olive cultivation in pakistan

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Horticulture

Scope of olive cultivation in Pakistan

ByMuhammad Shoaib Ahmedani*, Shehbaz Ahmed Warraich***Ph.D. Scholar, department of Entomology, UAAR.

** Dean Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi.

1: Introduction:

There is a lot of potential for olive cultivation in Pakistan. The estimates have reveaeight million wild olive trees present in different provinces are grafted and convertedproductive olive then there is a potential of earning a maximum of one billion dollars(Table-4). Similarly, we may earn a maximum of 9 billion dollars annually if olive culmade on cultivable potential waste lands (Table-5). The olive appears to have been

Asia, being one of the earliest trees cultivated by man. The trees belong to oleaceaeand comprise 30 genera with 600 species. The plant is xerophitic upon species of trolea-europea or Europium olive. Olive is an integral part of the diet of the people of Mediterranean lands and is a source of fat in diet of these people. Olive oil is widelycountries where fats are scarce. In Indo-Pak sub-continent a wild olive, olea cuspidawithin the northwest Himalayas and other adjoining hills but cultivated olive olea Eunot grown anywhere on commercial scale. This plant is locally known as Zytoon inUrdu,Showan in Pushtu, Khat in Brahavi and kow in Punjabi, Sindhi and Saraiki. Timportance of olive oil has also been narrated several times in the Holy Quran. Duri



mid of last century;( around 1950s), a number of grafted olive plants of several varieimported and planted in Kashmir, Simla and Kangra hills at Harnai, Fort Sandeman

Balochistan, Peshawar, Swat (NWFP), Rawalpindi, Sargodha, and Jhelum (Punjab)

1.1:OLIVE MAP

1.2: BOTANICAL PERSPECTIVE OF OLIVE

Genera

Fraxinus

Ligustrum

Sy ringa

Olea ( olive

CULTIVARS OF Olea europaea

Nocellara del belice



Nocellara

Biancolilla

Coratina

Carolea

Ottoberitica

Leccino

Pendolino

Uslo

Gemlik

Domate

Moraiolo

1.3 OLIVE VARITIES

Alf onso

These are very large purplish olives. They have a distinctive acidic bite.



Arbequina

These are very small, even tiny olives that are a medium brown color. They o

Spain (the Siurana district in Catalonia) and are characterized by a small a

pleasantly bitter flesh on each olive. They are always brine cured. This olive is als

for making excellent olive oil.

Ascolane

From the Italian Cuneau district, this is a very large and meaty olive with a delicate f

Atalanti

Named for the town of Atalanti in eastern Greece on the Aegean Sea. These green

rather pale/gray in color, medium round, and have a "zingy" flavor.

Dr y Cured

Often cured in sea salt in order to draw out the moisture from the olive over a

several weeks. After this period is ready to eat. Typically these olives are stored

olive oil.



Elitses

A Greek

unlike a

Nicoise o

color ranges in color from purple to black. It is a small olive with little flesh.

Farga Aragon

A Spanish olive from the Aragon district. It is brine cured, deep brown, and tender fle

Gaeta

A famous black olive from Greece. It has a moderately pungent and "deep" flavor.



Kalamata

A variety of Greek olives that originate from the city of Kalam

Southern Peloponnese of Greece. Kalamata olives are pickle

vinegar. The pickling process develops a very pronounced fla

and vinegar. They have a very meaty flesh which is strong in f

Manzanilla

This green olive originates in Spain in the Andalousia district. It is medium sized wi

reminiscent of almonds. It goes particularly well with tapas and sherry.

Nafplion

Named for the small seaside town in Greece, this is a small, green olive with a nutty

Nicoise

French Nicoise olive. Its color ranges in color from purple to black. It is a small oliveflesh.



1.4: OLIVE FROM RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE

The divine revelation Quran deals some species of plants including Mustard tree

brush tree, Acacia, Onion, Pomegranate, Grape, Fig, Euphorbia, Sweet bas

Cucumber, Garlic, Lentil, Ginger, Heena, Cedar, Date, Manna, Tamarisic, Cac

Blessed Tree and Olive.

Olives have been mentioned seven times in the Quran and their health ben

been propounded in Prophetic medicine.

