Hello Dan.>> Hello Ilene.>> Or rather Professor Ariely.>> Thank you.I was wondering, was the respect going toshow up.>> [LAUGH] I actually, was under somescrutiny last time for,Calling you Dan, which is naturally what Icall you every day.and, you know?Leaving out that layer of formality.But if it's okay with you, I'm justgoing to go with Dan.>> So, yes.It's okay with me.But here's the thing, right.People compare Dan to Professor Ariely.My mother calls me Dan Dan.So now if you, relative to that, you cancall meDan and that looks more formal than someof the other alternatives.So how is that?>> So I'm being quite formal when I sayit.Dan, alright, got it.Anyway, welcome to week one of OfficeHours.Very happy to have you here.>> Very excited.>> I have a bunch of questions for youfrom yourstudents and if you're willing, I'd lovefor you to answer them.>> Nothing would make me happier.All right, so first, I have a request fromone student.Look to your left, what is the first thingyou see?>> A black screen.>> [LAUGH].>> Was there something else?>> What's the second thing you see?>> I see my jacket.>> Yeah, I guess there's not much overthere.>> Nope.>> So, That's, that's what they wanted?>> That, that's all we get.>> Do, do they just want to see whathappens when I look to the left?>> [LAUGH] I'm not entirely sure.Maybe they wanted to have a betterunderstanding of our surroundings.We're in a room.Sitting in chairs.>> Okay, thanks for the report.>> That's about it.So March 20th is coming up.

It's International Day of Happiness.>> Yes.>> And, many of your students have beentalking about paying it forward.This concept where, you do something nicefor another person andthen that person, in turn, does somethingnice for another person.And, basically, it results in this cascadeof generosity.why, why do you think this might be a goodthing?Why do we care about other people'shappiness or why spread the love?>> So there's, there's multiple reasons,but the first one isthat when we are nice to other peoplewe're happier with ourselves.So, there's always a question of what istrue generosity and dowe have to have some of our own happinessinvolved that kind of.Do we have to suffer when other peoplebecome happy for this to be truegenerosity?I don't think so.I think we can be happy with the happinessof others.The, the research that Mike Norton andElizabeth Dunnhave done so nicely show that when yougivesomething to somebody else, you'reactually happier sometimes thanwhen you buy a cup of coffee for yourself.So I think that's the first thing.And then the other thing is that if youthink about the cascade,you're not just giving something to oneperson, you're really influencing a lot.Lots of people.So I think it's quite, quite wonderful.But, I think that if the students aregoing todo it, on Happiness Day they should tryand measure something.And different people should try and doit in different ways and measure whathappens.And we should measure time and location,and country of origin.And, it's also interesting to think about,when does the cascade break.Are we talking about, kind of, buyingcoffee in a coffee shop, for example?>> I think that was a great example.>> So, if people buy coffee in the coffeeshop, it wouldbe nice to figure out how many people arein the line.

When it does, you have to see it happeningto people before you.And, you have to have a person behind you.Maybe, if you don't see a person behindyou Youdon't give the cashier money for the next,eh, person.So there could be some really interesingthings wecould do if everybody decides to do ittogether.>> Yeah.I think we actually did a study throughour samplesize matters app where we asked people torecord that.And it seemed like the, the cascade didnot go on for very long.But, I guess we could try it in, in.>> Again, and, and hopefully with a biggersample.>> With a bigger sample.And on Happiness Day.>> On Happiness Day.I'd love to meet the person who came upwith International Happiness Day.>> Yeah.>> Seems like a great concept.>> And you know, it's, it's a greatconcept and, I mean,the days are general a good to reflect onsomething, but wedid a study a long time ago in which wetried tofind out what happens when we Get peopleto try and be happy.So we played some classical music topeople in the computer, and wegave them instructions, try to use this tobe as happy as possible.So they were continuously being busy,tryingto be happy, and you know what happened?They were actually less happy.>> [LAUGH]>> Right?So, in the American Constitution, you havethe right to pursue happiness.It turns out that if your continuouslytryingto pursue happiness your not really thathappy.I said I'm I happy now?Is this, is this really making me happy.And this meta-thought about happinessactually is counterproductive forhappiness.>> Hm, All right.Shouldn't try so hard then.> [LAUGH]

