confederation Controlled by Austria
Otto Von Bismarck, 1862 He was a Prussian loyalist Named Chancellor by King of Prussia Annexed parts of Germany to control the German
Confederation Insulted Napoleon III starting the Franco-Prussian
War 1870
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“The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by BLOOD AND IRON.”
Realpolitik - “the politics of reality”: tough calculated politics in which idealism plays no part.
He led Prussia into three successful wars.
Each war moved the German states closer to unity.
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Germany
King William I of Prussia Took the title “Kaiser” meaning emperor Ushered in the second Reich
New Government They had a Constitution Two-House Legislation
Bundesrat – Upper House Reichstag – Lower House
Problems Upper House (Bundesrat) could veto Lower House (Reichstag). Therefore - real power remain in hands of emperor and his close
circle
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Crowning of Kaiser Wilhelm I in the Versailles Hall of Mirrors
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1871, the Second Reich (empire) is born
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King William the II Fired Bismarck
Expanded social welfare, transportation, electricity, public schools, etc.
Expanded the army & navy wanted overseas empire to rival British.
Becomes Europe’s leading INDUSTRIAL GIANT!!!!!!
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Looking to the Past and the Future!!!
What was the 1st Reich??
Holy Roman Empire
What was the 3rd Reich??
WWII- Hitler’s 3rd Reich
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Italy
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Unification of Italy 1832-1870As in Germany, the invasions of
Napoleon sparked dreams of
national unity
1859
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ItalyObstacles to Unify
Had been a battleground for foreign and local princes
Nationalists wanted to unite language & customs
City-states controlled by various empires N W by Austria, NE by France Crushed any rebellions 1820-1848
Nationalists - secret patriotic society
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Nationalism Builds *Giuseppe Mazzini
During the 1800s, nationalist leaders worked to unite Italy
1832 established “Young Italy” to fight for a free and independent Italy
Led an 1848 rebellion that seized Rome and set up a short lived Republic.
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Struggle for Italy
1848- Italian Nationalist Party transferred to Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II
Count Camillo Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia Goal: social reform, annex states from
Austria 1859 – gained several states
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*Giuseppe Garibaldi
Sicilian Nationalist Ally to Mazzini, also wanted to
create Italian Republic *Red Shirts – 1000 Troops
volunteers, went into battle with Garibaldi
“I offer hunger ,thirst, battles, and death. Let him who loves his country in his heart, and not with his lips only, follow me.” – Garibaldi
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Giuseppe Garibaldi “I offer hunger, thirst,
battles, and death. Let him who loves his country in his heart, and not with his lips only, follow me.”
– Garibaldi
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Unity at Last• Garibaldi- quickly took
Sicily & Naples
- Handed over to Victor Emmanuel II- Crowned King 1860
• United Southern Italy 1861, Kingdom of two Sicily's, Papal state, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, &Lombardy – map pg. 579
• Rome and Venetia added later
• 1870 a united Italy
Turn to page 579
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Challenges- New Italy
Economy North was rich but
south poor and filled with peasants
*Politics Republic in name only
Constitutional Monarchy Two House legislature.
Upper house could veto lower house
Many emigrated to U.S., Canada, & Latin America
CultureRoman Catholic Church – division between church
and state
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Summary
Use at least four sentences to summarize your notes up to this point.
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In Eastern Europe, nationalism helped break up the declining Austrian and Ottoman empires.
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Hapsburg Empire “Austria”
Slowly declining Nationalistic feelings of
Austria’s ethnic groups... Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs, Croats, Hungarians and German speaking Austrians
1866 defeat by Prussia caused a split Creating Hungary-Austrian
empire Coat of Arms of Austria-Hungary, adopted in 1915 to emphasize the unity of the Empire during WWI
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Ottoman Empire
“Sick Old Man” ethnically diverse
*Various groups revolted Serbia 1817, Greece
1830's, others followed France, Britain, Austria
began taking pieces of the Old Man
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A complex web of competing interests led to a series of wars and crises Called the
“Balkan powder keg”
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Russia was another huge multinational empire showing
signs of trouble
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Russia
*Conditions in Russia Largest, most populous nation in Europe 1815 Economically underdeveloped - agricultural Rigid social structure
Nobility - property, wealth, & power Majority of population Serfs/peasants
Absolutism Remained unaffected by Enlightenment & French Revolution
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Russia Absolutism Nicholas I – Absolutism
Repression Secret police, banned books 150,000 exiled to Siberia
3 Pillars of Russia Orthodoxy – Russian Church and Government tied Autocracy – absolute power of the state Nationalism – respect for tradition and suppression of non –
Russian groups
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Alexander II
Came to throne 1855 during Crimean War Liberals wanted change and reform
• Emancipation 1861 – serfs freed
Reforms: trail by jury, military service
Radicals – terrorism began
Assassination -1881
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Alexander III Took Action:
Secret Police, Exiled critics One language, one church Persecuted Jews and Muslims
Building Nationalism: Rein in radicals, return order Looking to united and move Russia
forward into Industrial Age
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Russia enters the Industrial Age
Industrialization Railroads connecting Iron Coal mines with factories
Problems Excessive growth in city, poor conditions, hours,
pay, Peasant life did not change
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Crisis
Nicholas II – Alexander III son Inherited throne & Problems
“Bloody Sunday” - Peaceful March, 1905 walking streets and singing hymns toward Winter
Palace Asking for constitution and social reforms
Palace feared crowd- sent troops out Hundreds died and wounded
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Revolution 1905 Discontent – strikes ,take down
Gov’t
Nicholas II Presents : October Manifesto- 1905
Freedom of speech & assembly
Duma – elected national legislature
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Summary
Use at least four sentences to summarize your notes up to this point.
