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§." -§F f§\ vf_§ H§§\ §§FKH\ K#F r"L-Í #\ xQP .!!L#F
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3O§Å §. K§J "O #.#5§ $ Q" O#§§W.�KJ "O K"LÌ6 KP Ì#f z5W #§ #§. P§K P-5̧ È.#§§ OK "LL§§
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���L"L\#.#5 O"L E . D#Å ĻE P5K. Q 5w# YO# 6 ." [L" ĶO OK !
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T§ . 6 ." L#zÍ O#Ðw" ĶO OK z5W
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��4X" KP. # ¯W~" ;#+#5!L"PJ p~~" =à OK #E #cO PÍp~#I~" OK §W"L-Í PÍ Ä" OK OQ|X5~" OKxQP .!!L#J ¯W~" $Pt}~ .#~" #v¦§ Q" L§B §6 E~#_~#. -~#.K"Ļ6 Q" #[#5\§ O#:$ OK R #>P5§." §Í L§\ P[5 l-f O#:$ O#\P2IW LÅ Q" O#:$ $ K"LÌ6 LK P-J 6
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6 ." }Ä #.#5w P6Lu§" "Pj-F#Å X Q" .#5 5WI" ¯W~" ;# 5\ Q"V2 6 ." Í 4¸X." }Ä KP~" q aPÃ~" 3#t~" 4w# YO##§ §. " PÅ#̧ L§["K { . K. 6
�L$OK PPE6 5\O . #J" ĻE§." #[L§" L#z§Í #§J" ĻE#. ¯W~" ;# +#5 OK )Å_I "O 6P5[. KP Lz L5W _v6 . L\KP§\ §X" #§. P#r KKP "O " ##ÍK"
�4X"." 4XK . #J" ĻE +#5 #}Ä KP~" # . .#5 " +"> OK LXO 6"O #J" ĻE +#5 $ OK 4\ #J",>" "O " #9§" " §Í K#> KP PvÐ6
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" §Í §6 §." #§. O#=§ ##Í PK§." §Í +#5§ 5\§ Q" #6 LKP YO#" Ð$ #F LK P-J X" K . OK 6OK § "O §X" #QP§X Q" P§6"P§w ;
�LKO"P[T§2 Q" §Ð �O§" #§� 5v§ §." OK 6 ." Í "O +#5 P6L{ LYO# �K� OK "Pj-F#Å Q" Ì> QPX5Ч §Í #I.#5§ OK §!" § LKP§!
K#§.$OL§F L~" q X" #}Ã~" O§" #§§ § ����� ] ����
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�L5\ L 4{ tPÌ O6�4X" L$ #XO $ Q" 5W{ OK
L\ 4.#: Èg#{ "P. # z . "O #�P6>{Pv§6 P6R§"t 5J" 4X"##> bÌ. OK QP" 4X" # ÏW§" �4X" tP̧ 6 ." ÏW # .,N DEÅ #Ì . B P!" ÏW§"Q"P2L§. ##§ÍK" #§B Ð 4WL§\ 5J#§\ ,"N Q" KO"K,"N§ #6 4X" P6#Í P6P. X"#$ . "Lz5Ì KP £fI6 "O X" ÑOR.
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�LK 4-W 4 c 4ÍL. . "O,"N§ P#§X "P§2 P§."P§. OK ÏW "�4X" PN2#t#f̧" FO. [J O#W.tL§ #Ì\ . 4-W )Å_I#§. 4_§J §\K ÏW " Å"
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4X" #§\ #§" Q" § ϧW §" #.." . tPÌ KO"K # E"L-Í .!!LF". Of{ L> LB +#5 �L\#. 6#. Q" $ OK 5\ -~" ¯W~" ;# #4 § 4N§ §. 46 #6 #6 �" W.5J"KP2 #$ L#zÍ 5wP "R5X" . #Ì\O#W. OK 4X" " t#_" yF �4X"KQ Ì\ . "O# #56 +#5 " KO"§Í #§$ "§Í Q" "5XK Í # L\OKu¦ L$ +#WF . #\Å" K#z5Í" L6 3"LÍ 4_J #A$ +#5 "4X" KP #Í" Ì\ . 4-W L[ O#"O �§Í O§[ #b§w KO" OK !§. 4-W KO" JP. OK 5F KP O#Ð"" 4X" KP 4#" #[" ULz 4F#X§. KP§w P6ÏKR . 4-W 3#b{ EÇr. Pg#J . P 4W � "LJ XO���5§-" #̧\ . 4-W ##2. 3"LÍ" ,F#Å ""Pw #L> 8E. Q" V2
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Q" #5§W{ OK �4X" L\ 5\ x��� #X�4X" L$ B +#5 "
