oil refinery

5/26/2018 Oil Refinery

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Oil refinery 1

Oil refinery

Anacortes Refinery (Tesoro), on the north end of March Point southeast of

Anacortes, Washington

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an

industrial process plant where crude oil is

processed and refined into more useful

products such as petroleum naphtha,

gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating

oil, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas.

Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling

industrial complexes with extensive piping

running throughout, carrying streams of

fluids between large chemical processing

units. In many ways, oil refineries use much

of the technology of, and can be thought of,

as types of chemical plants. The crude oil

feedstock has typically been processed by an

oil production plant. There is usually an oil

depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery

for the storage of incoming crude oil

feedstock as well as bulk liquid products.

An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry.
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Oil refinery 2

Operation

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have

lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The

heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more

useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in

other refining units.

Raw or unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful in

industrial applications, although "light, sweet" (low

viscosity, low sulfur) crude oil has been used directly as a

burner fuel to produce steam for the propulsion of seagoing

vessels. The lighter elements, however, form explosive

vapors in the fuel tanks and are therefore hazardous,

especially in warships. Instead, the hundreds of different

hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are separated in a

refinery into components which can be used as fuels,

lubricants, and as feedstocks in petrochemical processes that

manufacture such products as plastics, detergents, solvents,

elastomers and fibers such as nylon and polyesters.

Petroleum fossil fuels are burned in internal combustion

engines to provide power for ships, automobiles, aircraftengines, lawn mowers, chainsaws, and other machines.

Different boiling points allow the hydrocarbons to be

separated by distillation. Since the lighter liquid products are

in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a

modern refinery will convert heavy hydrocarbons and lighter

gaseous elements into these higher value products.

The oil refinery in Haifa, Israel is capable of

processing about 9 million tons (66 million

barrels) of crude oil a year. Its two cooling towers

are landmarks of the city's skyline.

Oil can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons

of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins,

aromatics, naphthenes (or cycloalkanes), alkenes, dienes, and alkynes.

While the molecules in crude oil include different atoms such as sulfur

and nitrogen, the hydrocarbons are the most common form of

molecules, which are molecules of varying lengths and complexity

made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, and a small number of oxygen

atoms. The differences in the structure of these molecules account for

their varying physical and chemical properties, and it is this variety

that makes crude oil useful in a broad range of several applications.

Once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the

fuel or lubricant can be sold without further processing. Smaller

molecules such as isobutane and propylene or butylenes can be

recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation, or less commonly, dimerization.

Octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, which involves removing hydrogen from

hydrocarbons producing compounds with higher octane ratings such as aromatics. Intermediate products such as

gasoils can even be reprocessed to break a heavy, long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one, by various forms

of cracking such as fluid catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, and hydrocracking. The final step in gasoline

production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, vapor pressures, and other properties to meetproduct specifications.
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Oil refinery 3

Oil refineries are large scale plants, processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of

crude oil a day. Because of the high capacity, many of the units operate continuously, as opposed to processing in

batches, at steady state or nearly steady state for months to years. The high capacity also makes process optimization

and advanced process control very desirable.

Major productsPetroleum products are usually grouped into three categories: light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha), middle

distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt). This

classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions (called distillates and residuum) as

in the above drawing.

Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

Gasoline (also known as petrol)

Naphtha

Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels

Diesel fuel

Fuel oils

Lubricating oils

Paraffin wax

Asphalt and tar

Petroleum coke

Sulfur

Oil refineries also produce various intermediate products such as hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, reformate and

pyrolysis gasoline. These are not usually transported but instead are blended or processed further on-site. Chemical

plants are thus often adjacent to oil refineries. For example, light hydrocarbons are steam-cracked in an ethylene

plant, and the produced ethylene is polymerized to produce polyethene.

Common process units found in a refinery

Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound

Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Anacortes,

Washington

Desalter unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the

atmospheric distillation unit.

Atmospheric distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions. See

Continuous distillation.

Vacuum distillation unit further distills residual bottoms after

atmospheric distillation.

