FOREIGNRELATIONS

OF THE

UNITEDSTATES

1981–1988

VOLUME XLI

GLOBAL ISSUES II

DEPARTMENTOF

STATE

Washington

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Foreign Relations of theUnited States, 1981–1988

Volume XLI

Global Issues II

Editor Alexander O. Poster

General Editor Adam M. Howard

United States Government Publishing OfficeWashington2017

398-503/428-S/4002011/09/2017

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Office of the Historian

Bureau of Public Affairs

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing OfficeInternet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800

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About the SeriesThe Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official

documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions andsignificant diplomatic activity of the U.S. Government. The Historian ofthe Department of State is charged with the responsibility for the prep-aration of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office of the Histo-rian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the General Editorof the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, compiles, and edits thevolumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg first pro-mulgated official regulations codifying specific standards for theselection and editing of documents for the series on March 26, 1925.These regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series through1991.

Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es-tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series whichwas signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. Sec-tion 198 of P.L. 102–138 added a new Title IV to the Department ofState’s Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 4351, et seq.).

The statute requires that the Foreign Relations series be a thorough,accurate, and reliable record of major U.S. foreign policy decisions andsignificant U.S. diplomatic activity. The volumes of the series shouldinclude all records needed to provide comprehensive documentationof major foreign policy decisions and actions of the U.S. Government.The statute also confirms the editing principles established by Secre-tary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series is guided by the principles ofhistorical objectivity and accuracy; records should not be altered or de-letions made without indicating in the published text that a deletionhas been made; the published record should omit no facts that were ofmajor importance in reaching a decision; and nothing should be omit-ted for the purposes of concealing a defect in policy. The statute also re-quires that the Foreign Relations series be published not more than 30years after the events recorded. The editors are convinced that this vol-ume meets all regulatory, statutory, and scholarly standards of selec-tion and editing.

Sources for the Foreign Relations Series

The Foreign Relations statute requires that the published record inthe Foreign Relations series include all records needed to provide com-prehensive documentation of major U.S. foreign policy decisions andsignificant U.S. diplomatic activity. It further requires that government

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IV About the Series

agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government en-gaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperatewith the Department of State historians by providing full and completeaccess to records pertinent to foreign policy decisions and actions andby providing copies of selected records. Most of the sources consultedin the preparation of this volume have been declassified and are avail-able for review at the National Archives and Records Administration(Archives II), in College Park, Maryland.

The editors of the Foreign Relations series have complete access toall the retired records and papers of the Department of State: the centralfiles of the Department; the special decentralized files (“lot files”) of theDepartment at the bureau, office, and division levels; the files of the De-partment’s Executive Secretariat, which contain the records of interna-tional conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence withforeign leaders by the President and Secretary of State, and the memo-randa of conversations between the President and the Secretary of Stateand foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All ofthe Department’s central files for 1981–1989 are available in electronicor microfilm formats at Archives II, and may be accessed using theAccess to Archival Databases (AAD) tool. Almost all of the Depart-ment’s decentralized office files covering this period, which the Na-tional Archives deems worthy of permanent retention, have beentransferred to or are in the process of being transferred from the De-partment’s custody to Archives II.

Research for Foreign Relations volumes is undertaken through spe-cial access to restricted documents at the Ronald Reagan PresidentialLibrary and other agencies. While all the material printed in this vol-ume has been declassified, some of it is extracted from still-classifieddocuments. The staff of the Reagan Library is processing and declassi-fying many of the documents used in this volume, but they may notbe available in their entirety at the time of publication. Presidential pa-pers maintained and preserved at the Reagan Library include someof the most significant foreign-affairs related documentation fromWhite House offices, the Department of State, and other federalagencies including the National Security Council, the Central Intel-ligence Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs ofStaff.

Some of the research for volumes in this subseries was done inReagan Library record collections scanned for the Remote ArchiveCapture (RAC) project. This project, which is administered by the Na-tional Archives and Records Administration’s Office of Presidential Li-braries, was designed to coordinate the declassification of still-classified records held in various Presidential libraries. As a result ofthe way in which records were scanned for the RAC, the editors of the

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About the Series V

Foreign Relations series were not always able to determine whether at-tachments to a given document were in fact attached to the paper copyof the document in the Reagan Library file. In such cases, some editorsof the Foreign Relations series have indicated this ambiguity by statingthat the attachments were “Not found attached.”

Editorial Methodology

The documents are presented chronologically according to time inWashington, DC. Memoranda of conversation are placed according tothe time and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memo-randum was drafted.

Editorial treatment of the documents published in the Foreign Rela-tions series follows Office style guidelines, supplemented by guidancefrom the General Editor and the Chief of the Declassification and Pub-lishing Division. The original document is reproduced as exactly aspossible, including marginalia or other notations, which are describedin the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and printed according to ac-cepted conventions for the publication of historical documents withinthe limitations of modern typography. A heading has been supplied bythe editors for each document included in the volume. Spelling, capital-ization, and punctuation are retained as found in the original text, ex-cept that obvious typographical errors are silently corrected. Othermistakes and omissions in the documents are corrected by bracketedinsertions: a correction is set in italic type; an addition in roman type.Words or phrases underlined in the original document are printed initalics. Abbreviations and contractions are preserved as found in theoriginal text, and a list of abbreviations and terms is included in thefront matter of each volume. In telegrams, the telegram number (in-cluding special designators such as Secto) is printed at the start of thetext of the telegram.

Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text thatdeals with an unrelated subject (in roman type) or that remains classi-fied after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and,where possible, the nature of the material not declassified has beennoted by indicating the number of lines or pages of text that were omit-ted. Entire documents withheld after declassification review have beenaccounted for and are listed in their chronological place with headings,source notes, and the number of pages not declassified.

All brackets that appear in the original document are so identifiedin the footnotes. All ellipses are in the original documents.

The first footnote to each document indicates the sources of thedocument and its original classification, distribution, and drafting in-formation. This note also provides the background of important docu-

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VI About the Series

ments and policies and indicates whether the President or his majorpolicy advisers read the document.

Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinentmaterial not printed in the volume, indicate the location of additionaldocumentary sources, provide references to important related docu-ments printed in other volumes, describe key events, and provide sum-maries of and citations to public statements that supplement and eluci-date the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs andother first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple-ment or explicate the official record.

Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation

The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta-tion, established under the Foreign Relations statute, monitors the over-all compilation and editorial process of the series and advises on all as-pects of the preparation of the series and declassification of records.The Advisory Committee does not necessarily review the contents ofindividual volumes in the series, but it makes recommendations onissues that come to its attention and reviews volumes as it deems neces-sary to fulfill its advisory and statutory obligations.

Declassification Review

The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad-ministration, conducted the declassification review for the Departmentof State of the documents published in this volume. The review wasconducted in accordance with the standards set forth in ExecutiveOrder 13526 on Classified National Security Information and appli-cable laws.

The principle guiding declassification review is to release all infor-mation, subject only to the current requirements of national security asembodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailedconcurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus inthe Department of State, other concerned agencies of the U.S. Govern-ment, and the appropriate foreign governments regarding specific doc-uments of those governments. The declassification review of this vol-ume, which began in 2014 and was completed in 2016, resulted in thedecision to withhold 1 document in full, excise a paragraph or more in 4documents, and make minor excisions of less than a paragraph in 13documents.

The Office of the Historian is confident, on the basis of the researchconducted in preparing this volume and as a result of the declassifica-tion review process described above, that the documentation and edito-rial notes presented here provide a thorough, accurate, and reliable

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About the Series VII

record of the Reagan administration’s approach toward non-militaryglobal issues.

Adam Howard, Ph.D.Stephen P. Randolph, Ph.D.General EditorThe Historian

Bureau of Public AffairsNovember 2017

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PrefaceStructure and Scope of the Foreign Relations Series

This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela-tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreignpolicy of the administration of Ronald Reagan. The subseries willpresent a documentary record of major foreign policy decisions and ac-tions of President Reagan’s administration from 1981 to 1989.

