ODL-3 LEAING AND TEACHING lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkuk

vuqØef.kdk

3.jpukokn ds ifjÁs{; esa lh[kuk¼Constructivist Perspactives of Learning)

ifjp; ¼ Introduction)

mÌs’;¼ Objective)

3.1.jpukokn& vo/kkj.kk ,oa fl)kUr ¼Concept and Principle)

3.1.1jpukokn vo/kkj.kk

3.1.2vf/kxe mikxe ¼ Learning Approch½

3.2 jpukokn ls lacf/kr fl)kUr ¼Theories related to Constructivist

Perspactives)

3.2.1.lh[kus dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k¼ Constructivist view of Learning½

3.2.1.1. fi;kts dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k

3.2.1.2. ok;xkV~ldh dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k

3.2.1.3. tku Mhoh dk jpukoknh nf"Vdks.k

3.2.1.4. uksod dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k

3.3. ’kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ¼f’k{kd vkSj vf/kxedÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk½

3.3.1. f’k{kd Hkwfedk

3.3.2. vf/kxedÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk

3.4. bdkbZ lkjka’k

3.5. oLrqfu"B iz’u

ifjp;&

vkSipkfjd #i ls lh[kus dk izeq[k LFkku fo|ky; gksrk gS] tgk¡ ijaijkxr v/;;u&v/;kiu

gksrk gSA f’k{kd O;k[;ku fof/k ls ikB~; iqLrd esa nh xbZ fo"k;oLrq dks i<krsa gSa] chp&chp esa dqN

xfrfof/k;ka djk nsrsa gSaA ;g eku dj pyk tkrk gS fd] cPpk dksjh LysV gS ml ij tks pkgs vkSj

tSlk pkgs fy[k nks ;k cPpk [kkyh crZu gS ftlesa tks pkgs og Hkj nks] blls cPpsa dh f’k{kk iw.kZ gks

tk,xhA ;g lksp cPpsa ds lh[kus esa ck/kd gSA dgha uk dgha ijaijkxr f’k{k.k jVar fo|k dks

izksRlkfgr djrk gSA cPpsa ds vUnj varZfufgZr {kerkvks dk fodkl djuk gh f’k{kk gS]vr%cPpksa dks

lh[kus ds volj miyC/k djkuk] Kku ds fuekZ.k djus esa mudh enn djuk gh f’k{kd dk mÌs’;

gksuk pkfg,A

,u-lh-,Q-2005 us cPPkks ds lh[kus ds rjhds dks egRoiw.kZ crk;k gS] Kku ds ltu ij cy

nsrs gq, bl ckr dks js[kkafdr fd;k gS fd] cPpk D;k lh[k jgk gS ;g tkuus ls T;knk t#jh gS fd

cPpk dSls lh[k jgk gS ;g tkuk tk,A f’k{kd f’k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ blh ij vk/kkfjr gksA ,u-lh-

,Q-2005 dgrk gS fd ßcPpk Kku dh jpuk djrk gS ßbldk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd] ikB~;p;kZ]

ikB~;Øe] vkSj ikB~;iqLrdsa ,slh gks ftuls cPpksa ds LoHkko vkSj ifjos’k dh laxfr esa d{kk ds

vuqHkoks dks la;ksftr djus esa [kqn dks l{ke eglwl djsaAß

vxj cPpsa ds d{kk ds vuqHkoks dks laxfBr djrs gS rks mUgsa Kku dh jpuk djus dk

vodk’k feyuk pkfg, A ijaijkxr f’k{k.k esa Kku dks fo"k;ijd ekuk tkrk gS tcfd jpukokn esa

Kku dks O;fDrijd ekuk x;k gSA jpukokn vf/kxedÙkkZ ds fo’okl] lekt fuekZ.k dh

okLrfodrkvks ds vuqlkj gksrk gS yphyk gksrk gSA blesa vf/kxedÙkkZ lanHkZkuqlkj Kku dk l`tu

djrk gSA

mÌs’;& bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds Ik’pkr vf/kxedÙkkZ fuEufyf[kr Kku izkIr dj ldsxsa&

jpukokn dh vo/kkj.kk dks le> ldsxsaA

jpukokn ds fl)kUr dks le> ldsxsaA

’kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ esa f’k{kd ,oa vf/kxedÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk dks le> ldsxsaA

3-1- jpukokn vo/kkj.kk&

jpukokn okLro esa ,d fl)kUr gS tks voyksdu vkSj oSKkfud v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr

gS]ftlesa O;fDr dSls lh[krk gS ;g Kkr gksrk gSA vf/kxedÙkkZ dqNxfrfof/k;ksa dks djrs gq, lh[krs

gS lh[ks gq, Kku ij vkil esa ckrphr djrs gS vkSj viuh le> cukrs gS] vo/kkj.kk cukrs gS]tks

vf/kxedÙkkZ ds vuqHko esa >ydrh gS] bls gh jpukokn dgrs gSA

Kku dh jpuk dSls&

efLr"d esa Kku ;k lwpuk laxzfgr jgrh gS]ysfdu lh[kus dk tSlk vuqHko okLro esa gksrk gS

efLr"d esa og vuqHko Bhd oSls gh HkaMkfjr ugha gksrk tSlk geus lh[kk Fkk vkSj tks gesa ;kn gS bu

nksuks esa varj gksrk gS] bldk dkj.k tks lh[kk Fkk mldh O;k[;k gekjs }kjk dh tkrh gS];g O;k[;k

gekjs iwoZ Kku ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA bl rjg O;k[;k djus ls le> curh gS vuqHko c<rs gSAbl

rjg Kku dk ltu gksrk gSA

bl rjg l`ftr Kku efLr"d esa O;ofLFkr gksrk pyk tkrk gSa efLr"d esa bl rjg Kku dk

O;ofLFkr gksus okyh lajpukvks dks Ldhek dgrs gSA Kku dh jpuk gksdj Ldhek esa yxkrkj vuqHko

tqM tkrs gS vFkkZr Kku dks vkRelkr fd;k tkrk gSA Kku dks vkRelkr djus ds fy, Lo;a dks

cnyuk gksrk gS vFkkZr lek;kstu dh izfØ;k gksrh gS vkSj Kku dk l`tu gksrk pyk tkrk gSA

fo|ky; ;k fo|ky; ds ckgj dgha Hkh Kku dk l`tu gks ldrk gSA okLro esa jpukoknh lh[kuk

&fl[kkuk jkspd izfØ;k gSSA ckydsafnzr f’k{k.k jpukokn dk vPNk mnkgj.k gSA

viuk Kku ijf[k,&

1 jpukokn f’k{k.k ijaijkxr f’k{k.k ls fdl rjg vyx gS\

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2-jpukokn ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

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3.1.1. jpukokn ds izdkj&

jpukRedrk rhu rjg dh gksrh gS&

1 laKkukRed jpukokn ¼Cognitive Constructivism½

2 lkekftd jpukokn ¼SocialConstructivism½

3 ekSfyd jpukokn ¼Radical Constructivism½

1 laKkukRed jpukokn&fdlh Hkh O;fDr esa tks ckg~; Kku fn[kkb nsrk gS og okLro esa mlds

varZnaOn izxVhdj.k gSA vf/kxedÙkkZ vius Kku dks vius lkFkh ds lkFk lk>snkjh djrs gq,

laKkukRed lajpuk cukrs gS vkSj uoho le> cukrs gSaA thu fi;kts ds vuqlkjA

2 lkekftd jpukokn&Kku dk l`tu lkekftd #i ls gksrk gS ;|fi izR;sd O;fDr ds lkekftd

vuqHko fHkUu &fHkUu gksrs gS tcfd A;g laLd`fr vkSj lanHkZ esa lh[kus ds cy ij egRo nsrk gSa ;g

Kku lekt ls vkrk gSftlds le> ds vk/kkj ij Kku dk ltu gksrk gSA

Kku ikjLifjd #i ls l`ftr gksrk gSA esdeksgu]1997 vkSj Msjh1999 ds vuqlkjA

3 ekSfyd jpukokn&Kku O;fDrxr #i ls l`ftr gksrk gStks O;fDr ds vuU; vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr

gksrk gSA tks ,d okLrfodrk ij vk/kkfjr u gksdj vusd okLrfodrkvks ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA oku

XysljfQYM us bl jpukokn ds ckjs esa crk;k gSA

3.1.2.jpukoknh f’k{kk’kkL= & f’k{kd dks jpukoknh fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr funsZ’kks dh vko’;drk

gksrh gSA f’k{kd esa Kku ds izHkkoh lapj.k ds fy, rhu {ks= vko’;d gSA jpukoknh mikxe esa

lkekU; f’k{kk’kkL= dk Kku] fo"k;oLrq dk Kku vkSj fo"k;oLrq dk f’k{kk’kkL=h; Kku ¼Pedagogical

Knowledge½ vkrk gSaaA jpukoknh f’k{kk’kkL= fl)kUr vkSj vH;kl ds e/; lsrq dk dk;Z djrk gSA

jpukoknh f’k{kk’kkL= ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ?kVd vko’;d gSA

A lh[kuk okLrfod txr esa izkekf.kd #i ls gksrh gSaA

B lh[kus esa lkekftd okrkZyki vkSj fpUru ’kkfey gksrk gSA

C fo"k;oLrq vkSj dkSS’ky vf/kxedÙkkZ ds fy, izklafxd gksuk pkfg,sA

D fo"k;oLrq vkSj dkSS’ky vf/kxedÙkkZ ds iwoZ Kku ls tqMk gksuk pkfg,A

E Student should be assessed formatively ,serving to inform future learning

experiences.