""P§w # . #5w Q" #" " OK�+§{ KO$ O O#§K P§\ §§" §§.O"KEP> L" s Q" L!$ "O ##W#§$ yK#_§ P6O#Ð\$ Q" 4X" 5J#Xz§F L#z§Í § 4X" §6"O#§k" #I§X§. K"K O"P§{ =§ KO§§ "O ##§§W$ - ÈwO #z ..O ULz 4F#X�4X" K"K "O#§§ #5-§§W " +#E§§Å" Q" 6 ." . O#\" #IX " ,F#Å"P§. §K z§F L#z§Í X" ÍW> K# #W>" #X. "O L"LJ KO"L 3"R=̧ PЧ§ K"K O"P§§{ UWE§§" +#E§Å" "O#§ #bw - 3#"P!KO§ "O X" ,"N #"[2 LKP!#5§X K"K O"P§{ "O#§ 46 PIW6 C#-§ #§Í" L§\ PЧ "O �P-#2" Q" L"J 4ÍL. "O ##W ,E5W{Pv6 t#Ð\ K#=" ##W # OKyPg RR6 K#=" "Í Q" JP. L#zÍ OK KP!v§k §ÐF §. #§ ����4X" KP +"Pfc",Pw K O"L[ ##W . ÍP\X§X Q" KOI§ "O #f\ 3#¤#z" "4§X P§X §" #§WO . g#\
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�KP. # O#:$ " Q" "6 >P:" ¯W~" ;# }Ä KP~" q ÃP[~" ;# ��x ���� #X OK +#5 " �R{ L LX
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$ #5" "L5." KO" O#W. OK 6 ."ÍL #. "O $ ]#J 4W{ #6 L tNF "O#5"O LK #[ yw" ZJ K_z # Z#5X"J #. "O $ R ,-X
�4X" KPuPE6 K-R§ ,-§X L#§. 3#"O uPE6 ��
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K#z5§§Í" #§§\QO" Q" O#§§W. O#§§Ð" ��#" #-" . X6 KJ +#5 OK " �##W4Í#v\ KP O#Ð" "O #$ . :#r5X" #EÅ §" 3O#Q �4X" KP\ KKP "O 4#{ QO #E§Å #-§" O-§{ P. L>#W 5J#X O-{L#§[ O-§{ P§. #O#. 5XL #. K#="4ÍL. KKP "O 4. " #" #-" wP[
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}W CPeÌ6 O"KLÍ 4X" ["K �O"NHO#6�#§K"L§JO HO#6 P#. # 7K"F l{ #QO"NHO#§6� #z§ §" OK �L\#. IO#6#L§K Q" (Chronology of Quran) �$P{Z"K OK �KKP§§ XOP§§§. #X#\O#§§§§J#§F R§ HO#§6 Q" $P§{ O"NHO#§6 K\§ 8E§. �ĻE 3PbF P. $P{PN2#Ð" P $P{ ]_J OK ezw O# "̧wK R§ #§X$ ,5§ P#§X "P§§Q �4X" 3#b5z§ U#§X" P§. $P§{ L§"5§\"KOK =OL6 3OÅ . L\ Q# #Q#
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�4w#3#$ $ Ï-X P. P5[. #X#\O#J§. U#§X" §" P§. L§"KP L!'6 #$ K#v Z\ # O#B # X ,#{ OK #OX L.z-g§. "O #O§X R HO#6 L"5J"KP2 FP#=$ Q" �L"K Ì6 {M XLF 3OÅÇE§ ULF xM #Í ¿" #$ O# #- !§¤"O" "O 5XOK#§
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HO#6 -{ Q" #.#5 c OK #$ �KKPP.
$Pu ���� #§X OK L u'6 $Pu
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�L\#. =W �P-#2 KQ" LR§ OK Oj§ §. #z§ §§" OKLz YO"R . #6 8E. "K 5w# YP5W!\ K\ 5J"KP2 #X#\O#J ZT2
�L"LRP. "O "FP O#B L.z-g�Q" 4X" 3O#-§Í #z " OK Å" £WQ OK #X#\O#J 3#zzE6 O#-5Í" XOP.� IO#§6 Èg#z #$ Ð" $P{ O"NHO#6z-g P "P. #$ X Q" L\ ̧Ì #TL.z-§g "P§. 5§§XOK #-§§ L§§"6§§
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P6§ 4\"N O#K# . KJ Q" KLÌ5OK �4X" $Pu P. K#t5" IO#6 Lt #$IO#§6 j§ $P§{ ȧ> O#§.OK +#5 "
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yPg Q" IO#6 #K"LJO . K#5X" ��. $P{ OK Ì �4X" L\ 5J#\ PK È.#CP§\ L§\ O#\" IO#6 È#{ Q" JP.�K > 4W> IO#6 È.# OK L#. "O #$P#. 6#$ "5E # F #b ��
�4X" P-#2 !# u#k e"P\h#§E §. §F O#5J#X x#X Ï-X ���3"O#-Í È=X # P9 \ $ E E§X § 5XK O#B . "O $P{ #OX #$ K Wz6 § L 5XK Ï Ð 5XKÈg#z§ §" §. ,6P§6 §. "O §Ð #O§X
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K t-e #zT�LP6ÏKR P9 . P6L. #OX �Ï
P̧\ .M#§> R§"#§J T �K�K\ LK #$ OK Q
4FO A " 3#vÅ Q" #$ OK �XL\ 5v IX 4Ì-g OK "LJ ##[ "
�4X"R§§ GQK 4[§§. t#§§Å" �O#§§§B5wP O"P{ 8E. KO +"NÍ +#zÍ B
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1- W. Montgomery Watt, P. 416-418.