>> So you've already mentioned a fewresearch studiesand I think we should talk a little bitabout.The importance of research, why we doresearch, why one might participate inresearch.>> So I think kind of, research is ourway to separate belief from fact, allright, so weall have beliefs about how people makedecisions and howpeople work and what gets us excited andso on.And now the question is, what is reality,what is just ourown belief and what is reality are not thesame all the time.So the research is crucial, and you know,I thinkbusinesses don't do enough research, andgovernments don't do enough research.companies, individuals, we just rely onour intuitions too much.So that's clearly, important.And in terms of participating in researchit the really two goals for this.One is, pure generosity if you participatein researchyou're helping somebody else understandsomething to a better degree.But also hopefully you feel better aboutyour, your own contribution.And when we do research we, we start withLike, we have lots of ideas.And we start with an easy way to kind offigureout what's kind of working in the rightdirection or not.And as we move forward we become more andmorecosting our approach.So in the same way that in medical testingyou start with lab animals and then youmoveto People who are sick, and then you moveto, I mean you, you just move step bystep.In the same way, we move from people thatwe have easy access to and not verytime-consuming,to things that we have hardly access to,tothings that are real decisions, bigdecisions, and so on.so, so the students who get to participatebasically help in the starting point ofthe idea.And, there's, there's one more commentthat is worthwhile making.

It is better not to participate, than toparticipate in a non serious way.Because if you don't participate, you justare out of the picture.You're not helping but you're not hurting.But, if you participate in it and youknow, and you don't take it seriously, anddon't think about it, and you just kindof answering randomly to just feel you areparticipating.You actually add more noise to than data.Therefore, it's not very helpful.It's actually counter productive.Thank you.And is there anything else that studentsshould keep in mindif they decide to participate in researchspecifically in this class?>> Yes.So, so this class is kind of trickybecause weare teaching you about all kinds of tricksabout human nature.And you probably are trying to think aboutwhat we're going to test.So, don't be suspicious.Of course, not to be suspicious is theworst thing I can tell you.There's lots of research about try not tothink about white bear.Of course the moment you hear that, youcan't help but think about white bear.Maybe you didn't think about white bearfora whole year, but now when I say pleasedon't think about white bear, please closeyour eyesand focus very hard not thinking aboutwhite bear.It is basically impossible not to do it,so not beingsuspicious of the, of the research is atough thing to do.But I think you should try, basically, getconsumed by the research question, and nottry tohave too many meta thoughts about whatthey'redoing and why is this for, and so on.So just try to answer it as if you werenot taking, the class.And, you know, we appreciate this.You know, we're doing, this class for you.And, you're benefiting from lots ofresearch of otherpeople; it's your way to contribute, backin something real.But, for now, what is actually easilycontrolled, is we don't want you to havediscussions about the Ongoing research

until we finish that particular project.So it's not that we don't want you to havethis discussion but if somebodyelse reads your comment before they'vetakenthe study, this could actually hurt theresearch.So what I would propose is that we askpeople to wait a week.Maybe two?>> Until whenever we report the resultsbecause summer->> Yeah.Maybe wait, maybe wait until we reportthe results before you discuss anyparticular study.I mean, write the comments for yourself.Keep them.But don't share them because you're goingto contaminate the research for otherpeople.>> Yep, that's great.And there's always a place to add commentsin the survey itself ifyou have any sort of technical problem orjust want to give us feedback.That's great, we just don't want you toyou know,ruin the experience for the other studentsin the class.>> And ruin the data, and don't besuspicious.>> Yeah, definitely don't.[LAUGH] Alright, so this week's topic isrationality and irrationality.And, so I think we should probably say alittle bit about that.So first, some people are wondering howyou measureirrationality, if you can measure it andwhat is irrationality?>> Yeah, so, so I think that they,there are lots of ways to think aboutirrationality.Sometimes people think it's craziness.Irrational is equal crazy.It's not, it's not at all.oh, it doesn't have to be.But let's think about, first, what isrationality?Rationality demands that people basicallyhave perfectcomputation powers, we can compute all theoptions.We can consider all the options, so wealso have great memory.And we are uninfluenced by emotions, sowe're considering allthe options and always, always, alwayschoosing the right one.

