Contents

Alternative Table of Contents xix

Preface xxxiii

Acknowledgments xxxvii

INTRODUCTION TO THEORY AND CRITICISM 1

GORGIAS OF LEONTINI (ca. 483-376 B.C.Е.) 37 From Encomium of Helen 38

PLATO (ca. 427-ca. 347 B.C.Е.) 41 Republic 45

From Book II 45 From Book III 52 From Book VII 60 From Book X 64

From Phaedrus 77

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.E.) 83 Poetics 88 On Rhetoric 115

Book I 115

From Chapter 2 115 From Chapter 3 116

Book II 117 From Chapter 1 117

Book III 118 From Chapter 2 118

HORACE (65-8 B.C.E.) 119

Ars Poetica 122

LONGINUS (first century C E . ) 133 From On Sublimity 136

AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430) 154 On Christian leaching 1 56

From Book O n e 156 From Book Two 158 From Book Three 160

The Norton anthology of theory and criticism

vi / C O N T E N T S

MOSES MAIMONIDES (1135-1204) 162 The Guide of the Perplexed 165

[Introduction to the First Part] 165

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) 177 Summa Theologica 181

From Question I 181

DANTE ALIGHIERI ( I265-1321) 184 Il Convivio 186

Book Two 186 Chapter 1 186

From The Letter to Can Grande 188

GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO (1313-1375) 190 Genealogy of the Gentile Gods 193

Book 14 193 V. Other Cavillers at the Poets and Their Imputations 193 VII. The Definition of Poetry, Its Origin, and Function 195 XII. The Obscurity of Poetry Is Not Just Cause For

Condemning It 197

CHRISTINE DE PIZAN (ca. 1365-ca. 1429) 200 Christine's Reaction to Jean de Montreuil's Treatise on the

Roman de la Rose 203 The Book of the City of Ladies 210

From Part One 210 From Part Two 214

JOACHIM DU BELLAY (ca. 1522-1560) 216 The Defense and Enrichment of the French Language 218

First Book 218 Chapters 1-7 218

Second Book 225 Chapters 3 - 4 225

GIACOPO MAZZONI (1548-1598) 228 On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante 230

From Introduction and Summary 230

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554-1586) 251 From The Defence of Poesy 254

PIERRE CORNEILLE ( 1606-1684) 283 Of the Three Unities of Action, l ime , and Place 288

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700) 300 From An Essav of Dramatic Poesy 302

C O N T E N T S / vii

APHRA BEHN ( 1640-1689) 304 The Dutch Lover 307

Epistle to the Reader 307 Preface to The Lucky Chance 312

GIAMBATTISTA VICO (1668-1744) 315 From New Science 319

JOSEPH ADDISON (1672-1719) 336 The Spectator, No. 62 339

[True and False Wit] 339 | The Spectator, No. 412 343

[On the Sublime] 343

ALEX/ANDER POPE (1688-1744) 346 From An Essay on Criticism 349

SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-1784) 362 The Rambler, No. 4 367

[On Fiction] 367 The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia 371

Chapter X. Imlac's History Continued. A Dissertation upon Poetry 371

From Preface to Shakespeare 373 Lives of the English Poets 386

From Cowley 386 [On Metaphysical Wit] 386

DAVID HUME (1711-1776) 388 Of the Standard of Taste 392

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) 406 Critique of the Power of Judgment 411

From Introduction 411 From First Book. Analytic of the Beautiful 414 From Second Book. Analytic of the Sublime 430

EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797) 450 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas

of the Sublime and Beautiful 454 From Part I. Sections I—VIII 454 From Part III. Section XXVII 460

GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING (1729-1781) 461 From Laocoon 464

FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER (1759-1805) 481 On the Aesthetic Education of Man 483

Second Letter 483

viii / C O N T E N T S

Sixth Letter 484 Ninth Letter 490

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT ( 1759-1797) 493 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 496

From Chapter II. The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed 496

GERMAINE NECKER DE STAËL ( 1766-1817) 504 From Essay on Fictions 507 On Literature Considered in Its Relationship

to Social Institutions 515 On Women Writers (2.4) 515

FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER ( 1768-1834) 520 Hermeneutics 524

Outl ine of the 1819 Lectures 524 Introduction 524 Part Two. The Technical Interpretation 534

GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (1770-1831) 536 Phenomenology of Spirit 541

[The Master-Slave Dialectic] 541 Lectures on Fine Art 547

From Introduction 547

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) 556 Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and

Other Poems (1802) 559

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834) 579 Biographia Literaria 584