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XOP. LtO"NHO#6 "P. "#!X #O#Ì Q"#b§ Ï-§X O#Ì K LKP P!M #OXR§ HO#§6 ̧6 #"6 #=$ Q" #OX
L§O"L§ §\O y§{K 3OÅ . "O #OX §{M )wP§Å #§$ P§. 5-§ #L.z-§§g�L";O#J K#5Í" #z6" ŖF Q" K. "zX 3"O#§§\" Q" K#v5§§X" § 4WI§§ O#̧§ #§§ ¸"L§Q L#§Q #K"LJO . $P{ 3#EP_6
DE§Å 3#§"O O# OK L"6 § �P-#2
�L\#. #["O LKXYLI R #OX ON #T P5[. Z=§X §X "§Í §. L§"6 K.OK �§� Pj . �L$ O#\. #OX ÏÐv65§wO O#§ . P5[. È=X 5WI #OX. 4W O#5J" OK K @ " Q" ¡̧" �4X"P5[§. È=§X "O"K "O #O§X $ 4§> §§BR§ ,6P§6 3#"O " K P!" �4X"5W"KP:" P. "O #OX È=X L\O 3#"O " 4X" #§>" . �P-#2 4#XO 4wP[2
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KJ KPtP̧_6 JK $ OK O B Q" 4X"P§ OK � 4X" KO$ §"P§w "O P§K ,6P§6§. Å#_5§J" @§ È=§X KP.O#§§ 3O§§ÅÐ. 5\"L ¸Ð "OK ¤"" # Ð #OX#b5§{" ,WF §. KO"§ OK $P{ PX"PX OK
�4X" 5wO O# . KJ ]#JR #OX 3#$ L. # #6 |! $ #2 P. "6 4X" ¸I6 {M P"L§ §F §Ð F "OK F"P #3#$ L. #6 )X#X" �L\ ¤#{ ÏÐv6�P!" P-#2 K#5>" K. v{6 P"X Q" #-g#I #F #b5z ,WF P. "O $ #§\ #§$ OK KP§w #§§. L§§"L§§J §Ð eE§ K P§ OK +PÍ #.X"
���� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä q #qPÃ~" |# #{OQ § �
# KPJ zÍ RP �4X" L\ 4#ÍO L§ KPN2§ "L["K .K" ¤ zÍ \¤"" OK "O #6 #OX )R #Ì5 L"LJ3#$ K#5XPw . P6 #X#\O#J |#w xPq L. § ����� ]
OK "O KJ "P5K |OL " ��4X" KO$ 4XKHO#6� "Í #. "#XO Q" l#wK #. ���� #X
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#§$ §. +#5§ §" 5-" ��L\#. O#:$ §>P6 PK #.Q . !#6 L\ 5\
�4X" L[ P[5$Pu #[O NJ%+#5§ OK L§§#.Q . § (The Origins of th Koran)�$P§{� "Í #. "#z § L\ 5\ W"#. $ ,#f W#z Q" KO"K (The Koran)
L"KP z " "O$ Q" #X#\O#J PK A$OK "O Z6"Pj§ L§ÐB LXO Pj . BW" #z " OK $Pu HO#6#$ +#5!4X" ,X#§ O!§" Q" �4X" K§ VÐÌO"NHO#6 Q OK " 3#Pj P6 #. "L5."Q" "O#2 XOP. Lz . #$ \ #\$ $P{
�Q"KP1. Z#L"P§. "O $P{ #OX �� A L. L\ P!M [2 ZT2 OK O#Ì X #2§ L z-g Ï Ð z-g X § z-g O#BOK "O K§§J 8E§§. " �4X" K§§ Wz§§§§6�P-#§2 P§. L\ Q# #F L.Wz6
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3P=§ Q#§s$ §§ K\§§ d.P§§ §§"OK#§X R#§2 Q" 4X" K§. L . �P-#2OK P-#§2 4¸Ì{§ ���� ¤S 5[ #6 ���§ ¸Ð OK " 4¸Ì{§ e§"P§\ #§. ¢# LP-O "L5." Q" L OK " "PQ �4X" K. 3#v5OL5z§ §!#§F KLE #Q"Pw#§. P#r5§ ¢#§ "5E K#v h#E . LL\§ #=$ Q" �L5W Ð OK L\ Q# #F L\ Ì#{ . d.P L #FO"K #$ O#.OK z{K )5-W 3#Í g" QP" #§\O -Pz§6 § . 