‘oil then,’ ‘water now’_ another reason for war in the 21st century

8/18/2019 ‘Oil Then,’ ‘Water Now’_ Another Reason for War in the 21st Century

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8/18/2015 ‘ Oi l Then,’ ‘ Water Now’ : Another Reason for W ar i n the 21st Centur y?

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Oil Then,’ ‘Water Now’: Another Reason for War

n the 21st Century?trobe Driver , Jun 22 2015

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mage by Matthew Peoples

Why Oil?

he pursuit of oil has a long and tortured history in the Western world, both in terms of gaining access; the

mposition of European colonialism in order to maintain access; and from the ongoing need to maintain aonstant supply. Crude oil, or more precisely the petrol-oil-lubricants (POL) that are derived from itsumerous post-drill processes have been vital to the progress of Western nation-states in general. Theommensurate knowledge and understanding that in order to keep Western living standards—through thedustrial and mechanical base that comprises progress— their societies were, and remain, dependent on oil.

n more contemporary times, these factors are also important for many Asian, Middle Eastern, Eastern andurasian societies although the European West such as Canada, Australia, and the United States of Americand Western ‘offshoots’ such as Japan and Singapore, would continue to develop and expand upon the basef oil as a prime driver of their economies. Oil over time became an exponentially important and vital sourceor the upward progress of modern nation-states and to be sure, guaranteed ongoing growth.

otwithstanding, the numerous factors underlying the importance of POL to the continued advancement of ountries are far too numerous for this essay and only several need to be, albeit briefly, highlighted tomphasise the standing of POL has within the realm of domestic and international geo-strategic; and geo-olitical influences.

ommitting to Oil

he tenet of POL as a resource can be observed in the British Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchillrca-1912 making the decision to produce ‘oil only’ ships, the Queen Elizabeth-class destroyers that were

esigned to meet a rising Weimar German Republic due. The decision was made for tactical-advantage as


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urning oil produced greater speed for battleships when compared to the cumbersome and problematics of oal-fired, or ‘coal-oil’ combinations.[1] Churchill’s pragmatic commitment to oil is able to be observed ine statement ‘… for the first time, the supreme ships of the navy, on which our life depended, were fed by oi

nd could only be fed by oil … .’[2] This tactical and strategic commitment to POL once made, would haven incremental and then exponential building capacity for the Royal Navy, and would go on to influence theachinery-of-war for decades to come. To be certain, the dedication Britain had to its navy is due to its

urvival as an island-nation and therefore had a heavy reliance on its defence through immediate navaluperiority—indeed, Bonaparte circa-1810 would complain of being unable to invade Britain due to thewooden wall’ of the British Navy[3] —and due to its ongoing colonisation practices became increasinglyependent on sea-going capabilities in order to sustain its protectorates and defend multiple coastlines, which

turn made Britain ever-reliant on having sea-borne trade to keep its economy robust. The outcome for ritain would be at the beginning of World War One having the most powerful ‘oil-driven’ navy in theorld.[4] From the early-twentieth century the reliance on POL would only grow.

he total war of World War Two would also thrust the need for POL into the forefront of operations.ermany would push toward the Russian (now Azerbaijan) oilfields of Baku where a staggering seventy-two

ercent of the Soviet’s oil-needs stemmed from,[5] and moreover, the urgency of and for POL, in a senseorced’ Nazi Germany to invade Russia.[6] The reliance on oil for a nation at war and the desperation for e resource can also be observed in the push by Japan into Southeast Asia with the taking of Malaya, and

ingapore in World War Two. The push was in part, driven by an ever-burgeoning necessity as Japan neededl reserves that would allow it to wage a successful war; and was constricted as a resource-dependent island.

or instance, the Imperial Japanese Navy required 400 tons of oil per hour to maintain its ‘war readiness’ andis factor combined with the refusal of the British, the United States of America (US) and the Netherlands tostrict market access and oil as Japan became increasingly cosmopolitan and a regional superpower further inforced in Japanese military hierarchies that Southeast Asia had to be conquered in order to maintain

dequate oil supplies,[7] and moreover Japan understood the geo-strategic and geo-political threats thatowerful nation-states could pose having experienced both at the hands of the British, Dutch and the US from

irca-1900 onwards.[8] From these experiences, and bearing in mind its geography—that of an island nationith needs and colonies not dissimilar to Britain’s—Japan from the outset was desperate to secure a constant

upply of oil in order to sustain a war-effort; and to win a protracted conflict especially if the destruction of e US Pacific Fleet was incomplete.