Part 1 584 From Chapter 1 584 From Chapter 4 584 From Chapter 13 585

Part II 586 Chapter 14 586

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY (1792-1822) 591 From A Defence of Poetry 595

RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882) 613 From The American Scholar 617 The Poet 620

EDGAR ALLAN POE (1809-1849) 636 The Philosophy of Composition 639

C O N T E N T S / ix

KARL MARX and FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1818-1883) (1820-1895) 647

From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 65 1 From The German Ideology 655 From The Communist Manifesto 657 From Grundrisse 661 From Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of

Political Economy 662 Capital, Volume 1 663

From Chapter 1. Commodities 663 From Chapter 10. The Working-Day 671

From Letter from Friedrich Engels to Joseph Bloch 674

CHARLES BAUDELAIRE (1821-1867) 676 The Painter of Modern Life 680

From I. Beauty, Fashion, and Happiness 680 From III. The Artist, Man of the World, Man of the Crowd,

and Child 682 IV. Modernity 684 From IX. The Dandy 686 XL In Praise of Cosmetics 688

MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-1888) 691 The Function of Criticism at the Present Time 695 Culture and Anarchy 714

From Chapter 1. Sweetness and Light 714

WALTER PATER ( 1839-1894) 721 Studies in the History of the Renaissance 724

Preface 724 Conclusion 728

STEPHANE MALLARMÉ ( 1842-1898) 730 Crisis in Poetry 734

HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) 740 The Art of Fiction 744

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) 759 On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense 764 From The Birth of Tragedy 774

OSCAR WILDE (1854-1900) 785 Preface to The Picture of Dorian Cray 790 From The Decay of Lying: An Observation 790 From The Critic as Artist 794

x / CONTENTS

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) 807 The Interpretation of Dreams 814

From Chapter V. The Material and Sources of Dreams 814 From Chapter VI. The Dream-Work 818

From The "Uncanny" 824 Fetishism 841

FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) 845 Course in General Linguistics 850

Introduction 850 From Chapter III. The Object of Linguistics 850

Part One . General Principles 852 Chapter I. Nature of the Linguistic Sign 852

Part Two. Synchronic Linguistics 856 Chapter IV. Linguistic Value 856 Chapter V. Syntagmatic and Associative Relations 863

W. E. B. DU BOIS (1868-1963) 867 Criteria of Negro Art 870

LEON TROTSKY'(1879-1940) 877 Literature and Revolution 880

The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism 880

VIRGINIA WOOLF (1882-1941) 892 A Room of One's Own 896

[Shakespeare's Sister] 896 [Chloe Liked Olivia 898 [Androgyny] 900

GYÖRGYLUKACS (1885-1971) 905 The Historical Novel 909

From Chapter One. The Classical Form of the Historical Novel 909

BORIS EICHENBAUM (1886-I959) 921 From The Theory of the "Formal Method" 925

T. S. ELIOT (1888-1965) 951 Tradition and the Individual Talent 955 The Metaphysical Poets 961

JOHN CROWE RANSOM (1888-1974) 969 Criticism, Inc. 971

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) 982 Language 985

ANTONIO GRAMSCI ( 1891-1937) 998 The Formation of the Intellectuals 1002

C O N T E N T S / xi

ZORA NEALE HURSTON (1891-1960) 1008 Characteristics of Negro Expression 1010 What White Publishers Won't Print 1023

ERICH AUERBACH (1892-1957) 1027 Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature 1030

Chapter 1. Odysseus'Scar 1030

WALTER BENJAMIN (1892-1940) 1046 The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility 1051

MIKHAIL M. BAKHTIN (1895-1975) 1072 From Discourse in the Novel 1076

MAX HORKHEIMER and THEODOR W. ADORNO (1895-1973) (1903-1969) 1107

Dialectic of Enlightenment 1110 From The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass

Deception 1110

EDMUND WILSON (1895-1972) 1127 The Historical Interpretation of Literature 1 I 30

ROMAN JAKOBSON (1896-1982) 1141 From Linguistics and Poetics 1144 Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic

Disturbances 1152 V. The Metaphoric and Metonymie Poles 1152

JACQUES LACAN (1901-1981) 1156 The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as

Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience 1163 From The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious 1169 The Signification of the Phallus 1181

LANGSTON HUGHES (1902-1967) 1190 The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain 1192

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980) 1196 What Is Literature? 1199