By the fig and olive And the mount of Sinai And the city of security We ha

created man in the best of moulds (The Fig, Surah 95)

³ Zaithun is a plant of useful characters neither of east nor west´ (Sura Noor ± 35

Allah is the one who sends water down from the sky therewith we brought froth p

kinds and from them the verdure and we brought forth from it the clustered g

from the palm trees its spathes with bunches of dates, the gardens of grapes,

pomegranates, similar and different look at their fruit when they bear it and the

varity in that their signs for people who believe (Quran 6:99)

And a tr ee (ol iv e) that springs forth from Mount S inai, that grows (produc es ) oi l ,

r el ish for the eat ers. ( 23:20 )

He causes to grow for you the crops, the olives, the date-palms, the grapes, a

kind of fruit (16:10-11 )

The Prophet Muhammad (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is re



have said: T ak e oi l of ol iv e and massag e with it ± it is a blesse

Hazrath Abu Hurairah narrates that the Prophet (Pbuh) sta

the olive oil and apply it (locally), since there is cure for seven

diseases in it, one of them is Leprosy.´ (Abu Naim)

Hazrat Zaid Bin Arqam narrates, ³ We have been directed b

Prophet (Pbuh) that we should treat the Pleurisy with Qust-e-

(Qust Sheerin) and olive oil.´ (Tirmizi, sanadeAhmed, Ibn Maja)

Hazrat Sayyed Al-Ansari narrates that the Prophet (Pbuh) said ³Eat the olive

massage it over your bodies since it is a holy (mubarak) tree.´ (Tirmizi, Ibn M

Hazrat Alqama Bin Amir narrates that Prophet (Pbuh) said, ³ There is olive oi

eat it, massage over your body, since it is effective in Heamorrhoids (Piles).

Jozi, Zanbi)

Hazrat Aqba Bin Amir narrates that the Prophet (Pbuh) stated, ³You have the

from this Holy (mubarak) tree, treat yourself with this, since it cures the Ana

(Basoor). ́

In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, Was there the T

Life, Which bare twelve manner of fruit every month: And the leaves of the tree were

healing of the nations. Revelation 22:1-2



A bre

comes from t

shakes the bra

the Tree of Li

spreads the fra

the future wor

world, And b

holy souls alive. These souls come u

each other . . And the Tree of Life rejo

Zohar III, 1731

There is a tree, the root of Transmigration, the Asvattha Tree everl

branches spread from earth to heaven, and the powers of nature give t

Its buds are the pleasures of the senses. Far down below, its roots stretc

world of men, binding a mortal through selfish actions. Men do not see the changin

that tree, nor its beginning, nor its end, nor where its roots are? Bhagavad-Gita 15:1

1.4 SECRET OF OLIVE TREE



The secret of the olive tree is in two things: its fruit, the olive itself, and its

underground root system that can extend over twenty feet. The roots are so exte

strong that in times of drought, when other trees die, the zaytuna tree is stil

because it draws from deep within the earth when the heavens withhold their

water. Another aspect of these roots is that they enable the tree to produce

hundreds of years: even after the tree looks as if there is no life left in it, it co

produce olives.

Chemical composition of Olive: Oleic acid, stearic acid, Myristic acid, palmatic ac

acid, arachidic acid and non-drying acid.

Chemical composition of Olive: Oleic acid, stearic acid, Myristic acid, palmacid, linolic acid, arachidic acid and non-drying acid

1.5: OLIVE FRUIT TYPES AND NUTRIONAL VALUE

A. Fresh olive at the picking stage. [To the lower right is a sectioned olive sh



stony endocarp (pit) surrounding the seed.

B. Fresh olive that is turning black on tree.

C. Pitted, canned olive treated with ferrous gluconate.

D. Pitted, canned green olive stuffed with pimento, a bright red Capsicu

cultivar. Fresh olives are soaked in lye (sodium hydroxide) to remove

oleuropein. Commercially grown olives are picked green and are oxidiz

(aerated) to produce the black color. The black color of canned olives is

with ferrous gluconate. Oxidation is prevented in green olives to preserve th

Unlike most unsaturated plant oils which come from seeds, monounsaturated o

obtained from the pulp or mesocarp of the fruit. Virgin olive oil is obtained fropressing.