Aside from the few times when we don'thave the right information.But based on the information we have, wealways make the right decisions.And I care about two definitions ofirrationality.The first one is that when we violatethese,these axioms a way of economies to thinkabout that.So, for example, emotions basicallyprovide imputsat the outside of the rational framework.Or if people think about short term vs.long term very differently.Or if we can't compute all the options,and we just consider a few of those.Or we're influenced by another alternativewhich should not influence our choices.All of those Violates the standardeconomic rational framework and there areviolations.By the way, generosity is one of those.Right, so in the standard economicframework, people are perfectly selfish.You would not give anything to otherpeople.You would not give people advice.You would not give them money.You would not pay things forward becauseyour utility, thething you are trying to maximize, isbasically your wealth.Right?And giving things to other people doesn'tfit with that.Now of course there are more complex modelof [UNKNOWN]that includes that, but the standarddefinition does include that.The other thing that I care about, and Icare about it even more, isthe idea that irrationality Is when we'reinfluenced by forces that we ourselvesdon't understand.And the reason this is important is that'sthe place we might make mistakes.So you know, if I have a irrationaltendencythat is not economic framework, but weperfectly understand that.No problem, we will learn how to live withthat and how to deal with it.And we would, behave in the proper way.But if you have an irrational tendencythatyou don't fully understand, you might makea mistake.So, for example, you might say toyourself, I'm

on a diet, I don't want to eat so much.So, today, when the waiter comes with thedessert tray, I will just say no thankyou.And you don't understand that he momentthedessert tray will roll by you will becomeavery different person, and you will thinkabout thingsin a different way, and you will betempted.That's the kind of irrationalities I caremore about because itwould mean that you would be vulnerable toeating to much.And there's lots of other things likethat.And really For me, the whole debatebetweenrational and irrational is the mostinteresting one.If we ask the question of how do weimprove the world.Alright, so we have the world and buildlots of things aroundit and the question is how do we build thenext version.I think the next version has to fit withwhat people do naturally Right?It should help us do better rather thanget us to do worse.And if we build the world for perfectlyrational people, itmight be a world that we don't functionvery well in.But if we understand the world we makemistakes, we could say let'sbuild the world such that we are not goingto make the same mistakes.>> Thank you.>> A little long, no?>> All right.[LAUGH].We'll just cut that out later.Just kidding.So we talk a lot about humans, but whatabout other animals?Do animals irrationally, or rationallyrather.>> Yes, so both.So, Animals are rational and irrational inslightly different ways than we are.And, so, for example, we'll talk aboutcheating, at some point.Animals do cheat.But, they cheat in very different ways.Animals are more rational from, comparedto us, when we talk about cheating.So, if you have a hierarchy of monkeys,