n more contemporary times the dependence on oil either as a fiscal resource or as political leverage can bebserved in the US planning to send troops to a Saudi Arabia in the oil crisis of the early-1970s in order toecure supply.[9] The Iran-Iraq War which was largely funded by oil revenues by both belligerents; thecceptance of the Shah of Iran’s despotic rule in Iran by Western liberal-democracies in order to retain oilccess; and the reflagging of Kuwaiti tankers in a dispute between several Middle East nations in the Persianulf which was able to legally elicit US military protection (1980-1987),[10] offers an insight into theactiousness that oil has formed.

nd to mention that the acute pursuit of oil in the twentieth century has not significantly altered in thewenty-first century per se is an important yet, germane point to make and moreover, whilst thebovementioned is not an exhaustive in description with regard to oil, it does offer an insight into theommitment and desperation that oil, as a commodity, has bedevilled governments. Oil still retains thebility as a mechanism-for-dispute amongst nations, however it is a broad yet accurate statement to presumeat as oil declines as a primary source for development and security needs as other energy resources arecrementally and then exponentially developed oil will ‘shift’ as a prime resource and thus, oil will, in all


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robability no longer be a principal source of hostilities. Another commodity is beginning to develop ‘on theorizon,’ and occupy the mind of governments: fresh water.

Water: The ‘New Oil’?

he importance of water as a method-of-control has recently come to the fore and been highlighted in the

esperation of Iraqi forces as they fought to regain, and then hold, the Mosul Dam. The strike and counter-rike components of the battle involved (northern) Kurdish forces, Iraqi forces and US air-strikes that were

ombined in order to, in the first instance, retard the advances of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)nd the second, to push ISIS out of the strategic location.[11] Whilst this remains a fluid situation at the timef writing, it does illustrate that part of war strategy is to control fresh water supplies.

ontrol of fresh water in order for human survival directly through hydration and indirectly via associatedealth outcomes such as irrigation for the growing of foodstuffs; and its use for sewage processing and/or moval is a germane yet necessary point to make. For many nations, water and the desperation to retain

ontrol over it has already gained some notoriety. A point in case is the control of water, once established isfficult for countries to relinquish, and this is illustrated by Israel’s ongoing control of the Golan Heightshich was originally won in the Six-Day War of 1967 as the water therein supplies at times, one-third of rael’s water needs.[12] Whilst the continued unilateral annexing of the Golan Heights by Israel disregardsnited Nations protocols—through the prisms of ‘decolonization’[13] and the ‘right of all people to self-

etermination’[14]in their own land—and of occupied land having to be returned to the country of originfter a conflict is over, or in simpler terms ‘Colonialism/Colonisation and/or prolonged occupation’ since990[15] through mechanisms and processes of the United Nations essentially has no legal status in theternational community. Nevertheless, all offer an insight into increasing the likelihood of access to water ving rise to continued conflict and ongoing tensions.

otwithstanding, the continued and deliberate non-cooperation and dismissal of internationally recognised

onventions by Israel paradoxically, highlights the strategic importance of water to a nation’s survival. Andis further prudent to note, ‘a water war was also hidden in the 1965 fighting between India and Pakistan, inountainous Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan’s military objective was to take an area where three rivers

ollected a substantial portion of their flows. In all, the United Nations counts thirty-seven cases of water-lated violence between nations since the end of the Second World War.’[16] The issues that drive a crisis ofater are multifaceted and too large to investigate in this essay per se, suffice to state there are two major

omponents that contribute to water crises. Years of mismanagement by the domestic government of a nationnd/or a state can be observed by simply highlighting different attitudes to water as a resource: the non-tervention and therefore a lack of prudent government monitoring of water use by the population as in the

ase within India,[17] and a neglectful attitude to water being a finite resource that has been the case inalifornia.[18]