F fo|kFkhZ dks Lovuq’kkflr]LofpUru ,oa Lotkx#drk ds fy, izsfjr djuk pkfg,A

G f’k{kd dks izkjafHkd #i ls ,d ekxZn’kZd]vkSj lqfo/kknkrk dh Hkwfedk esa gksuk pkfg, uk fd

izf’k{kdA

H f’k{kd dks fofHkUu ifjizs{; esa fo"k;oLrq ds izLrqrhdj.k ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A

3-2- vf/kxe mikxe&

f’k{kddsafnzr f’k{k.k fof/k ls cky dsafnzr f’k{k.k fof/k dh vksj tkuk gh jpukoknh vf/kxe mikxe

gSAjpukokn ds izeq[k vf/kxe mikxe fuEufyf[kr gS&

1 vf/kxedÙkkZ dsafnzr mikxe ¼Learner Centred apporach½

2 iz;ksxkRed vf/kxe¼ Experimental Learning½

3 vo/kkj.kk eku fp=.k ¼Concept mapping½

4 leL;k lek/kku¼problem solving½

5 [kksth mikxe¼Investigatory apporach½

6 l`tukRed ys[ku ¼Investigatory apporach½

7 lkekftd tkap mikxe ¼Social inquiry apporach½

izR;sd mikxe esa Kku ds l`tu djrs le; lh[kuk&fl[kkuk dks lkr pj.kks ls gksdj xqtjuk gksrk

gS tks 7&E ekWMy ls tkuk tkrk gS ftls jkstj ck;dh ds }kjk jpukoknh fopkj/kkjk ds varxrZ

crk;k x;k gS&

1 Elicit & /;ku esa vkuk ;k izdk’k esa ykuk

2 Engage & O;Lr djuk

3 Explore & [kkst djuk

4 Explain & O;k[;k djuk

5 Elaborate & foLr`r djuk

6 Evaluvate & ewY;kadu djuk

7 Expand & foLrkj nsuk

A /;ku esa vkuk ;k izdk’k esa ykuk&ckyd vkl&ikl dh ?kVukvks dks ns[krk gS le>us dh dksf’k’k

djrk gS blh le; mlds /;ku esa dqN ckrsa vkrh gS ;s ;k rks vius vki vk ldrh gS ;k f’k{kd ds

}kjk /;ku esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA

B O;Lr djuk&bl pj.k esa ckyd ds /;ku esa vkbZ ckr vkSj iwoZ Kku ls lacf/kr iz’u iwNus ds

fy, fØ;k’khy fd;k tkrk gSAleL;k ;k ?kVuk dks ek/;e cukdj cPpks dks iz’u iwNus ds fy,

izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg cPpsa xfrfof/k esa iw.kZr%O;Lr gks tkrs gSA cPpsa vkil esa vo/kkj.kk ls

lacf/kr vuqHkoks dks] fopkjks dks lkfFk;ks ls lk>k djrs gSA lk>snkjh ds le; cPpsa izfØ;k dks

le>rs gS]dkS’ky dks igpkurs gS vkSj vius Kku dks fodflr djus esa O;Lr gks tkrs gSA

C [kkst djuk&tc ckyd fdlh fdz;k esa O;Lr gksxk rc og dqN dk;Z djrs gq, [kkst djsxkA

f’k{kd dks pkfg, fd]os ckydks dks ,slh fØ;k djus dks ns ftlls ckyd [kkst djrs gq, lh[kus dh

izfdz;k ls tqM ldsA

D O;k[;k djuk&bl pj.k esa cPpsa [kksts x, Kku dh O;k[;k djrs gS vkSj le> cukrs gS]

vo/kkj.kk ij igqprs gSA ;gka cPpksa dks O;k[;k djus] u;s dkS’ky lh[kus ds volj iznku fd, tkrs

gSA bl pj.k esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk T;knk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS] f’k{kd dks izR;;] izfØ;k] dkS’ky ds

fy, iz;qDr vkSipkfjd ’kCnksa rFkk ifjHkk"kk;sa crkuk rFkk O;k[;k djuk gksrk gSA

E foLr`r djuk & ;g pj.k Nk=ks dks vo/kkj.kRed le> cukus]foLrkfjr djus dkS’ky vkSj

O;ogkjks dk vH;kl djus ds volj iznku djrk gSAblh pj.k esa vf/kxedÙkkZ izR;; dh xgjkbZ dks

le>us dk iz;kl djrk gSA

F ewY;kadu djuk & bl pj.k esa vf/kxedÙkkZ us tks dqN lh[kk gS tSls izR;;] izfdz;k] dkS’ky

vkfn dk ewY;kadu gksrk gSA bl pj.k ds Ik’pkr vf/kxedÙkkZ ds vuqHko esa mldh izxfr izfrfcafcr

gksrh gSA

G foLrkj nsuk& ckyd us tks dqN Hkh lh[kk gS mldks vkSj QSykrk gS] foLrkfjr djrk gSA

viuk Kku ijf[k,&

Á’u&jpukoknh lh[kus esa 7 E ekMy ds pj.kks ds uke nhft,\

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Á’u&jpukoknh lh[kus esa 7 E ekMy nsus okys euksoSKkfud dkSu gS\

iz’u 7 E ekMy ds fdl pj.k esa cPpsa dks lcls vf/kd lg;ksx dh vko’;drk gksrh gS\ vkSj D;ksa\

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Xkfrfof/k&f’k{kd fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k djkrs gq, jpukoknh mikxe ds fofHkUu pj.k lh[kk ldrs gSA

fo"k;ka’k&ikuh esa rSjus vkSj Mwcus okyh oLrqvks dks igpkuuk rFkk rSjus vkSj Mwcus ds dkj.kks dks tkuukA

A /;ku esa vkuk ;k izdk’k esa ykuk&cPpsak us ufn;ks esa uko pyrh ns[kh gS vusd ckj dkxt dh uko

dks Hkh cPpks }kjk ikuh esa pyk;k tkrk gSAcPpks ds /;ku esa vk ldrk gS fd dksbZ oLrq ikuh esa rSjrh

gSA

B O;Lr djuk &cPpks dks bl pj.k esa xfrfof/k ls lacf/kr vko’;d lkexzh nh tk, tSls&ikuh]

ckYVh ;k Vc ]iRFkj dk VqdMk] dkxt] fxykl] yksgs dk VqdMk vkfnA cPpsa ,d&,d oLrqvks dk

3.2.2. lh[kus dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k ¼Constructivist view of Learning½ &

Kku jpuk dh izpfyr izfØ;k ls jpukoknh fi;kts] ok;XkksRldh] uksokd vkSj ikluj lger

ugha Fks ;s lHkh jpukokn ds vk/kkfj; y{k.kks dks ekurs gS] tks bl rjg gS&

lh[kuk fuf"Ø;rk ls xzg.k djus dh izfdz;k ugha gS oju ml izfdz;k ls gS] ftlesa vFkZ

fudkyk tk,] leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k tk;sA

u;k lh[kuk iwoZ Kku ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA iwoZ Kku ubZ tkudkfj;ks dh le> cukus esa

enn djrk gSA

lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iqjkuh vo/kkj.kkvks dks iqu%laxfBr fd;k tkdj vey esa yk;k tkrk

gSA

lkekftd varZfØ;k ls lh[kuk izksRlkfgr gksrh gSA

okLrfod lh[kus ds fØ;kdyki ls gh vFkZiw.kZ lh[kuk gksrk gSA

vo/kkj.kk ,oa fl)kar&

jk"Vªh; ikB~p;kZ dh #ijs[kk 2005 esa vf/kxe ds fy, ns’k dh f’k{kk txr esa jpukokn

¼Constructivisum½ ’kCn yksdfiz; cuk gSA jpukokn lh[kus ds fl)kUr rFkk ehekalk nksuksa ij

gh leku #i ls ykxw gksrk gSA ge ftl txr esa jgrs gS lh[kus ds n’kZu’kkL=h; vk/kkj gekjs

vuqHko esa ’kkfey gksrs gSA ;s vuqHko vf/kxedÙkkZ ds le> esa izfrfcfEcr gksrs gSA vf/kxedÙkkZ dqN

xfrfof/k;ka djrs gq, lh[krs gSaaA lh[ks gq, Kku ij vk/kkfjr ckrphr vius lkfFk;ks djrs gq, le>

cukrk gSa] vkSj blds ckn ml Kku ls lacf/kr vo/kkj.k curh gSA bl rjg Kku dk l`tu

vf/kxedÙkZk ds }kjk Loa; fd;k x;k] bls gh jpukokn dgrs gSA

jpukokn ’kCn O;fDrokn fopkj ¼vk;fM;k½ ls vkrk gSAbl fopkj ds lkFk vf/kxedÙkkZ

i;kZoj.k ds lkFk varZfØ;k djrs gq, Kku dk fuekZ.k djrs gS] vFkZ fudkyrs gS ¼Fosnot 1996,

steffe and Gale1995 ½A ekuo ftl lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd ifjisz{; esa thrk gS] fodkl

djrk gS mldk lh[kuk rFkk Kku dk l`tu mlesa uhfgr gksrk gSa

Freire [1994] dgrs gS fd &ßKku migkj esa ugha feyrk vkSj uk gh fdlh O;fDr dh

laifÙk gks ldrh gSAß tc O;fDr vius fopkjks ¼vk;fM;k½ dh lk>snkjh ;k vnyk&cnyh djsaxs rc

os vius Kku dks lkeusokys ds Kku ls tksMrs gSAviuh leL;k dks igpku dj mls gy djus ds

mik; djrs gS vFkkZr tks dqN lh[krs gSa mldk vFkZ fudkyrs gS] Kku dk ltu djrs gSA

cPpsa Kku dk l`tu dSls djrs gS& fLoV~jySaM ds thu fi;kts rFkk #l ds ,y-,e ok;xkV~ldh

