objectives: i can… □sequence the events of the cell cycle □relate the function of a cell to...
TRANSCRIPT
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Objectives: I CAN…
□Sequence the events of the cell cycle
□Relate the function of a cell to its organization into tissues, organs, and organ systems
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Essential Question:
• Why do cells need to divide?
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RECALL……… WHAT ARE THE THREE PARTS OF THE CELL THEORY???
ALL CELLS COME FROM PREEXISTING CELLS
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Examples of Cell Division– cells on the bottom of feet and back of hands
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Examples of Cell Division– cuts and bruises healing
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Examples of Cell Division– ivy vine growing
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What happens to cells if they become too big? What process do
cells have to limit their growth?• A cell’s size can slow the rate of
diffusion
• A cell’s volume increases too fast for the surface area
• There is not enough DNA to support the protein needs of the cell
• Cell’s divide to limit their growth
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•During cell division _________________ cells are produced from ______________ cell. The _________ cells are ________________ to the orginal cell.
new
one
twoidentical
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What appears in the nucleus before the cells divide? What are they
made of?
• Several short, stringy structure appear
• Structures are called chromosomes made of DNA
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What do chromosomes do?
• Contain DNA.
• Carries of genetic material
• Copied and passed from generation to generation
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THE CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE MITOSIS
1. Cell grows in size
2. Carries on metabolism
3. Duplicates chromosomes
4. Prepares for division
1. Follows interphase
2. Process of nuclear division
3. 2 daughter cells form
4. Daughter cells identical to parent cell
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1. PROPHASE 2. METAPHASE
3. ANAPHASE 4. TELOPHASE
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• New cells are produced from one cell
• Results in two identical cells
CELL DIVISION
Take Notes!Topic: Cell Reproduction
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• Contain DNA, the genetic material
•Accurate transmission of chromosomes during cell division is critical.
CHROMOSOMES
Take Notes!Topic: Cell Reproduction
4th
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Chromosome
Supercoil within
chromosome
Continued coiling within
supercoilHistone H1
DNA
STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
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• The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a cell.
THE CELL CYCLE
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• Sequence of growth and division in the cell
• Has three phases: Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
CELL CYCLE
Take Notes!Topic: Cell Reproduction
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THE CELL CYCLE
•The majority of a cell’s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase.
Interphase
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• Interphase, the busiest phase of the cell cycle, is divided into three parts.
DNA synthesis and replication Centrioles
replicate; cell
prepares for division
Rapid growth and metabolic activity
INTERPHASE
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Part 1: cell grows and proteins are produced
Rapid growth and metabolic
activity
INTERPHASE
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Part 2: cell copies its chromosomes
DNA synthesis and replication
INTERPHASE
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Part 3: cell enters another shorter growth period mitochondria and other organelles are manufactured and cell
parts needed for cell division are assembled.
Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for
division
INTERPHASE
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• Cell growth phase
• Cell:
• increases in size
• carries on metabolism
• duplicates chromosomes prior to division
INTERPHASE
Take Notes!Topic: Cell Reproduction
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Following interphase, a cell enters its period of nuclear division called mitosis.
Mitosis
THE CELL CYCLE
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Day 2
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Objectives: I CAN…
□Sequence the events of the cell cycle
□Relate the function of a cell to its organization into tissues, organs, and organ systems
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Mitosis
If these cells are part of the same plant, why do they all look a little different?
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If the amazing process shown here did NOT happen, we wouldn’t be alive!
Mitosis
Goal: When I show this slide at the end of the day, you should be able to tell me the name of this phase of mitosis!
If you all can do it—we’ll have a raffle!
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A chromosome is made of chromatin… which is made of DNA!
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA
Phosphate
Sugar
Base
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How is a chromosome formed?
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nucleus
chromosome
Chromatin
Cell cycle
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ChromatinChromosome
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Chromosomes duplicate!
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
How many total chromosomes do humans have?