1.5.1: Composition of olive f ruit

Table-1 Showing Chemical composition of olive fruit

PART WT/% Water % Oil%

Nitrogen Compounds

%

CARBON

Compounds %

FIBRE

%

FUIT 1.5-10

45-55 13-28

1.5-2 18-24 5-8

PULP 70-85%

50-60 15-30

2-4 3-7 3-6

ENDOCARP

(Guthli)

13-25%

10 0.7 3.3 79 -

SEED 2 - 4% 30 27 10 29 -



2. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF O

The Vitamin E contained in Olives is

primary fat-soluble antioxidant. Anti-oxid

to strengthen the body's immune

reducing the severity of asthma,

osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis,

ageing, as well as delaying the effects o

Olives contain compounds called po

that appear to have significant anti-inflammatory properties. Imam

comments that in using olive oil as a balm, you fortify your limbs and a

reduce inflammation.

The juice of the olive, otherwise known as olive oil (Zayt), is a delicious

antioxidants. This oil is monounsaturated, and it has a positive effe

cholesterol level in our blood streams, by helping to reduce it. Monounsatu

are an important part of our diets. These oils act to keep cholesterol from

our artery walls, and thus combating against diseases such as heart dis

strokes. Not only that, but they help to control blood sugar, a big plus i

protection against Diabetes.

Olives are also very light foods (ie contain low calories), but at the same

filling; being able to quickly satisfy hunger. and lead to fewer total calories in

mealtime.

The Zaytun oil can also be used on hands, hair and as a base for mas

Used as a balm, it fortifies the hair. It keeps the hair shiny and prevents dan



Used as a balm, it fortifies and moisturizes the skin, combating dry skin and

it. It also combats against acne.

Massaged onto the body, Olives fortify the limbs, combat against inflamm

sooth away aches and pains from tired muscles and so on.

Help against wrinkles and delaying the effects of old age.

Help combat against strokes, heart-disease, High blood pressure, diabetes.

It aids digestion and strengthens the bowels, as well as the stomach. Soothes

Drunk, the tea from Olive leaves help against High blood pressure.

The decoction of olive leaves in water is effective against mouth and lip u

allergic dermatitis also.

The concentrated aqueous extract of olive leaves and fruits is very effectiv

dental cavities and application of this solution shows very good e

Leukoplaquea in mouth.

This solution is applied with vinegar on Alopecia, grows the hair and rem

Alopecia.

It is also stated that the local application of this extract removes the scars of

and boils.

The powder of seeds mixed with butter is effective in brittle nails.

The pickles prepared from olive fruits is a good appetizer and removes const

The smashed leaves are applied locally to check excessive perspiration.

The water extracted from the leaves with honey is used as eardrops and e

various ear ailments.

The oil procured by burning of olive wood is effective against all fungal infec

viz, Ringworm, T.versicolor etc. in addition to Eczema, Psoriasis, Dan



Alopecia.

The local application of olive oil on scalp is highly effective against dandruff.

the hairs and checks, the loss of hair.

The application of olive oil in eyes relieves the inflammation.

The massage of olive oil over the body tones up the muscles and organs,

muscular pains.

Some physicians also advocate the massage of olive oil for epilepsy.

It relieves the Sciatic and arthritis.

The ointments prepared from olive oil are very good healing agents. It heals

and fistula very quickly. 25ml of olive oil mixed with 250ml of barley wate

internally, is highly effective against chronic constipation.

It is a good Diuretic, hence is used in Ascites.

It also removes the kidney stones.

A conventional regimen is also available comprising of olive oil and other h

having potential against the Gall bladder stones. It is stated that this

dissolves and expels the Gall bladder stone.



4- OLIVE OIL, QUALITY AND GRADES

Def inition

Olive oil - obtained solely from olives

Excludes oil extracted by solvents or reesterification processes, or any mixtuother oils

Pure olive oil cannot be any olive residue oils

Virgin Oil

Mechanically pressed from olive fruit without using heat - cold pressing



Only washed, decantation, and centrifugation (natural product)

May have vintage years on label

Grades of Virgin Oil

Virgin Olive Oil Extra

-Extra Vergine (Italian)

-Vierge Extra (French)