Focus of Research and Principles of Selection for Foreign Relations,1981–1989, Volume XLI

The compilations included in this volume illustrate the formula-tion of U.S. policy toward seven distinct global issues: law of the sea,human rights, African famine, AIDS, international population policy,whaling, and the ozone layer. The compilation on the Law of the Seatreaty examines the Reagan administration’s decision not to sign theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the subsequentRumsfeld mission and reciprocating states agreements. The compila-tion on human rights looks at general, rather than bilateral, humanrights issues with one exception: U.S.-Soviet human rights negotiationsare presented in detail, as they were the major focus of the Bureau ofHuman Rights and Humanitarian Affairs in the Department of State.The compilation on the famine in Africa delineates the Reaganadministration’s response to African and Third World hunger from athematic and regional perspective rather than examining feeding ef-forts in individual countries. The compilation on AIDS looks at howpolicymakers used foreign policy in response to a frightening epi-demic, from immigration and visa issues to the Soviet disinformationcampaign on AIDS. The population compilation examines the Reaganadministration’s decisions regarding funding population programs inother countries, with an emphasis on the United Nations InternationalConference on Population (ICP) in 1984. The whaling compilation de-cribes efforts to manage the 1982 ban on commercial whaling enactedby the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1982, which af-fected relations among the United States and Norway, Iceland, Japan,and the Soviet Union. The compilation on ozone looks mainly at thenegotiation of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the OzoneLayer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the OzoneLayer rather than examining all international air pollution issues, suchas the U.S.-Canadian consultations on acid rain, which will be dis-cussed in Foreign Relations, 1981–1988, Volume VII, Western Europe,

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1981–1984 and Foreign Relations, 1981–1988, Volume VIII, Western Eu-rope, 1985–1988 as a bilateral issue.

Throughout Reagan’s term in office, there was considerable ten-sion between the Department of State and the White House on foreignpolicy matters. This tension was the most visible during the debateover what is now considered the “Mexico City Policy,” which placedrestrictions on U.S. foreign assistance to non-governmental organiza-tions and some states that performed or supported abortion services. In1984, shortly before the ICP conference which took place in MexicoCity, the Department of State, the Agency for International Develop-ment, the National Security Council, and the White House staff eachcirculated plans that aimed to redefine U.S. population policy. After in-tense bureaucratic infighting, the details of these plans were leaked tothe press, the bulk of the White House’s plan became policy, andRichard Benedick, the Department’s Coordinator for Population Activ-ities, requested reassignment.

The tension between the White House and the Department is, infact, a theme of many of the compilations in this volume. Counselor tothe President (1981–1984) and Attorney General (1985–1989) EdwinMeese was the prime mover in an effort to keep the United States andother Western nations from signing the Law of the Sea treaty, andMeese opposed the Department when he pressed for stringent testingrequirements for immigrants at the height of the AIDS epidemic. Al-though Meese is best known for his input on domestic issues, this vol-ume will show that he played an important role in the creation of for-eign policy, particularly when international problems with domesticramifications arose.

This volume highlights the contributions of several key policy-makers. Elliott Abrams, perhaps best known for his involvement inLatin American issues, served as Assistant Secretary of State forHuman Rights and Humanitarian Affairs during Reagan’s first term inoffice and was key to the salvation of human rights policy during Secre-tary Haig’s tenure. Abrams and Director of Policy Planning Paul Wol-fowitz each sent memos that laid the foundation for the Reaganadministration’s approach to human rights. Abrams also helped to ini-tiate the Reagan administration’s concern for Soviet Jews, which be-came a central feature of U.S.-Soviet dialogue during Reagan’s secondterm. The aforementioned Richard Benedick also helped to negotiatemuch of the Department’s ozone policy and was a strong advocate for atreaty which banned the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons, a goalwhich was eventually realized with the ratification of the Montreal Pro-tocol. M. Peter McPherson, the Administrator for the Agency for Inter-national Development, played a central role in several policy discus-sions involving global issues. McPherson fought to be the point of

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Preface XI

contact during the famine in the Horn of Africa, and his actions fol-lowing the International Conference on Population helped to cementthe Mexico City Policy.

Overall, the Reagan administration’s record toward public healthand the environment was complicated, and contradictory impulses ex-isted throughout the bureaucracy. Although the Department of Stateadvocated for an international ban on whaling in 1982, Department of-ficials also allowed Icelandic officials to conduct scientific whaling ex-peditions and negotiated with the Department of Commerce so thatIceland would avoid sanctions under the Pelly Amendment. TheReagan administration’s international response to the AIDS epidemicoriginated from the bottom-up, when Foreign Service officers ex-pressed concern about the virus at a conference in 1983. It was not untilReagan’s second term when policymakers outside of the Department,National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Centers for Disease Control(CDC) began to focus on the global dimensions of the crisis. On theother hand, the administration’s generally positive response to theVienna and Montreal Protocols may surprise some environmentalists.

Finally, the breadth of some of these global issues required anastonishing level of interagency coordination. The decision not to signthe Law of the Sea Treaty required a year and a half of cooperation, orat the very least, resignation, from the National Security Council; theDepartments of State, Commerce, Defense, and the Interior; the WhiteHouse staff; and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Responding to the Africanfamine proved even more complex, as numerous presidentially man-dated studies, interagency groups, and agency turf battles made ameli-orating the catastrophe a very difficult affair. There were no simple an-swers to the global problems of the 1980s, and it is unsurprising thatthe dialogue surrounding these problems was complex as well. Thisvolume illuminates the bureaucratic maelstrom from which policyemerged.

Acknowledgements

The editor wishes to acknowledge the assistance of officials at theRonald Reagan Presidential Library, as well as Myra Burton, DavidGeyer, Carl Ashley, Adam Howard, Stephen Randolph, Cate Sewell,Lisa Jones, Mark Patrick, Greg Murphy, Alan Lipton, Mark Ellcessor,Jim Graybill, Tina Spiker, Renée Goings, Michael McCoyer, JamesGraham Wilson, Elizabeth Charles, Forrest Barnum, Kristin Ahlberg,Laura Kolar, Madeline Poster, John Poster, Peter Hahn, and RobertMcMahon. The editor gives special thanks to his wife Leslie, who hasbrightened his spirit in innumerable ways.

The editor collected and selected documentation and edited thevolume under the supervision of Myra Burton, Chief of the Africa and

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Americas Division, and Adam Howard, General Editor of the ForeignRelations series. Kerry Hite coordinated the declassification reviewunder the supervision of Carl Ashley, Chief of the DeclassificationCoordination Division. Heather McDaniel completed the copy andtechnical editing under the supervision of Mandy Chalou, Chief of theEditing and Publishing Division.

Alexander O. PosterHistorian

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ContentsAbout the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV

Abbreviations and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI

Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX

Global Issues

AIDS Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Law of the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

African Famine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

International Population Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

International Regulation of Whaling Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

Protection of the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996

XIII

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SourcesSources for Foreign Relations, 1981–1989, Volume XLI

In preparing this volume, the editors made extensive use of Presi-dential papers and other White House records at the Reagan Library.Within the Reagan Library’s collection, Michael Guhin’s files, the Na-tional Security Council Subject File, Ralph Bledsoe’s records of the Do-mestic Policy Council, and a copy of the George P. Shultz Papers orga-nized by subject were the most helpful.

The records of the Department of State were another importantsource. The Department’s central files contain both cable traffic as wellas key memoranda. The Department’s lot files were particularly useful,especially when looking for inter-bureau memoranda regarding whal-ing, the ozone layer, AIDS, and population control. Two Assistant Sec-retaries of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, ElliottAbrams and Richard Schifter, both have voluminous lot files. The lotfiles for Deputy Secretaries William Clark, Kenneth Dam, and JohnWhitehead contained valuable documentation.

Research for this volume also involved examining records fromthe Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, the JointChiefs of Staff, and the Vice Presidential Materials at the George H.W.Bush Library. Some material from the Agency for International Devel-opment is already declassified and available at the National Archivesand Records Administration at College Park in Record Group 286. TheOffice of the Historian was also able to gain access to the Alexander M.Haig Papers at the Library of Congress.

Researchers will find records in Department of State lot fileshelpful. Lot 90D327 contains most of the records from the United Na-tions Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, and Lot 92D207has several boxes with information about the Reagan administration’spolicy regarding acid rain.

Almost all of this documentation has been made available for usein the Foreign Relations series thanks to the consent of the agencies men-tioned, the assistance of their staffs, and especially the cooperation andsupport of the National Archives and Records Administration.

In addition to the paper files cited below, a growing number ofdocuments are available on the Internet. The Office of the Historianmaintains a list of these Internet resources on its website and en-courages readers to consult that site on a regular basis.