23
46
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nucleus
chromosome
Chromatin
Cell cycle 23
46
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Chromosome numbersEach type of eukaryote has a characteristic
number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell.
Examples:Humans- 46Dog- 78Potato plant- 48Cat- 38Housefly- 12Fungus- 8
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nucleus
chromosome
Chromatin
Cell cycle 23
46growth
divisioninterphase
20
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THE PHASES OF MITOSIS
8th
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• During prophase, the chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes.
Spindle fibers
Disappearing nuclear envelope
Doubled chromosome
PHASES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE
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• The two halves of the doubled structure are called sister chromatids.
Sister chromatids
PHASES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE
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• Sister chromatids are held together by a structure called a centromere, which plays a role in chromosome movement during mitosis.
Centromere
PHASES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE
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• During metaphase, the chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle.
Centromere
Sister chromatids
PHASES OF MITOSIS: METAPHASE
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• During anaphase, the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
PHASES OF MITOSIS: ANAPHASE
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• During telophase, two distinct daughter cells are formed. The cells separate as the cell cycle proceeds into the next interphase.
Nuclear envelope reappears
Two daughter cells are formed
PHASES OF MITOSIS: TELOPHASE
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Review Day!!!!
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Objectives: I CAN…
□Sequence the events of the cell cycle through a review session
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ReviewGrab your white board and the note sheet on mitosisANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
2. Most of the cell’s life is spent in which phase of the cell cycle ?INTERPHASE
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3. What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
4. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Growth and division of cells
Interphase
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5. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?
6. What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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7. The phase of mitosis pictured below?
METAPHASE
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8. The phase of mitosis pictured below?
PROPHASE
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9. The phase of mitosis pictured below?
TELOPHASE
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10. The phase of mitosis pictured below?
ANAPHASE
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11. What is the purpose of cytokinesis?
12. How long is the cell cycle of the average human cell?
To divide the cytoplasm and cell membrane
20 hours
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13. How many chromosomes does the average human have?
14. What is the picture of all of the cell’s chromosomes called?
46
KARYOTYPE
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15. What disease occurs when cell growth is out of control?
16. What is one cause of uncontrolled cell growth?
cancer
Tobacco products, pollution, ultraviolet radiation (sun)
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17. What happens during interphase?
18. What happens during prophase?
Cells prepare to divide, cells grow, multiply chromosomes
Chromosomes condense and become visible
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19. What happens during metaphase?
20. What happens during anaphase?
Chromosomes align at equator
Sister chromatids separate
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21. What happens during telophase?
22. Give an example of when mitosis (cell division) is needed?
Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
Cut skin, growing (plants or animals), hair or nail growth, cell repair
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1. Cell Cycle
B. Sequence of growth and division of a cell
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2. Sister ChromatinE. Make up the 2 halves of the double stranded chromosome and the DNA they contain are exact copies of each other
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3. InterphaseD. Longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and prepares for division
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4. MitosisF. Nuclear cell division, forming two daughter cells each containing a complete set of chromosomes
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5. Daughter cells
C. Produced at the end of mitosis, identical to the parent cell
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6. ChromosomeA. Contain DNA and carry the genetic information material that is passed from cell to cell
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7. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle? (in order)
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
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8. Which of these cycles does the cell spend most of its time in?
Interphase
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9. What are the 4 phases of mitosis? (in order)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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10. What disease is caused by uncontrolled cell growth?
Cancer
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11. Cell growth occurs
Interphase
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12. Nuclear division occurs
Mitosis
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13. DNA synthesis occurs
Interphase
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14. Cytoplasm divides immediately after this
period
Mitosis
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15. Chromosomes are duplicated
Interphase
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16. Two distinct daughter cells are
formed
Telophase
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17. The chromosomes move to the equator of
the cell
Metaphase
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18. The chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes
Prophase
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19. The centromeres split and the sister
chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles
of the cell
Anaphase
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A. Prophase
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B. Anaphase
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C. Telophase
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D. Metaphase
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Sister chromatidsCentromere
EXTRA CREDIT