]euksoSKkfudks us izeq[krk ls bl ij dk;Z fd;kA cPpsa dSls lh[krs gS bldks fuEufyf[kr pj.kks esa

tkuuk gksxk&

loZizFke fdlh ?kVuk ;k fdz;k dk voyksdu djukA

voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij /kkj.kk@ifjdYiuk cukukA

/kkj.kk@ifjdYiuk dk ijh{k.k djukA

ifjdYiuk ds ijh{k.k Ik’pkr urhts ij igqpukA

lkekU;hdj.k djuk

var esa fl)akr ij igqpuk

,d mnkgj.k ls cPpsa ds Kku ltu dh izfØ;k dks le>rs gS&,d 6 o"kZ dh cPph us viuh eka

dks BaM ls cpkus ds fy, gkFk ds Xyc¼eksts½cuk,AXyc Mªkabx ’khV ls isafly ls jax Hkjdj cuk,

vkSj eka dks iguus dks fn;kA iguus ds ckn eka dke djus yxh ftlls Xyc ikuh ls Hkhx x;kA

cPph us eka ls gkFk ikuh esa Mkyus dks euk fd;k AlkFk gh pkdw ds mi;ksx vkx ls Xyc dks cpkus

rFkk Lo;a dks xys yxkus ls Hkh euk fd;kA

vkb;s fopkj djsa iwjh fdz;k esa cPph us Kku dks dSls l`ftr fd;k&

cPph us eka dks BaM esa dke djrs gq, ns[kk gSAeka dks BaM yxrh gS voyksdu ls cPph us

leL;k dks tkuk gSA eka dks BaM ls cpkus dk fopkj¼ifjdYiuk½ cPph ds eu esa vkrk gSA ifjdYiuk

dks iwjk djus ds fy, Xyc cuk,a ¼ijh{k.k½A Xyc dks ikuh esa Hkhxrs gq, ns[k mldh lqj{kk ds fy,

dqN fu;e cuk, ¼urhts ij igqpuk½

viuk Kku ijf[k,&

iz’u 1 &jpukoknh lh[kus dh izfdz;k esa Kku ls D;k vk’k; ekuk x;k gS\

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iz’u 2 &Kku dk l`tu dSls gksrk gS\

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iz’u 3&Kku ltu esa ifjdYiuk cukus dk D;k egRo gS\

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3.2.2.1. fi;kts dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k&

Tkhufi;kts ¼1880&1986½us KkukRed fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr fn,A fi;kts ,d

n’kZu’kkL=h tho foKkuh] euksoSKkfud rFkk f’k{kkfon~ FksA muds vuqlkj cPpksa esa Kku fodkl dh

izfØ;k oSKkfud gksrh gSA fi;kts us lcls igys /;ku fn;k fd cPpk cMks dh NksVh izfrd`fr ugha gS

cfYd os lalkj dh vyx rjg ls O;k[;k djrs gSA ;g ugha dgh tk ldrk gS fd cMs] cPpks ls

T;knk tkurs gS fdUrq muds Kku dh lajpuk vyx rjg ls gksrh gS blfy, fi;kts us crk;k cPpsa

viuh vyx&vyx voLFkkvks esa vyx&vyx rjg ls lalkj dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lh[krs gSA

fi;kts us cPpks dks NksVs oSKkfudß uke fn;k gS tks foLrkj djuk] [kkst djrs gq, Kku vkSj le>

cukrs gSA

fl)kUr & fi;kts ds }kjk jpukoknh lh[kus ds ifjizs{; esa fuEufyf[kr fl)kUr fn, gS&

Ldhek (Schema½

vkRelkrhdj.k (Assimilation½

lek;kstu (Accomodation½

lkE;/kkj.k (Equilibrium½

Ldhek (Schema ½&

l

k

s

g

u

d

h

f

x

u

u

s

d

h

L

d

h

e

lksgu

dh

fxuus

dh

Ldhe

1]2]3]

4]5]6]

7]8+++=

8

cPpsa Bksl vuqHkoks ds laidZ esa ckj&ckj vkdj lh[krs gSA le>h gqbZ ckr ds fy, vius eu

esa vo/kkj.kkRed fp= cukrs gSa ;k dg ldrs gS fd]lh[kus dh Ldhe cukrk gS]mnkgj.k ds fy, tc

csch iSnk gksrk gS] rc og nw?k ihus ds fy, pwlus dh izfdz;k viukrs gq, isV Hkjrk gSAtSls &tSls

csch cMk gksrk gS og iks"k.k dh nwljh Ldhe <wa<rk gSA bl rjg mldk vuqHko iks"k.k dh ifjofrZr

fof/k;ksa ds fy, Ldhek cukrk gSA

O;ogkjksa ds laxfBr iSVuZ dks ftls vklkuh ls nksgjk;k tk lds Ldhe dgk tkrk gSA tSls

ckyd izfrfnu vius cLrs esa dkih fdrkc tekrk gSa twrs igurs oDr igys LVwy ij cSBrk gS fQj

eksts igurk gS fQj twrs igurk gSA ;g laxfBr O;ogkj Ldhe dgykrk gSA

Ldhe ds vuqlkj Þvyx&vyx lanHkksZ esa ysfdu ,d lh fLFkfr;ks ij ckj&ckj ykxw djds tks fdz;k

O;kidhdr vkSj csgrj gksrh tkrh gS mls Ldhe dgrs gSAß

cPps dh Ldhe mldk fØ;k djus dk rfjdk gS mldh fØ;kvks dk ifj.kke ugha Ldhe ds

ckjs esa dg ldrs gS fd ,d gh i"B Hkwfe ds nks O;fDr;ks dh Ldhe vyx&vyx gks ldrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ehjk dks tc rhu vkSj ikap tksMus fn;k x;k rks og 3 ds vkxs ds vad maxfy;ks

ds ek/;e ls fxuuk izkjaHk djrs gq, ifj.kke ij igqprh gS vFkkZr mÙkj crkrh gSAlksgu dks Hkh rhu

vkSj ikap tksMus fn;k x;k rks ogigys rhu ykbu [khprk gS ?ku dk fpUg yxkdj ikap ykbu

[khprk gS ckn esa ,d ls ’kq# djds vafre ykbu rd fxurh fxurk gS vkSj ifj.kke rd igqprk gSA

bl rjg ehjk vkSj lksgu ds fxuus dh Ldhe vyx&vyx gS tcfd ifj.kke leku gSaA

xfrfof/k ;k oLrq dk KkukRed izLrqrhdj.k Ldhek dgykrk gSaA Ldhek dh ifjHkk"kk& Sfdlh

vo/kkj.kk dh Ldhek ml vo/kkj.kk o mlds xq.kksa vkSj vU; vo/kkj.kkvks ds lkFk mlds

laca/kks dks ysdj fdlh O;fDr dh le> dh js[kkfp= izLrqrh dks dgrs gSAß mnkgj.k ds fy,

cPps dks crk;k fd vkdk’k esa mMus okyk i{kh fpfM;k gS rks cPpk gj mMus okyh oLrq dks

fpfM;k le>sxkA /khjs /khjs og vyx&vyx if{k;ks dks le>us yxsxkA bl rjg Kku dh

lajpuk dks Ldhek dgrs gSA

Ldhek&,d gh O;fDr esa Ldhek ogh dh ogh ugh jgrhA vo/kkj.kk dh le> cnyus ij

Ldhek Hkh cny tkrh gSA

Ldhek O;fDr O;fDr esa cnyrh jgrh gSA

Ldhek eas Hkh lek;kstu o ifjorZu ds lkFk foLrkj gksrk gSA

vkRelkrhdj.k@lfEeyu (Assimilation½ & og fopkj izfØ;k, gS ftls ubZ

phtks ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS mls lfEeyu dgrs gSA ftl tkudkfj;ks ls cPpks dk lkeuk

gksrk gS cPpsa iwjk ugha lh[krs mudk lh[kuk p;fur gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, cPps dks

ehjk dh fxuus dh Ldhe

4]5]6]7]8 +++= 8

ehjk ds fxuus dh Ldhe

3+ 5 = 8

... 4,5,6,7,8

Lkksgu ds fxuus dh Ldhe

3+ 5 = 8

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,

Ldhe nqfu;k ij fØ;k dk rfjdk gS

Tkcfd]Ldhek nqfu;k dk fu#i.k gS

dqN f[kykSus [ksyus ds fy, fn, tkrs gS cPpk mu f[kykSus dks idMrk gSA og f[kyksus

idMuk lh[k tkrk gS vc ;fn dksbZ u;k f[kySuk mlds lkeus vkrk gS tks igys f[kyksus

ls vyx gS rks cPps dks mls idMus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS rc og dksbZ ubZ fof/k dk iz;ksx

djrk gS vFkkZr og ubZ fopkj izfdz;k ls xqtjrk gSA vFkkZr ,d ubZ Ldhe dks

lfEefyr@vkRelkr djrk gSAidMus dh igys okyh Ldhe cny dj ubZ Ldhe cnyrk gS

bl izfdz;k dks gh lek;kstu dgrs gSA

lek;kstu(Accomodation ½& orZeku esa tks Ldhe gS og mlesa uohu vuqHko dks

lfEefyrdjrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, cPps dh Ldhek esa gS fd] lHkh i{kh vkleku esa mM

ldrs gSa] fdUrq eksj i{kh dks ns[kdj mls Ldhek esa ifjorZu djuk gksxk D;ksafd eksj] i{kh

gksrs gq, Hkh vkleku esa mM ugha ldrk gSA blds fy, cPpsa dks vius orZeku ds vuqHkoks ls

tw>uk gksxkA tw>rs gq, Ldhek O;k[;k djus esa l{ke gks ikrs gSA bl rjg u, vuqHko ds

fy, ubZ Ldhek fodflr gksrh gSAos fopkj ;k izfdz;k;sa ftuds tfj, ubZ phtks ij fdlh