XV

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XVI Sources

Unpublished Sources

Department of State

Central Foreign Policy File

Lot Files

Lot File 06D379; Intelligence Research Reports (IRR), 1953–1998

Lot File 82D127; Files of the Deputy Secretary of State—William P. Clark,1981–1982

Lot File 82D273; Department of State, Subject Files—Human Rights Files,1981

Lot File 83D288; Secretariat Memorandums—Secretary Alexander HaigCorrespondence, 1981–1982

Lot File 85D105; Subject and Country Files—Law of the Sea, 1982–1983

Lot File 85D206; Assistant Secretary Subject Files—Human Rights SubjectFiles, 1981–1984

Lot File 85D308; Files of the Deputy Secretary of State—Deputy SecretaryKenneth Dam Official Files, 1982–1985

Lot File 85D353; Subject Files—Fisheries Legislation, 1972–1984

Lot File 85D357; Law of the Sea—Third UN Conference, 1968–1983

Lot File 86D184; Health Issues, 1977–1985

Lot File 86D220; Assistant Secretary Subject Files—Human Rights CountryFiles, 1984

Lot File 86D221; Assistant Secretary Subject Files—Human Rights CountryFiles, 1984

Lot File 86D362; Chronological Files [OES], 1984–1985

Lot File 87D37; Organization and Conference Files—Meetings/GoverningCouncil 1984 Meetings/Governing Council, 1983–1984,

Lot File 87D205; Human Rights Subject Files, 1985

Lot File 87D258; Subject Files—Edward J. Derwinski, 1982–1985

Lot File 87D326; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Subject Files—EdwardDerwinski, 1984–1985

Lot File 87D452; Law of the Sea—Third UN Conference, 1970–1983

Lot File 88D242; Subject Files—Human Rights, 1986

Lot File 89D56; Subject and Chron Files, 1985–1986

Lot File 89D136; Subject Files—Other Agency and Channel Messages andSubstantive Material—World Health Organization (WHO), 1985

Lot File 89D137; AIDS, 1984–1987

Lot File 89D139; Correspondence of Deputy Secretary John Whitehead,1982–1989

Lot File 89D149; Director’s Correspondence File—Policy Planning Director,1981–1988

Lot File 89D169; U/S Michael Armacost CHRON and Country Files,1979–1989;

Lot File 89D184; Assistant Secretary Files—Elliott Abrams Subject andCHRON Files, 1981–1987

Lot File 89D186; Subject Files—Human Rights Files, 1987

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Sources XVII

Lot File 89D265; U/S for Political Affairs Michael Armacost Correspond-ence, 1969–1988

Lot File 90D36; Other Agency and Channel Messages and Substantive Ma-terial—World Health Organization (WHO), 1986

Lot File 90D46; Subject Files—Human Rights Files, 1988Lot File 90D327; Organization and Conference Files—Other Federal Agency

and Channel: Nairobi World Conference for Women, 1985Lot File 90D438; Soviet Union, 1958–1984Lot File 91D356; Program Files, 1973–1988Lot File 92D49; Subject Files—Human Rights Files, 1981–1990Lot File 92D165; Subject Files—Human Rights Files, 1979–1981Lot File 92D207; Chemicals, Hazardous Waste, Ozone, 1981–1990Lot File 92D223; CSCE; Vienna Follow Up Meeting, 1986–1989Lot File 92D227; Chemicals, Hazardous Waste, and Ozone, 1982–1989Lot File 92D228; Arctic, Antarctic, and Whaling, 1975–1987Lot File 92D308; Subject Files—Other Agency and Channel Messages and

Substantive Material: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF),United Nations Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO), United Na-tions Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), 1985–1988

Lot File 92D622; Marine Law and Policy Division Subject and CountryFiles—Law of the Sea, 1981–1982

Lot File 93D188; Secretary Subject and Country Files—MemCons on US-USSR Relations, 1981–1990

Lot File 93D390; Subject Files: Population, 1961–1992Lot File 93D393; Country Files—Miscellaneous Population Files, 1974–1992Lot File 93D395; Environmental Issues, 1979–1993Lot File 94D4; Law of the Sea, 1981–1991Lot File 94D411; Correspondence File—Ambassador Richard Schifter CHRON

and Subject Files, 1984–1991Lot File 94D419; Dumping; Arctic; Whaling; Antarctic; Scientific Research,

1976–1987Lot File 94D542; Pacific Fishery Issues, 1974–1988

INR-IL FilesVol. 8, Roger Channel Channel

National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland

RG 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of StaffPapers of David C. Jones

RG 286, Records of the Agency for International DevelopmentUSAID/O/ADMIN/ExecSecUSAID/Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance

Bush Presidential Library

Vice Presidential Records, Domestic Policy Office, Garrett Files

Reagan Presidential Library

1985 SYS 4 INT Files

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XVIII Sources

African Affairs Directorate, NSCBandow FilesBledsoe FilesBoggs FilesCarlucci FilesCobb FilesCollection RR–NSC, Numbered National Security Policy Papers 1981–1989European and Soviet Affairs Directorate, NSCExecutive Secretariat

NSC: Meeting FileNational Security Council Decision DirectivesNational Security Council Study DirectivesNSC: Subject File, Human RightsNSC Subject File, Law of the SeaNSC: Subject File, Population—too late to fileNSC: Subject File, PopulationNSC: System File

Guhin FilesLisa R. Jameson FilesRobert Johnson FilesMcFarlane FilesMeese FilesNR002 Natural Resources ClassifiedRisque FilesRodman FilesRosenberg FilesGeorge P. Shultz PapersSweet FilesWHORM: Subject File PR014–08

Central Intelligence Agency

Community Management Staff [formerly known as the Intelligence CommunityStaff], Job 00B01635R: Committees, Task Forces, Boards, Councils Files

National Intelligence Council, Job 83B00140R: Policy Files (1979–1982)National Intelligence Council, Job 87T00573R: Intelligence Publications Files (1979–

1986)National Intelligence Council, Job 91B00776R: Policy Files, Lectures, Briefings Files

(1980–1989)Office of Support Services (DI), Job 85T00287R: Production Case FilesOffice of Support Services (DI), Job 90T00114R: Intelligence Publications Files

(1986–1987)Office of the Deputy Director for Intelligence, Job 93T01142R: Policy Files (1982–

1987)Office of the Director of Central Intelligence, Job 90B01013R: Policy Files (1981–1988)Office of Transnational Issues [also known as the Office of Global Issues] (DI), Job

97B00624R: Appropriations and Budget Files

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Sources XIX

Library of Congress

Papers of Alexander Haig

Washington National Records Center

RG 330, Records of the Department of DefenseOASD Files, FRC 330–91–0033

Records of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs PolicyOASD Files, FRC 330–91–0088

Records of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs PolicyOSD Files, FRC 330–83–0103

Records of the Secretary of Defense

Published Sources

A.C. Bayley, R. Chiengsong-Popov, A.G. Dalgleish, R.G. Downing, R.S. Tedder, R.A.Weiss, “HTLV-III Serotology Distinguishes Atypical and Endemic Kaposi’s Sarcomain Africa,” The Lancet, Vol. 325, No. 8425, February 16, 1985, pp. 359–414.

Brun-Vezinet F., Rouzioux C., Montagnier L., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Barre-Sinoussi F.,Geroldi D., Chermann J.C., McCormick J., Mitchell S., et al., “Prevalence of Anti-bodies to Lymphadenopathy-Associated Retrovirus in African Patients with AIDS,”Science, 1984 Oct 26; 226(4673).

Chicago TribuneChoucri, Nazli. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Population and Conflict, Syracuse, NY: Syr-

acuse University Press, 1984.Christian Science MonitorGoldstone, J.A. “The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions,” Annual Review of

Sociology, Vol. 8, August 1982, 187–207.John Paul II, Redemptor Hominis, Encyclical Letter, March 4, 1979New York TimesPittsburgh PressSarasota Herald-TribuneThe Herald-Journal (Spartanburg)The Wall Street JournalUnited Nations, “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide”.. “Elements in an International Development Strategy for the 1980s. Report Pre-

pared by the Secretariat,” 1979.. “World Population Plan of Action,” 1974.

United States. Congressional Record—Daily Digest.. Department of State, Bulletin.. Centers for Disease Control, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports.. National Archives and Records Administration, Public Papers of the Presidents of

the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1981–1988.. Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, “Surgeon General’s Report

on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,” 1986.. U.S. Agency for International Development, “USAID Policy Paper—Population

Assistance.”. White House Press Briefing, October 15, 1982.