4XK #[IO#6 #6 "O #$ R HO#6 "6 O!" Q" L\#.OK K Ì6 #g" #. >6 .#{ Q"L"�L§ ##§\ ϧ R 3#"O f."O "^I[#§ L§ #§F Q" "O#§2 5§§-"§. d.P§ 3"O#\" Ð" K . Ð �L5W 4X" -§ #§$ HO#§6 #T #K"LJO#$ R +#-X" . d.P 3#"O Ð" PKP§. 5-§ )ͧ LO#Q#X# PLÐ #. ,s"ÇE§ ##§ UL§F # es #5\"KP.O"NHO#6 #O"\K " K> #. �L5WHO#6 Ì6 Q" P6#X$ ,6"P . L #OXQ# #F # OK �L\#. Ð #OXP. . "O ÐB #OX Ð OK L\
L#§. #$ #Ð= L"J P 3#b{ U#X" Ï-§X L\#§. R§§ #L§§F" P§§J$�4X" 3#v5 Ð #OX #. ¢# #[$L\ CPf #OX Q" JP. $ .#z fz OK. 4-W jF "O L "OK OK"O 4#-\ L2 P5 L #OX PKP§J"" §. #[R§ HO#6 L#. "P.#. LO"K
��KKPP. Ð "OKOK § #5X§ ÐÐv6 Lz OK L
�LW K"K #=" Ð #OX KOR§ Q" #LF" 5XK K " # OK�" FP Q" LXO Pj . KO"K K> F"N �L"5w# #z5" F "OK Q" X FP .#OX ÏÐv6 4wPN2 "6 5IX .P. 4X" K"K #=" #5X $ ¸Ð§"P.#§. �L\#§. 5wPN§2 3OÅ z{K #-Ð# #$ Q" O#W. R HO#6 y{K Ì6
�4X""P§. §\O L§"§\ §¤"P§{ #=$ Q"yP§g Q" § PR!# # KO"L K> 7K"F5J#§\"O 4wP[§2 L§\O $P§§{ K§§J> 4W> P2 "O �P-#2 4¸_I\#OX O"NHO#6 . U#X" P. ##§. O"§ R§ ON§O §" OK 5§-" �Q"KP1.§>"§ #§ UL§F #§ §M 6#cPwOK P-5̧ 3#§"O § "L. L#. 5WO#§W. §Ð "OK OK Q#§ #§F §§Qd.P HO#6 4v "6 È{" OK L"|L"
�� ����O#. ��O#\
-
L . Ð Q" P-#2 3P= Q" Z2 "OK .. 4-W 5F # 4X" - ÏO#6 #A$�O"L #g" LXO 3̧- . P-#2 #XÐ K. K ��� #X OK KO"K #5F" L#\ K. HO#6 $ Q" P6KQ L" 4X"P§ OK �4X" L§\ È{" #X $ Q" P6PK OL{ -W O"NHO#6 . 4X" $ P5. 3OÅL.z-§g X OK ¸Ð "OK #F -Pz6
��Q"KP1. "Ŗ= LÍOK #O§X T§ §"P§2 §"K" OK #L§K B§" §Ð "OK Q" 4WI FP
�L CPf "O KJ
}FP OK #OX #zTÇ "OK Q"4WI
F Q" " FP . d.P #OX OK�#§. "O K§J ,§s" P-#§2 #=§ ¸Ð "OK§" �LK§ #§[ ""P§w 3O"P§F 3Ļ§\" § K§. LL§\ OL{ . U#WF" #=CPf§ +#I5§" #§. "O KJ #IX 5W"6" #.Q Q"#!# 3OÅ . #IX $ Ð. L!
�L"L\ OK#Å RP-O$K#§ §F #Q"Pw !" Q" O#W.4X" LE ## #[2 #-s§ LB P �4X" Ì # "P. #$ Ï-X !�§O"L§ 4XK OK P-5Ì ¢# ¡#5F"$ Pj§§ §§F Q" Èfz§§ §§" #O§§§XÐ. K- g RP ## #,s
. #È=X L5W #6 6 > Q" ,¸P�L.# Pr6 4ÍPX
§. GQK #."NÍ @ . [#Í Ð" P.Ч" P§K §K 4W§ O"KO§JP§. w#§!"P§K eX̧6 KO"K K> PK #OXwP̧̧ R§ #L§F" 5WI§ "§Í §§.§"O #LK U#X" P. 3OÅ P OK �L"L\F "OK "" OK yÍ OX 5WI 3#$
�L"L\ Q##§ Q" 4XOK § ¸Ð #O§X §§E#5IXP§X 4#z§ #§. P-#2 4w# 3Ļ\" f§"P§\ §B OK �LKP P.O Z#\K
-
§ #6§ O§X Ï ,#{ OK "N K. L"O KJGQKZ6$ . ÐE YPW " § 4¸-6 OX
�LL\§ ¸Ð §F "OK Q" Èfz§ " #OX§Ð[6 "O $P§{ #5§§W{ Q" ̧§§ ZI§§.
��LK¸Ð # OK #OX #T L
�L .#QO" 3#v5 " . "OXWE . ¸I6 \ OK " OK� 3O"PF "O"K Q LB P �L.# Z#!P9 .