Ldhe dks ykxw djus ds QyLo#i Ldhe esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA

lkE; fu/kkZj.k (Equilibrium½& ¼ Hummel 1998 ½ ds vuqlkj Kku dh fLFkjrk

dh izfØ;k esa lfEeyu ,oa lek;kstu t:jh gSA cPpk yxkrkj dksf’k’k djrk gS fd u;s

vuqHko ls tw>rs gq, lalkj dh O;k[;k djs vkSj le>sA cPps ds fy, ;g pqukSrh gs fd og

u;s vuqHkoks esa lkE; LFkkfir djrs gq, vius Ldhekvks esa ifjorZu djrs pys foLrkj djrs

gSA

lfEeyu&og fopkj izfdz;k, ftuls ,d Ldhe dks ubZ phtks ij ykxw fd;k

tkrkgSA

lek;kstu&os fopkj izfdz;k,a ftuds tfj, ubZ phtks ij fdlh Ldhe dks ykxw

djus ds QyLo#i Ldhe esa ifjorZu gksrk gS A

foLrkj&lek;kstu ds ifj.kkeLo#i Ldhe dk foLrkjA

lfEeyu o lek;kstu ges’kk lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSAtcge lfEefyr djrs gSrc gesa

tks dqN igys ls tkurs gS mlds vk/kkj ij nqfu;k ij fdz;k djrs gSAlek;kstu

djrs le; ge viuh fdz;k ds ifj.kkeLo#i nqfu;k ij izfrfdz;kdjrs gS vkSj tks

dqN tkurs gS mls cny jgs gksrs gSA

f’k{kd d{kk esa xfrfof/k djk ldrs gS&

yacs le; rd ,d gh fdz;k dk vH;kl djokuk] nksgjkukA

,d fØ;k dks vyx&vyx oLrqvks ij vyx&vyx <ax ls iz;ksx djus ds volj nsuk

blls Ldhe esa lfEeyu dh izfØ;k dk fodkl gksxkA

vusd fØ;kvks dks feyk tqyk dj] djus dks cPpks dks nsuk blls cPpks dh Ldhe esa

foLrkj gksxkA

laKkukRed fodkl dh voLFkkW,& laKkukRed fodkl pkj voLFkkvksa ls gksdj xqtjrk

gS tks fuEukuqlkj gS&

1 laosnh is’kh; voLFkk ¼Sensory motar stage ½

2 iwoZ lafdz;kRed voLFkk ¼ Pre-operational stage ½

3- Bksl lafdz;kRed voLFkk ¼Stage of concrete operation ½

4- vkSipkfjd lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of formal operation ½

1- laosnh is’kh; voLFkk¼ Sensory motar stage ½&;g voLFkk tUe ls nks lky rd dh gksrh

gSA bl voLFkk esa f’k’kqvks esa vU; fdz;kvks ds lkFk&lkFk ’kkjhfjd #i ls ;s phtks dks

b/kj&m/kj Qsduk]oLrqvks dks idMuk]igpkuuk]eqga]esa Mkyuk vkfn gSAbl rjg dh xfrfof/k djrs

gq, f’k’kqvks dh isf’k;ks dk fodkl gksrk gSA

2- iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼ Preoperational stage ½ &

iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk 2 lky ls 7 lky rd ekuh xbZ gSA bl voLFkk esa cPpsa fdlh pht ds

fy, lwpdrk vFkkZr oLrq] ’kCn] izfrek ds fy, fpUru djrk gSA 4 lky ds ckn cPpsa ekufld

fØ;k,a&tksM]?kVko]xq.kk o Hkkx esa lfEefyr gksrk gSaA

3-Bksl lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of concrete operation ½ &

;g voLFkk 7 lky ls 11 lky rd ekuh xbZ gSA bl voLFkk esa cPpsa nks oLrqvks vFkkZr Bksl

oLrqvks ds vk/kkj ij os vklkuh ls ekufld lafØ;k,a djds leL;k dk lek/kku dj ysrs gSA ijUrq

;fn oLrqvks dh txg ij ’kkfCnd dFku nsdj leL;k nh tk, rks os ekufld lafØ;k,a djrs gq,

fu"d"kZ ij ugha igqpras gSA

fi;kts dh laKkukRed voLFkk,a

Xkfrfof/k & f’k{kd fuEufyf[kr Xkfrfof/k cPpks ls djok,&

Lkkexzh & dadM] NksVh&NksVh ckWy] dkxt ds VqdMs] cVu vkfnA

fof/k & f’k{kd Nk=ks dks Øe’k% vad cksysxsa ¼1]2]3]4]5]6½ vkSj tks vad cksysxsa mruh gh

oLrq,a ¼dadM]NksVh&NksVh ckWy] dkxt ds VqdMs] cVu vkfn ½ mBkus dgk tk,xkA bl

rjg cPps vad vkSj oLrqvks esa laca/k LFkkfir dj ldsxsa vFkkZr Bksl oLrqvksa ds lkFk vadks

dks le>us dh izfØ;k ls ifjfpr gks ldsxsaA

Lakosnh is’kkh; voLFkk tUe ls 2 o"kZ

iwoZ lafdz;kRed voLFkk 2&7 o"kZ

Bksl lafdz;kRed voLFkk 7&12 o"kZ

vkSipkfjd lafdz;kRed voLFkk 12 ls Åij

4- vkSipkfjd lafdz;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of formal operation ½ &;g voLFkk11 lky ls

izkjaHk gksdj ;qokoLFkk rd pyrh gSA bl voLFkk esa fd’kksj dk fpUru vf/kd yphyk rFkk izHkkoh

,oa Øec) gks tkrk gSA vc ;s fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku dkYifud #i ls lkspdj ,oa fpUru

djus esa l{ke gks tkrs gSA bl voLFkk esa cPpsa ds lkeus leL;k Bksl #i esa gks vko’;d ugha gSA

f’k{kd fuEufyf[kr Xkfrfof/k cPpks ls djok,&[kkyh LFkku HkjsaA

1 cPpksa dks dqN bl rjg ds vad fn, tk ldrs gS&2]7]14]21]28]---]----]----]-----]-----]---]---]----]

2 cPpksa dks dqN bl rjg ds o.kZ fn, tk ldrs gS&BEH,ORU,ADG,E- -,J- -,Q - -,

bl xfrfof/k ls cPpsa Kku l`tu dh izfØ;k ls Lo;a gh tqMrs gSA

fi;kts ds fl)kUr dh ’kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk&

1- fi;kts ds fl)kUr esa cPpksa dh Hkwfedk lfdz; vkSj egRoiw.kZ ekuh xbZ gSA ikB~;p;kZ rS;kj djrs

le; cPpksa dh vko’;drk] #fp vk;q Lrj dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

2- [ksy ds ek/;e ls cPpks dks f’k{kk nsrs gq, laKkukRed fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3- ;fn fd’kksj esa vkSipkfjd lafØ;kRed fpUru ds Lrj dks c<kuk gS rks mls Å¡ps Lrj dh f’k{kk

nsuk vfuok;Z gSA

viuk Kku ijf[k,&

Á’u1& Tkhu fi;kts us KkukRed fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr dc fn, Fks\

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Á’u2& fi;kts us cPpks dks NksVs oSKkfudß uke fn;k gS mlds dkj.k D;k gS\

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Á’u3& Ldhek D;k gS\

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Á’u4& Ldhe vkSj Ldhek esa D;k laca/k gS\

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Á’u5& og izfdz;k, ftuls ,d Ldhe dks ubZ phtks ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] D;k dgk tkrk gS\

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Á’u6& fi;kts ds }kjk laKkukRed fodkl dh fdruh voLFkk,a crkbZ xbZ gS\

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Ikz’u7& iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk fdl vk;q oxZ esa gksrh gS\ bl voLFkk esa laKkukRed fodkl dSls

gksrk gS\

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3.2.1.2. ok;xksRldh dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k& ok;xkV~l dh }kjk lkekftd jpukokn dh O;k[;k

dh xbZ gSA ok;xksRldh us crk;k fd cPpk lekt ds lkFk varZfØ;k djrs gq, lh[krs gSA laLd`fr]

vkSj Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls laHkkfor fodkl ds {ks= ls ok;xksRldh us lkekftd jpukokn dks crk;k

gSA

3.2.1.3. tku Mhoh dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k& tku Mhoh ,d n’kZu’kkL=h euksoSKkfud rFkk egku

f’k{kk’kkL=h Fks ftuds ‘’kSf{kd n’kZu esa jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

tkWu Mhoh ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ds mn~ns’;& vuqHkoks dk iqufuZek.k vkSj Ik;kZoj.k ds lkFk lek;kstu]

lkekftd dq’kyrk dk fodkl A bl rjg ds mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Lo;a fdz;k djrs gq,

vuqHko izkIr djus gksrs gS blds fy, Ik;kZoj.k ls cPpks dks varZfØ;k djuh gksxh bl izfØ;k esa

cPpk Lo;a Kku izkIr djrk gS] Kku dh jpuk djrk gS]vius vkidks lekt ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS]