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U.S. News and World ReportWashington PostWoods, Alan, An Investment in Global Growth: The Administrator’s Statement for the Fiscal

Year 1989 Congressional Presentation, Institute for Development Anthropology docu-ment no. 1481, Washington: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1988.

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Abbreviations and TermsABA, American Bar AssociationAF, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAF/EPS, Economic Policy Staff, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAF/I, Office of Inter-African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAFMIC, Armed Forces Medical Intelligence CenterAF/P, Public Affairs Staff, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAF/RA, Office of Regional Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAF/S, Office of Southern African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAFR/DP, Office of Development Planning, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International

DevelopmentAID, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/AA/DS, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Development Support, Agency for In-

ternational DevelopmentAID/AA/LEG, Assistant Administrator, Office of Legislative Affairs, Agency for Interna-

tional DevelopmentAID/AA/PDC, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Private and Development Coopera-

tion, U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentAID/AA/PPC, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination,

U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentAID/AF, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/AFR, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/AFR/DR, Office of Development Resources, Bureau for Africa, Agency for Interna-

tional DevelopmentAID/AFR/EA, Office of East Africa Affairs, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International

DevelopmentAID/AFR/TR, Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International

DevelopmentAID/ANE/TR, Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia and the Near East, Agency

for International DevelopmentAID/ASIA/TR, Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia, Agency for International

DevelopmentAID/DAA/ST, Deputy Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Science and Technology,

Agency for International DevelopmentAID/DS/POP, Office of Population, Bureau for Development Support, Agency for Inter-

national DevelopmentAID/ES, Office of the Executive Secretary, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/GC, Office of the General Counsel, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/LAC/DR, Office of Development Resources, Bureau for Latin America and the Ca-

ribbean, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/NE/TECH, Office of Technical Support, Bureau for Near East, Agency for Interna-

tional DevelopmentAID/PPC, Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, Agency for International

DevelopmentAID/PPC/PDPR, Office of Policy Development and Program Review, Bureau for Pro-

gram and Policy Coordination, Agency for International DevelopmentAID/S, Directorate for Health and Population, Bureau of Science and Technology,

Agency for International Development

XXI

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XXII Abbreviations and Terms

AID/S&T/H, Office of Health, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for Interna-tional Development

AID/S&T/POP, Office of Population, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for In-ternational Development

AID/SER/MP, Office of Management Planning, Bureau for Program and ManagementServices, Agency for International Development

AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAMB, AmbassadorAMCITS, U.S. citizensAP, adjusted protectionAPA, American Psychiatric AssociationARA, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of StateARA/ECP, Office of Regional Economic Policy, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, De-

partment of StateARC, AIDS-related complexAZT, azidothymidine

BBC, British Broadcasting CorporationBIWS, Bureau of International Whaling Statistics

C, Counselor of the Department of StateCA/PC, Program Planning and Coordination Staff, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Depart-

ment of StateCBW, chemical and biological weaponsCCC, Commodity Credit CorporationCDC, Centers for Disease ControlCDE, confidence- and security-building measures and disarmament in EuropeCDU, Christian Democratic UnionCEFIC, European Chemical Industry CouncilCEQ, Council on Environmental QualityCFC, chlorofluorocarbonsCIA, Central Intelligence AgencyCOMUSNAVPHIL Subic Bay, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Philippines, Subic BayCPSCU, Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCSCE, Commission on Security and Cooperation in EuropeCW, chemical weapons

D, Deputy Secretary of StateDAA/AFR, Deputy Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International

DevelopmentDAS, Deputy Assistant SecretaryDCIT, Draft Convention Informal TextDCM, Deputy Chief of MissionDI, Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence AgencyDIA, Defense Intelligence AgencyDOC/NOAA/OME, Office of Oceans, Minerals, and Energy, National Oceanic and At-

mospheric Administration, Department of CommerceDOD, Department of DefenseDOE, Department of EnergyDOH, Department of HealthDPC, Domestic Policy Council

E, Undersecretary of State for Economic AffairsEA, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Department of State

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Abbreviations and Terms XXIII

EA/RA, Office of Regional Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Departmentof State

EAP, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Department of StateEAP/J, Office of Japanese Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Department of

StateEAP/PHL, Office of Philippine Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific AffairsEB, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, Department of StateEB/ICD, Office of International Commodities, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs,

Department of StateEB/MPM, Marine and Polar Minerals Division, Office of International Commodities, Bu-

reau of Economic and Business Affairs, Department of StateEB/OIA, Office of Investment Affairs, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, Depart-

ment of StateEC, European CommunityECOSOC, Economic and Social Council, United NationsEEC, European Economic CommunityEEZ, Exclusive Economic ZoneEIF, entry into forceELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayEO, Executive OrderEOC, Ethiopian Orthodox ChurchEPA, Environmental Protection AgencyEPA/A, Administrator, Environmental Protection AgencyEPA/OAR, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection AgencyEPA/OIA, Office of International Activities, Environmental Protection AgencyESAF, enhanced structural adjustment facilityESF, Economic Support FundEUR, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, Department of State; Bureau of Euro-

pean Affairs, Department of StateEUR/P, Public Affairs Adviser, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, Department of

StateEUR/RPE, Office of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Euro-

pean Community, and Atlantic Political-Economic Affairs, Bureau of European Af-fairs, Department of State

EUR/SOV, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs,Department of State

EUR/SOV/SOBI, Bilateral Political Relations, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau ofEuropean and Canadian Affairs, Department of State

Exdis, Exclusive distribution

FAA, Federal Aviation AdministrationFAM, Foreign Affairs ManualFBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information ServiceFCO, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, United KingdomFDA, Food and Drug AdministrationFFN, food for the northFFP, Food for PeaceFON, Freedom of NavigationFonMin, Foreign MinisterFR, Federal RegisterFRG, Federal Republic of GermanyFWPCA, Federal Water Pollution Control ActFVA, Food for Peace and Voluntary Assistance Bureau, Agency for International

Development

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XXIV Abbreviations and Terms

GA, General Assembly, United NationsGATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGI, gastrointestinalGIFA, governing international fishery agreementGDR, German Democratic RepublicGNP, gross national productGOA, Government of ArgentinaGOI, Government of Indonesia; Government of IcelandGOJ, Government of JapanGON, Government of the Netherlands; Governmant of NorwayGOP, Government of PhilippinesGOZ, Government of Zaire

H, Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs, Department of StateHA, Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Department of StateHA/HR, Office of Human Rights, Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian AffairsHHS, Department of Health and Human ServicesHIV, human immunodeficiency virusHMG, Her Majesty’s Government (United Kingdom)HR, House ResolutionHRC, Human Rights Commission, United NationsHTLV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus

IBRD, International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICC, International Commerce CommissionICJ, International Court of JusticeICP, International Conference on PopulationICRC, International Committee of the Red CrossIDF, Icelandic Defense ForceIE&C, information, education, and communicationIFPRI, International Food Policy Research InstituteIG, interdepartmental group; interagency groupIMCO, Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative OrganizationIMEC, industrial market economy countriesIMET, International Military Education and TrainingIMF, International Monetary FundINA, Immigration and Naturalization ActINF, Intermediate Range Nuclear Force TreatyINR, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of StateINR/AMR, Office of Active Measures, Analysis, and Response, Bureau of Intelligence

and Research, Department of StateINR/ID, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-Departmental Affairs, Bureau of Intelli-

gence and Research, Department of StateINR/RSE, Office of Research and Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Depart-

ment of StateINS, Immigration and Naturalization ServiceIO, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Department of StateIO/D, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of International Organization AffairsIO/ECO, Economic Development Division, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary for

International Economic and Social Affairs, Bureau of International Organization Af-fairs, Department of State

IO/HR, Office of Human Rights Affairs, Bureau of International Organization Affairs,Department of State

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Abbreviations and Terms XXV

IO/T/SCT, Deputy Director for Scientific Programs, Bureau of International Scientific Af-fairs, Department of State

IPPF, International Planned Parenthood FederationITM, Institute of Tropical Medicine, AntwerpITSH, international transport, storage and handlingIUSAC, Institute for the United States and CanadaIV, intravenousIWC, International Whaling Commission

JCS, Joint Chiefs of Staff

KGB, Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnost (Soviet security agency)

L, Legal Adviser, Department of StateL/EBC, Assistant Legal Adviser, Economic, Business, and Communication Affairs, De-

partment of StateL/HRR, Assistant Legal Adviser, Human Rights and Refugees, Department of StateL/OES, Office of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Legal