Why Write? 1199

CLEANTH BROOKS (1906-1994) 1213 The Well Wrought Urn 1217

Chapter 11. The Heresy of Paraphrase 1217

WILLIAM K. WIMSATT JR. and MONROE С. BEARDSLEY (1907-1975) (1915-1985) 1230

The Intentional Fallacy 1232 The Affective Fallacy 1246

xii / C O N T E N T S

SIMONI DE BFAUVOIR (1908-1986) 1261 The Second Sex 1265

Chapter XI. Myth and Reality 1265

CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS (1908-2009) 1273 Tristes Tropiques 1277

Chapter 28. A Writing Lesson 1277

J. L.AUSTIN (1911-1960) 1286 Performative Utterances 1289

NORTHROP FRYE (1912-1991) 1301 The Archetypes of Literature 1304

ROLAND BARTHES (1915-1980) 1316 Mythologies 1320

Photography and Electoral Appeal 1320 The Death of the Author 1322 From Work to Text 1326

LOUIS ALTHUSSER (1918-1990) 1332 From Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 1335

PAUL DE MAN (1919-1983) 1361 Semiology and Rhetoric 1365

C. D. NARASIMHAIAH (1919-2005) 1378 Towards the Formulation of a Common Poetic for

Indian Literatures Today 1 382

IRVING HOWE (1920-1993) 1387 History and the Novel 1391

HANS ROBERT JAUSS ( 1921 -1997) 1403 From Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory 1406

RAYMOND WILLIAMS ( 1921-1988) 1420 Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory 1423

FRANTZ FANON (I925-1961) 1437 The Wretched of the Earth 1440

From On National Culture 1440

GILLES DELEUZE and FÉLIX GUATTARI (1925-1995) (1930-1992) 1446

Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature 1451 From Chapter 3. What Is a Minor Literature? 1451

A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 1454 From Introduction: Rhizome 1454

C O N T E N T S / xiii

JEAN-FRANÇOIS LYOTARD (1925-1998) 1463 Defining the Postmodern 1465

MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926-1984) 1469 What Is an Author? 1475 Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 1490

The Carceral 1490 The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, An Introduction 1502

Part Two: The Repressive Hypothesis 1502 Chapter I. The Incitement to Discourse 1502 Chapter 2. The Perverse Implantation 1513

WOLFGANG ISER ( 1926-2007) 1521 Interaction between Text and Reader 1524

HAYDEN WHITE (b. 1928) 1533 The Historical Text as Literary Artifact 1536

JEAN BAUDRILLARD (1929-2007) 1 553 From The Precession of Simulacra 1 556

JÜRGEN HABERMAS (b. 1929) 1566 The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article 1571 Modernity—An Incomplete Project 1577

ADHIENNE RICH (b. 1929) 1588 From Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence 1591

CHINUA ACHEBE (b. 1930) 1610 An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness 1612

ADŪNĪS (b. ca. I930) 1623 An Introduction to Arab Poetics 1628

From Chapter 1. Poetics and Orality in the Jahiliyya 1628 From Chapter 4. Poetics and Modernity 1634

HAROLD BLOOM (b. 1930) 1648 The Anxiety of Influence 1651

Introduction. A Meditation upon Priority, and a Synopsis 1651 Interchapter. A Manifesto for Antithetical Criticism 1658

PIERRE BOURDIEU ( 1930-2002) 1660 Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste 1664

Introduction 1664 Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field 1670

Part I. From Chapter 2 1670 Part III. From Chapter 1 1673

xiv / C O N T E N T S

JACQUES DERRIDA (1930-2004) 1680 Of Grammatology 1688

Exergue 1688 The Exorbitant. Question of Method 1691

Dissemination 1697 Plato's Pharmacy 1697

I 1. Pharmacia 1698 2. The Father of Logos 1706 4. From The Pharmakon 1713 5. The Pharmakeus 1727

II 9. From Play: From the Pharmakon to the Letter

and from Blindness to the Supplement 1729 Specters of Marx 1734

From Chapter 1. Injunctions of Marx 1734 From Chapter 3. Wears and Tears 1739

ZEHOU LI (b. 1930) 1744 Four Essays on Aesthetics: Toward a Global View 1748

Chapter 8. The Stratification of Form and Primitive Sedimentation 1748

RICHARD OHMANN (b. 1931) 1761 From The Shaping of a Canon: U.S. Fiction, 1960—1975 1763

STUART HALL (b. 1932) 1779 Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies 1782

BARBARA HERRNSTEIN SMITH (b. 1932) 1795 Contingencies of Value 1798

Chapter 3. Contingencies of Value 1798

FREDRIC JAMESON (b. 1934) 1818 The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act 1822