Naphtha hydrotreater unit uses hydrogen to desulfurize naphthafrom atmospheric distillation. Must hydrotreat the naphtha before

sending to a Catalytic Reformer unit.

Catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range

molecules into higher octane reformate (reformer product). The

reformate has higher content of aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons).

An important byproduct of a reformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is used

either in the hydrotreaters or the hydrocracker.

Distillate hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel) after atmospheric distillation.

Fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products.

Hydrocracker unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products.
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Oil refinery 4

Visbreaking unit upgrades heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable reduced

viscosity products.

Merox unit treats LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing mercaptans to organic disulfides.

Alternative processes for removing mercaptans are known, e.g. doctor sweetening process and caustic washing.

Coking units (delayed coking, fluid coker, and flexicoker) process very heavy residual oils into gasoline and

diesel fuel, leaving petroleum coke as a residual product. Alkylation unit produces high-octane component for gasoline blending.

Dimerization unit converts olefins into higher-octane gasoline blending components. For example, butenes can be

dimerized into isooctene which may subsequently be hydrogenated to form isooctane. There are also other uses

for dimerization. Gasoline produced trough dimerization is highly unsaturated and very reactive. It tends

spontaneously to form gums. For this reason the effluent from the dimerization need to be blended into the

finished gasoline pool immediately or hydrogenated.

Isomerization unit converts linear molecules to higher-octane branched molecules for blending into gasoline or

feed to alkylation units.

Steam reforming unit produces hydrogen for the hydrotreaters or hydrocracker.

Liquified gas storage vessels store propane and similar gaseous fuels at pressure sufficient to maintain them inliquid form. These are usually spherical vessels or "bullets" (i.e., horizontal vessels with rounded ends).

Storage tanks store crude oil and finished products, usually cylindrical, with some sort of vapor emission control

and surrounded by an earthen berm to contain spills.

Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment convert hydrogen sulfide from hydrodesulfurization into

elemental sulfur.

Utility units such as cooling towers circulate cooling water, boiler plants generates steam, and instrument air

systems include pneumatically operated control valves and an electrical substation.

Wastewater collection and treating systems consist of API separators, dissolved air flotation (DAF) units and

further treatment units such as an activated sludge biotreater to make water suitable for reuse or for disposal.

Solvent refining units use solvent such as cresol or furfural to remove unwanted, mainly aromatics fromlubricating oil stock or diesel stock.

Solvent dewaxing units remove the heavy waxy constituents petrolatum from vacuum distillation products.

Flow diagram of typical refinery

The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery[1]

that depicts the various unit processes and

the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products.

The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. The diagram also does

not include any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as

well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.[2][3][4]
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Oil refinery 5

Schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery

There are many process configurations other than that depicted above. For example, the vacuum distillation unit may

also produce fractions that can be refined into endproducts such as: spindle oil used in the textile industry, light

machinery oil, motor oil, and various waxes.

The crude oil distillation unit

The crude oil distillation unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in virtually all petroleum refineries. The CDU distills

the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further in

the other refinery processing units. The CDU is often referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit because it

operates at slightly above atmospheric pressure.

Below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit. The incoming crude oil is preheated byexchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then desalted to remove inorganic

salts (primarily sodium chloride).

Following the desalter, the crude oil is further heated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and

other streams. It is then heated in a fuel-fired furnace (fired heater) to a temperature of about 398 C and routed into

the bottom of the distillation unit.

The cooling and condensing of the distillation tower overhead is provided partially by exchanging heat with the

incoming crude oil and partially by either an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser. Additional heat is removed from

the distillation column by a pumparound system as shown in the diagram below.

As shown in the flow diagram, the overhead distillate fraction from the distillation column is naphtha. The fractionsremoved from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called

sidecuts. Each of the sidecuts (i.e., the kerosene, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) is cooled by exchanging heat with

the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions (i.e., the overhead naphtha, the sidecuts and the bottom residue) are sent

to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further.
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Oil refinery 6

Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries.