-
§g #O§X §" ,#f 3##. È{"q-§6 OK "K#Ì"xw Zz P:'6 (P#k ¸Ð
��4X" 5\"K X""5E Ð\ O#5J#X O#.OK PJ#.
�4X" Lz5Ì L F "OK OK #OX)5-§W 4#-§\ L§ #O§§X Ï-§§X�Ð "OK Q" FP PJ$ #OX . ÐKR##-§Q #> $ #P9 P5[. OK �KO"K #OX " �KOJ [B . ""Pw D_w,6P6 . 4X" OX O#B 4W. #\K"LÌ6L"5wP O"P{ PK Q"V2 Ð Å̧#J L#Q§Ð[6 P-#§2 X#X L"Rw 3OL{ P#.OK �L5W " X" 4¸" Í#5>" +BO#B 4#§§XO �ĻE§§ ##§§W #L§§§§Kezw " #Q Ï OK �KO"K !# #5£WOK �KP§ §"PI§X i§Í #¦§ "P§§.#QP§2 #§ #5§WÐ\ P§."P. OK PK "P.. # K"K #[ ,X# Z!" L$ 4XK.§JP. #" uÌc . 4-W H.6 ZQPX¤#bw #.J . "O KP # 4J"KP2 K"Pw" K#§\O" Q" ¸5§F " �KP§ 3§ÍK { §§J"#§. 5§-" �LQO§ q§OK #zw# . 4E_OK K§. K#§Q L§ OK #§\K"LÌ6 #KP5§ KP§ P4IX KĻÌ5 KO"OK#5XP24. #¸" �4v #EW Í IXO#.OK "LB IX "N LK. O#W. L"§Í §. P-#§2 #F P OK �KP #. #$O§" §K OK §XO L\ 5J#\ P-O
3#§$ �K\§ CPf§ L Ì#> Í#5>"O" Pv #ÐF" ÈP[6 #. d#-6O" OK " $P{
7O" x g ;"KQ" "{ A J"KO§" !# X"P +"K$ . È>"O 3"OPzÌfz 3 Ð[ O#.OK #KO _I\"LJ "O OK K#> . 3ÍK O#.OK 6#$ R K.KO"K O#\" L 3#$ Q" 5XK �LKP Q#CPf V1X K #-{ #. P-#2 f."O Èf{ .O"N#§. "§Í §. §"P." 4¸_I\ 5J#X uF ##W X" 5WI -Ì #J
1- Noldeke, p. 43-58.
���4X" " ^#J K P#.
XOP. Lt#§Q ,6P§6 § 4X" K. Lz5Ì L§\ t §J P§. "O $P§{ #O§X 3#§§$§ #§ �K§ j§6 L#§. $ §X"§ YO YK§J "P§. " L§\ jF §§" P:'6 4E6 #X#\O#J Q" O#W. LRP.§ L§B P§ �LKP§ P2 " Q" L5wP O"P{l " �L5w# 4XK P5[
-
P§:" P. P-#2 #F .P=6 K- B ¡̧"L§\ P63Ļ§" g #F O"P5X" O"PÐ6§ Q" "O #O§X §g L§\O "5. #6 L\#.§ÐF L"LJ )#: �K 3#-:" #ÍĶ" ONO
Í#5>" ¤#W #Q# 3#b5z U#X"!P. 4X" K Ì6 "O #OX L. #6!^I§\ #wP§Í 3#§§F È.#§§6 §§F §§Ð$)wPÅ 3PbF $ "PB �L\#. K. �P-#2"N �4X" K§. F LÎ ." L4w#OKu ̧ OK Pr6 K#=" tP̧_6 y̧F @
�4X" 5\"L F§F g K #ÍĶ" "6 "P.#.L§F" P§ 5w# Z"Rw" P55#X )RZ2 F . 4-W P55#X Ï {"ĻF RI§X §" 5§-" �4X" K. P6g KJ Q"§=" §w #O§X f§6 § 4X" xK#§Å3OÅ . #$ Z"Rw" Ð$ 5w# Z"Rw"#§ "N �L\#§. L§$OK 5.#§: §O 3L§FL§\ Q#§ L§. "OX Q" V2 #6 "OXLF" X t"PÍ" OX ¢9 �4X"§ #§F OK 4X" $ ��� #\ K. R$ �� #6 ̧> OX Ì �R LF" BK§J Q" Z§2 O§X Q" P6#6§ O#§§W. KO"K
�L\#.Q" Z§2 "OK §. d.P§ HO#§§6 L§§#§X §> Q" L§ . Ð Q" P-#2 3P=L§"§J ^I̧[# - "O �P-#2 3-49Ì. Ð" KO OK � " HX#2 OK �4X"
KR§X ,>O #§ 5v 4W. OK�P-#2K § ��� #§. P§."P§. 3P=§ Q" Z2 #XL\ KO" K#Q O#W. 3#"O 5wPN2 3OÅ�LKP YO#vX "T 3"K#-Í #$ OK 4X"3#P§§. D5§§w +#§§. 5X§§2 "O QO $ "P§§§Q
q L5~" 4wP̧ ���� ] � ; q#Ç~" § ����� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä
��L"5W"K§FP #OX OK "O $P{ #IX L #6§ § È=§X OK § ¸Ð 4WI§§ LE§ ##§ 4#§ §. L§X #. "P�4X" K -[6 $P{ R Q"Z2 #,sIX l K " . Ï-X h#E . B P!#§. $P§{ #6#v6 L#- KO"K K> .#[6
4#§ OK § "P§B �4\#§" LK# "O 4#!#F OK 4wO O# . g#." u¸Ð6K§> #_z " Q" Ï @ L= $P{ OK !"O#§ Q" § Pr§ §.!!L§ #B �KO"LL§\ Q" V2 4wO O#\. +PÍ #2L.