Adviser, Department of StateL/T, Treaty Affairs, Legal Adviser, Department of StateLAV, lymphadenopathy-associated virusLDC, less developed countryLDP, Liberal Democratic Party of JapanLOS, Law of the SeaLOU, limited official use

M/COMP, Office of the Comptroller, Bureau of Management, Department of StateM/MED, Office of Medical Services, Bureau of Management, Department of StateM/MO, Management Operations, Bureau of Management, Department of StateMAUT, Multi-attribute Utility TheoryMBFR, Mutual and Balanced Force ReductionsMC, Missionaries of CharityMDB, multi-lateral development bankMFA, Minister of Foreign AffairsMMPA, Marine Mammal Protection ActMMWR, Mortality and Morbidity Weekly ReportMOU, memorandum of understandingMT, metric ton

NAS/IOM, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of MedicineNASA, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO, North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNEA, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of StateNEA/IAI, Office of Israel and Arab-Israeli Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South

Asian Affairs, Department of StateNEA/RA, Office of Regional Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, De-

partment of StateNEPA, National Environmental Policy ActNFP, natural family planningNGO, non-governmental organizationNiact, night actionNIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIEO, New International Economic OrderNIH, National Institutes of Health

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

XXVI Abbreviations and Terms

NMFS, National Marine Fisheries ServiceNOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOAA/NMFS, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministrationNODIS, no distributionNOFORN, no foreign disseminationNPW, nuclear-powered warshipsNSC, National Security CouncilNSDD, National Security Decision DirectiveNSSD, National Security Study Directive

OAU, Organization of African UnityOECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOES, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Depart-

ment of StateOES/CP, Coordinator of Population Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Envi-

ronmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateOES/E, Office of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Bureau of Oceans and In-

ternational Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateOES/ENH, Office of Environment and Health, Bureau of Oceans and International Envi-

ronmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateOES/ENR, Office of Food and Natural Resources, Bureau of Oceans and International

Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateOES/O, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Oceans and Fisheries Affairs, Bureau of

Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific AffairsOES/OLP, Office of Ocean Law and Policy, Bureau of Oceans and International Environ-

mental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateOFDA, Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Agency for International DevelopmentOMB, Office of Management and BudgetOPD, Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the PresidentOSD, Office of the Secretary of DefenseOSTP, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the PresidentOTEC, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

P, Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsPA, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of StatePAO, Public Affairs OfficerPDM, Presidential Decision MemorandumPEES, pre-enactment explorersPEN, Poets, Essayists, and NovelistsPIP, Preparatory Investment ProtectionPLO, Palestine Liberation OrganizationPM, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, Department of StatePMGSE, Provisional Military Government of Socialist EthiopiaPPC/PDPR, Office of Policy Development and Program Review, Bureau for Program and

Policy Coordination, Agency for International DevelopmentPRC, People’s Republic of ChinaPREL, External Political RelationsPrepcom, Prepatory CommissionPSA, politically sensitive area; public service announcementPVO, private voluntary organization

R&D, research and developmentRAF, Royal Air Force (United Kingdom)

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Abbreviations and Terms XXVII

REIO, regional economic integration organizationsRP, Bureau for Refugee Programs, Department of StateRP/RAP, Office of Refugee Admissions and Processing, Bureau for Refugee Programs,

Department of StateRP/RAP/AP, Admission Programs Division, Office of Refugee Admissions and Pro-

cessing, Bureau for Refugee Programs, Department of StateRRC, Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (Ethiopia)RSA, Reciprocating States Agreement

S, Secretary of StateS/CSCE, Ambassador to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in EuropeS/AL, Ambassador at Large, Department of StateS/P, Policy Planning Staff, Department of StateS/R, Ambassador at Large and Coordinator for Refugee AffairsS/S, Executive Secretariat, Department of StateS/S–O, Operations Center, Executive Secretariat, Department of StateS&T/HP, Directorate for Health and Population, Bureau of Science and Technology,

Agency for International DevelopmentS&T/PO, Office of Program, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for Interna-

tional DevelopmentSAA/S&T, Senior Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency

for International DevelopmentSAF, structural adjustment facilitySC, Security Council, United NationsSecNav, Secretary of the NavySecto, series indication for telegrams from the Secretary of State or his party to the De-

partment of StateSHUM, Social Affairs—Human RightsSIG, Senior Interdepartmental GroupSR, Senate ResolutionSS, Schutzstaffel (Adolf Hitler’s personal bodyguards)Stadis, standard distributionSTART, Strategic Arms Reduction TreatySTD, sexually transmitted diseaseSWAPO, South West Africa People’s Organization

T, Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and TechnologyT/HEALTH, Directorate for Health and Population, Bureau for Science and Technology,

Agency for International DevelopmentTDY, temporary dutyTG, Toronto GroupTPRG, Trade Policy Review GroupTTPI, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

UK, United KingdomUN, United NationsUNCLOS, United Nations Conference on Law of the SeaUNDP, United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDRO, United Nations Disaster Relief OrganizationUNEP, United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFPA, United Nations Fund for Population ActivitiesUNGA, United Nations General AssemblyUNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNHRC, United Nations Human Rights Commission

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

XXVIII Abbreviations and Terms

UNICEF, United Nations Children’s FundUNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNIFEM, United Nations Development Fund for WomenUNITAR, United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUNLOSC, United Nations Law of the Sea ConferenceUNSYG, United Nations Secretary-GeneralUSAID, United States Agency for International DevelopmentUCINCLANT, U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic CommandUSCINCPAC, U.S. Commander in Chief, Pacific CommandUSCINCSO, U.S. Commander in Chief, Southern CommandUSDel, U.S. delegationUSDH, U.S. direct hireUSDOL, U.S. DollarUSG, U.S. GovernmentUSIA, United States Information AgencyUSPHS, U.S. Public Health ServiceUSSR, Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUSTR, United States Trade RepresentativeUSUN, United States Mission to the United NationsUVB, ultraviolet radiation

VOA, Voice of America

WEO, Western Europe and Others Group, United NationsWEOG, Western Europe and Others Group, United NationsWFP, World Food Programme, United NationsWG, Working GroupWHO, World Health OrganizationWHO/GPA, Global Programme on AIDS, World Health OrganizationWJC, World Jewish CongressWMO, World Meteorological OrganizationWPPA, World Population Plan of ActionWSJ, Wall Street JournalWVRO, World Vision Relief Organization

Z, Zulu (Greenwich Mean) time

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

PersonsAbramovitz, Morton I., Director, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of

State, from 1985 until 1986; Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Researchfrom 1986 until 1989

Abrams, Elliott, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations from 1981;Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from 1981until 1985; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1985 until1989

Adamishin, Anatoly L., Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Union of Soviet Socialist Re-publics, from 1986 until 1990

Adelman, Kenneth L., Deputy Ambassador to the United NationsAguilar, Andrés, M., Chairman, Second Committee, Third United Nations Conference

on the Law of the SeaAldrich, George H., Ambassador and Deputy Special Representative of the President for

the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference from 1977 until 1981Allen, Richard V., Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from January

21, 1981, until January 4, 1982Anderson, Gerald C., Office of the Executive Secretariat, Department of StateAnderson, L. Desaix, Director, Office of Japanese Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pa-

cific Affairs, Department of StateAnderson, Martin, Assistant to the President for Policy Development from 1981 until

1982Andropov, Yuri V., General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party,

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, from 1982 until 1984Armacost, Michael H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Af-

fairs from 1980 until 1982; U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines from 1982 until 1984;Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1984 until 1989

Armstrong, Anne L., member, Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 1981 until 1982;chair, Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 1982 until 1990

Arnaudo, Raymond V., Office of Fisheries Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and InternationalEnvironmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State

Ásgrı́msson, Halldór, Minister of Fisheries, Republic of Iceland from 1983 until 1991;Minister of Nordic Cooperation, Republic of Iceland from 1985 until 1987

Atherton, Alfred L. “Roy,” Jr., Director-General of the Foreign Service and Director ofPersonnel

Austin, Robert C., Rear Admiral, USNAvery, Dennis T., Office of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, De-

partment of State

Bache, G. Michael, Economics Officer, Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Af-fairs, Department of State, from 1980 until 1982

Bailey, Eugene, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Department of StateBailey, Martin J., Office of the Under Secretary of State for Economic AffairsBaker, Howard H., Jr., Senator (R–Tennesee) until 1985; White House Chief of Staff from