Specialty end products

These require blending various feedstocks, mixing appropriate additives, providing short term storage, and

preparation for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars:

Gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to

distributors.

Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually

shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.

Wax (paraffin), used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare

as packaged blocks.

Sulfur (or sulfuric acid), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple percentsulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric

acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum.

Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing.

Asphalt unit. Prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.

Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products or as solid fuel.

Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks, which are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in

a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may be olefins or their precursors, or various types of aromatic

petrochemicals.
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Oil refinery 7

Siting/locating of petroleum refineries

A party searching for a site to construct a refinery or a chemical plant needs to consider the following issues:

The site has to be reasonably far from residential areas.

Infrastructure should be available for supply of raw materials and shipment of products to markets.

Energy to operate the plant should be available. Facilities should be available for waste disposal.

Refineries which use a large amount of steam and cooling water need to have an abundant source of water. Oil

refineries therefore are often located nearby navigable rivers or on a sea shore, nearby a port. Such location also

gives access to transportation by river or by sea. The advantages of transporting crude oil by pipeline are evident,

and oil companies often transport a large volume of fuel to distribution terminals by pipeline. Pipeline may not be

practical for products with small output, and rail cars, road tankers, and barges are used.

Petrochemical plants and solvent manufacturing (fine fractionating) plants need spaces for further processing of a

large volume of refinery products for further processing, or to mix chemical additives with a product at source rather

than at blending terminals.

Safety and environmental concerns

Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City

refinery explosion.

The refining process releases a number of different chemicals into the

atmosphere (see AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors)

and a notable odor normally accompanies the presence of a refinery.

Aside from air pollution impacts there are also wastewater concerns,

risks of industrial accidents such as fire and explosion, and noise health

effects due to industrial noise.

Many governments worldwide have mandated restrictions oncontaminants that refineries release, and most refineries have installed

the equipment needed to comply with the requirements of the pertinent

environmental protection regulatory agencies. In the United States,

there is strong pressure to prevent the development of new refineries, and no major refinery has been built in the

country since Marathon's Garyville, Louisiana facility in 1976. However, many existing refineries have been

expanded during that time. Environmental restrictions and pressure to prevent construction of new refineries may

have also contributed to rising fuel prices in the United States. Additionally, many refineries (more than 100 since

the 1980s) have closed due to obsolescence and/or merger activity within the industry itself.

Environmental and safety concerns mean that oil refineries are sometimes located some distance away from major

urban areas. Nevertheless, there are many instances where refinery operations are close to populated areas and pose

health risks In California's Contra Costa County and Solano County, a shoreline necklace of refineries, built in the

early 20th century before this area was populated, and associated chemical plants are adjacent to urban areas in

Richmond, Martinez, Pacheco, Concord, Pittsburg, Vallejo and Benicia, with occasional accidental events that

require "shelter in place" orders to the adjacent populations.
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Oil refinery 8

Corrosion problems and prevention

Petroleum refineries run as efficiently as possible to reduce costs. One major factor that decreases efficiency is

corrosion of the metallic components found throughout refining process. Corrosion causes the failure of equipment

items as well as dictating the maintenance schedule of the refinery, during which part or all of the refinery must be

shut down. The corrosion-related direct costs in the U.S. petroleum industry as of 1996 was estimated as US$3.7

billion per year.[5][6]

Corrosion occurs in various forms in the refining process, such as pitting corrosion from water droplets,

embrittlement from hydrogen, and stress corrosion cracking from sulfide attack.[7]

From a materials standpoint,

carbon steel is used for upwards of 80 per cent of refinery components, which is beneficial due to its low cost.

Carbon steel is resistant to the most common forms of corrosion, particularly from hydrocarbon impurities at

temperatures below 205 C, but other corrosive chemicals and environments prevent its use everywhere. Common

replacement materials are low alloy steels containing chromium and molybdenum, with stainless steels containing

more chromium dealing with more corrosive environments. More expensive materials commonly used are nickel,

titanium, and copper alloys. These are primarily saved for the most problematic areas where extremely high

temperatures and/or very corrosive chemicals are present.[8]

Corrosion is fought by a complex system of monitoring, preventative repairs and careful use of materials.