�K #ÍM" B $P{ #IX # �"w [- .& ." z # )-=Í #� { ̧" À> N. PEW. PÌ[.
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�4X"LJ#I§X $P§{ 3#§$ §. .#§[6 "P.#.
I§X #6 È=X K> h#E . ##!
�4W K $ #W P. K§" L§ y§Í O§X KO OK L"P§Q �L\#. Q# OX 5WI L"6 OXQ#§ OX 5WI �yÍ� L 5"OHX#2 �4X" L\ z [#Í yPg Q" ezw K."O 4"O " 4¸X " È.# OK ¡̧" 4X" $"§Í §. �L"KP z R [#Í Ps yPg Q"Q" DEÅ LX . P-Ç~" =Ã~" OK "P-g #9
�L z KO#fÍ #>O ."$P§{ vE§ #§ "P§. P̧\" X ."�§. § Ì{§ �K "P{" K"K Ð[6§"� �4v§ §B L§XO y§Í O§X 3 6Q#§ �ĻE§ P§. 4X" "OX 5WI+#5 OK 5\" ." "O Ì " Pj �4X" L\KP§ 4"O P§Í §.!!L-Í { Q" oF#_~"
��� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä q #t6" gX § �
���4X" L\ KO" 6#"O R Ì\ È.# OK )#:O§X 5WI§ "§Í §. y§Í OX R .
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��L"K DP_6Z§{ #. �P-#2 O#5wO ÆPv[2 " § ¸'6 E§ L\§ P6#5IXPX Q" !# K"Pw" #. ZJ 4#XO "OKO§.O 3#v5 #" FO KOJP. l5v IX l ¸W Og!. "P.#. �4X" K. ,§[ Q"Pw KĻÌ5 #-g#I #. 3PbF $�4X" 5§\"K #F #b5z ,WF P. 6##X#. �P-#2 O#5wO § "O ÆPv[2 " P!" )#:L§ § L\ P6#5IXPX
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{ f. P. zÍ IO#6 "O $P{
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��4X" L\ #. uPE6 K @ #F P .,[ . Q"Pw Q" O" $P{ 96 O#Ì5X"$P§{ Ð. L\#. 5w# Z# E6#w OX·� �4X" L$ 3#"O OK #B L\#. Q#
���� ] � ; Ã[~" |#X #Í P̧F § �
���+#5Ð" E6#v. ̧" Å5WI§ Q# 4X" ¸W PK X Q",>" §X" OL§Å OK § K§. ÍP§\ ÐF$ #{" . L¸z Z"P2 P-#2 4X" LKP!L $ KO"L #Ð" O!" Q" �L"K.Q" 5[ B OX �E6#w� KP O"NHO#6$ yF { "P.#. �L\#. F R #LF"OK 4X" "OX =2 OX " 4X"P. 49Ì. Q#s$ # OK Ì � ¸Ð F ""
��� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä q L5~" 4wPÌ § �����
��4X" L\ Q# �P-#2
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P\. ZT2Q" ��������� P\ §§§§§§§§. SOZT2 \ OK 4X" W"Pw #X#\O#J5wP O"P{ " P:'6 4E6 5W> P. L Q"$Pu >P6 P. "Lt " P:" P6 �4X"#§.Q §. O#§"O KE P5K X . 4X"$Pu #5X$ OK #§ #. L\ L"KPP. XO#w. #OX P\ . >P6 OK �4X" 5w# O#[5"#. 5Ð LB OK #6 5wP O"P{ IO#6 ,6P6"O " K#[2 KO"K3#v6 L CPg ,6P6§"K" OK KPN2§ ¢# ¸Ð OK X O#.OK�P-#§2 P§X § Ð" . >̧6 #. L$ L"KP P_6 #W #zz̧E #B@§ L"K XP6 .Ps #JO FPg,6P§6 Pj§ Q" #O§X L.Wz6 "P. "L!#§. £f§ "#§2 " 3#$ #Q RZT§2 § 4X" Ì-§g O!" Q" �LP§K §Å" U#X" P. PK "\ . L#.L#. $P{ 4X" " # " cPw �L.# "L6ÆPv[§2 �L\#§. L.z-§g " |P5[ fz$P{ OK #_J#\ ##[ 5w#Q#. # PKO#.OK�ĻE K .P=6 XOP. . 4X"Ï Q" O-§Í O#§.OK $ q-6 P#j E6. KP5W 4#Ìw Ï . R$DÅ q-6 FP#§ÍM" L#. 5-" �LQ"KP2 Ì#> P-O "͸I§6 Q" #§J R§ ZT2 \ " KK#5Í" "6 # "PQ �K. L"IP§. §Ð6 #§. \#§. 5§\"K 3#§"O §. #§!