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Chapter 24- Growth of Western Democracies
(Happening During Industrial Revolution)
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Britain – Parliament 1815 – Constitutional Monarchy w/
parliament 5% vote- Wealthy, Nobles House of Lords – appointed, could veto House of Commons – voted in members
(wealthy country landowners &merchants)
Problems Population shift to from country to cities Parliament only representing wealthy
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*Reforming Parliament
The Great Reform Act 1832 Non-Protestant right to vote Gave seats in House of Commons to city
Didn’t help rural or city poor Chartist Movement –
Nationalism Demanded universal male
suffrage….Secret ballot New Era
1867- extended suffrage to all men 1911- Lords could no longer veto House of
Commons
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“ Now mind you, - if I kill you, its nothing, If you kill me, by jingo its murder.”
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Victorian Movement
Queen Victoria Longest Reign: 1837-1901
Values: Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, most important respectability Wife was to be dutiful Upper and Middle-class way of life Working class could not match
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Social & Economic Reforms
Tariff on international trade Repealed Corn laws – tariff on grain free trade – laissez faire
Campaign Against Slavery 1807 abolished slave trade – first European
Nation 1833 banished slave use in Britain
Crime and punishment 1800’s- 200 crimes punishable by death 1850 – limited murder convictions
Murder, piracy, treason, arson
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Working Class *4 Ghosts of the Poor:
Accident -Sickness - Old-Age - Unemployment
*Working Class Reforms : 1842- 10yrs. to work 1847- 10hr. Day/ min wage Labor Union Free Education Civil Testing Social Programs Women suffrage 1918
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Ireland
Peasants: Made up most of
population Paid high rent to
English nobles High tithe to the
church Under Britain's
control
*1845 Potato Famine ¾ Irish crops sent to
England 1845- disease hits
crops 4years – 1 million
died from famine Nationalism Grew
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Population Change in Ireland from 1845-1851
Independence 1921 – after WWI
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France- Napoleon III
2nd Empire (1848) Appealed to mass because of name and lines in
classes Government- Constitutional Monarchy
Actual dictatorship Economic Growth – promoting Nationalism
Prospered during mid 1800s Industrialized – industry, railroad, &urban renewal in Paris Labor Unions, Public education & Social Programs
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Fall of Napoleon III Foreign Failures
Helped Austrian Hapsburg empire gain Mexico, but backfired
Helped Italy Nationalist, but after Italy united, became rival on Frances border
War with Prussia Lured by Bismarck into war 1870 Captured in Sudan Germany moved on Paris
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Third Republic
Republicans set up Provisional Government Third Republic – with an elected
National Assembly Harsh peace with Germany
Had to give up Alsace and Lorraine states, along with large fine
Many opposed way of government Suppressed all opposing groups
Killed 20,000
US silver dollar sized 5 franc coin from the Third Republic
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Structure – Lasted 70 Years Two House legislature
Lower legislature Senate
Prime Minister – Most powerful Coalition – alliance with one party First 10 years – 50 different
coalition governments were formed and fell
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*Dreyfus Affair
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France – Reforms
*Early 1900’s Reforms Wages, Hours Safety conditions
*Separation of Church and State – pass 1905
*Women's Rights 1896 – married
women could control earnings
Won right to vote after WWII
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Summary
Use at least four sentences to summarize your notes up to this.
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United States-*Territorial Expansion
Expansionism- extending a nations boundaries
*Manifest Destiny – 1803-1898 Louisiana Territory Doubled U.S. Florida, Oregon, Texas, California,
Alaska, & Hawaiian Islands Settling the West - 4,000,000 between
1820-1850 Gold, missionary work, homesteads
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Expanding Democracy 1830’s- white men could vote Calls for Abolition – end of
slavery Division among territory/states
Women’s rights movements: Anti-slavery 1848 –First organized women’s
rights rally for voting rights 1918- Won right to vote
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Civil War Prelude:
*Division over Culture & Government South – states should decide about slavery North – Federal Gov’t decide about slavery
*Civil War 1861-1865 Southern states withdrew from Union Formed Confederate States of America Fewer people, resources, industry
North – unified, more resources 600,000 Americans Died – most in any American War
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Growth and Reform *Became the worlds leading
industrial giant Rapid urbanization Immigrates – Irish, German,
Chinese, Japanese, Jews, Italians, etc.
*Had a tradition of isolationism – Limited involvement in world affairs
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Summary
Use at least four sentences to summarize your notes up to this.