Pure unadulterated oil from top quality olives

Perfect taste and odor

Max of 1% acid and strong odors

Other Olive Oils

Virgin Olive Oil Fine or Fino

-Almost perfect taste but 1.5% acid

Semi-fine or Ordinary Olive Oil

-Good taste maximum acidity 3.3%

Virgin Olive Oil Lampante>3.3%

-Not for human consumption

Poorer Grades

Refined oils

-Caustic soda used to purify virgin oil from cull fruits



Blended oil

-Blend of refined and virgin oil Most imported olive oil in USA

Residue Oil

Olive-residue oil obtained by treating pomace with solvents

5- AGRO-CLIMATIC, NUTRIONAL AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR OLIVE CULTIVATION

A deep fertile soil and temperatures averaging 50F but never going below

desirable. Irrigation is often necessary although the plant bears drought to a grea

irrigated areas. Olive trees need winter rest for 60-80 days to differentiate flower bu

average temperature of 7 C. About 500 -1000 hours are required in the winters d

upon the cultivars. The maximum absolute temperature should not exceed +20

November to February. It can tolerate gradual drop of temperature up to -10 C fo

period. The best olive production and fruit quality occurs in areas having mild winte

warm dry summer. The neutral and light saline soils with 5% clay particles are suita

olive with the best soil pH range 5.6-8.5. It should not be less than 6 and more th

plant requires nitrogen but Boron deficiency could cause a serious problem during it

5.1: LAND PREPARATION:

Soil should be well ploughed before plantation of olive

size 2.5 x 2.5 feet should be dug a month before plantation. It should be filled with M

Bhal : FYM at ratio of 1:1:1.

A. PLANTING TIME:

Trees can be planted during spring and fall. However

best if there is no likelihood of frost during winter.



B. PLANTING GEOMETRY:

Trees are planted in square with equal line to line and

plant distance. 6x6, 7x7 or 8x8 meter distance yields best results. There may be 80

trees in an acre.

5.2. IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS:

Although Olive is a hardy tree, yet it requires timely

during the early two years. In Barani reas annual rainfall shoud be betwwen 400-50

does not rain, trees should be irrigated twice or thrice in ayear.

1. Bef ore Flowering 2. Af ter Flowering 3. 30-45 dayes befmaturing

5.3:Chilling Requirement For Cultivation of Olive

Optimum Flowering if chilling temps

Maximum 60 to 65oF

Minimum 35 to 40oF

Poor f lowering if

Constant 55oF

No f lowering if

No temp > 45oF or < 60oF

5.4: Pollination Requirements:

Monoecious

Flower s bor ne axially along shoot in panicles



Self and cross pollination occur s

5.5: Fertilizer requirement

Phosphorous + Potash at rate of 300 + 200/ Hectare at time of land preparation,

after 3-4 Years.

Table-2: Fertilizer requirement from sowing to flowering

AGE OF TREE NITROGEN /TREE TIME OF APPLICATION

1 YEAR 60-80 gm Thrice April to July 2 YEAR 200-250gm Twice equally - At sprouting

- During June 3 YEAR 300 gm -At Sprouting 200g

-During June 100g 4 YEAR 400 gm -Bef ore f lowering 300g

-At f ruit setting 100g 5 Year 500 gm -Bef ore f lowering 300g

-At f ruit setting 200g

6: Harvesting of f ruit

Olive fruit matures during August to September. Harvesting is accomplishe

following methods.

- Picking singly. Good quality oil/pickle, Expensive mode



-Shaking branches and collecting of dropped fruit

-Mechanically : Machine grips trunk and shakes branches. 80% harvesting.

6.1: Preparation of pickle:

For pickle, fruit is harvested when it is light green. After wa

water fruits are put in 1-2% NaOH for 36-48 hours. Later on fruits are taken out an

5-6 times and then put in 6-8% Nacl solution for 14-21 days. Later on the fruits ar

and put in vinegar.

Preparation of oil:

6.2: For Oil: fruits are harvested during October when these are purplish. Laterare mechanically crushed to get oil.