q-§6 §F"P§ #§6 "6§ § 3# ¸cP§§w
���� ] O#" O >P6 $Pu #5X$ OK P\ . § �
��K ^I̧[ "O�P-#2
5WI #OX #zT¯Ç OK F }FP
3K#-§Í lP§\ #§§. §§ ¸Ð §§F Q#§§s$"P§Q �4X" K§. O#z§ #§ÍK O"KL§Q,\§ O§X O#.OK "P#§X ULz # #O#5X Pj K\Q#§s$ #v§ $ #. OX ¡Å" 5W P#j
�KKP
F # }FP OK Ç OX#zTK 4W§. § ¸Ð F FP K OK##2 u OX $ Q#s$ L\ Q# OX"O"K _̧v #OX " �4X" = OX $Ì#§> L#z§Í §Å" Å#w �L"l5 ,#f
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VX'6 Ð OK $P{ #Ì6 #2 P. K#.UWE§ ¢#§ u#I #P #. K. L\OX ��� �� �� ��� 3#$ . YP #. �K.2 "6 ¢# PÐw Å#w " . ¦OP̧§Ð " 4L§." "L§J # . K#z5Í" �KP. 4v Q" Ð$ "P. P-#2 �4X" L\ #[Pg#J##5§X"K P!M . KP. P5. =5 KJ !K. L\ 5J#\ +PÍ { # OK KQ"KP2Ï-§X h#§E §. F Q" FP " OK �4X"Q" L§O"K P6§g 3#$ #OX YO#3#$ L5W ".M#> "O"K O#= PjOK ¸I§6 P§ �K§. $ L{#w 5WI FPKOJ [B . P5 ¸Ð OX # FPP5[. 3#$ lc �4X" P5[. "PÈ{"
�4X" X" #\K .PX . Pk#
¯Ç #OX X }FP #zT§X §FP§ §. R§ O§X K 4W§§.̧§Ð ȧ{" OK §FP§ §" 5w# ]#_5J"
3#§$ § 4v§ §E �4X" K §FP§.#fJ S" OK " OK �KO"K QOL" $#$ Q#s$ OK PK #S" #> . �U#" #¸"�PK $P{ ,g#I "PQ 4X" L\ KP. O# .O#W. L KP P. Í LK- ¸Ð KPO"P{�ĻE +#fJ KO R t"Pg" #-{ Q"L\ O#\" "5Ð . O#. LB OK " OK �L5wP!. $P{ O#\" $ 4X" 4" # R¤#F !$P{ �4X" [2 "P-#2 #5WÐ\ ##!#
KP§ 4#§ÍO "O IO#§6 ,6P6 KO " OK5W"K KP 4"L "O "P-#2 4O'OK X#X" # "O ,#f " "6 �4X"
�KO$ O#\. X" X#\P-#2Q" Z. ÑP Q" V2 LQ 4#{ £W§F §FP§ §X OK PK lc P
�4X" 5wP O"P{ $P{ 4v KO
L F "OK OK #OX #zTOK P-#2 4#XO #X K 3L OK 6#$OX O#B 4W. "5E LKP Q# L. ,#f 5IW �K"K Ð[6 "O L. #6!" OK �4X" L#[ .#{ Cc . 5X2 YP-#§2 "LJ Q" 4X" L$ OP̧Ð #OX
�L 4Í#g"Oj . PfX KQ"K 3#$ FP " OKOK 5\N§ OK zw 3"O5XK Q" "O#2 #.È=̧§W #> #. 4J"Ð #6 ,#{Q" OK §" 3#$ K\ LK K. L\ #.
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P[̧-§ §>P§6 $Pu P. L$ OK P\ §§. SO § ��LÌ. . ��!]
��LKP OP̧z f."c Í#5>" u#k Q"
XOP. Lt6#OX L A R P\ .. #. 4X" KO$OK #Q ,6P6 . "O $P{#-5\" Q" #J O"NHO#6 " YKJ t"P5Í"
2 - Blacher, p. 254.
��4W O"P. ,6P6 U#X" P. $P{ >P6 ¤"O" Q" " R"yPg Q" #6 4\"K K#z5Í" K. " O.RYP5W 4wP[2 F"P "6 $P{ XOP.P§X § #§F OK K§ #-§K "O X" $§. #§6 . L"6 .#EÅ O#-J" P-#2$ Q" $P{ LQ"KP1. Íc -6 DP[6
3- Ibid, p. 253.
