oe4680 arctic engineering - lecture 1 - introduction and arctic region overview
TRANSCRIPT
May 18, 2010 1Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Arctic foto ??Arctic Engineering
OE 4680
Prof.ir.C.A.WillemseIr. J.S.Hoving
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Arktos- the origin of the word ‘arctic’
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The constellation circumventing the polar star
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Arctic regions
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Arctic: max 10 degr C in summer
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Caspian Sea +30 C in summer, -30 C in winter !
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But other definitions are in common use as well:
Engineering Definition. The southern limit is defined by a zone of perennially frozen ground.Geophysical Definition. The Arctic boundary is defined by strong magnetic storms, aurora borealis, and radio blackouts.Oceanographic Definition. The southern limit is defined by the maximum extent of pack ice in winter.
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Common ice features
Multi Year Ridge
Ice Rubble
Iceberg in Pack Ice
First Year (FY) Ice• ice floes• rafted ice• ice ridges• rubble pile• rubble fields
Glacial Ice• ice islands• icebergs
Multi Year (MY) Ice• ice floes• ice ridges• rubble fields
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Ice floesAny relatively flat piece of sea ice 20 m or more across.
Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent as follows:Giant: over 10 km across
Vast: 2-10 km across
Big: 500-2000 m across
Medium: 100-500 m
Small: 20-100 m
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Rafted iceDeformed ice formed when one piece of ice overrides another.
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Ice ridges
New ridge: Ridge with sharp peaks and slopes of sides usually about 40° to the horizontal.
Weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks slightly rounded and slope of sides usually 30-40°. Individual fragments not visible.
Very weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks very rounded, slope of sides usually 20-30°.
Aged ridge: Ridge which has undergone considerable weathering.
Consolidated ridge: A ridge in which the upper parts of the ridge has frozen together.
Ice formation consisting of ice blocks formed as a result of compression or shear of pack ice
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First-year ice ridges
Source: Blanchet (1998)
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First- and multi-year ridges
Beaufort SeaSource: NASA
First Year pressure ridges Multi Year ridge
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Rubble pilesFloating or grounded accumulation of broken ice blocks of first-year ice, generally caused by natural or man-made obstruction
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Rubble field
accumulation of floating or grounded rubble that forms in same way as an ice ridge
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Icebergs
Iceberg classification:• Growlers (sail < 1.5 m)• Bergy bits (sail 1.5 to 5 m, mass <
5400 t)• Small bergs (sail 5 to 15 m, mass
5400 to 180,000 t)• Medium bergs (sail 15 to 45 m, mass
180,000 to 2,000,000 t)• Large bergs (mass > 2,000,000 t)
Floating remnants of glacial ice broken away from glaciers and ice shelves
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Ice islands
Source: Canadian Geographic
Large tabular ice features also originating from glaciers
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Ice conditions in various regions
Areas of prime interest for oil and gas:
• Sea of Okhotsk• Chukchi Sea• Beaufort Sea• Barents Sea
Also coming up:• Kara Sea• Baffin Bay• Labrador Sea
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Labrador (Canada)
-First year ice 1.5 m-Multiyear ice 2.1 m-Ice ridges 3-5 m high, 3-15 m keel
-Icebergs > 10mil t-Hs 9-14.5 m
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Beaufort Sea
-Mostly <100m deep-Canyon >1000m deep-Scouring by ridges-1st year floes upto 2.3m-Multi yr floes upto 20m-Ridges upto 35 m deep
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Ice regimes, Canadian Arctic
Ice types depend very much on region, distance from shore, and water depthThis ice regime is typical for the Canadian (and US) Beaufort Sea
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Arctic Potential – Canada and the USNorth Alaska, Beaufort Sea,
Mackenzie Delta and the High Arctic in Canada have been extensively explored, and remain very promising development opportunities as well..