and you're a monkey on the low, hierarchy.And you find an apple.Your job is to give it to the hi,hierarchy monkey.But if nobody's around, you're going toeat it yourself.So, you're going to cheat, basically.And you know what?You're not going to feel bad about it.>> Mm-hm.>> So, monkeys, from that perspective, aremore rational than we are.They don't have this other complexity ofhaving Asuperego we don't feel social pressure andso on.Another interesting thing is memory, youknow, we have a fantastic memory.Mine is going down, you might have noticedrecently [LAUGH]but, but you know, generally humans havereally good memory.So, if you remember what you did a yearago And you come to a new decision.If your memory is so powerful your memorycan overwhelm your current decision.You could say to yourself.Oh I remember what I did last time.Let me just repeat that decision again,but if your memory isweak all of a sudden you approach everydecision as if its new.So animals in those regards are morerational because they haveworse memories, and we have such goodmemories we rely on them.We also talked about things like theasymmetricdominance effect, where you have [COUGH]an item,and then you have another item that isnext to it but is just slightly worse.It turns out that bees and birds alsosuccumb to that the temptation.So they also look at what we call contexteffect And if the contextaround it gets something that we portrayas relatively better, they chose that aswell.Okay, and then, of course, there are bees.Bees are just amazing.Honey bees.But that will take us a long time.But bees are really making amazingdecisions.>> Can you give the one sentence summary?The one sentence summary, so, so when beesleave the hive, they create this swarm andthey hang out like four or 8,000 bees hangout in one place looking for a new place.

And what they do is they send scouts, andthescouts go to different places and theyfind the cavity.And they come back and they dance, andtheir danceis reporting the quality of the cavitythat they found.>> Right.>> And the combination of all the dances,helps bee swarm decide within 48 hourswhere to go, and they almost, almost,almost get the right decision.>> Hm.Very interesting.We'll, we'll do a session on this part.>> It is, yeah.I was counting on that was actually morethan a sentence.>> Okay.[LAUGH]>> We'll forgive it for now.>> Because bees are really wonderful.>> They are.>> Yeah.>> They are.Are they not disappearing anymore, is thatstill a thing?>> Very, very sad, they are stilldisappearing.>> Okay.Should probably do something about that.All right.So you know, given the fact that we havesuch a diverse range of students,of course they're, they're all interestedin how your findings do not apply to them.[LAUGH]>> Yes.>> And>> We, we have the rational people.Just the other people who are.>> [LAUGH] Right, right.Only the rational students signed up for,for this class.So we have lots of questions about genderdifferencesand other sorts of individual differences,cultural and religious differences.and, you know, everyone thinks, you know,this doesn't really apply to me.And of course, because of the way that theexperiments areset up, and many of them are run here inAmerica.Of course, many Americans would also agreethat, that the findings don't apply tothem.Do you have any comments about these sortsof differences?

>> Yeah, so, think about visual illusions.Visual illusions, we all have them andthey're allthe same, they're no cultural, gender, ageNothing andin decision making basis, there's a wholerange ofhow basic they are to how, let's saycultural there.And the more basic something is, the morewe're all similar.So if you think about the evaluation ofhow much food there is on the plate.Right, if you get, people are influencedby the size ofthe plate, everybody is influenced by thesize of the plate.There's nothing to do, and then you feelsatiated compared to that.Relativity in evaluations.You see an expensive bottle of wine nextto a new one, youcan't help but the, the one whois expensive Changing your perception ofthis.So, but as we move further away fromthingsthat are kind of basic, it does becomemore complex.So if we ask questions like, how do youpickwho you want to spend the rest of yourlife with?That's not the basic Decision-makingprocess.Is the decision-making process going to beverymuch in embedded in the culture, and Idon'tthink that people get it right or I don'tthere's, there's a way to naturally get itright.But the ways in which people get it wrongareprobably going to be, to vary dramaticallyacross, across cultures.So, so that's one thing.The other thing is that, a good way tothink about us isthat at the core, we're all the same to avery, very large degree.But then what culture does is culturecomes and take a specific domain.So think for example about saving rate inJapan.Savings rates in Japan are incrediblyhigh.In fact, the Japanese are floating thewholeeconomy on their, unprecedented and