Water: The Possibility of Conflict

nderpinning the issue of water for the world in general is however, that populations and their governmentsre becoming more politically astute and cosmopolitan toward the role that water plays in their ongoingrogress and development—as the awareness and state-of-affairs that was once attributed to oil. Within thisontinuum governments are now moving to geo-strategically and geo-politically assert and then hold whatey perceive as ‘their’ water supply. This factor—complete ownership of what is often a trans-boundarysource—is causing intra-regional tensions, which have the potential of outright hostility. Egypt and


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thiopia are perhaps the most likely to clash with regard to the water possession cum ownership issue: Egyptstorically, has threatened to go to war with Ethiopia if it ‘barricaded’ the Nile, however with the onset of e Arab Spring and at the height of the chaos—when the Egyptian government was preoccupied with its own

urvival—Ethiopia began building the world’s eighth largest hydroelectric dam which, according to Egyptas essentially, ‘barricading the Nile.’[19]

he above elements being a part of coming frictions notwithstanding, the core component of impending waterars is population growth. In 1974 the world’s four-billionth baby was born, in 1987 the five-billionth, andOctober 1999 the six-billionth—by 2050 the estimated population of the Earth will be a staggering nine-

llion people.[20] The number of people on the Earth is not a problem per se, and neither is the issue thate World is ‘running out of water,’ as ‘water never technically disappears. When it leaves one place, it goes

omewhere else, and the amount of fresh water on earth has not changed significantly for millions of ears.’[21] The issue has become one of competition for a finite resource that crosses borders. In doing soe use of water: whether through damming, lax environmental or other inputs political tensions are createdom the domestic populace down-river. A brief explanation of the role water plays in the life of a

ommunity is needed here in order to fully grasp the ‘knock on’ effect that water plays in a community’s life

ood.

part from the germane associations such as people’s general health and wellbeing and their ongoingvestment in the ‘social capital’ of their community fresh water also allows for ‘mercantilism’ to be

bundant; and robust. Mercantilism is a complex concept and far too in depth to enter into here, suffice toutline that it allows for fiscal and emotional wealth to exist—one element reinforcing the other andterchangeable. According to McNeil, these concepts when becoming a reality within a community

ncourages and reinforce a formal ‘centre’ which acts as a motivator for the populace to embraceohesiveness, and whilst this may begin with the elite of a community the commitment, or the act of loyalty

community, allows for the creation of community-driven ‘social identities’[22] to becomeutocatalytic’—a self-sustaining process.[23] For a country’s ruling elite, whether a democracy or

herwise, there is for politicians, the ever-present threat of the tensions within the domestic populacescalating due to their requirements not being met, and a significant impact on the ability of people to earn aving has in the past had dire consequences, often ending in ‘violent- or passive-revolution.’[24] overnments of all persuasions are acutely aware of how critical elements can provoke immediate reactionsthe populace. It is safe to argue water as a catalyst is no different than what has gone before, and it is at

is point that a modern-day immediate dilemma is able to be introduced, in order to observe potential nation-ate ramifications.

hina, Egypt and South Korea: Three Contemporary Examples of the ‘Water Dilemma’

hina is aware of the abovementioned and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government is attempting

alance its available water resources in order to decrease the threat of intra-regional disputes, especially if aonflict required the input of the People’s Liberation Army. Hence China in order to avert future domesticsues has according to Lewis embarked on dam-building on an unprecedented scale in human history. This

an be summed up thus,

The [PRC] government is now engaged in a new expansion of dams in great staircases, reservoir upon reservoir — some 130 in all across China’s Southwest. By 2020 China aims to generate120,000 megawatts of renewable energy, most of it from hydroelectric power. The governmentdeclares that such dams are safe, avoid pollution, address future climate change, control floods


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and droughts, and enhance human life. [25]

he PRC central government is aware that three hundred million people in the countryside lack access to saferinking water and the situation is set to worsen as China’s cities expand; and more to the point water-ressed provinces export food products to rainfall-rich areas.[26] This has the potential to cause a domestic

mbalance within China and by default impact upon the ongoing progress of China internationally.