Preface 1822 From Chapter 1. On Interpretation: Literature as a Socially

Symbolic Act 1826 Postmodernism and Consumer Society 1846

EDWARD W SAID (1935-2003) 1861 Orientalism 1866

Introduction 1866 Culture and Imperialism 1888

Chapter 2, Section 2. Jane Austen and Empire

MONIQUE WITTIG (1935-2003) 1904 One Is Not Born a Woman 1906

C O N T E N T S / xv

BENEDICT ANDERSON (b. 1936) 1913 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism 1916 Chapter 3. The Origins of National Consciousness 1916

SANDRA M. GILBERT and SUSAN GUBAR

(b. 1936) (b. 1944) 1923 The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the

Nineteenth-Century literary Imagination 1926 From Chapter 2. Infection in the Sentence: The Woman

Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship 1926

HELENE CIXOUS (b. 1937) 1938 The Laugh of the Medusa 1942

GERALD GRAFF (b. 1937) I960 Taking Cover in Coverage 1962

STANLEY E. FISH (b. 1938) 1970 Interpreting the Variorum 1974

NGUGI WA THIONG'O (b. 1938), TABAN LO LIYONG (b. 1939),

HENRY OWUOR-ANYUMBA (1932-1992) 1992 On the Abolition of the English Department 1995

PAULA GUNN ALLEN (1939-2008) 2000 Kochinnenako in Academe: Three Approaches to Interpreting

a Keres Indian Tale 2003

TZVETAN TODOROV (b. 1939) 2021 Structural Analysis of Narrative 2023

KARATAM KOJIN (b. 1941 ) 2031 Origins of Modern Japanese Literature 2035

From Chapter 1. The Discovery of Landscape 2035

ANNETTE KOLODNY (b. 1941 ) 2045 Dancing through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory,

Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism 2048

JULIA KRISTEVA (b. 1941) 2067 Revolution in Poetic Language 2071

From Part I. The Semiotic and the Symbolic 2071

LAURA MULVEY (b. 1941 ) 2081 Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema 2084

xvi / C O N T E N T S

GLORIA ANZALDUA ( 1942-2004) 2095 Borderlands/La Frontem: The New Mestiza 2098

Chapter 7. La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness 2098

GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK (b. 1942) 2110 A Critique of Postcolonial Reason 2114

From Chapter 3. History 2114 [Can the Subaltern Speak?] 2114

BARBARA CHRISTIAN ( 1943-2000) 2126 The Race for Theory 2128

TERRY EAGLETON (b. 1943) 2137 Literary Theory: An Introduction 2140

From Chapter I. The Rise of English 2140

STEPHEN J. GREENBLATT (b. 1943) 2146 From Resonance and Wonder 2150

N. KATHERINE HAYLES (b. 1943) 2161 How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics,

Literature, and Informatics 2165 Chapter 2. Virtual Bodies and Flickering Signifiers 2165

DONNA HARAWAY (b. 1944) 2187 A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and

Socialist Feminism in the 1980s 2190

BARBARA SMITH (b. 1946) 2221 Toward a Black Feminist Criticism 2223

SUSAN BORDO (b. 1947) 2237 Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body 2240

Chapter 5. T h e Body and the Reproduction of Femininity 2240

BARBARA JOHNSON (1947-2009) 2255 From Melville's Fist: The Execution of Billy Budd 2258

BRUNO LATOUR (b. 1947) 2277 Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact

to Matters of Concern 2282

MARTHA С NUSSBAUM (b. 1947) 2302 Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in

Liberal Education 2306 Chapter 3. The Narrative Imagination 2306

СONTENTS xvii

BONNIE ZIMMERMAN (b. 1947) 2328 What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist

Literary Criticism 2331

HOMI K. BHABHA (b. 1949) 2351 The Commitment to Theory 2353

GAYLE RUBIN (b. 1949) 2373 From Thinking Sex: Notes for A Radical Theory of the Politics

of Sexuality 2377

SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK (b. 1949) 2402 Courtly Love, or, Woman As Thing 2407

HENRY LOUIS GATES JR. (b. 1950) 2427 Talking Black: Critical Signs of the limes 2430

FRANCO MORETTI (b. 1950) 2438 Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for a Literary History 2441

Chapter 1. Graphs 2441

EVE KOSOFSKY SEDGWICK (1950-2009) 2464 Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire 2466