Monitoring methods include both off-line checks taken during maintenance and on-line monitoring. Off-line checks

measure corrosion after it has occurred, telling the engineer when equipment must be replaced based on the historical

information he has collected. This is referred to as preventative management.

On-line systems are a more modern development, and are revolutionizing theway corrosion is approached. There are

several types of on-line corrosion monitoring technologies such as linear polarization resistance, electrochemical

noise and electrical resistance. On-Line monitoring has generally had slow reporting rates in the past (minutes or

hours) and been limited by process conditions and sources of error but newer technologies can report rates up to

twice per minute with much higher accuracy (referred to as real-time monitoring). This allows process engineers to

treat corrosion as another process variable that can be optimized in the system. Immediate responses to processchanges allow the control of corrosion mechanisms, so they can be minimized while also maximizing production

output.[9]

In an ideal situation having on-line corrosion information that is accurate and real-time will allow

conditions that cause high corrosion rates to be identified and reduced. This is known as predictive management.

Materials methods include selecting the proper material for the application. In areas of minimal corrosion, cheap

materials are preferable, but when bad corrosion can occur, more expensive but longer lasting materials should be

used. Other materials methods come in the form of protective barriers between corrosive substances and the

equipment metals. These can be either a lining of refractory material such as standard Portland cement or other

special acid-resistant cements that are shot onto the inner surface of the vessel. Also available are thin overlays of

more expensive metals that protect cheaper metal against corrosion without requiring lots of material.[10]

History

The world's first refinery opened at Ploieti, Romania, in 1856-1857, with United States investment. After being

taken over by Nazi Germany, the Ploieti refineries were bombed in Operation Tidal Wave by the Allies during the

Oil Campaign of World War II.

At one point, the refinery in Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia owned by Saudi Aramco was claimed to be the largest oil

refinery in the world. For most of the 20th century, the largest refinery was the Abadan Refinery in Iran. This

refinery suffered extensive damage during the Iran-Iraq war. The world's largest refinery complex is the Jamnagar

Refinery Complex, consisting of two refineries side by side operated by Reliance Industries Limited in Jamnagar,

India with a combined production capacity of 1,240,000 barrels per day (197,000 m3/d). PDVSA's Paraguan

Refinery Complex in Paraguan Peninsula, Venezuela with a capacity of 956,000 bbl/d (152,000 m3/d) and SK
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran-Iraq_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamnagar_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reliance_Industries_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PDVSAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Refinery_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran-Iraq_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamnagar_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reliance_Industries_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PDVSAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Refinery_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Refinery_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Refinery_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SK_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Refinery_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguan%C3%A1_Refinery_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PDVSAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reliance_Industries_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamnagar_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamnagar_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran-Iraq_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abadan_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ras_Tanurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Tidal_Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ploie%C8%99tihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrochemical_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrochemical_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stainless_steelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrosion


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Oil refinery 9

Energy's Ulsan in South Korea with 840,000 bbl/d (134,000 m3/d) are the second and third largest,

respectively.Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items

Oil refining in the United States

In the 19th century, refineries in the U.S. processed crude oil primarily to recover the kerosene. There was no market

for the more volatile fraction, including gasoline, which was considered waste and was often dumped directly intothe nearest river. The invention of the automobile shifted the demand to gasoline and diesel, which remain the

primary refined products today. Today, national and state legislation requires refineries to meet stringent air and

water cleanliness standards. In fact, oil companies in the U.S. perceive obtaining a permit to build a modern refinery

to be so difficult and costly that no new refineries have been built (though many have been expanded) in the U.S.

since 1976. More than half the refineries that existed in 1981 are now closed due to low utilization rates and

accelerating mergers.[11]As a result of these closures total US refinery capacity fell between 1981 to 1995, though

the operating capacity stayed fairly constant in that time period at around 15,000,000 barrels per day

(2,400,000 m3/d). Increases in facility size and improvements in efficiencies have offset much of the lost physical

capacity of the industry. In 1982 (the earliest data provided), the United States operated 301 refineries with a

combined capacity of 17.9 million barrels (2,850,000 m3) of crude oil each calendar day. In 2010, there were 149operable U.S. refineries with a combined capacity of 17.6 million barrels (2,800,000 m

3) per calendar day.