ccording to Worldview, the issue for China is the high probability of domestic conflicts over water.[27] Toit, the situation will increase in volatility unless water-management strategies are adopted. The PRC

overnment has a plan to overcome the current situation as Mao Zedong alerted the country or its water needsfty years ago, and although short-term implementation will also be required, lest the domestic situationecome a drag on China’s international ambitions the PRC has launched the largest water-pipeline project inorld history—the first phase began operation in 2014.[28] The PRC understands a ‘business-as-usual’

cenario will not suffice for the future and more pertinent to the ambitions of China, the simple truth of story, is that a country cannot expand extramural to its own borders unless there is peace at home. To wit,e PRC has shown that it has enormous territorial ambitions to reclaim what it believes to be traditionally

nd historically ‘their’ territory: the ‘Paracel and Spratly island chains’[29] being the most recent.

nderstanding how water as a resource has now developed into a commodity that has internationalpercussions—as oil once did—can be observed by Patrick in the Journal of American Water Worksssociation (as quoted by Ahmed), which explains that the grain price spikes contributed to Egypt’s 2011prising, were primarily caused by ‘droughts in major grain-exporting countries like Australia…’[30].Moreover, South Korea’s persistent water shortages which had culminated in reduced harvests led to the

ppling of Madagascar’s leader in 2009 due to a commercially arranged ‘land grab’ that was attempted byouth Korea in Madagascar to ensure its food supply remained stable. However, in the process arable land for

Madagascans was reduced and a water crisis ensued,[31] further indicating the pursuit of fresh water as asource, can spread trouble from one part of the globe to another.[32]

onclusion

he abovementioned offers an insight into what oil once ‘was’ and how water has now become a most soughtfter commodity, one that countries have displayed a renewed interest in and with an increasing amount of reat-of-force. Whether the frictions over oil will continue at the current rate is a moot point and does not

eed defining further here, as what is of importance in contemporary times is how water has incrementallyegun to override oil as a commodity that is of most benefit to a country—in a sense water has replaced oil ase resource that nation-states must have if they are to prosper. Fresh water has now come to the fore as atal component for internal political security, extramural expansion and geo-political stability, and if oil as a

ommodity, be positioned as a guide to the future, water wars have transformed into a probability rather thanpossibility.

otes

] Erik Dahl. ‘ Naval Innovation: From Coal to Oil.’ Joint Force Quarterly. Winter, 2000-01, 50-53.

2] Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, Vol. 1 New York: Scribner’s, 1923, 133-136.

] Philippe-Paul De Ségur. Defeat. Napoleon’s Russian Campaign. Translated by David Townsend. Nework: New York Review of Books, 1986, xxiv.

http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a524799.pdf


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4] John Simkin. Royal Navy and the First World War .

] Michael Antonucci. ‘Blood for Oil: The Quest for Fuel Oil in World War Two.’ Military History and spionage.

6] Hitler stated, “The most important aim to be reached before the onset of winter is not to capture Moscow,

ut to seize the Crimea and the industrial and coal region on the Donets, and cut off the Russian oil supplyom the Caucasus area.” See: Military History and Espionage.

7] Peter Chen. ‘Invasion of Malaya and Singapore.’ World War II Database.

] A deeper insight into the reasons why the Pacific phase of World War II would be launched by theapanese can be observed through the prism of a ‘retribution’ for past practices. Chomsky avers, ‘By the920s, England could not compete with more efficient Japanese industry. It therefore called the [Free Market]ame off, returning to the practices that allowed it to develop in the first place. The empire was effectivelyosed to Japanese trade; Dutch and Americans followed suit. These were among the steps on the road to the

acific phase of World War II [triggered by the Pearl Harbor attack] and among those ignored in the 50

th

nniversary commemorations.’ See: Noam Chomsky. Power and Prospects. Reflections on Human Naturend the Social Order. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1996, 102.