Drilling and production of arctic oil and gas first started in the Beaufort Sea in the early 1970s and 80s
After about a 20-year lapse, interest in these areas has opened again
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Chuckchi Sea
- Arctic sea and Pacific ocean- entirely covered by ice in winter- level ice 2-5 m in some areas-1st yr and multi-yr ice- 60-80 polar night in the North- 3-4 cyclones/month in winter- In winter -45 C
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Okhotsk Sea
-Hs 9.5-14 m-1st yr floe 0.8 – 1.2 m-ridges sail upto 7 m,
keel upto 20 m-earthquakes, tsunamis-Sakhalin developments
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Caspian Sea
-1200 km from N to S-Winter -30 degree C, -summer +30 degree C-Rubble 2-5 m high,-ice movement upto 1 m/s-Stamukhi > 20 m sail
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Kara Sea
-Floe 1.6-1.8 m-Floe length 4-6 km-Ridges 5-6 m high-Ice blocks upto 60 m thick-Multi-yr ridges upto18 m deep
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Barents Sea
-Max 55-60% ice cover-Hs upto 7m-1st yr level ice 0.9 m-Ridges sail 3-4 m
keel 15-18 m
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Ice regime Barents Sea
Ice cover near Shtokman development, June 1998
Ice cover is highly variable, in type, thickness, movement, concentration, etc.
Some years no ice at all in areas of interest (such as the Shtokman field).
Source: Canadian Geographic
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Ice Edge Climatology in the Barents Sea
Sour
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Barents Sea / Kara Sea - Russia
Shtokman field has estimated reserves of 3.1 trillion m3 of gas
Two largest fields in the Kara Sea have combined reserves of up to 5 trillion m3
More than 22% of all known reserves of gas in the world are located in only one area in the north, in Russia’s Yamal peninsula
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Barents Sea - Norway
The Barents Sea covers about 1.4 million km2, which is almost four times the area of mainland Norway.
The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate reckons that its Arctic waters may hold a third of the country's undiscovered reserves.
The Snohvit development was the first to proceed, soon to be followed by the Goliat development.
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General Arctic features
-Can be shallow and/or deep water-Great variation in ice thickness-1st year and multiyear ice-Ice floes, ice ridges, -Ice rubble fields-Icebergs-Bottom scouring-Large variation in Hs and current speed-Oil and/or gas fields-Usually remote areas
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Other issues for arctic engineering…
-Sensitive environment-Indigenous people-Northern searoutes-Territorial disputes
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Indigenous people
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Arctic disputes: Russia planting a flag claiming the Northpole- July 2007
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Undiscovered gas reserves…
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May 18, 2010 38Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
OE 4680 schedule
Key contents of this course are…
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Ice physics and mechanics
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Ice actions on structures
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Ice-induced vibrations
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Arctic engineering at Shell and practical experience from Sakhalin
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Codes and standards
- Design of offshore structures- ISO 19906- recommended practices
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Constructions and Foundations in permafrost
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Arctic Hydrology and oceanographyand the Northern routes
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Safety, health and environmentin the arctic
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Finally…a wrap-up and discussion on global warming…
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TU Delft Arctic EngineeringCentre of Excellence
Offshore Engineering
Aerospace Engineering Maritime Engineering
Mechanics Material Technology
Steel expertise
Concrete expertise
Geotechnics
ice thickness measurement
foundation in permafrost
extremely low temperatures
gravity based structures
jackets, towers
floating storage, icebreaker, LNG carriers
ice loads,ice dynamics
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Cooperation with NTNU (Trondheim)
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Cooperation with HSVA Hamburg
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Special arctic programme for OE students
-Courses in Trondheim-Hands-on experience in Spitsbergen-Arctic project-Thesis on arctic topic-Major in fixed or floating structures, even dredging or subsea is possible
When interested contact: [email protected] cc to [email protected]
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Experience Spitsbergen…
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UNIS research center
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On a field trip…
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May 18, 2010 56Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
May 18, 2010 57Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
It is lonely at the top…
May 18, 2010 58Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
May 18, 2010 59Faculty of Civil, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
In the distance…research stations for earth magnetic field
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Crossing a glacier…
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Beware of hidden crevasses!
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Back in town
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now take some rest……see you next time!