From Introduction 2466 Epistemology of the Closet 2470

From Introduction: Axiomatic 2470

DICK HEBDIGE (b. 1951) 2477 Subculture: The Meaning of Style 248 1

Chapter 6. Subculture: The Unnatural Break 2481

STEVEN KNAPP and WALTER BENN MICHAELS (b. 195I) (b. 1948) 2488

Against Theory 2491

BELL HOOKS (b. Gloria Jean Watkins, 1952) 2507 Postmodern Blackness 2509

LISA LOWE (b. 1955) 2516 Work, Immigration, Gender: New Subjects of Cultural Politics 2519

JUDITH BUTLER (b. 1956) 2536 Gender Trouble 2540

From Preface 2540 From Chapter 3. Subversive Bodily Acts 2542

xviii / C O N T E N T S

PAUL GILROY (b. 1956) 2553 The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness 2556

From Chapter 1. The Black Atlantic as a Countercul ture of Modernity 2556

ANDREW ROSS (b. J 956) 2575 From The Mental Labor Problem 2578

LAUREN BERLANT and MICHAEL WARNER (b. 1957) (b. 1958) 2597

Sex in Public 2600

MICHAEL HARDT and ANTONIO NEGRI (b. 1960) (b. 1933) 2615

Empire 2621 From Part 2. Section 4. Symptoms of Passage 2621

JUDITH HALBEBSTAM (b. 1961) 2635 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Men, Women, and

Masculinity 2638

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THEORY AND CRITICISM 2655 I. Theory and Criticism Bibliographies 2655

II. Anthologies of Theory and Criticism 2655 I I I . Histories of Criticism and Theory 2658 IV. Dictionaries, Glossaries, and Handbooks 2663 V. Introductions and Guides 2663

VI. Modern and Contemporary Critical Schools and Movements 2664

Permissions Acknowledgments 2689

Author/Title Index 2697 Subject Index 2701

Alternative Table or Contents

Part I: Modern and Contemporary Schools and Movements

CULTURAL STUDIES Roland Rarthes 1316 Walter Renjamin 1046 Susan Bordo 2237 Frantz Fanon 1437 Michel Foucault 1469 Paul Gilroy 2553 Antonio Gramsci 998 Jürgen Habermas l566 Judith Halberstam 2635 Stuart Hall 1779 Donna Haraway 2187 DickHebdige 2477 Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno 1107 Bruno Latour 2277 Laura Mulvey 2081 Lisa Lowe 2516 Edward W.Said 1861 Raymond Williams 1420 Andrew Ross 2575 Slavoj Žižek 2402

DECONSTRUCTION AND POSTSTRUCTURALISM Roland Barthes 1316 Jean Baudrillard 1553 Homi K. Bhabha 2351 Judith Rutler 2536 Helene Cixous 1938 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 1446 Paul de Man 1361 Jacques Derrida 1680 Michel Foucault 1469 Barbara Johnson 2255 Julia Kristeva 2067 Jacques Lacan 1156

xix

xx / ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

FEMINIST THEORY AND CRITICISM Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Simone de Beauvoir 1261 Susan Bordo 2237 Judith Butler 2536 Hélène Cixous 1 938 Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1923 Donna Haraway 2187 Annette Kolodny 2045 Lisa Lowe 2516 Laura Mulvey 2081 Adrienne Rich 1 588 Gayle Rubin 2373 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 2110 Monique Wittig 1904 Virginia Woolf 892

FORMALISM Cleanth Brooks 1213 Boris Eichenbaum 921 T.S.El iot 951 John Crowe Ransom 969 William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley 1230

GAY AND LESBIAN CRITICISM AND QUEER THEORY Gloria Anzaldua 2095 Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner 2597 Judith Butler 2536 Judith Halberstam 2635 Michel Foucault 1469 Adrienne Rich 1588 Gayle Rubin 2373 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick 2464 Barbara Smith 2221 Monique Wittig 1904 Bonnie Zimmerman 2328

MARXISM Louis Althusser 1332 Walter Benjamin 1046 Antonio Gramsci 998 Stuart Hall 1779 Donna Haraway 2187 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 2615 Dick Hebdige 2477 Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno 1107 Fredric Jameson 1818 Zehou Li 1744 Lisa Lowe 2516 György Lukacs 905

ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S / xxi

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 2110 Leon Trotsky 877 Raymond Williams 1420 Edmund Wilson 1127 Slavoj Žižek 2402

NEW HISTORICISM Michel Foucault 1469 Stephen J. Greenblatt 2146 Karatani Kojin 2031 Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels 2488 Hayden White 1533