9] Glenn Frankel. ‘U.S. Mulled Seizing Oil Fields In ’73. British Memo Cites Notion of Sending AirborneTroops] to Mideast.’ WashingtonPost.com. The plan is also referred to as Dhahran Option Four and isrticulated in by Shenkman in Saudi Arabia’s Doomsday Plan as, ‘In 1973 the British were told by Americanefense Secretary James Schlesinger that the United States might use force to maintain open access to the

ey oil fields of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Abu Dhabi. Two years later, in 1975, the Sunday Times of Londonublished an account of a classified American plan, “Dhahran Option Four,” which provided for an Americanvasion to seize the oil wells of Saudi Arabia. In an interview with the media in 1975, Henry Kissinger

ublicly acknowledged that the United States might use force to free up oil supplies in the Middle East toave the West from strangulation.’ See: Rick Shenkman. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Doomsday Plan.’

HistoryNewsNetwork .

0] Elizabeth Gamlin and Paul Rogers. ‘U.S. Reflagging of Kuwaiti Tankers.’ The Iran-Iraq War. Theolitics of Aggression. Edited by Farhang Rajaee. Gainsville: University Press of Florida,1988, 124 -125.

1] ‘Battle rages for control of Mosul Dam.’ AlJazeera. 18 Aug, 2014.

2] Golan Heights profile – Overview. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 Feb, 2015.

3] See: ‘Committee of 24 (Special Committee on Decolonization).’ The United Nations and ecolonization.

4] See: Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the Court of International Justice. Chapters VI – VII.

5] See: ‘International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism (1990 – 2000). The United Nations and ecolonization.

6] Gordon Chang. ‘Blue Gold: The Coming Water Wars.’ World Affairs. 2013.

http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=47http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/iraq-mosul-dam-islamic-state-2014818841766490.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14724842http://www.eiaonline.com/history/bloodforoil.htmhttp://www.eiaonline.com/history/bloodforoil.htmhttp://spartacus-educational.com/FWWnavy.htmhttp://hnn.us/articles/11802.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=A46321-2003Dec31http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/internatldecade.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/en/decolonization/specialcommittee.shtmlhttp://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/blue-gold-coming-water-wars


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7] See: Sonia Luthra and Amrita Kundu. ‘India’s Water Crisis: Causes and Cures.’ The National Bureauf Asian Research. 13 Aug, 2013. ‘… poor water quality resulting from insufficient and delayed investment

urban water-treatment facilities. Water in most rivers in India is largely not fit for drinking, and in manyretches not even fit for bathing. Despite the Ganga Action Plan, which was launched in 1984 to clean up theanges River in 25 years, much of the river remains polluted with a high coliform count at many places. Thecilities created are also not properly maintained because adequate fees are not charged for the service.

Moreover, industrial effluent standards are not enforced because the state pollution control boards haveadequate technical and human resources.’

8] Jeff Spross. ‘California has given out rights to five times more water that it has.’ 20 Aug, 2014.

9] Fred Pearce. ‘On the River. A Move to Avert a Conflict Over Water .’ Yale Environment 360. 12 Mar,015.

20] ‘Human numbers through time.’ Public Broadcasting Service.

21] Michael Specter. ‘A Thirsty Violent World.’ 24 Feb, 2015. The New Yorker .

22] William McNiell. The Human Condition. An Ecological and Historical View. New Jersey: Princetonniversity Press, 1980, 65.

23] The Human Condition, 65 – 66.

24] A recent violent revolution can be observed in the revolution that took place in Romania and wasremised on Communist Leader Nicolae Ceausescu not being able to be protected by the Soviet Union, ande population policies that were in place and then the State being unable to meet the

mployment/sustainability prospects of a young population. See: William Horsely. ‘Romania’s Bloodyevolution.’ BBC News. 22 Dec, 1999. Passive revolutions however are much more ‘streamlined’ andthough they represent change are much more ‘socially-driven’ and is often attached to a ‘civil disobedience

ampaign. Perhaps the most famous is that of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi seeking the independence of ndia. See: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: Passive and Peaceful Revolution.

25] Charlton Lewis. ’China’s Great Dam Boom: A Major Assault on Its Rivers.’ Environment 360. 4 Nov,013. Italics mine.

26] Vaughan Winterbottom. ‘Water wars; China’s rivers are set to be a source of conflict.’ 8 Jan, 2015.