;gh jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k gSA

tkWu Mhoh ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ&tku Mhoh ds vuqlkj f’k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ cky ,oa

lekt dsafnzr gksuh pkfg,] cPpks dh #fp ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg,A ;fn ikB~;p;kZ cky ØsfUnzr

gksrh gS bldk vFkZ gS fd]Kku dh jpuk djus ds vf/kdre volj cPpksa dks miyC/k gks ldsxsaA

tku Mhoh ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k fof/k;k¡ & tkWu Mhoh us tks f’k{k.k fof/k;k¡ mRre ekuh gS mlds

fofHkUu pj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&

1 leL;k dh vuqHkwfr

2 leL;k dk fo’ys"k.k

3 ifjdYiukvks dk fueZk.k

4 ifjdYiukvks dk ijh{k.k

5 fu.kZ; vFkok ijh{k.k

;s ogh pj.k ftu ij pydj Kku dk l`tu gksrk gSA Mhoh ds vuqlkj lh[kus fl[kkus dh

fØ;k cPpkas dh :fp ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg,] mUgsa ckrphr djus ds volj nsus pkfg,] mUgsa Lo;a

djds ,oa Lo;a [kkstus ds volj nsuk pkfg,A

3.2.1.4. uksokd dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k&

uksokd ¼1993½ us lh[kus dk eWkMy crk;k ftls ekuo jpukokn dgkA ekuo jpukokn esa

;g ekuk tkrk g S fd fdlh Hkh ’kks/k dk;Z esa ;k oSKkfud dks l`tukRed dk;Z es u;s Kku dh

jpuk djuk gksrh gSA iwoZKku vkSj u;s Kku esa vkil esa laca/k gksrk gS tks O;fDrxr #i ls jpuk

fd, x, Kku dk vFkZ fudkyus esa ennxkj gksrk gSA ;g vFkZ cukus dh rduhd gS tks Hkk"kk esa

tfVy :i esa lfUufgr jgrh gS ftldks ekuo dks viukuk gksrk gS bls gh ekuo jpukokn dgrs

gSA uksokd ds vuqlkj T;knk vf/kxe Øfed :i ls vkrk gSA

viuk Kku ijf[k,&

Á’u 1&laKkukRed fodkl ds fy, dkSu&dkSuls nk’kZfudks dk jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k jgk gS\

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Á’u 2&tkWu Mhoh }kjk crkbZ xbZ f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds pj.k crk,a\

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3.3. ’kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ

3.3.1. f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk & jpukoknh d{kk esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk ÞKku ds LFkkukUrj.kß ls ifjofrZr

gksdj ßKku ds l`tu esa lqfo/kknkrkß dh gksrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ijaijkxr f’k{k.k Kku vlac)

VqdMks esa fn;k tk jgk gS rFkk fo|kFkhZ;ksa ls vis{kk ;g gksrh gS fd os yxHkx Kku dks mlh izdkj

izLrqr djsaa ,oa Hkfo"; esa mlh rjg ;kn j[ksa tSls mudks feyk FkkAVqdMks esa izkIr Kku dks cPpsa oSlk

dk oSlk gh izLrqr djus ds pDdj esa viuh l`tukRedrk dkmi;ksx ugha dj ikrs gS ifj.kkeLo#i

ml Kku dh Li"V vo/kkj.kkRed le> ugh cu ikrh gSA blh dkj.k cPpsa jVUr fo|k dh vksj

izo`r gksrs gSA Kku dks jVUks ds LFkku ij l`tu dh vksj ifjofrZr djus ds fy, f’k{kd dks ;g

Lohdkjuk gksxk fd]cPpk viuh iwoZ vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk vkrk gS tks mles Ldwy ls tqMus ds iwoZ ls

ekStwn gksrh gSAvr% f’k{kd dks jpukoknh ifjizs{; esa fuEukuqlkj Hkwfedk dk fuZogu djuk gksxk&

vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko&fdlh Hkh fl)kUr dks vklkuh ls izfrLFkkfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk

gS]efLr"d ,dne ls fdlh Ldhek dsk u;h Ldhek ds fy, [kkfjt ugha djrkA efLr"d dks

iqjkus Kku ds lanHkZ esa u, Kku dh O;k[;k djuk iMrk gS] iqjkus Kku dks lek;ksftr djuk

gksrk gS] ftlls og u, Kku esa izos’k dj ldsA bls gh vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko dgrs gSaaA

u;h Ldhek ds fy, [kkfjt ugha djukA efLr"d dks iqjkus Kku ds lanHkZ esa u, Kku dh

O;k[;k djuk iMrk gS]iqjkus Kku dks lek;ksftr djuk gksrk gS]ftlls og u, Kku esa izos’k

dj ldsA bls gh vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko dgrs gSaaA

[kkst }kjk lh[kuk &

bl fof/k esa cPpks dks cgqr lh lkexzh nsdj iz;ksx djus ds funsZ’k fn, tkrs gS ;s funsZ’kf’k{kd

}kjk Hkh fn, tk ldrs gS ;k cPpks ds Lo;a funsZf’kr Hkh gks ldrs gSaA

ÁfØ;kRed Kku vkSj dkS’ky lh[kuk&

izfØ;kRed lh[kuk vFkkZr lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks tkuukA tc f’k{kd xf.kr dks i<krs le; mlds

fofHkUu inks dks crkrs gSamnk- ds fy, fHkUu lh[kuk gS rks fHkUu ds fofHkUk Lrjks dks le>k;k tk,xk]

;g dk;Z f’k{kd ds }kjk fd;k tk,xk ftldk vuqdj.k cPpsa viuh Js"B ;ksX;rk ds lkFk djrs gSA

izfØ;kRed lh[kuk yxkrkj pyrk gSA tUe ds igys fnu ls ;g ’kq# gks tkrk gSA

lanHkZ vkfJr rdZ ’kfDr&

fo|kFkhZ vPNs ls i<&fy[ks] le>sa ;k dqN fo’ks"k rF;ks dks ;kn j[k lds ml ij fopkj

djs]lksps ;g jpukoknh f’k{kk’kkL= dk izeq[k fgLlk gSA ikfdZUl us bls ßvukSipkfjd rdZ’kfDrß uke

vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko gsrqqf’k{kd d{kk esa dj ldrs gS&

1 mfpr iz’u iqNuk tSls&dSls vkSj D;kas okys iz’u iwNukA

2leL;k gy djus ds fofHkUu rfjdks ij ckr djukA

3 leL;k lek/kku dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dks oxhZdr djukA

4 fo|kfFkZ;ks ls le> esa vkbZ vo/kkj.kk dks vius lkFkh dks le>kus dgukA

3leL;k lek/kku dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dks oxhZdr djukA

4fo|kfFkZ;ks ls le> esa vkbZ vo/kkdj.kk dks vius lkFkh dks le>kus dgukA

izfØ;kRed Kku vkSj dkS’ky fl[kkus gsrqf’k{kd dj ldrs gS&

1 cPpksa dks T;knk ls T;knk ekSf[kd funsZ’k fn, tk,Au;h&u;h izfdz;kvks dks voyksdu djus ds

volj fn, tk,A

2 ,d gh izfØ;k dks vH;kl djus ds ckj&ckj ekSds fn, tk,A

3 izfØ;kRed Kku vkSj dkS’ky lh[kuk vO;Dr gskrk gS izfdz;k ns[k dj gh lh[kk tk ldrk gS

vr%izfØ;k dk djds fn[kkuk t#jh gSA/kksy dSls cusxk bls cksy dj lh[kkus ds ctk,] djds

fn[kkus ls T;knk vPNh rjg lh[ksxsaA

4 izfØ;k dk vH;kl rc rd djok;k tk, tc rd og Lo;a izfØ;k dks vPNh rjg djus yx

tk,A

fn;kA vukSipkfjd rdZ’kfDr esa dbZ rdZ dh ?kkjk,a ’kkfey gksrh gSA vius tokc dks lgh lkfcr

djus ds fy, lacf/kr vusd rdZ nsxsaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ßfefM;k lekt dks cgdkus dk dk;Z djrh

gSß bl ij vyx&vyx O;fDr ds vyx&vyx rdZ gks ldrs gSA

ikjLifjd v/;kiu&

euksoSKkfud ,su czkmuh ,oa muds lg;ksxh }kjk 1980esa bls crk;k x;kA ;g d{kk dks

lg;ksxh lh[kus okys leqnk; ds #i esa cnyrk gSaa fo|kFkhZ Lo;a vius lh[kus dh ftEesankjh ysrk gSA

f’k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ ds e/; laokn gksrk gS] bl izfØ;k ds nkSjku cPpks ds ¼Metacognition½

vf/klaKkukRed dkS’ky esa o`f) gksrh gSA

rS;kjh ¼Readiness½&cPpksa ds Kku xzg.k djus dk rfjdk cMks ls fHkUu gksrk gSA cPps

vius rfjds ls lh[krs gS blfy, cPps ij dsafnzr f’k{k.k gksuk pkfg, rFkk muds fodklkRed

voLFkkvks vkSj Lrj ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k fof/k;ks dk p;u ,oa rS;kjh dh tkuk pkfg,A f’k{kd

dks pkfg, fd] cPpksa dsk iz’u iwNus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djs] iz;ksx djrs gq, lh[kus dh

ifjfLFkfr;ka cuk,A

lfdz; lh[kuk¼Active learning ½& fi;kts dgrs gS fd cPpk Kku dks vklkuh ls

xzg.k ugh dj ikrk vfirq cPpk fdlh izfØ;k ls lfdz;rk ls tqMdj fl[krk gSA blfy,

lh[kus esa lgHkkfxrk t#jh gSA lfØ;rk ls tqMus ls cPpksa esa #fp tkx`r gksrh gS rFkk

le> fodflr gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, cPps dks ;g crk;k fd fQzt esa ikuh tedj cQZ curk gS];g vo/kkj.kk cPps dks