In 2009 through 2010, as revenue streams in the oil business dried up and profitability of oil refineries fell due to

lower demand for product and high reserves of supply preceding the economic recession, oil companies began to

close or sell refineries.

ExxonMobil oil refinery in Baton Rouge (the second-largest in the United States)

References

[1] Crude Oil Solids Removal (http://www.processgroupintl.com/cms/page/54/oil-treatment)

[2] Guide to Refining (http://www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/motorgas/3_refining-testing/pg2. asp) from Chevron

Oil's website

[3] Refinery flowchart (http:/

/

www.

uop.

com/

refining/

1010.

html) from Universal Oil Products' website[4] An example flowchart (http://www.cheresources.com/refining15.gif) of fractions from crude oil at a refinery

[5] Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States (http://www.nace.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/ccsupp.pdf), a

publication of NACE International.

[6] R.D. Kane, Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations, Corrosion: Environments and Industries, Vol 13C, ASM

Handbook, ASM International, 2006, p 9671014.

[7] E.N. Skinner, J.F. Mason, and J.J. Moran, High Temperature Corrosion in Refinery and Petrochemical Service, Corrosion, Vol 16 (No. 12),

1960, p 593t600t.

[8] E.L. Hildebrand, Materials Selection for Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants, Mater. Prot. Perform., Vol 11 (No. 7), 1972,

p1922.

[9] R.D. Kane, D.C. Eden, and D.A. Eden, Innovative Solutions Integrate Corrosion Monitoring with Process Control, Mater. Perform., Feb

2005, p 3641.

[10] W.A. McGill and M.J. Weinbaum, Aluminum-Diffused Steel Lasts Longer, Oil Gas J., Vol 70, Oct 9, 1972, p 6669.

[11] White Paper on Refining Capacity (http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/energymarkets/background/hazle.pdf), Federal Trade

Commission, April, 2007.
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/energymarkets/background/hazle.pdfhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/energymarkets/background/hazle.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrosion_Monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NACE_Internationalhttp://www.nace.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/ccsupp.pdfhttp://www.cheresources.com/refining15.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UOP_LLChttp://www.uop.com/refining/1010.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevron_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevron_Corporationhttp://www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/motorgas/3_refining-testing/pg2.asphttp://www.processgroupintl.com/cms/page/54/oil-treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AExxonMobil_Baton_Rouge.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baton_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ExxonMobilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Late-2000s_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerosenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulsanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SK_Energy


10/11

Oil refinery 10

External links

Interactive map of UK refineries (http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map. htm)

Searchable United States Refinery Map (http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries)

Complete, detailed refinery description (http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html)

Ecomuseum Bergslagen (http://www.ekomuseum.se/english/besoksmal/oljeon.html) - history of Oljen,

Sweden Fueling Profits: Report on Industry Consolidation (http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/oilprofits.pdf)

(publication of the Consumer Federation of America)

Price Spikes, Excess Profits and Excuses (http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/gasoline1003.pdf) (publication

of the Consumer Federation of America)

Basics of Oil Refining (http://www.petrostrategies.org/Learning_Center/refining.htm) Overview of crude oil

refining process

Refining NZ Learning Centre (http://www.refiningnz.com/visitors--learning.aspx) Oil Refinery Process

Animations,Videos & 360 Degree Views
http://www.refiningnz.com/visitors--learning.aspxhttp://www.petrostrategies.org/Learning_Center/refining.htmhttp://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/gasoline1003.pdfhttp://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/oilprofits.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://www.ekomuseum.se/english/besoksmal/oljeon.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.htmlhttp://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refinerieshttp://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm


11/11

Article Sources and Contributors 11

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AdiJapan, Ageekgal, Aitias, Alansohn, Aldis90, Aleator, Alex.muller, Ali, Allen Info, Allen Mesch, Amp121212, AndrewKeenanRichardson, Andrewpmk, Anlace, Annwhent, Anonymous6494,

AntSmith, Antonrojo, Apancu, Arham pincha, Arinnian, Arthena, Asoleimanif, Avicennasis, BNSDRX09, Beagel, BenFrantzDale, Betterusername, Bogdangiusca, Bongomatic, Bongwarrior,

Boswell, Brandonlighty, BritishWatcher, BruceRD, Bryan Derksen, Caltas, Calvero JP, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Caulde, Cccefalon, Cdcon, CharlieEchoTango, Chris Buckey,

ChrisGualtieri, Chubbz1995, Coemgenus, Colonies Chris, Cometstyles, Commutator, Corusant, CorvetteZ51, Crentsch, DMacks, DRGrim, Dan East, Darolew, David Shankbone, Dbushong,

Desertroad, Dh m83, Dirac1933, Discospinster, Donner60, Doulos Christos, Dthomsen8, Duckrob47, Dycedarg, ESkog, Eagleamn, Edgar181, Edward, Edward Z. Yang, Elader, Ender Everett,

Epbr123, Erazlogo, Euphonisten, Explocontrol, Falcon8765, Falconeer, Fatal!ty, Firien, Flavus Ahenobarbus, Flewis, Fozia nasir, Francophile124, Fratrep, GBuilder, Gail, Gbinal, Gepwiki,Geremy.Hebert, Gilliam, Glane23, Ground Zero, Grsz11, H Padleckas, HISTMichelleS253, Happysailor, Hardyplants, Hatster301, Hazmat2, Helloaday, Hemanshu, Hmains, Hooperbloob,

Hubba, Hut 6.5, Hyd12, IGeMiNix, Igoldste, Ikar.us, Ilyaroz, Insomnia64, J.delanoy, J04n, JRWalko, JaGa, JimmyCraig, John, JohnSRoberts99, Jorge Stolfi, KGV, Kahar13, Katieh5584,

Kcordina, Kiko4564, Kittylionel, Kjkolb, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knuto, Koavf, Kosm, Lakshmix, LeadSongDog, Lear's Fool, LeaveSleaves, Leonard G., Lhademmor, Lightmouse, Lohrmann

International, Lollypopcandygum, Lollypopcandygum1, LouisBB, Lowellt, Luk, Lupin, M karzarj, M0RD00R, M0rphzone, Mani1, Markrobi, Materialscientist, Mauler90, Mausy5043, Maximus

Rex, MayaSimFan, Mbeychok, Meters, Michaelraymond40170, Minimac, Monk, MrOllie, Mugs2109, Mulad, Mur61j, Nathanael Bar-Aur L., Neutrality, Nikopoley, Nk, Nono64,

Northamerica1000, Nuno Tavares, Nuttycoconut, Oxymoron83, Peterbmoorman, Phil Boswell, Philip Trueman, Pinethicket, Pit, Plazak, PoccilScript, Poofacejim, Preeteshdeora, Pretzelpaws,

Psarianos, Putje81, Raymondwinn, Rdaveh, RedWolf, Renelia Richter, Richhoncho, Rifleman 82, RobDe68, Robo4321, Rogermw, Ronhjones, Rorshacma, Rpalyvoda, Ryanwilliams98,

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Spongessuck, Stan Shebs, Steam5, Stephenb, Stevenwmccrary58, Stuhacking, Tech408, Tex, Tgeairn, Thatguyflint, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thecoolmusic, Theresa knott, Thingg,

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Widr, WikHead, Wiki alf, WilfriedC, Wimt, Wk muriithi, Woodshed, Work permit, Wsiegmund, Wtt, Xanthar, XterraGuy, Yellowdesk, Yueni, Zip822, Zsinj, Zujua, , 571 anonymous

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