27] See: Vaughan Winterbottom. ‘Water wars; China’s rivers are set to be a source of conflict.’ 8 Jan, 2015.

28] ‘ China has Launched the largest Water-Project in World History.’ The Atlantic. 7 Mar, 2014.

29] ‘Q&A: South China Sea dispute.’ British Broadcasting Corporation. 17 Apr, 2015.

0] Nafeez Ahmed. ‘ New Age of water wars portends ‘bleak future.’ Middle East Eye.19 Mar, 2015. Robertatrick Journal of American Water Works Association.

1] ‘South Korea Food Security Concerns Prompt Land Grab.’ Strategic Weekly Analysis.18 Amy, 2011.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/coming-water-warshttp://e360.yale.edu/feature/on_the_river_nile_a_move_to_avert_a_conflict_over_water/285http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=356http://e360.yale.edu/feature/chinas_great_dam_boom_an_assault_on_its_river_systems/2706/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/numb-nf.htmlhttp://schoolworkhelper.net/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi-passive-peaceful-revolution/http://www.worldreview.info/content/water-wars-china-s-rivers-are-set-be-source-conflicthttp://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/china-has-launched-the-largest-water-pipeline-project-in-history/284300/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/20/3473775/california-water-rights-five-times/http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/new-age-water-wars-portends-bleak-future-804130903#sthash.odE1LkJq.dpufvhttp://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/food-and-water-crises/209-madagascars-food-and-water-security-as-affected-by-natural-disasters.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/574200.stmhttp://www.worldreview.info/content/water-wars-china-s-rivers-are-set-be-source-conflict


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2] See: Gordon Chang. ‘Blue Gold: The Coming Water Wars.’ World Affairs. 2013.

bout The Author (Strobe Driver ):

trobe Driver completed a doctoral thesis in war studies at Federation University in 2011. Since that timee has been lecturing and tutoring in the Social Sciences at Federation University and continued with his

search into Security Studies with an emphasis on the Asia-Pacific region, the nation-state and conflict andrrorism. He is a regular contributor to E-IR and more information about his writings can be found oncademia.edu and on his own website Geo-strategic Orbit.com. He is continuing to write articles and build a

ublishing base and is currently writing a documentary as well. The views expressed are a result of hissearch and are his own.

ags: China, Egypt, oil, south korea, water , Water Dilemma, water wars

https://disqus.com/home/forums/e-internationalrelations/http://www.e-ir.info/tag/oil/http://www.e-ir.info/author/strobe-driver/http://www.e-ir.info/tag/south-korea/http://www.e-ir.info/tag/egypt/https://disqus.com/home/inbox/http://geostrategicorbit.com/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/blue-gold-coming-water-warshttp://www.e-ir.info/tag/water/http://www.e-ir.info/tag/water-wars/http://www.e-ir.info/tag/china/http://www.e-ir.info/tag/water-dilemma/


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ccountability, Peace, Development and

emocracy in Bangladesh

•

— I believe that international

community is one of stakeholder of Bangladesh

for their assistance to develop …

Asylum with Human Face: Angela Merkel,

Reem Sahwil and Another …

•

— The boat is full. Germany has

over 16 million people with immigration

background, among them over 3 millions …

o Regional Organisations Provide an

lternative to UN Peace Operations?

•

— Quite right. ROs are incompetent.

Peace operations can only be carried out my

cr edible nations. Countries …

India’s Incremental Balancing in the South

China Sea

•

— I never thought I would witness

an ungrateful nation like China. The entire

world welcomed them into world …

E-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Comments 1

• •

Aditya Mookerjee •

If a nation wilfully prevents another access to water, then it could be a crime against humanity.

However, war isn't a crime against humanity, because neither the aggressor, nor the other party to

a war can prevent a war. Perhaps understanding the water dilemma between nations can bring

nations together, and prevent wars.

• •

Strobe Driver •

Thankyou for your insight Aditya, one can only hope.

Referencing and ReuseCall for PapersStudent Essay Award

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‘oil then,’ ‘water now’_ another reason for war in the 21st century

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