unclear saving rates.Now you could say this, Japanese is justreally good in thinking about long term.In every aspect that they have in life.No, that's not true.But they took this one aspect, savingrate, and they created socialrules about it, and basically say, yousave 30% of your salary.And, so what happened is that we have lotsand lots of domains of life,and religion or culture can take over insaying, this domain, this is how youbehave.So there are cultural differences.But the common top of how we makedecisions, in a natural way.>> Wonderful, thank you.So that question was a little bitabout individual differences, but whatabout situationaldifferences, such as emotion, like whatarepeople more irrational when they're angryfor example?>> Yeah.So emotions by definition are irrational,and they're irrationalbecause they are not part of the rationalframework.Alright, so the, if, the, the way to thinkabout emotions is thatemotions are a little bit like a programthat works in our brain.And, the moment they get invoked, theyjust get executed and we follow through.So, kind of a, a standard example, is thatif you're in the jungle, ten thousandyears ago and all of a sudden you saw atiger, what you want to do?You want to take out your notepad andstart writing pros and cons, run versusstay.No.You want something that would kick in andwould getyou to run as fast as you can withoutthinking.And the emotions are still like that.So anger is still like this.And hunger is still like this.And all kinds of deep emotions are stilllike this.So they basically stop our thinking andtake over.And again, from an evolutionaryperspective we're all very similar inthat regard because we all come from asimilar evolutionary background.And we all needed emotions To take over

our thinking in the same way.Now, how we exhibit anger might bedifferent, but there's lots ofsimilarities in it.>> Do you have a personal example?>> Of getting angry?>> Yes, getting angry and actingirrationally.>> I, I have many.>> Many?[LAUGH]>> Any, any specific that you?>> One that's okay for the camera.Mm-hm.>> so, so, so I'll give you an example.I, I'm very offended by social betrayal.So if I have somebody that I counted onand I thinkthat we've been part of a social group,and I helped him out.If they basically don't reciprocate in theway that I think is appropriate,then they kind of betray the friendship,I, it just drives me crazy.I, I don't I didn't get machete or a[LAUGH]>> [LAUGH]>> a rifle yet.>> Not.[LAUGH]>> But But the thought about the betrayalkeeps on running in my head.It's just something that's very hard forme to just let, let go.So,>> Something for me to keep in mind.[LAUGH]>> Something for you to keep in mind,that's right, that's right.Be warned.>> alright.The next question is, a, a little tricky.You may want to go into this or not atall, but how canwe get others to make better decisionswithout impinging on their personal rightsand freedoms?>> Yeah, so that's, so that's very tough.So, so let's think about food, forexample.So one way to get people to eat healthieris justto eliminate fat food or sugary drinks,all kinds of things.And, another way to do it is to createhigher tax on thosethings, which of course, allow people somefreedom but takes some of it away.And then another one is to basically tookthe

fat sugary food and put them in thebasement.So, you know, you don't have to climbanother step of stairs and so on.And you, you make it possible but you makeit, you make it harder.And I think that from a moral perspective,people feel more okay making it harder.So let's take cigarettes, and then justcreate a big tax on that.I actually don't think that's right in thequestion of cigarettes, because I thinkthat what wedo is, we take the addict, and not onlyare, they have all kinds of problems insmoking.We also make them poor, in the in theprocess.So I think in many ways, giving peoplefreedom might give the people whoare least able to fight a temptation toactually fail for it and pay the price.So if you put sugary drinks in thebasement, itcould be that the people have the hardesttime fighting withthis, are the ones who are going to wasteall thetime going down to the, to the basementpaying for it.So I think that the society we have lotsof things where we abuse the weak.You can think about banking, right?In the US people have money don't pay forchecking accounts, people who don't havemoney pay a lot.How they pay?Not with a fee, they pay by late fees.Right, so we, we have these systems wherewe tax the peoplewho have a hard time managing, and theysubsidize the whole system.And I think similar things would wouldhappen if wegive everybody freedom of choice, so it'svery very tough.I'll tell you one more thing that makes iteven more complex.There's this very troubling study aboutthe freedom of choice.They looked at the parents who gave birthto a very sick child.And, they had the choice of whether theywanted tokeep the child alive, or to let them passaway.And the French physicians and the Americanphysicians have very different approaches.The French physicians, tell the doctorswhat