7: Management of Insect pests and diseases attacking Olive Tree and fruits

Table-3: Pesticide recommended for the management of Insect pests and diseases

Management of Insect Pests and diseases of Olive

BARK BEETLE, Olive caterpillar, Scales,Tog cutters

Malathion 2ml/l

Mono-chrotophos 2-2.5 ml/l

Somithion 1.5/l Olive f ly Attacks during august

Azodrin 1ml/l Roger 1-2 ml/l Wooly Aphid Sucks juice from leaves and secretes

white juice

Karate 1-2ml/l Monitor 3-5 ml/l DISEASES



Stem rot, Sooty mildew, Peacock leaf spot

Bordeaux Mixture 2%

Preynox 2% spray Bacterial knot Bordeaux mixture

8- COST/BENEFIT RATIO AND ECONMICS OF OLIVE CULTIVATION

No. of trees/Acre (18feet x 18 Feet) =109

Average Production of fruit/ Tree =45 Kg

TOT AL Production =4905Kg

No. of Jars of Pickle 250 gm Each = 4905 x 4 =19620 jars

If we deduct 20% for discarded and graded fruits =3924

Net No. of marketable Pickle Jars =15696 jars

Total Income @ Rs. 30/250 gm pickle jar =Rs. 9,41,760/-

Approximate Expenditures /Acre =Rs. 60,000 (for four yea

Net Profit/Acre/Annum =Rs. 8,81,760/Acre/Ann on fo

and so on each year



8.1: NEED FOR OLIVE CULTIVATION IN PAKISTAN

The total domestic consumption of edible oil is around 1.9 million tonnes, out of

million tonnes is being imported from abroad. As many as Rs 28 billions are being

the import of edible oil every year.

The total production of banola oil is around 450,000 tonnes, sunflower 77,00

canola 32,000 tonnes and other seeds is 700 tonnes per year in the country. Henc

is being imported against local production of 30%.

In this respect, the government is paying special attention to enh

cultivation of canola, olive and palm oil in the country to save precious foreign exc

added.

8.2: POTENTIAL OF OLIVE CULTIVATION IN PAKISTAN

THREE APPROACHES

A- CONVESRSION OF WILD OLIVE TO PRODUCTIVE TREES THROUG

GRAFTING (Table-4)

B- CULTIVATION OF OLIVE ON CULTURABLE WASTE LANDS (Table-5

C- CULTIVATION OF OLIVE AS NEW CROP

Table-4 POTENTIAL EARNING FROM GRAFTING OF WILD OLIVE



PROVINCE NO. OF TREES POTENTIAL BENE YEAR(RS in millio

NWFP 3.50 million 28311.5 BLUCHISTN 2.70 million 21840.3 PUNJABPOTOHAR 1.80 million 14560.2 TOTAL 8.00 million =SUM(ABOVE) 64712.

Table-5 POTENTIAL EARNING FROM OLIVE CULTIVATION ON CULTURABLELANDS

DISTT AREA (hectares)

NO. OF TREES PTOTENTIAL GAIN millionRs.

ABBOTABAD 75,958 75,04,650 60705.11 MANSEHRA 98,449 97,26,761 78679.76 WAZIRISTAN 90,270 89,18,676 72143.17 SWAT 1,75,850 1,73,73,980 140538.12 KILASAIFULLA 20,970 41,43,672 33518.16 LORALI 90,650 89,56,220 72446.86 ATTOCK 36,000 35,65,800 28839.06



CHAKWAL KALAR KAHAR

35,700 25,09,520 20299.50

RAWALPINDI 39,000 38,53,200 31168.53 TOTAL 6,62,847 6,65,52,479 =SUM(ABOVE) 538338.27

Sources and Acknowledgements:

1. Agriculture Statistics Yearbook of Pakistan.2003-04 2. Ahmad M. and Iftikhar A. 1994. Zaitoon ki kasht (Urdu Buleting). National A

Centre, Islamabad. 3. Anne Dolamore. 'The essential Olive oil companion 4. Culinarycafe. About

Olive: http://www.culinarycafe.com/Vegetables/About_Olives.html 5. Harun Yahya. 'The design in Nature' 6. Jalaluddin as-Suyuti . 'Medicine of the Prophet' 7. Mutmainaa . 2003. The Benefits from Olives. By the Fig and the Olive.2003

8. Provincial Agricultural Departments 9. Syed Abu-Ala' Maududi. 'The meaning of the Qur'an' 10. Syed Qutb. 'In the Shade of the Qur'an' 11. Thomas B. Irving, Khurshid Ahmad, Muhammad M. Ahsan.'The Qur'an ± Ba

Teachings 12. Various websites, food & nutrition magazines

Yousuf Ali. 'The Holy Qur'an' - Translation

.

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