1987 until 1988Baker, James A., III, White House Chief of Staff from 1981 until 1985; Secretary of the

Treasury from 1985 until 1988Baldrige, Malcolm H., Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until 1987

XXIX

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

XXX Persons

Ball, William L., III, Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative and IntergovernmentalAffairs from 1985 until 1986; White House Staff from 1986 until 1988; Secretary of theNavy from 1988 until 1989

Bandow, Doug L., Special Assistant to the President, Office of Policy Development, Exec-utive Office of the President

Barr, William P., Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the PresidentBeahler, John L., Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Office of Medical ServicesBecton, Julius W., Lieutenant General, USA; Director, Office of Foreign Disaster Assist-

ance, Agency for International Development, from 1984 until 1985; Director, FederalEmergency Management Agency from 1985 until 1989

Begun, Josef Z., Soviet dissidentBemis, Robert C., member, National Security Council Staff from 1987 until 1988Benedick, Richard, E., Coordinator of Population Services, Bureau of Oceans and Inter-

national Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State, from 1978 until1984; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Environment, Health, and Natural Re-sources, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairsfrom 1984 until 1987

Bennett, William J., “Bill,” Chair, National Endowment for the Humanities from 1981until 1985; Secretary of Education from 1985 until 1988

Bernhardt, John Peter A., Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and Inter-national Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State

Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr, Minister-Counselor at the Soviet Embassy in WashingtonBillo, Charles G., Chief, Food Programs Division, Office of Food Policy and Programs,

Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, Department of StateBlakeslee , Katherine, Special Projects Division, Office of Policy Development and Pro-

gram Review, Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, Agency for Interna-tional Development

Blanchard, Jack W., Office of Environment and Health, Bureau of Oceans and Interna-tional Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State

Bledsoe, Ralph C., Associate Director, Office of Planning and Inventory, from 1981 until1982; Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the President, from 1982until 1985; Executive Secretary, Domestic Policy Council, from 1985 until 1988

Bloch, Julia C., Assistant Administrator of the Bureau for Food for Peace and VoluntaryAssistance, Agency for International Development

Block, John R., Secretary of Agriculture from 1981 until 1986Blumberg, Robert C., Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and Interna-

tional Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateBoggs, Danny, Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the President from 1981

until 1983; Deputy Secretary of Energy from 1983 until 1986Bogosian, Richard W., Director, Office of East African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs,

Department of StateBohn, John A., Vice-Chair, Export-Import Bank of the United States; Chairman and Chief

Executive Officer, Export-Import Bank of the United StatesBosworth, Stephen W., Chairman, Policy Planning Council, Department of State, from

1983 until 1984Bowen, Otis R., Secretary of Health and Human Services from 1985 until 1989Boyer, Neil A., Deputy Director for Health and Transportation Programs, Bureau of In-

ternational Organization Affairs, Department of StateBradford, William G., Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Department

of StateBrady, Nyle C., Senior Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Science and Technology,

Agency for International DevelopmentBrazeal, Aurelia E., Office of Development Finance, Bureau of Economic and Business

Affairs, Department of State

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Persons XXXI

Bremer, L. Paul, “Jerry,” III, Executive Secretary, Department of State, from February 2,1981, until March 27, 1983

Brock, William E., III, U.S. Trade Representative from 1981 until 1985Brown, Catherine W., Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Human Rights, Depart-

ment of StateBrown, Clarence J. “Bud,” Jr., member, House of Representatives (R–Ohio) until 1983;

Deputy Secretary of Commerce from 1983 until 1988; Acting Secretary of Commercefrom 1987

Brown, William A., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pa-cific Affairs from 1983 until 1985

Brunner, Eduardo, Secretary of State for Swiss Federal Council from 1984Buckley, James L., Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and Tech-

nology from February 28, 1981, until August 20, 1982; Counselor of the Departmentof State, from September 9, 1982, until September 26, 1982; President, Radio Free Eu-rope, from 1982 until 1985

Buerk, Michael D., British journalistBurke, W. Scott, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humani-

tarian AffairsBurns, Arnold I., Associate Attorney General from 1985 until 1986; Deputy Attorney

General from 1986 until 1988Burt, Richard R., Director, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, Department of State, from

1981 until 1982; Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs from 1983; Assist-ant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs from 1983 until 1985

Busby, Morris D., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and Fisheries Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, from 1980until 1981

Bush, George H.W., Vice President of the United StatesBushnell, John A., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from

1977 until 1982Butcher, Suzanne S., Office of Environment and Health, Bureau of Oceans and Interna-

tional Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateButler, Malcolm, Executive Secretary, Agency for International DevelopmentByrnes, Paul J., Director, Office of Technical Specialized Service, Bureau of International

Organization Affairs, Department of State

Calio, Anthony, J. “Tony,” Deputy Administrator, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, Department of Commerce, from 1981 until 1985; Administrator, Na-tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, from1985 until 1987

Carlucci, Frank C., III, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence until February 4, 1981;Deputy Secretary of Defense from February 4, 1981, until December 31, 1982; Secre-tary of Defense from November 23, 1987, until January 20, 1989

Carpenter, Margaret, Office of the Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, Department of StateCasey, William J. “Bill,” Director of Central Intelligence from January 28, 1981, until

May 6, 1987Chapman, William K., Office of the Executive Secretariat, Department of StateChernenko, Konstantin U., General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Commu-

nist Party, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1984 until 1985Cheysson, Claude, Minister of Foreign Affairs, French Republic, from 1981 until 1984Christenson, Richard, Office of Northern European Affairs, Bureau of European and Ca-

nadian Affairs, Department of StateCicconi, James W., Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff, Office of the Chief of Staff,

White House Staff

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

XXXII Persons

Clark, William, Jr., Japanese Country Director, Department of State; Deputy Chief ofMission, U.S. Embassy in Tokyo

Clark, William P., Jr., Deputy Secretary of State from February 25, 1981, until February 9,1982; Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from January 4, 1982,until October 17, 1983; Secretary of the Interior from November 18, 1983, until Febru-ary 7, 1985

Clear, Taylor J., Office of the Intelligence Liaison, Bureau of Intelligence and Research,Department of State

Clyatt, Oscar W., Jr., Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Depart-ment of State

Coe, Robert P., Deputy Director, Office of Environment and Health, Bureau of Oceansand International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State

Coffey, Steven, Office of the Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsCohen, Herman J. “Hank,” Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence

and Research from 1980 until 1984; Special Assistant to the President for African Af-fairs from 1987 until 1989

Clare, Gwen, Office of the Executive Secretary, Department of StateColson, David A., Assistant Legal Adviser for Oceans, International Environmental and

Scientific Affairs, Department of StateConnuck, Bruce E., Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, Department of StateCooper, James F., Office of Northern European Affairs, Bureau of European and Cana-

dian Affairs, Department of StateCormack, Thomas B., Executive Secretary, Central Intelligence AgencyCourtney, William H., Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Political

AffairsCramer, Shannon D., Jr., Vice Admiral, USN; Department of Defense Representative for

Law of the Sea MattersCribb, T. Kenneth “Ken,” Assistant to the President for Domestic AffairsCrocker, Chester A., Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from 1981 until 1989Curran, James W., leader, HIV/AIDS task force, Centers for Disease Control

Dam, Kenneth W., Deputy Secretary of State from 1982 until 1985Dawit, Wolde Giorgis, head, Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Provisional Military

Government of Socialist EthiopiaDean, Robert, member, National Security Council Staff from 1987 until 1988Deaver, Michael K., White House Deputy Chief of Staff from January 1981 until May

1985Dembski, Sandra, A., Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian

Affairs, Department of StateDerham, Richard, Acting Assistant Administrator for the Bureau for Program and Policy

Coordination in the Agency for International Development; Assistant Administratorfor the Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination in the Agency for InternationalDevelopment

Derwinski, Edward J., “Ed,” member, House of Representatives (R–Illinois) until 1983;Counselor, Department of State from 1983 until 1987; Under Secretary of State forArms Control and International Security Affairs from 1987 until 1989

Dobbins, James F., Jr., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs from1982 until 1983; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Af-fairs from 1983 until 1985

Dobriansky, Paula J., member, National Security Council Staff from 1983 until 1984; Ad-visor to the U.S. Delegation to the UN Decade for Women Conference from 1985;Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairsfrom 1987 until 1990