PHENOMENOLOGY, HERMENEUTICS, AND READER-RESPONSE THEORY

Roland Barthes 1316 Simone de Beauvoir 1261 Stanley E. Fish 1970 Martin Heidegger 982 Wolfgang Iser 1521 Hans Robert Jauss 1403 Jean-Paul Sartre 1196 Friedrich Schleiermacher 520

POSTCOLONIAL THEORY AND CRITICISM Chinua Achebe 1610 Benedict Anderson 1913 Homi K. Bhabha 2351 Frantz Fanon 1437 Paul Gilroy 2553 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 2615 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong,

Henry Owuor-Anyumba 1992 Edward W. Said 1861 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 2110

PSYCHOANALYSIS Louis Althusser 1332 Harold Bloom 1648 Judith Butler 2536 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 1446 Sigmund Freud 807 Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1923 Judith Halberstam 2635 Julia Kristeva 2067 Jacques Lacan 1159 Laura Mulvey 2081 Slavoj Žižek ' 2402

xxii / ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

RACE AND ETHNICITY STUDIES Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Gloria Anzaldua 2095 Barbara Christian 2126 W. E. B. Du Bois 867 Henry Louis Gates Jr. 2427 Paul Gilroy 2553 bell hooks' 2507 Langston Hughes 1190 Zora Neale Hurston 1008 Lisa Lowe 2516 Barbara Smith 222 1

STRUCTURALISM AND SEMIOTICS Louis Althusser 1332 Roland Barthes 1316 Northrop Frye 1301 Dick Hebdige 2477 Roman Jakobson 1141 Claude Lévi-Strauss 1273 Franco Moretti 2438 Ferdinand de Saussure 845 Tzvetan Todorov 2021 Hayden White 1533

Part II: Genres

EPIC AND ROMANCE Aristotle 83 Erich Auerbach 1027 Mikhail M. Bakhtin 1071 Northrop Frye 1301 Giacopo Mazzoni 228 Plato 41 Giambattista Vico 315

DRAMA Aristotle 83 Aphra Behn 304 Pierre Corneille 283 John Dryden 300 Samuel Johnson 362 Friedrich Nietzsche 759 Sir Philip Sidney 251

THE NOVEL Mikhail M. Bakhtin 1071

ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S / xxiii

Germaine Necker de Staël 504 Irving Howe 1387 Henry James 740 Samuel Johnson 362 György Lukacs 905 Franco Moretti 2438 Martha С. Nussbaum 2302 Richard Ohmann 1761

POETRY Adūnīs 1623 Harold Bloom 1648 Giovanni Boccaccio 190 T.S.Eliot 951 Ralph Waldo Emerson 613 Horace 119 Roman Jakobson 1141 Julia Kristeva 2067 Stéphane Mallarmé 730 Giacopo Mazzoni 228 Edgar Allan Poe 636 Percy Bysshe Shelley 591 Sir Philip Sidney 251 Giambattista Vico 315 William Wordsworth 556

POPULAR CULTURE Roland Barthes 1316 Charles Baudelaire 676 Simone de Beauvoir 1 26 1 Walter Benjamin 1046 Susan Bordo 2237 Judith Halberstam 2635 Donna Haraway 2187 Dickllebdige 2477 Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno 1107 Fredric Jameson 1818 Bruno Latour 2277 Laura Mulvey 2081 Richard Ohmann 1761 Slavoj Žižek 2407

Part III: Historical Periods

CLASSICAL THEORY AND CRITICISM Aristotle 83 Gorgias 37

xxiv / A L T E R N A T I V E T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Horace 119 Long inus 133

Pla to 41

MEDIEVAL T H E O R Y A N D C R I T I C I S M D a n t e Alighieri 184

T h o m a s Aquinas 177 Augus t ine 154 Giovanni Boccacc io 190 Chr i s t i ne de Pizan 2 0 0 Moses Ma imon ides 162

R E N A I S S A N C E T H E O R Y A N D C R I T I C I S M Giovanni Boccaccio 190 Joach im du Bellay 2 1 6 Pierre Cornei l le 2 8 3

Giacopo Mazzoni 2 2 8 Sir Phi l ip S idney 251

E N L I G H T E N M E N T T H E O R Y A N D C R I T I C I S M Joseph Addison 3 3 6

Aphra Behn 3 0 9 E d m u n d Burke 4 5 0

J o h n Dryden 3 0 0 David H u m e 3 8 8 Samue l J o h n s o n 3 6 2

I m m a n u e l Kant 4 0 6

Got tho ld Ephra im Lessing 461 Alexander Pope 3 4 6 Friedrich von Schi l ler 481 Giambat t i s t a Vico 315 Mary Wolls tonecraf t 4 9 3