��4X" 4!#X$ . >̧6 #. 4X" " ,¤#Å Pj P O#.OK #W ##Í #Ð= 4{K L ¸Ð OX 3#$ ^I[6 . -fOK §O"L§ LKP6 RP K\ d.P $P{ X" P-5Ì DEÅ 3#"O . K#5Í" Ð" P6y§{K . LXO "P. £f "O P5.$P§{ 3#§$ R§ #§Q ,6P§6 P6,X#
] $Pt~" }Ä q 8F#- D#§§Å E-§§Å § ���������
��4X"KO§ OK 3##-5§\" P6§ Q" §Ð�L§ § 4X" §" �U#§" #§ ¸" #� P-Ì6F "OK Q" X FP OK P-Ì6 " KP.O#!�
FP $ OK $P{,g#I 4X" " Pg#J .P§. §Í Ч. LK-§ §Ð KP§ #6 PK+#fJ KO R t"Pg" #-{ Q" O#W. L
��L5wP O"P{�ĻEFP X +#fJ h#E . F È{" OK
�4X" 5\"K�# 3OÅ . �P-#2 . +#fJ § Ï
�� � yÍ � ©¦°. ©O ¶ X#¶.& ©P u*�
�ZÐKR #[J P-#2 . +#fJ § K���� � "PÌ\ � ²¿. ²P¶{ ²±* ²̄ ²6 ²P ¿[ ²Í ¶O ¿L¶²& ²�
��U#" #¸" #� �##> . +#fJ § X LK D>P6 #X#\O#J Q" JP. #¸"L§. 5J#§X P§ "O $P§{ K. #>�4X" K. #[K#. "P. �ĻE 4#XO#!#X #. ,X#5 ezw $ ,#f ##2 "PQ
U#§X" § P§. R§ P\ . �4X" K. "PEŧ. +#f§J #̧ . "O �U#" #¸" #� 3O#-Í
�4X" 5W"K #L. #>"6§ P\ §. ZT§2 OK '6 |L" #.OK §""Pw 3# ¸W #. " O# Q" Ð" T . �4X" K#b6Q" § "O #O§X P\ §. § . "5E8E§. #§Q $ OK 5§W #LL2 4#{#§> F "OK Q" 4WI FP OK LKLÌ5§ 3#Íc§ §§ #§§F OK 4X" K"K
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-
CPf§ 6#§$ ,#§{ OK "OK # OK PKP5 FP # OK8F#- $ O"PÐ6 L"L\@ " 4W RJ#5XO . d.P 3#$ Q"4zJ L# �4X" KO# # . #$ Q" P!MCPf { J" O" { #. Ì6 #P> #W"8F#-§ R§ P:Ļ OX { OX OK L\#O#Ì Ì6 OK "O #$ P\ . ��� 6LzÍ" § §$ �4X" 5wP§ LK#§ Z§§J
K§ ÏÐv§6 OK X . "O ¸Ð #OX
$Pt~" }Ä q #P-~" #t6" U#-Í WF bw § ��������� ] �;
��KO"L P-5Ì IO#6 zf #- @
{ KOZT2L§["K Z§[ (Rod well) KOP§{ #T§2$P§{ #X#\O#§J Q" W"" 3#L§J Q" Ð �4X" K. K KQ§!#§6 4X" W" #.Q . $P{ >P6
> O#J #X#\X" xPq YOJ "L-Í § ����� �� ]
§ ��4X" L§\ /#§B LL=6 O#. 4v,6P§6 U#X" P. KJ ÍQ . "O $P{ #OXl§ §" OK § K§ j§6 #[R§ #§QP2 L KPÐÍ \ Q" KJ ZT2#O§X ,6P§6 KO§ OK 4X" KP§§!3"Pj Q" ¸Ð F "OK ̧" z-g . d.P�4X" 5wP§ P. ZJ _I\ 3"K#5>" #L§K j6 OK KO �������� P\ .
OK #IX $P{ #OX 3#$ ,6P6 OK KJQ#§s$ #=§" Q" "O K§J IX KO"K Lz OJ"OK "L5." OK L\ Q# 3#$ B K##§> OK "O #§$ L#. "N L"K. #6 F
OK ¢9 �K"K #> u5I #OX Q" -X#�4X" 5v B �Ï� OX KO
3#$ P#X Q" PJ'5 KQ# #6 5[ 3#$��L§"5wP O"P{ #=$ OK #LÌ. Ð L"L\ Q#3#$ Q" O#W. . 4-W 3#$ $ Q"Ï P "PQ
3- Rod well, p. 23f.
���LP6g OX " PK3#§$� § 4X" KP§§ #§§Í Ķ" A§§ "K§J Å" ##> OK 3#O"M OX �����
O$ȧ> #P§> OK Ч. L§"5wP O"P{L"L\ z5 #=$ . #9Í #Q OK$P{ L6
4- Ibid.
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}Ä q #qPÃ~" |# jÌ" L-Í ĻE #{OQ §�
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�Y���� #5W P[��§ Noldke; The Koran, The Origins of theKoran, Edited by Ibn Warraq, 1998.
��§ Montogemery Watt; Quran;!Encyclopaediaof Islam .
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