le>us esa dfBu gS] ysfdu ;fn cPpk vkbl Vsªesa ikuh Hkjdj fÝtj esa j[krk gS fQj dqN nsj ckn

fudky dj ns[krk gS rks mlesa cQZ teh fn[krh gS A bl rjg tc cPps us djds ns[kk rc og

lh[k x;k vFkkZr izfdz;k ls tqMdj gh cPps esa le> cu ikrh gSA blfy, fi;kts dk dguk gS fd

cPpks dks djds lh[kus nsuk pkfg,A

lanHkZ vkfJr rdZ ’kfDrfl[kkus gsrq f’k{kd dj ldrs gS&

1 f’k{kk ds [kqys eqn~nks ij cPpks ls ckr djuk mudh jk; tkuuk tSls&

[ksyuk LokLFk ds fy, t#jh gSA

Vh oh ns[kus ls dsoy Kku dk fodkl gksrk gSA

2 okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djukA

3 D;ksa dSls iz’u iwNukA

ijLij lh[kus&fl[kkus gsrq d{kk esa f’k{kd dj ldrs gS&

1 f’k{kd d{kk dks 6 ls 8 fo|kfZFkZ;ksa ds dbZ lewgks esa ckaV ldrs gS vkSj Lo;a d{kk esa ?kwers

gq, tgka Hkh ekxZn’kZu ;k enn dh t#jr gks ogka tk ldrs gSaA f’k{k.k ds pkj dkS’ky&lkj

la{ksi djuk] O;k[;k djuk] iz’u iSnk djuk]vkSj Hkfo";ok.kh djuk gS] f’k{kd cPpks dks iznf’kZr

djds fn[kk;sxas] /khjs&/khjs fo|kFkhZ rfjdk le> tk,xsa] vkSj Lo;a djus yxsaxsaaA

xyfr;ksa ls lh[kuk¼Learning by mistkes½& fi;kts ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k dks rdZ

iw.kZ cukuk pkfg,A ;fn cPps xyr mÙkj nsrs gS rks mudh xyrh crkus ds cnys vius mÙkj

dsk fl) djus dgk tk, blls cPps vius mÙkj ds fy, vko’;d rdZ nsaxsA cPpks dks

xyfr;ks ij MkVus d cnys xyrh djds lh[kus nsA

mnkgj.k ds fy, cPpks ls iwNk tk, ;k ;g crk;k&4 vad dks c<krs gq, 16 cukuk gSAfdl fdl

fof/k ls ,slk fd;k tk ldrk gS\cPpsa fuEufyf[kr fdz;k dj ldrs gS&

3 esa 4 dk xq.kk djds 12 vk,xk

4 esa 4 dk xq.kk djds 16 vk,xk

4 dks 4 ckj tksM dj 16 vk,xk

cPpks dks ;gh izfØ;k dadM dh <sjh cukdj djus dks Hkh nsuh pkfg, blls cPps viuh xyrh

igpku ldrs gS lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA

lkFkh ds lkFk varZfdz;k¼Pear interaction½& fi;kts ds vuqlkj ds vuqlkj

lekthdj.k f’k{kk dk izeq[k Hkkx gS tks lkFkh ds lkFk varfØ;k djrs gq, lh[kus ls vkrk

gSA blls fopkj fodflr gksrs gS fHkUu fHkUu izdkj dh pqukSfr;k lkeus vkrh gSA bl rjg

dh varZfØ;k esa vko’;d gS fd] cPps vyx&vyx fcUnqvks ij viuk utfj;k izLrqr djsa]

lkFkh ds lkFkh feydj pqukSrh Lohdkj djuk fopkj djuk vkfnA blesa lkFkh leku

KkukRed Lrj dk gksuk pkfg,A¼Birch-1998 ½

okLrfod lkexzh dk mi;ksx¼Use of real material½&cPps ds fy, vewrZ Kku

xzg.k djuk dfBu gksrk gS mUgsa okLrfod lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lh[kus ds volj

nsuk pkfg,A

mnkgj.k ds fy, cPpsa dks 3+ 5=8 fl[kk;ktk,vkSj fuEufyf[kr fof/k ls fl[kk;k tk,&

4 3 = 12

4 4 = 16

4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16

okLrfod lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fxuuk]tksMuk

3 f=Hkqt 5 f=Hkqt 8 f=Hkqt

nwljh fof/k esa cPpsa lkexzh ls ogh Kku izkIr dj jgsa gS bl fof/k ls cPpsa esa Li"V vo/kkj.kk cu

ik,xhA

uohu vo/kkj.kk ¼New concept½& cPpks dks iqjkus Kku ls tksMdj u, Kku dks

crkuk pkfg, blls cPps Kku dks vkRelkr djrs gq, lek;kstu djrs gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, 2 dk igkMk fl[kk;k tkuk gS ;fn igkMk cukus dh fof/k fl[kk lds rks os vkxs

vU; igkMs Hkh cuk ldrs gSaA tSls&2 1 2

2 2 4

2 3 6

2 4 8

Á’u iwNuk&f’k{kd dks cPpks ls d{kk f’k{k.k ds nkSSjku vf/kd ls vf/kd iz’u iwNuk

pkfg,A

3.3.2.vf/kxedÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk&jpukoknh ifjizs{; esa vf/kxedÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk d{kkxr izfØ;k esa Kku

vtZu ls Kku ltu dh vksj gSA

ra= dks ysdj Nk=ks ds iz’u]vk;fM;k] vuqeku] iz;ksx dh #ijs[kk vkfn dks Nk= Lo;a vius

vk;fM;k ls ijh{k.k djrs gq, ifjdYiuk cukrs gS vkSj ifj.kkeks ij ppZk djrs gS rFkk

O;fDrxr#i ls fu"d"kZ ij iagqprs gSA bl vo/kkj.kk dks ifjfpr ifjfLFkfr;kas ,oa ifjfpr

vo/kkj.kk dks uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij ykxw djrs gSA

vf/kxedÙkkZ vius vk;fM;k dhs oS|rk dk ifj{k.k djrs gSA izLrqfrdj.k djrs gq, izfdz;k

dks foLrkfjr djrs gS]fo"k;oLrq ds lanHkZ eas O;k[;k djrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, rhu dks

rhu ls xq.kk djus ij ukS vk,xk ckyd bls ckj&ckj djds ns[ksxk vyx izdkj tSls tksM

djds Hkh ns[ksxk vkSj mls fo’okl gks tk,xk fd rhu ds vad dks rhu ckj tksMus ;k rhu

esa rhu dk xq.kk djus ls ukS vad gh vk,xkA

vf/kxedÙkkZ LofunsZf’kr lh[kus dh vknr Mkyrs gS vFkkZr fdlh ds funsZ’k ij dk;Z djus

ds LFkku ij vius vki dk;Z djrs gSA

vf/kxedÙkkZ Lo;a lh[kus dh ftEesnkjh ysrs gaSA

jpukoknh lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa vdknfed #i ls yphykiu gksrk gS tks lgHkkfxrk iw.kZ

lh[kus dks izsfjr djrk gS vkSj vius lgHkkxh ls lk>snkjh djrs gSA

vf/kxedÙkkZ Lora=rkiwoZd fdlh izk;kstuk ij dk;Z djrs gSA

viuk Kku ijf[k,&

iz’u 1& iajijkxr d{kk ls jpukoknh d{kk esa tkus ds fy, f’k{kd dks viuh Hkwfedk esa D;k

ifjorZu djuk gksxk\

iz’u 2& vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko ls D;k vk’k; gSaa\

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iz’u 3& vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko gsrqq f’k{kd d{kk esa D;k&D;k dj ldrs gS&

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iz’u 4& jpukRedrk esa [kkst }kjk fl[kkus D;k dk egRo gS\

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iz’u 5& jpukokn vf/kxe esalfdz; lh[kuk dk D;k egRo gS\

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iz’u 6& f’k{kd cPpks dks lkFkh ds lkFk varZfdz;k djrs gq, fl[kkrs le; fdl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk

pkfg,\

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iz’u 7& vf/kxedÙkkZ dks Kku ds l`tu ds fy, vius vki esa dkSu xq.kks dks fodflr djuk pkfg,\

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3.4. bdkbZ lkjka’k&;kn j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa

jpukokn,d fl)kUr gS ftlesa vf/kxedÙkkZ dqN xfrfof/k;ksa dks djrs gq, lh[krs gS ]vkil

esa ckrphr djrs gq, viuh le>] vo/kkj.kk cukrs gS] bls gh jpukokn dgrs gSA

cky dsafnzr f’k{k.k fof/k dh vksj tkuk gh jpukoknh vf/kxe mikxe gSA gSA

jpukoknh fopkj/kkjk dks 7&E ekWMy ls vf/kxe mikxe ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA

Kku ds l`tu esa cPpsa igys voyksdu djds leL;k dks igpkurs gS] fQj ifjdYiuk cukrs

gS]rRi’pkr ifjdYiuk dk ijh{k.k djrs gq, urhts ij igqprs gSA

f’k{kd cPpks esa vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko ykus] [kkst }kjk lh[kkus] izfØ;kRed Kku vkSj dkS’ky

lh[kkus] lanHkZ vkfJr rdZ ’kfDr ds fodkl ds fy,] ikjLifjd v/;kiu ds volj] rS;kjh]

lfØ; lh[kus ls tksMuk] xyfr;ksa ls lh[kus nsuk] lkFkh ds lkFk varZfØ;k djus ds volj

nsuk]okLrfod lkexzh dk mi;ksx djuk] uohu vo/kkj.kk ls tksMuk] iz’u iwNus ds fy,

iszfjr djsaA

thu fi;kts ,d n’kZu’kkL=h thofoKkuh] euksoSKkfud rFkk f’k{kkfon~ FksA Tkhu fi;kts