R O M A N T I C T H E O R Y A N D C R I T I C I S M

Samue l Taylor Coler idge 579 Ralph Waldo Emerson 6 1 3 Georg Wi lhe lm Friedrich Hegel 536 Fr iedr ich von Schil ler 4 8 1 Percy Bysshe Shelley 591 Will iam Wordswor th 5 5 6

V I C T O R I A N T H E O R Y A N D C R I T I C I S M M a t t h e w Arnold 6 9 1 Char les Baudela i re 6 7 6

Henry J a m e s 7 4 0 S t e p h a n e Mal la rmé 7 3 0 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 7 4 7 Wal ter Pater 7 2 4 O s c a r Wilde 785

ALTERNATIVE TABLE OF C O N T E N T S / xxv

Part IV: Issues and Topics

AESTHETICS Charles Baudelaire 676 Walter Benjamin 1046 Pierre Bourdieu 1660 Edmund Burke 450 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 536 David Hume 388 Immanuel Kant 406 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 461 Zehou Li 1744 Longinus 133 Walter Pater 72 1 Friedrich von Schiller 481 Barbara Herrnstein Smith 1795

ANTITHEORY Barbara Christian 2126 Stanley E. Fish 1970 Gerald Graff 1960 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 2615 bell hooks 2507 Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels 2488 Bruno Latour 2277 C. D. Narasimhaiah 1378 Plato 41

AUTHORSHIP Roland Barthes 1316 Walter Benjamin 1046 Christine de Pizan 200 T.S.Eliot 951 Michel Foucault 1469 Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1923 Horace 119 Stéphane Mallarmé 730 William К. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe С. Beardsley 1230

THE BODY Susan Bordo 2237 Judith Butler 2536 Helene Cixous 1938 Michel Foucault 1469 Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1923 Judith Halberstam 2635 Donna Haraway 2187 N. Katherine Hayles 2161 Julia Kristeva 2067

xxvi / A L T E R N A T I V E T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Zehou Li 1744 Laura Mulvey 2081

THE CANON/TRADITION Erich Auerbach 1027 Matthew Arnold 691 Harold Bloom 1648 T.S.El iot 951 Gerald Graff 1960 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong,

Henry Owuor-Anyumba 1992 Richard Ohmann 1761 Percy Bysshe Shelley 591

DEFENSES OF CRITICISM Matthew Arnold 691 Homi K. Bhabha 2351 Barbara Christian 2126 Stanley E. Fish 1970 Bruno Latour 2277 Martha C. Nussbaum 2302 Alexander Pope 346 John Crowe Ransom 969 Barbara Herrnstein Smith 1795 Oscar Wilde 785 William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe С. Beardsley 1230 Bonnie Zimmerman 2328

ETHICS AND LITERARY CRITICISM Chinua Achebe 1610 Matthew Arnold 691 Christine de Pizan 200 Barbara Herrnstein Smith 1795 Martha C. Nussbaum 2302 Plato 41

Percy Bysshe Shelley 591 Sir Philip Sidney 251 Edmund Wilson 1127 Maty Wollstonecraft 493

GENDER AND SEXUALITY Simone de Beauvoir 1261 Susan Bordo 2237 Judith Butler 2536 Hélène Cixous 1938 Michel Foucault 1469 Sigmund Freud 807 Judith Halberstam 2635

A L T E R N A T I V E T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S / xxvii

Julia Kristeva 2067 Jacques Lacan 1156 Laura Mulvey 2081 Gayle Rubin 2373 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick 2464 Monique Wittig 1904

GLOBALIZATION Adūnīs 1623 Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Erich Auerbach 1027 Jacques Derrida 1680 Frantz Fanon 1437 PaulGilroy 2553 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 2615 Donna Haraway 2187 Karatani Kojin 2031 Lisa Lowe 2516 Claude Lévi-Strauss 1273 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 647 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong,

Henry Owuor-Anyumba 1992 Edward W. Said 1861 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 2110 Giambattista Vico 315

IDEOLOGY AND HEGEMONY Louis Althusser 1332 Lauren Beriant and Michael Warner 2597 Pierre Bourdieu 1660 Antonio Gramsci 998 Stuart Hall 1779 Fredric Jameson 1818 Lisa Lowe 25 16 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 647 Edmund Wilson 1127 Slavoj Žižek 2402

THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF LITERARY STUDY Barbara Christian 2126 Terry Eagleton 2137 Gerald Graff 1960 Annette Kolodny 2045 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong,

