olecture (2 hours) / week - delta...
TRANSCRIPT
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oLecture (2 hours) / week
Saturday, g1: (period 1)
g2: (period 2)
oLab. , Sec (2 hours)/week
Saturday, g1: (period 4)
Wednesday, g2: (period 3)
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This course introduces the principles of instrumentation and measurements.
It explores the working principles of DC & AC meters, oscilloscope and signal generators as well as the operation and application of various sensors and transducers
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o Introduce the fundamentals of measurements and instrumentation
o Explain the working principle of DC & AC meters and measurements
o Discuss the operation of oscilloscope and signal generator
o Describe the working principle of various sensors and transducers
o Explain the methodology of signal conditioning and data acquisition
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o Able to Explain the fundamentals of measurements
and instrumentation Explain the working principle of DC & AC
meters Discuss the operation of oscilloscope and
signal generator Describe the working principle of various
sensors and transducers
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• Part 1 – Measurements
– DC Measurement
– AC Measurement
– Oscilloscope
– Signal generator
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• Part 2
– Instrumentation
– Signal conditioning
– Signal transmission
– Sensors
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o Northrop R.B., Introduction to Instrumentation & Measurement, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, 2005
o Morris A.S., Measurement & Instrumentation Principle, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001
o Kalsi H.S., Electronic Instrumentation, 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004
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• Distribution – Final Exam (40)
– Med-term (20)
– Term activity: (40)
Quiz (4) (10)
Laboratory (20)
Attendance, Res.
(Lec. Tut.) (10)
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Introduction to Instrumentation and
Measurements
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Process of comparing an unknown quantity with an accepted standard quantity
Estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object relative to a unit of measurement
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Measurement standards
Measurement errors
Accuracy vs. precision
Measurement Uncertainty
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Based on definition of the seven fundamental SI units of measurement
Categorized into four: International standard (SI)
Primary standards
Secondary (transfer) standards
Working standards
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Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol
Length l meter m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Temperature T kelvin oK
Electric current I ampere A
Amount of Substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
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Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Abbre.
Voltage (emf) V volt V
Charge Q coulomb C
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Capacitance C farad F
Inductance L henry H
• Above electrical units are derived from standard unit of measure for electric current
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• Deviation of a reading from the expected value of the measured variable
• Extent of measurement error must be stated with the measurement
• Error in measurement is expressed as absolute error or percentage of error
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Absolute error (e)
The difference between the expected (Yn) and the measured (Xn) value of a variable
Percentage of error
e = Yn - Xn
Percent error = (100)Yn
Yn - Xn
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• Divided into four categories:
–Gross Errors
–Systematic Errors
–Random Errors
–Limiting Errors
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Generally the fault of the person using the measuring instrument such as incorrect reading, incorrect recording, incorrect use etc
Avoidable and must be identified and minimized if not eliminated
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Probable causes: Instrument error
Environmental effect
Observational errors
Causes shall be identified and corrected
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o Generally an accumulation of large numbers of small inherent causes
o Shall be statistically analyzed and reduced
o Prompt for better accuracy and precise instrument
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Limiting Errors
o Manufacturing limitation to the accuracy of an instrument
o Stated as percentage of full-scale deflection
o Increases as measured value less than full-scale deflection
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Example:
A 300-V voltmeter is specified to be accurate within ±2% at full scale. Calculate the limiting error when the instrument is used to measure a 120-V source.
The magnitude of the limiting error is
2/100 x 300 = 6V
Therefore, the limiting error at 120 V is
6/120 x 100 = 5%
(reading < full scale, limiting error increased)
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Accuracy
The degree of exactness of a measurement compared to the expected value
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A = 1 - Yn
Yn - Xn
Accuracy vs. Precision
• Precision
– A measure of consistency, or repeatability of measurements
Xn - XnPrecision = 1 -Xn
Xn = the value of the nth measurement
nX = the average of the set of n measurements
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The expected value of the voltage across a resistor
is 5.0V. However, measurement yields a value of
4.9V. Calculate:
a) absolute error (0.1)
b)% error (2%)
c) relative accuracy (0.98)
d) % accuracy (98%)
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• Probability that a reading falls within the interval that contain true value
• Confidence level for margin of errors
• Statistically determined
• Reflect instrument imprecision
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oMean value/ Arithmetic Mean
oDeviation
oAverage deviation (D)
oStandard deviation (S)
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n
1i
n321 x x x x
n
x
nx i
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n = total number of piece of data
xn = the value of the nth measurement
xi = set of number
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The difference between each piece of data and arithmetic mean
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xxd nn
* Note
0 21 ntot dddd
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precision of a measuring instrument
- high D low precision
- low D high precision
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n
dddD
n
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The degree to which the value vary about the average value
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30nfor
1
1 1
2
1
2
n
d
n
xx
S
n
i
i
n
i
i
30 n for 1
2
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n
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i
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For the following data compute
(a) The arithmetic mean (49.9)
(b) The deviation of each value (0.2,-0.2,-0.3,0.3)
(c) The algebraic sum of the deviation (0)
(d) The average deviation (0.25)
(e) The standard deviation (0.294)
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x1= 50.1
x2= 49.7
x3= 49.6
x4= 50.2
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• Process of establishing the relation between the indication of a measuring instrument and the value of a measurement standard
• Traceability to International Standard
• Calibration improve accuracy
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