¼1880&1986½ us KkukRed fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr fn, A

fi;kts ds }kjk jpukoknh lh[kus ds ifjizs{; esa Ldhek] vkRelkrhdj.k] lek;kstu]

lkE;/kkj.k ds :i fl)kUr fn, gSA

laKkukRed fodkl pkj voLFkkvksa laosnh is’kh; voLFkk] iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk] Bksl

lafØ;kRed voLFkk vkSj vkSipkfjd lafØ;kRed voLFkk ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA

f’k{kd cPpks esa vo/kkj.kkRed cnyko ykus] [kkst }kjk lh[kkus] izfØ;kRed Kku vkSj

dkS’ky lh[kkus] lanHkZ vkfJr rdZ ’kfDr ds fodkl ds fy,] ikjLifjd v/;kiu ds volj]

rS;kjh] lfØ; lh[kus ls tksMuk] xyfr;ksa ls lh[kus nsuk] lkFkh ds lkFk varZfØ;k djus ds

volj nsuk] okLrfod lkexzh dk mi;ksx djuk] uohu vo/kkj.kk ls tksMuk] iz’u iwNus ds

fy, iszfjr djsaA

Ckks/k Á’uks ds mÙkj

Á’u1&jpukokn iajijkxr f’k{k.k ls fdl rjg vyx gS\

mÙkj&

iajijkxr f’k{k.k esa ;g eku dj f’k{kd pyrs gS fd cPpksa dks dqN vkrk ugha gS f’k{kd dks

gh lc dqN lh[kkuk gksxk tcfd jpukoknh mikxe esa f’k{kd dks ;g ekuuk gh gksrk gS fd

cPpksa dks cgqr dqN vkrk gS mUgsa dsoy volj nsus dh vko’;drk gS rFkk tgka t#jh gks

ogka lg;ksx iznku djuk gksxkA

iajijkxr f’k{k.k f’k{kd dsafnzr gksrk gS tcfd jpukoknh f’k{k.k vf/kxedÙkkZ dsafnzrA

iajijkxr f’k{k.k esa f’k{kd lfdz; gksrs gStcfd jpukoknh f’k{k.k esa vf/kxedÙkkZ lfdz;

gksrk gSA

Á’u2&jpukoknh vf/kxe mikxe ds fdrus pj.k gS foLr`r o.kZ.k djsa\

mÙkj& jpukoknh vf/kxe vFkkZr ckyd ds }kjk Kku dk l`tu djuk A ckyd fofHkUu pj.kks ls

xqtjrs gq, uohu Kku dk l`tu djrk gS vf/kxe mikxe ds pj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&

1& /;ku esa vkuk ;k izdk’k esa ykuk

2& O;Lr djuk

3& [kkst djuk

4& O;k[;k djuk

5& foLrr djuk

6& ewY;kadu djuk

7& foLrkj nsuk

1 /;ku esa vkuk ;k izdk’k esa ykuk& jpukoknh vf/kxe mikxe ds bl pj.k esa fl[kkbZ tkus okyh

fo"k;oLrq dks ckyd ds /;ku esa ykus ds fy, f’k{kd fdlh rjg dh dksbZ xfrfof/k dj ldrs gS ;k

ckyd ds /;ku esa vius vki Hkh vk ldrh gSA

2 O;Lr djuk& bl pj.k esa ckyd ds /;ku esa ykbZ xbZ ckr ;k fo"k;oLrq dks fl[kkus vkSj fl[kus

esa O;Lr fd;k tkrk gSA

3 [kkst djuk& ;gka [kkst djus ls vk’k; tc ckyd fdlh fØ;k esa O;Lr gksxk rc og dqN

dk;Z djrs gq, ubZ&ubZ ckrsa tkusxk] lh[ksxk] [kkst djsxkA f’k{kd dks pkfg, fd] os ckydks dks ,sls

volj cPpks dks miyC/k djk,a A 4 O;k[;k djuk& bl pj.k esa cPpsa lh[ks x, Kku dh O;k[;k djrs gS vFkZ le>rs gS] ifjHkk"kkvks

dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs f’k{kd bu lHkh dk;kZs esa cPpks dh enn djrs gSA

5 foLr`r djuk& ;g pj.k Nk=ks dks vo/kkj.kRed le> cukus] foLrkfjr djus dkS’ky vkSj

O;ogkjks dk vH;kl djus ds volj iznku djrk gSA blh pj.k esa vf/kxedÙkkZ izR;; dh xgjkbZ dks

le>us dk iz;kl djrk gSA

6 ewY;kadu djuk& bl pj.k esa vf/kxedÙkkZ us tks dqN lh[kk gS tSls izR;;] izfdz;k] dkS’ky vkfn

dk ewY;kadu gksrk gSA bl pj.k ds Ik’pkr vf/kxedÙkkZ ds vuqHko esa mldh izxfr izfrfcafcr gksrh

gSA

7 foLrkj nsuk& ckyd us tks dqN Hkh lh[kk gS mldks vkSj QSykrk gS] foLrkfjr djrk gSA

Á’u3&Kku dk l`tu fdl rjg gksrk gS\ mYys[k djsa\

mÙkj&

cPpks esa Kku ds l`tu dh Ikzfdz;k vusd n’kZu’kkL=h;ksa ds n’kZu esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA fo’ks"k

dj thu fi;kts] ok;xksR;dh vkSj tkWu Mhoh ds n’kZu esa Kku ltu ds fuEufyf[kr in dh ckr

fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] vf/kxedÙkkZ bu inks ls xqtjdj O;ofLFkr #i ls Kku dk l`tu dj ikrk gS&

leL;k dh vuqHkwfr

leL;k dk fo’ys"k.k

ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k

ifjdYiuk dk ifj{k.k

fu.kZ; ;k fu"d"kZ

lkekU;hdj.k

leL;k dh vuqHkwfr&Kku l`tu ds bl in esa fdlh leL;k ls vf/kxedÙkkZ dk lkeuk gksrk gSA

leL;k dh vuqHkqfr vf/kxedÙkkZ dks lekt ls]lkFkh ls]ifjokj ls ;k f’k{kd }kjk gks ldrh gSA

leL;k dk fo’ys"k.k& ftl leL;k ls vf/kxedÙkkZ dk lkeuk gqvk gS og ml leL;k ds ckjs esa

lksprk gS D;k leL;k gS\ leL;k D;ksa gS\ lek/kku D;k gks ldrk gS vkfnA bl rjg fo’ys"k.k

djrs gq, vf/kxedÙkkZ leL;k dh leLr tkudkjh gkfly djrk gSaA

ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k& leL;k dks iw.kZr%le>us ds ckn ;k fo’ysf"kr djus ds ckn vf/kxedÙkkZ

leL;k ds fy, lek/kku <w<rk gS vkSj ifjdYiuk cukrk gSA ,d leL;k ds fy,,d ls vf/kd

ifjdYiuk, gks ldrh gSA

ifjdYiuk dk ifj{k.k& vf/kxedÙkkZ }kjk cukbZ xbZ ifjdYiuk dks izk;ksfxd rkSj ij djds ns[kuk

gh ijh{k.k dgykrk gSA

fu.kZ; ;k fu"d"kZ& ifjdYiuk dh iqf"V djrs gq, leL;k ds lek/kku ds fu"d"kZ ij igqapk tkrk gSA

lkekU;hdj.k& lek/kku dks vyx&vyx ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij ykxw djds ,d lkekU; ls fu;e@

fl)kUr curk gS blrjg Kku dk ltu gksrk gSA ;gh jpukoknh vf/kxe gSA

iz’u 4& laKkukRed fodkl fdu&fdu voLFkkvks ls gksdj xqtjrk gS\ fdlh ,d dks mnkgj.k

lfgr le>kb,A

mÙkj&

cPpsa dk laKkukRed fodkl pkj voLFkkvksa ls gksdj xqtjrk gS tks fuEukuqlkj gS&

1 laosnh is’kh; voLFkk ¼Sensory motar stage ½

2 iwoZ lafdz;kRed voLFkk¼ Pre-operational stage ½

3- Bksl lafdz;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of concrete operation ½

5- vkSipkfjd lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of formal operation ½

1- laosnh is’kh; voLFkk ¼Sensory motar stage½& ;g voLFkk tUe ls nks lky rd dh gksrh

gSA bl voLFkk esa f’k’kqvks esa vU; fdz;kvks ds lkFk&lkFk ’kkjhfjd #i ls ;s phtks dks b/kj&m/kj

Qsduk]oLrqvks dks idMuk]igpkuuk]eqga]esa Mkyuk vkfn gSA

2- iwoZ lafdz;kRed voLFkk ¼ Preoperational stage ½& iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk 2 lky ls 7

lky rd ekuh xbZ gSA bl voLFkk esa cPpsa fdlh pht ds fy, lwpdrk vFkkZr oLrq]’kCn] izfrek

ds fy, fpUru djrk gSA 4 lky ds ckn cPpsa ekufld fdz;k,a&tksM] ?kVko] xq.kk o Hkkx esa

lfEefyr gksrk gSaA

3-Bksl lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of concrete operation ½ &

;g voLFkk 7 lky ls 11 lky rd ekuh xbZ gSA bl voLFkk esa cPpsa nks oLrqvks vFkkZr Bksl

oLrqvks ds vk/kkj ij os vklkuh ls ekufld lafØ;k,a djds leL;k dk lek/kku dj ysrs gSA ijUrq