Dobrynin, Anatoly F., Soviet Ambassador to the United States

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

Persons XXXIII

Donovan, Raymond “Ray” J., Secretary of Labor from 1981 until 1985Douglas, H. Eugene, Ambassador at Large and Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, Depart-

ment of State from 1981 until 1985Dowdle, Walter, Deputy Director, Centers for Disease Control from 1987 until 1994Dustin, Eben, H., Director of Medical Services, Bureau of Management, Department of

StateDraper, Morris, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian

Affairs from 1978 until 1983Driggs, Michael A., Special Assistant to the President for Legal Policy, Commerce, and

Trade, Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the President from 1985;Special Assistant and Assistant Director, Commerce and Trade, Office of Policy De-velopment, Executive Office of the President from 1987 until 1988

Dyke, Nancy Bearg, Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs

Eagleburger, Lawrence S., U. S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1977 until 1981; Assist-ant Secretary of State for European Affairs from May 14, 1981, until January 26, 1982;Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from February 12, 1982, until May 1,1984

Edwards, James B., Secretary of Energy from 1981 until 1982Eirikson, Gudmunder, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of IcelandEly, Northcutt, attorney-at-lawEnders, Thomas O., Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from June 23,

1981, until June 27, 1983Ermarth, Fritz W., member, National Security Council Staff from 1987Eskin, Otho E., Director, Office of Ocean Law and Policy, Bureau of Oceans and Interna-

tional Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateEtzel, Edward, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Health Care Programs, Office of

Medical ServicesEvans, William E., Assistant Administrator for Fisheries, Department of Commerce

Fairbanks, Charles H., Jr., Policy Planning Staff, Department of State; Deputy AssistantSecretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs

Fanfani, Amintore, Italian Prime Minister from 1982 until 1983 and again from 1987Farrand, Robert W., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Human

Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from 1987 until 1990Feldman, Harvey J., U.S. Representative to the United Nations until 1986Fischer, Dean E., Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs from August 7, 1981, until

August 19, 1982; Department of State Spokesman from March 28, 1981, until August19, 1982

Flournoy, Peter H., Legal Adviser, Office of Oceans, International Environmental andScientific Affairs, Department of State

Funseth, Robert L., Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Management, Bureauof Refugee Programs

Galatz, Karen, Policy Planning Staff, Department of StateGallagher, Dennis, Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Management, Department

of StateGallini, Linda S., Deputy Director for Scientific Programs, Bureau of International Orga-

nization Affairs, Department of StateGates, Robert M., Director, Deputy Director for Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency

from 1982 until 1986; Chairman, National Intelligence Council from September 1983until April 1986; Deputy Director, Central Intelligence Agency from April 1986 untilMarch 1989

Gavin, John, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico from 1981 until 1986

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XXXIV Persons

George, Clair E., Deputy Director of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency from 1984until 1987

Gigot, Paul A., White House Fellow, Domestic Policy CouncilGladson, Charles, L., Deputy Assistant Administrator, Food for Peace and Voluntary As-

sistance Bureau, Agency for International Development from 1981 until 1984; Mis-sion Director, Kenya, Agency for International Development from 1984 until 1986;Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International Developmentfrom 1987 until 1991; Board of Directors, African Development Foundation from1987 until 1990

Glazer, Harry B., Chief, Economic Development Division, Office of the Deputy AssistantSecretary for International Economic and Social Affairs, Bureau of International Or-ganization Affairs, Department of State

Goff, Paul, Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Office of Medical ServicesGorbachev, Mikhail S., General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist

Party, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, from 1985 until 1991Gordon, Robert S., Jr., Special Assistant to the Director, National Institutes of Health,

from 1976Gorsuch, Anne M., Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency, from 1981 until

1983Gray, Edwin J., Director, Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the PresidentGreen, Grant S., Jr., Colonel, USA; Executive Secretary, National Security Council from

1987Gregg, Donald, P. member, National Security Council Staff from 1979 until 1982; Assist-

ant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs from 1982 until 1989Gromyko, Andreı̆ Andreevich, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Union of Soviet Socialist

RepublicsGrossman, Daniel, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian Af-

fairs, Department of StateGuhin, Michael A., member, National Security Council Staff from 1981 until 1984

Habicht, Frank H. “Hank,” Jr., Associate Attorney General, Land and Natural ResourcesDivision, from 1983 until 1987

Haig, Alexander M., Jr., Secretary of State from January 22, 1981, until July 5, 1982Hajost, Scott, Legal Adviser, Office of Oceans, International Environmental and Scien-

tific Affairs, Department of StateHallgrı́msson, Geir, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Iceland from 1983 until 1986Harlow, Bruce A., Representative and Vice-Chairman, U.S. Delegation to the Third

United Nations Conference on the Law of the SeaHarper, Edwin L., Assistant to the President, Office of Policy Development, Executive

Office of the President; Deputy Director, Office of Management and BudgetHelms, Jesse A., Jr., Senator (R–North Carolina)Hemmer, Carl J., Office of Population, Agency for International DevelopmentHenderson, D. Rudolph “Rudy,” Jr., Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of StateHermannsson, Steingrı́mur, Icelandic Prime Minister from 1983 until 1987; and again

from 1988 until 1991Herrick, Allison B., Deputy Assistant Administrator, Bureau of Program and Policy

Coordination, Agency for International DevelopmentHerrington, John S., Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs,

from 1981 until 1983; Deputy Assistant to the President for Presidential Personnel,Executive Office of the President, from 1983 until 1985; Secretary of Energy from1985 until 1989

Hertzberg, David A., Office of Analysis for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Bureauof Intelligence and Research, Department of State

Hill, A. Alan, Chair, Council on Environmental Quality, from 1981 until 1989

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Persons XXXV

Hines, Patricia R., Office of Policy Development, Executive Office of the PresidentHodel, Donald P., Secretary of Energy from 1982 until 1985; Secretary of the Interior from

1985 until 1989Holdridge, John H., Brigadier General, USA; Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian

and Pacific Affairs from 1981 until 1983Hormats, Robert D., Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from

May 21, 1981, until August 25, 1982Horner, Charles E., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Science and Technology, Bu-

reau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, from 1981until 1985

Horsey, Sarah R., Office of Northern European Affairs, Bureau of European and Cana-dian Affairs, Department of State

Howarth, Richard H., Deputy Director of Chinese Affairs, Bureau of East Asia and Pa-cific Affairs, Department of State

Howe, Sir Geoffrey, Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom from May 1979;British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from June 11, 1983

Howell, Martin D., Director, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, Agency for Interna-tional Development

Hoyle, Brian J., Director, Office of Ocean Law and Policy, Bureau of Oceans and Interna-tional Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State

Iklé, Fred C., Under Secretary of Defense for Policy from April 2, 1981, until January 17,1988

Inman, Bobby R., Admiral, USN; Deputy Director, Central Intelligence Agency, fromFebruary 1981 until June 1982

Itoh, William, Special Assistant to the Personal Assistant to the Under Secretary of Statefor Political Affairs

Jameson, Lisa R., member, National Security Council Staff from 1987 until 1988John Paul II, Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from

October 16, 1978Johnson, Gilbert, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, Department of StateJohnson, Howard V., Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, Department of StateJohnson, Robert, White House Fellow, Domestic Policy Council, from 1987 until 1988Johnson, Sandra L., Office of Japanese Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs,

Department of StateJones, David C., General, USAF; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1978 until

1982

Kampelman, Max M., Ambassador to the Conference on Security and Cooperation inEurope from 1980 until 1983; head of U.S. human rights mission to Europe from1984; head of the U.S. Delegation to Negotiations with the Soviet Union on Nuclearand Space Arms in Geneva from 1985 until 1989; Counselor, Department of Statefrom 1987 until 1989

Kaplan, Phillip S., member, Policy Planning Staff, Department of StateKauzlarich, Richard D., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Economic

and Social Affairs, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, from 1984 until1986; Deputy Director, Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, from 1986 until1989

Keating, Robert B., Lieutenant Commander, USN; member, U.S. Delegation to theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; U.S. Ambassador to Madagascarand Comoros from 1983 until 1986; Chairman, Third World Hunger Study

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

XXXVI Persons

Keel, Alton Gold, Jr., Associate Director, Office of Management and Budget from 1982until 1986; member, National Security Council Staff; Deputy National SecurityAssistant to the President