Henry Owuor-Anyumba 1992 John Crowe Ransom 969 Edward W. Said 1861

xxviii / A L T E R N A T I V E T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

INTERPRETATION THEORY Dante Alighieri 184 Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Thomas Aquinas 177 Augustine 154 Stanley E. Fish 1970 Sigmund Freud 807 Fredric Jameson 1818 Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels 2488 Moses Maimonide.s 162 Friedrich Schleiermacher 520

LANGUAGE Benedict Anderson 1913 Augustine 154 J .L.Aust in 1286 Mikhail M. Bakhtin 1071 Jean Baudrillard 1553 Martin Heidegger 982 Roman Jakohson 1141 Julia Kristeva 2067 Jacques Lacan 1 1 56 Claude Lévi-Strauss 1273 Friedrich Nietzsche 759 Ferdinand de Saussure 845

LITERARY HISTORY Erich Auerbach 1027 Paul Gilroy 2553 Irving Howe 1 387 Hans Robert Jauss 1403 György Lukacs 905 Franco Moretti 2438 Edward W.Said 1861 Edmund Wilson 1127

THE MODERN Adūnīs 1623 Benedict Anderson 1913 Charles Baudelaire 676 Walter Benjamin 1046 Pierre Bourdieu 1 660 Joachim du Bellay 216 T.S.Eliot 951 Jürgen Habermas 1566 Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno 1107 Fredric Jameson 1818 Karatani Kojin 2031 György Lukacs 905

ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S / xxix

NARRATIVE THEORY Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Aristotle 83 Erich Auerbach 1027 Mikhail M. Bakhtin 1071 Germaine Necker de Staël 504 Northrop Frye 1301 Roman Jakobson 1141 Fredric Jameson 1818 György Lukacs 905 Franco Moretti 2438 Laura Mulvey 2081 Martha C. Nussbaum 2302 Tzvetan Todorov 2021 Hayden White 1533

PHILOLOGY Adūnīs 1623 Erich Auerbach 1027 Fredric Jameson 1818 Hans Robert Jauss 1403 C. D. Narasimhaiah 1378 Friedrich Nietzsche 759 Edward W.Said 1861 Friedrich Schleiermacher 520 Giambattista Vico 315

THE POSTMODERN Jean Baudrillard 1553 Barbara Christian 2126 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 1446 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 2615 Donna Haraway 2187 bell hooks 2507 Fredric Jameson 1818 Jean-François Lyotard 1463

PRINT CULTURE Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Benedict Anderson 1913 Walter Benjamin 1046 Pierre Bourdieu 1660 Michel Foucault 1469 N. Katherine Hayles 2161 Zora Neale Hurston 1008 Claude Lévi-Strauss 1273 Franco Moretti 2438

xxx / ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

REPRESENTATION AND REALISM Aristotle 83 Erich Auerbach I027 Pierre Corneille 283 Irving Howe 1387 Longinus 133 Giacopo Mazzoni 228 Friedrich Nietzsche 759 Plato 41

Sir Philip Sidney 251 Hayden White 1533

RHETORIC Aristotle 83 Augustine 154 Paul de Man 1361 Gorgias 37 Zora Neale Hurston 1008 Barbara Johnson 2255 Jacques Lacan 1156 Longinus 133 Giacopo Mazzoni 228 Giambattista Vico 315 Hayden White 1533

SUBJECTIVITY/IDENTITY Louis Althusser 1332 Gloria Anzaldiia 2095 Susan Bordo 2237 Judith Butler 2536 Michel Foucault 1469 Sigmund Freud 807 Judith Halberstam 2635 Donna Haraway 2187 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 536 bell hooks 2507 Jacques Lacan 1156 Lisa Lowe 2516 Laura Mulvey 2081 Adrienne Rich 1588 Monique Wittig 1904 Slavoj Žižek 2402

THE VERNACULAR AND NATIONHOOD Dante Alighieri 184 Paula Gunn Allen 2000 Benedict Anderson 1913 Gloria Anzaldua 2095 Pierre Corneille 283

ALTERNATIVE T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S / xxxi

Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 1446 Joachim du Bellay 216 Ralph Waldo Emerson 613 Frantz Fanon 1437 Langston Hughes 1190 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong,

Henry Owuor-Anyumba 1992

WOMEN'S LITERATURE Aphra Behn 304 Hélène Cixous 1938 Christine de Pizan 200 Germaine Necker de Staël 504 Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1923 Lisa Lowe 2516 Barbara Smith 2221 Mary Wollstonecraft 493 Virginia Woolf 892 Bonnie Zimmerman 2328