;fn oLrqvks dh txg ij ’kkfCnd dFku nsdj leL;k nh tk, rks os ekufld lafØ;k,a djrs gq,

fu"d"kZ ij igqpras gSA

Xkfrfof/k &

Lkkexzh &dadM] NksVh&NksVh ckWy] dkxt ds VqdMs] cVu vkfnA

fof/k & f’k{kd Nk=ks dks dze’k%vad cksysxsa ¼1]2]3]4]5]6½ vkSj tks vad cksysxsa mruh gh

oLrq,a ¼dadM] NksVh&NksVh ckWy] dkxt ds VqdMs] cVu vkfn½ mBkus dgk tk,xkA bl

rjg cPps vad vkSj oLrqvks esa laca/k LFkkfir dj ldsxsa vFkkZr Bksl oLrqvksa ds lkFk vadks

dks le>us dh izfdz;k ls ifjfpr gks ldsxsaA

4- vkSipkfjd lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼ Stage of formal operation ½ & ;g voLFkk 11 lky ls

izkjaHk gksdj ;qokoLFkk rd pyrh gSAbl voLFkk esa fd’kksj dk fpUru vf/kd yphyk rFkk izHkkoh

,oa Øec) gks tkrk gSA vc ;s fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku dkYifud #i ls lkspdj ,oa fpUru

djus esa l{ke gks tkrs gSA bl voLFkk esa cPpsa ds lkeus leL;k Bksl #i esa gksuk gS vko’;d ugha

gSA

f’k{kd fuEufyf[kr Xkfrfof/k cPpks ls djok,&[kkyh LFkku HkjsaA

1 cPpksa dks dqN bl rjg ds vad fn, tk ldrs gS& 2]7]14]21]28]---]----]----]-----]-----]---]---]----]

2 cPpksa dks dqN bl rjg ds o.kZ fn, tk ldrs gS& BEH,ORU,ADG,E- -,J- -,Q - -,

bl xfrfof/k ls cPpsa Kku l`tu dh izfdz;k ls Lo;a gh tqMrs gSA

fi;kts ds fl)kUr dh ’kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk &

1- fi;kts ds fl)kUr esa cPpksa dh Hkwfedk lfdz; vkSj egRoiw.kZ ekuh xbZ gSA ikB~;p;kZ rS;kj djrs

le; cPpksa dh vko’;drk] :fp vk;q Lrj dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

2- [ksy ds ek/;e ls cPpks dks f’k{kk nsrs gq, laKkukRed fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3- ;fn fd’kksj esa vkSipkfjd lafdz;kRed fpUru ds Lrj dks c<kuk gS rks mls Å¡ps Lrj dh f’k{kk

nsuk vfuok;Z gSA

Ckks/k iz’u

1 jpukokn f’k{k.k ijaijkxr f’k{k.k ls fdl rjg vyx gS\

mRrj&

Øekad ijaijkxr f’k{k.k jpukokn f’k{k.k

1 ÞKku ds LFkkukUrj.kßij tksj ßKku ds l`tu ij tksj

2 lh[kuk vH;kl ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA lh[kuk varZfdz;kvks ij vk/kkfjr gksrk

gSAcPpsa viuh tkudkjh ls Kku dk ltu

djrs gSaA

3 f’k{kd tkudkfj;ksa dks Nk=ks esa

LFkkukarfjr djrs gSa Nk= Kku xzg.k djrs

gSaA

f’k{kd Nk=ks ls ckr djrs gS Nk= dks Kku

ds jpuk djus esa enn djrs gSA

4 iz’uks ds lgh mRrj dh tkap djds

ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS

ewY;kadu esa Nk=ks ds dk;Z]voyksdu VsLV]

izfØ;k vkfn ns[kh tkrh gSA

5 Kku dks vfØ;rk ls ns[kk tkrk gSA Kku dks lfØ; #i ls ns[krs gq, vuqHkoks

ds lkFk ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA

6 Nk= lkekU;r%vdsys dk;Z djrs gSA Nk= lkekU;r%lewg esa dk;Z djrs gSA

7 Kku izkIr djus ij cy gksrk gSA Kku ltu dh izfØ;k ij cy fn;k tkrk

gSa

iz’u 6 vf/kxedÙkkZ dks Kku ds l`tu ds fy, vius vki esa dkSu xq.kks dks fodflr djuk pkfg,\

mRrj&LofpUru] LOkvuq’kklu] Lotkx#drk] LofunsZ’ku] Lo;a dh ftEesnkjh lh[kus ds izfrA

iz’u 4& Ldhe vkSj Ldhek esa D;k laca/k gS\

mRrj&ßcPps dh Ldhe mldk fdz;k djus dk rfjdk gS tcfdxfrfof/k ;k oLrq dk KkukRed

izLrqrhdj.k Ldhek dgykrk gSaA ,d gh i`"B Hkwfe ds nks O;fDr;ks dh Ldhe vyx&vyx gks ldrh

gSA ,d gh O;fDr esa Ldhek ogh dh ogh ugh jgrh cnyrh jgrh gSA cPpsa Bksl vuqHkoks ds laidZ esa

ckj&ckj vkdj lh[krs gSA vo/kkj.kk dh le> cnyus ij Ldhek Hkh cny tkrh gSA

Á’u 5& jpukoknh lh[kus esa 7 E ekMy ds pj.kks ds uke nhft,\

mRrj &

1 /;ku esa vkuk ;k izdk’k esa ykuk]

2 O;Lr djuk

3 [kkst djuk

4 O;k[;k djuk

5 foLrr djuk

6 ewY;kadu djuk

7 foLrkj nsuk

Á’u 6& jpukoknh lh[kus esa 7 E ekMy nsus okys euksoSKkfud dkSu gS\

mRrj&jkstj ck;dh

iz’u 7& E ekMy ds fdl pj.k esa cPpsa dks lcls vf/kd lg;ksx dh vko’;drk gksrh gS\vkSj

D;ksa\

mRrj& pkSFks pj.k O;k[;k djus esaA

iz’u 8& jpukoknh lh[kus dh izfdz;k esa Kku ls D;k vk’k; ekuk x;k gS\

mRrj & jpukoknh lh[kus dh izfdz;k esa Kku fuf"dz;rk ls xzg.k djus dh izfdz;k ugha gS oju ml

izfdz;k ls gS] ftlesa vFkZ fudkyk tk,]leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k tk;sA

3.5.oLrqfu"B iz’u

1 iwoZ lafdz;kRed voLFkk ekuh xbZ gS&

A 2&7 o"kZ C 1&6 o"kZ

B 7&11 o"kZ D 11&18 o"kZ

2 jpukoknh ifjizs{; esa lh[kuk ds nk’kZfud gS&

ALdsuj C cqzuj

B fi;kts D blesa ls dksbZ ugha

3 jpukoknh ifjizs{; esa Kku ds l`tu esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk gS&

A.ijaijkxr f’k{kd dh C. A ,oa B mijksDr nksuks dh

B.lqfo/kknkrk dh D .blesa ls dksbZ ugha

Yk?kqmÙkjh; iz’u&

1 thu fi;kts dkSu Fks\

2 tku Mhoh ds f’k{k.k fof/k;ks ds fofHkUu pj.k crkbZ,\

3 Bksl lafØ;kRed voLFkk ls D;k vk’k; gS\ le>kbZ,A

4 fi;kts ds fl)kUr dh ’kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk crkbZ,\

nh/kZmÙkjh; iz’u&

Á’u 1& jpukokn ls D;k vk’k; gS\

Á’u 2& jpukoknh f’k{k.k vkSj ijaijkxr f’k{k.k esa D;k varj gS\

Á’u 3& jpukoknh ifjizs{; esa vf/kxe mikxe dks le>kb,\

Á’u 4& jpukoknh vf/kxe mikxe ds 7 E ekMy dks le>kb,\

Á’u 5& lh[kus ds jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks le>kb,\

Á’u 6& ,d mnkgj.k nsdj cPps esa Kku dk ltu dh izfØ;k dks le>kb,\

Á’u 7& fi;kts ds jpukoknh lh[kus ds fl)kUr dks le>kb,\

Á’u 9& lfEeyu dh izfØ;k dks le>kb,\

Á’u 10& laKkukRed fodkl dh izeq[k voLFkk, dkSu lh gS foLr`r fooj.k nhft,\

Á’u 11& fi;kts ds fl)kUr dh ’kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk crkb,\

Á’u12& tkWu Mhoh ds }kjk crkbZ xbZ fof/k;ks ds fofHkUu pj.k dks le>kb,\

Á’u 13& jpukoknh lh[kus esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V djsa\

Á’u 14& jpukoknh ifjizs{; esa lh[krs le; vf/kxedÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk ij izdk’k Mkfy,\

3.6.fu;r dk;Z@xfrfof/k;ka&

vkSipkfjd lafdz;kRed voLFkk esa ckyd ds Kku ltu dh izfdz;k dks mnkgj.k lfgr

le>kbZ,\

3.7.lanHkZ xzaFk &

1.Sharma,Santosh(2012)Name of article Constructivism NCERT (20)

Constructivist Approaches to Teaching and Learning. Handbook for Teachers

of Secondary Stage.

2- Journal of Advanced Study in Education (VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 OCTOBER

2013 )

3. Regional institute of education Bhopal-13 CAPACITY BULDING OF TEACHER

EDUCATORS OF MADHYA PRADESH (TRAING PACKAGE,ENGLISH LANGUAGE

TEACHING,10-14 JUNE 2013),

4. Module for B.Ed.(Institute of Advance Study inEducation,Bhopal)

5- Ldwy esa vkt rqeus D;k iwNk\ ¼deyk oh-eqdqUnk½