Kelly, Debra, Operations Center, Executive Secretariat, Department of StateKelly, John Hubert, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Ca-

nadian Affairs from 1983 until 1985Kemp, Jack F., House of Representatives (R–New York)Kendrew, Claudia D., Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and Interna-

tional Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateKennedy, Richard T., Colonel, USA; Under Secretary of State for Management from 1981

until 1982, Ambassador at Large and Special Advisor on Non-Proliferation and Nu-clear Energy Affairs from 1982

Keyes, Alan L., U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Economic and Social Councilfrom 1983 until 1985; Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Af-fairs from 1985 until 1987

Keyworth, George Albert, II, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Execu-tive Office of the President

Kharchev, Konstantin M., Chair, Council of Religious Affairs, Council of Ministers,Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, from 1984 until 1990

Kimball, John W., Counselor, Agency for International DevelopmentKimmitt, Robert Michael, member, National Security Council Staff from 1978 until 1983;

Executive Secretary, National Security Council from 1983 until 1985Kirk, Roger, Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization

Affairs from 1983 until 1985Kirkpatrick, Jeane J., Permanent Representative to the United Nations from February 4,

1981, until April 1, 1985Kohl, Helmut, Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany from 1982Korn, David Adolph, Chargé d’Affairs, U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa from 1982 until

1985Kriebel, P. Wesley, Director, Office of Technical Services, Bureau of International Orga-

nization Affairs, Department of StateKramer, Franklin D., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for PolicyKronmiller, Theodore George, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and Fish-

eries Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and ScientificAffairs

Krosby, Quincy, Office of the Counselor, Department of StateKoch, Noel C., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security

AffairsKoh, Tommy Thong-Bee, President, Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the

Sea from 1981 until 1982Koop, C. Everett, Surgeon General of the United States from 1982 until 1989Kozak, Michael G., Principal Deputy Legal Adviser, Department of State, from 1982

until 1988; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1988until 1991

Krumm, Donald M., Office of Emergency Operations, Bureau of Refugee Programs, De-partment of State

Lang, Kathleen, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian Af-fairs, Department of State

Larson, Alan Philip, Executive Assistant to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Eco-nomic Affairs

Lecooq, Randall H., Office of East African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, Departmentof State

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Persons XXXVII

LeFever, Ernest W., Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and HumanitarianAffairs-Designate from 1981

Lellenberg, Jon, strategist, Department of DefenseLett, Raymond D., Executive Assistant to the Secretary of Agriculture; Assistant Secre-

tary of AgricultureLevine, Richard B., member, National Security Council Staff from 1981 until 1986Levitsky, Melvyn, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humani-

tarian Affairs from 1982 until 1983; Deputy Director, Voice of America from 1983until 1984; U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1984 until 1987; Executive Secretary tothe Secretary of State from 1987 until 1989

Lewis, Andrew L., “Drew,” Jr., Secretary of Transportation from 1981 until 1983Limprecht, Joseph A., Office of Security and Political Affairs, Bureau of European and

Canadian Affairs, Department of StateLindstrom, Ralph E., Director, Office of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and

Research, Department of StateLister, George T., Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Department of

StateLowe, Mary Frances, Executive Secretary, Department of Health and Human ServicesLong, Bill L., Director, Office of Food and Natural Resources, Bureau of Oceans and In-

ternational Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of StateLongmyer, Kenneth, Office of Northern European Affairs, Bureau of European and Ca-

nadian Affairs, Department of StateLopez, Sheila B., Office of the Executive Secretary, Department of StateLosey, James A., Office of International Affairs, Environmental Protection AgencyLueders, Dirk H., Colonel, USA; Department of DefenseLyman, Princeton N., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from 1981

until 1985Lynch, James P., Director of Global Issues, Central Intelligence AgencyLyng, Richard E., Secretary of Agriculture from 1986

MacDonald, Donald S., Deputy Director, Office of Intelligence Liaison, Bureau of Intelli-gence and Research, Department of State

Magana, Alvaro, President of El Salvador from 1982 until 1984Maher, Kevin K., Office of Japanese Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, De-

partment of StateMalone, James L., Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environ-

mental and Scientific Affairs from 1981 until 1985Mansfield, Charles G., Jr., Office of Management and Administration, Bureau of Con-

sular Affairs, Department of StateMaresca, John J., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO from 1986

until 1989Marshall, Harry R., Jr., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Oceans

and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, from 1981 until 1985Martens, Wilfried, Belgian Prime Minister from 1979 until 1981; and again from 1981

until 1992Mason, James O., Director, Centers for Disease ControlMathiesen, Matthı́as, A., Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of IcelandMatlock, Jack F., Chargé d’Affairs, U.S. Embassy in Moscow, from January 1981 until

July 1981; U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1981 until 1983; member, Na-tional Security Council Staff from 1983 until 1987; U.S. Ambassador to the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics from 1987 until 1991

Matz, William M., Jr., Major General, USA; Executive Secretary to the Secretary of De-fense from 1987 until 1988

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

XXXVIII Persons

McFarlane, Robert C. “Bud,” Lieutenant Colonel, USMC; Counselor to the Departmentof State from February 28, 1981, until April 4, 1982; Deputy Assistant to the Presidentfor National Security Affairs from 1982 until 1983; Assistant to the President for Na-tional Security Affairs from October 17, 1983, until December 4, 1985

McGovern, D.W., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department ofCommerce

McGuire, Elizabeth S., Office of Population, Agency for International DevelopmentMcKee, Alan R., Office of Northern European Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian

Affairs, Department of StateMcKinley, Brunson, Deputy Executive Secretary, Department of StateMcMahon, John N., Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency from

1978 until 1981; Deputy Director, National Foreign Assessment Center; Deputy Di-rector of Central Intelligence from 1982 until 1986

McMinn, Douglas W., member, National Security Council Staff from 1982 until 1985McNeil, Francis J., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Re-

search from 1984 until 1987McPherson, M. Peter, Administrator, Agency for International Development from 1981

until 1987; Chairman of the Board, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, from1981 until 1987; Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 1987 until 1989

Meese, Edwin “Ed,” III, Counselor to the President from January 1981 until January1985; Attorney General of the United States from February 1985 until August 1988

Melaragno, Anthony, Director of Research and Development, Medical Corps, Depart-ment of the Navy

Mengistu Haile Mariam, Chairman of the Derg and Head of State of Ethiopia from 1977until 1987; General Secretary of the Workers’ Party of Ethiopia from 1984 until 1991;President of Ethiopia from 1987 until 1991

Merrill, Philip, Counselor, Department of DefenseMeyer, Ray A., Office of the Law of the Sea Negotiations, Office of the Deputy Secretary

of StateMichalak, Michael W., Office of Economic Policy, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Af-

fairs, Department of StateMiller, James C., III, Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs from

1981; Executive Director, Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief; Chair, Fed-eral Trade Commission from 1981 until 1985; Director, Office of Management andBudget from 1985 until 1988

Mitterand, François, President of FranceMochary, Mary V., Principal Deputy Legal Adviser, Department of StateMousky, Stafford, United Nations Population Fund, United NationsMueller, Richard, Office of the Executive Secretary, Department of StateMurazumi, Yasushi, Japanese Chargé d’Affairs in Washington, D.C.Murphy, Kathleen A., Staff Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for International

Organization AffairsMurphy, Richard W., Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Af-

fairs from 1983 until 1989

Nakasone, Yasuhiro, Japanese Prime Minister from 1982 until 1987Nalen, Craig A., President and Chief Executive Officer, Overseas Private Investment

CorporationNance, James, W., “Bud,” Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

from January 1981 until January 1982Negroponte, John D., U.S. Ambassador to Honduras from 1981 until 1985; Assistant Sec-

retary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairsfrom 1985

398-503/428-S/4002011/28/2017

Persons XXXIX

Newlin, Michael H., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairsfrom 1985 until 1988

Nimeiri, Jaafar M., President of Sudan from 1969 until 1985Nimetz, Matthew, Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs from 1980Niskanen, William A., Council of Economic Advisers from 1981 until 1985

Packwood, Robert W., Senator (R–Oregon)Palmer, Robie Marcus Hooker, Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs, Department

of State; U.S. Ambassador to Hungary from 1986Palmer, Stephen E., Jr., Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and

Humanitarian Affairs from 1979 until 1981Palsson, Thorsteinn, Icelandic Prime Minister from 1987 until 1988Parris, Mark R., Director, Office of Soviet Affairs, Bureau of European and Canadian Af-

fairs, Department of State, from 1985 until 1988Pascoe, B. Lynn, Deputy Director, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European

and Canadian Affairs, Department o