their, the parents want they should do.The physician come and say, I think youshould do x.I think you should do y.Now American doctors say it's your choice.We'll just show you today.We'll point you to the medical literatureand it's, it's your, your decision.And what happens is that the Americaparents are much more miserable afterthat.Because no matter what they chose and whatthe outcome was, they get to wakeup every day for the rest of their livessaying did I make the right decision?And the French people, at least, can blameorkind of connect their decision with the,with the physician.And that, that's called the burden ofchoice.And, the idea is that sometimes, when yougive people the freedom tochoose, you're burdening them already andthenthere's the chance that they will fail.So, you know the more I study humanirrationality, themore I think that we need to re-thinkhuman freedom.We think about human freedom as makingchoices.I think that our freedom should expressitselfin choosing what environment we want tolive in.I think making, if we're exposed to badoptionsaround us we will fail and we will failoften.The wonderful things about human being iswedon't have to make these decision everytime.We could basically decide let's build asocietylike that, so here would be an example.Imagine that you and I build a society forirrational people And we buildrestaurants that only serve healthy foodand there was no smoking and you know.We did, we did everything that we couldand we forced people to save money forretirement.And so on, I think people could choose ifthey want to live in our country or not.But I would not want, and I think that'sthe right level of choice.When you think upfront, long in advanceand you

say what kind of world I want to live in.And if somebody wants to go to a worldthattempts them all the time, and it's on, gofor it.But my guess is people would not.But I think the right, way to make thisdecision is to think long in advance forlongfuture, and then when you get to thatworld,have a world that doesn't tempt you allthe time.Maybe people would want, if they come toour country, maybe they'll want the weekoff sometimes.>> [LAUGH].>> But I think most people.>> Vacation.[CROSSTALK] Yeah, You can go on vacationin any country.yep.Then again, who, there's always going tobe a tinysubset of people who are designing thesecountries, and.>> but, but there's not, I don't thinkit's a, it's dictatorship.I think it should be based about science.Right?>> Yeah.>> So every time people can make their owndecision, freedom is great.Or every time the most, majority, the vastmajorityof the people make the right decision, gofor it.But when we have situation where the vastmajority fails, orthe majority fails, I don't think weshould let people decide.I don't, I don't think limiting freedom isa value.I think freedom is a value, but I think ifyou have freedom against thingslike health and prosperity and camaraderieamongpeople, I think we should seriouslyconsider that.>> Alright.Something to think about at least.>> Yes.[LAUGH] It's very complex.It's very, very complex.I don't think we have the right answer.>> Right.>> I'll tell you the, the other thing thatis good news.Is that we have a lot to improvethat would not impede people's choices too

much.So there's lots of roads to make before weget to my my dance country.>> You're creating jobs here.[LAUGH] Yeah, so it's a nice way to addthe disclaimer,it's very complex and we don't really knowthe answer to them>> that's okay.>> You can say that [LAUGH]>> okay, so we have recently startedreleasing this series called therationality illustrated series.Where we present some sort of experiment,ask students to predictthe results of that experiment, and thenshare the actual results.And then ultimately, we will compare whatthestudents predict and what the actualresults are.>> Yeah.>> Would you like to talk about the seriesand what we've found so far maybe?>> So, I don't know.What did you find so far?>> [LAUGH]>> I'm trying to predict.>> I know.>> What we find so far?>> Actually, yeah, why don't you predictit?>> Okay.>> I know the actual answer.>> So, so this is about describing oneexperiment.So, eh, we're describing one experimentin, I think, a very nice way.Matt did a great job in illustrating thoseand, andI try to talk it over without being tooincoherent.The idea was to basically take oneexperiment.If you think about it, in physics, whatmakes somebody a good student in physics.Is it they can take a system like pulleysandlevers and predict how the system will endup with.I think in psychology economics, andbehavioraleconomics, an experimental part, a goodpersonwould be a person who could predict whatwould be the result of the experiment.So it's actually testing how much yourintuition works with what people actually,actually do.now, so that's, that's the logic.

