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Etymology

The word robotics was derived from the word robot, which was introduced to the public by

CzechwriterKarel apekin his playR.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), which premieredin 1921.

[5]

According to theOxford English Dictionary, the word robotics was first used in print by

Isaac Asimov, in hisscience fictionshort story "Liar!", published in May 1941 inAstounding

Science Fiction. Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and

technology of electrical devices is electronics, he assumed robotics already referred to the

science and technology of robots. In some of Asimov's other works, he states that the first use

of the word robotics was in his short storyRunaround(Astounding Science Fiction, March

1942).[6][7]

However, the word robotics appears in "Liar!"

[edit] History

Main article:History of robots

See also:Robot

Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to create them have a long history.

A scene fromKarel apek's 1920 playR.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), showing threerobots

The word robotwas introduced to the public by theCzechwriterKarel apekin his playR.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920.

[5]The play begins in a factory that

makes artificial people called robots creatures who can be mistaken for humansthough theyare closer to the modern ideas ofandroids. Karel apek himself did not coin the word. Hewrote a short letter in reference to anetymologyin theOxford English Dictionaryin which

he named his brotherJosef apekas its actual originator.[5]

In 1927 theMaschinenmensch("machine-human")gynoidhumanoid robot(also called

"Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Maria impersonator") was the first and perhaps the

most memorable depiction of a robot ever to appear on film was played by German actress

Brigitte Helm) inFritz Lang'sfilmMetropolis.

In 1942 the science fiction writerIsaac Asimovformulated hisThree Laws of Roboticsand,

in the process of doing so, coined the word "robotics" (see details in "Etymology" section

below).

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ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_%28film%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Helmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschinenmenschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#cite_note-KapekWebsite-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28robot%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#cite_note-KapekWebsite-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R._%28Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R._%28Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robotics&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Facthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Facthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Facthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar%21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#cite_note-KapekWebsite-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R._%28Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia

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In 1948Norbert Wienerformulated the principles ofcybernetics, the basis of practical

robotics.

Fully autonomous robots only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first

digitally operated and programmable robot, theUnimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot

pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial andindustrial robotsare widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, or more accurately and reliably,

than humans. They are also employed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be

suitable for humans. Robots are widely used inmanufacturing, assembly, packing and

packaging, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research,

safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods.[8]

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