And we want to build the bank of those,and at the endof this you could feel how good are you atpredicting Human behavior.And in terms of predicting the results,it's kind of tricky.We have a self selected group.>> Yeah.>> Of people who know that this is part ofexperiment in psychology.They're already suspicious, even thoughwe've told them not to be.>> [LAUGH] Yeah.Don't be suspicious.>> Yeah.So what, what any.Any specific thing?>> So.So I'll tell you, yes.The two studies that we have results onso far are the pain study and coherentarbitrariness.Okay.So my guess is in the pain studypeople predicted the opposite.The people predicted.>> Sorry.Let's, okay, let's split this up a littlebit.So we have pain threshold and we have paintolerance.So first what do you think?People predicted for pain tolerancethreshold.>> Okay, so for the pain threshold I thinkthat people predicted the result thatthe people who are injured, they would betolerate with pain to a higher degree.But for the pain.>> Okay.>> This is the threshold.>> Yeah.>> For pain tolerance, I think that peoplepredicted thatpeople had the long history with painwould have lower tolerance.>> Lower tolerance?>> Yeah.That basically they have fed up fromhaving pain.They had enough of it and they can'tsuffer any more.>> Okay.So you are correct about the threshold.The only I guess notable difference isthat people overestimated>> Difference.>> Not.Not the difference between the two verbsbut they

basically exaggerated the amount of timethat it took->> Yeah>> To get to the threshold for, for both.>> Mm-hm>> About evenly and then with the paintolerance, we foundan interaction where,huh hm, students overestimated the paintolerance of mildly injured, injured vets.But underestimated so they did actuallyget the right trend.But they overestimated very much for themildly injured.And they underestimated->> So it's the right strength.So they still thought that the people withhigh injuries would have higher tolerance.But they thought the difference would bemuch smaller.>> They didn't, yes, they didn't realizethe extent to which>> Okay.Shall we film this again?This part?>> Really?>> I think we were a little to confusing,no?>> No, I think it's okay.>> Okay.Let's go with it.>> Let's go.>> Then we seem like real people, who arefiguring out.>> I'm also, I'm also real people.>> You know, these are just in, and we'vehidden themsomewhere on our course website as well,so you can find them.>> So, so just to be clear, so, so the,the, thehighly injured people had the higher painthreshold, and the higher pain tolerance.And the students basically got thedirection right, but they underestimatedthe difference.>> Yes.>> Very good.So I was half right, which is wrong.[LAUGH]>> You get 50%.>> good.>> Okay and coherent arbitrariness, youcan predict that.It's not, really that interesting.>> It's fascinating, no?>> No, I mean our->> My guess, my guess, my guess is thestudents predicted the effect correctly.>> Yes.

>> Yeah.But you know, there's a trick here.>> Good job guys.>> Yeah, there's a trick here that whenyou describe an experimentThe students know that we're not going tocook up an experiment>> Yeah.>> That has no effect.>> Right.>> Although maybe we should throw one ofthose in.>> Maybe we should throw in.So I think we might want to start creatingones that the effect will go both ways.Right?The effects we have right now create willbe at a zero or an effect.It's unlikely to be reversed.>> Yeah.>> So maybe we need to think more andtrick them to some higher degree.>> Yeah, how many studies without effectsare published that you can think of?>> Not too many.>> None.[LAUGH] So.>> So.>> We'll have, we'll have to worry aboutthat.>> So there is one, almost interestingthingwith a coherent arbitrariness study wherealthough participants sorry.Although you guys thought thatparticipants would pay more overall for,with if they were in the highest 20%social security numbersThey thought that the difference betweenthe lowest 20% and thehighest 20% would be about double, but infact, it was triple.So, there was actually a, much more of anincrease, ifyou, happen to randomly be assigned ahigher Social Security number.>> Okay>> And that's it.That's it?>> I think we're out of time today.>> Okay.>> Time flew by.>> Yes, it did.>> Well, delightful.>> Thank you so much for joining me, Dan.Thank you for watching.And, that's it for today.[SOUND][BLANK_AUDIO][SOUND]

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