objectives: describe natural selection catalyst: what is a half life? please sign in on attendance...
TRANSCRIPT
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Objectives:
Describe natural selection
Catalyst: What is a half life?
Please sign in on attendance sheet
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GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE EARTH
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HADEAN TIME
• 4.5 to 3.8 billion years ago
• During Hadean time, the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun
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Archaean3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago
• Methane, ammonia, and other gases which would be toxic to most life on our planet today filled atmosphere.
• Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form.
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Proterozoic Era2.5 billion to 543 million years ago
• stable continents first appeared
• Oxygen begins to build up in the atmosphere.
• Birth of eukaryotic cells
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PALEOZIC543 to 248 Million Years Ago
• At its beginning, multi-celled animals underwent a dramatic Explosion in diversity
• At the other end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out approximately 90% of all marine animal species.
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Introduction to the Mesozoic Era248 to 65 Million Years Ago
• Dinosaurs and such
• Mass Extinction again!
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Introduction to the Cenozoic65 Million Years to the Present
• Finally Humans are coming around
• HUMANS ARE BABIES IN GEOLOGIC TIME!!!
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According to scientists, the
earth is about 4.5 billion years old.
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James Ussher, using biblical genealogy,
calculated that creation began on
Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC
Annals of the World
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Thus, according to Flat Earth
creationists, the earth is about 6
thousand years old.
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Evidence for
Evolution
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THE AGE OF THE EARTH
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2 ways to date the earth:
• Relative Dating—lower levels of rock are older than higher levels (not exact)
• Absolute Dating—the actual age of a sample using carbon dating
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RELATIVE DATING
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RELATIVE DATING
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RADIOMETRIC DATING
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EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION FROM THE
PAST
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The fossil record shows that changes in
organisms followed changes on earth.
Example:Shark teeth in Arizona
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PLACES TO FIND FOSSILS:
• Ice• Tar Pits / quicksand / bogs• Amber / Sap• Sedimentary Rock—sediments fall
on the living material and turn it to rock
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Fossils in Amber
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Fossils are an incomplete record of evolution because:
• Fossil record is incomplete. Some organisms leave fossils, but most do not
• Quality is variable. Some are perfect, some are not…missing details
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Present-Day Evidence Present-Day Evidence for Evolutionfor Evolution
• DNA SimilarityDNA Similarity• Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures• Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures• EmbryosEmbryos
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Species Percent DNA Binding
Human 100
Chimpanzee 98
Gibbon 94
Rhesus monkey 88
Tarsier 65
Lemur 47
Mouse 21
Chicken 10
DNA Similarity: Species that are more alike share more
similar DNA structures
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Homologous StructuresEvidence for Evolution
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HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
parts in different organisms that develop from the same
anscestoral body part
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HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
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Vestigial StructuresEvidence for Evolution
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VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
structures that have little or no purpose in the present,
but did in the past
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Examples of Vestigial Structures
• Human appendix
• Tonsils
• Small vertebrae in humans
• Leg bones in snakes
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EMBRYOSEvidence for Evolution
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EMBRYOorganisms in the early stages of development.
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Embryo Similarity• What do you
notice about the first row?
• What happens as you move down each column?
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Requirements:
More individuals are born each generation than can survive: the "Struggle for Existence"
Organisms in population have different traits (Giraffe's necks)
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And some traits give animals greater fitnessExample:Giraffes with longer
necks get better food, have more babies(greater fitness)
Longer necks give birth to longer necks(trait is passed on in genes)
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Results:
Over time the favored trait dominates
Example:average neck length increases
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PEPPERED MOTHS:
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION!
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LOOK AT THE MOTHS BELOW AND PREDICT THE
TYPE OF HABITAT THEY WOULD LIVE IN
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PEPPER MOTHSpre-industrialization
Which moth would be more fit? WHY???
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PEPPER MOTHSpost-industrialization
Which moth would be more fit? WHY???
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On what does natural selection operate?
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
What is the cause of Phenotypic Variation?
GENETIC MUTATIONS and CROSSING OVER
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Principles of Populations
• Thomas Malthus - populations increase faster than environment can handle
• Lyell – earth is really old
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Relating geological evolution to biological evolution:
• Lamarck was the first to propose a mechanism that related environment to biological changes (1809)– Use and Disuse– You can get a longer neck by using those
muscles and wishing for it– Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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Lamark believed:• Organisms have a desire to change (if
a giraffe wants a long neck, he can try hard and get one)
• Use and disuse mattered • Physical traits (i.e. neck length or
strength) could be passed to offspring
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CHARLES DARWIN• From Britain• Sailed around the world on a
ship called the HMS Beagle• Published On the Origin of
Species by Natural Selection, 30 years after he got back.
• Theory of NATURAL SELECTION
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THE DEVELOPMENT
OF NEW SPECIES
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POPULATIONa collection of
individuals of the same species in a given area
that can breed with one another
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NICHEthe combination of an
organism’s habitat and its job or role in
that habitat(making a living)
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Niche Examples
• Rat -eating garbage can - cleaner
• Hedgehog -eating stuff in gardens
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NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY THE SAME NICHE FOR
VERY LONG!!!
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CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
creation of organisms that are similar in appearance and
behavior(bats, birds, butterflies)
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DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
(aka Adaptive Radiation)different species diverge
from a common ancestor / become less alike
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Stabilizing
• Best to be in the middle
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Disruptive
• Best to be on one extreme or other extreme
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Directional
• Best to be on one end
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Newspaper Lab
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EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
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Two Major Components of Evolution
heritable variation (random)» mutation» recombination (sex, etc.)
natural selection (nonrandom)
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Principles of Populations
• Thomas Malthus (1798) published that populations increase faster than environment can handle
• Capacity to over-reproduce is seen in all species
• Eventually populations stop increasing in size and reach a steady state (carrying capacity)
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Geology• Hutton ( 1795) theory of gradualism that
major changes are the result of slow small changes
• Lyell (1830) geological changes throughout time have been subjected to the same forces
• Conclusions:– If geological changes are slow earth is older
than 6,000 years old– the slow changes can build and result in
profound environmental changes over time
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Relating geological evolution to biological evolution:
• Theories of biological evolution begin in the late eighteenth century
• Lamarck was the first to propose a mechanism that related environment to biological changes (1809)– Use and Disuse– Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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Mechanism : Natural Selection
• Fact 1: Over-reproduction occurs in nature
• Fact 2: Populations do not increase exponentially
• Fact 3: There are limited natural resources (food, shelter)
• These facts are seen in Malthus’ works on populations
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• Inference 1:• struggle for survival ensues• Fact 4: Variation exists in populations• Fact 5: Much of the variation is heritable• Fact 4 was physically observed. Darwin’s
weakness was the 5th fact• Inference 2:• Organisms with the best variations survive the
struggle for life• Inference 3:• Unequal survival of organisms with different
variations leads to favorable variations accumulating over time
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Key Concepts
• What is the raw material necessary for the mechanism of Natural Selection?
• Heritable variations
• What is the smallest unit of evolution?
• Populations
• Darwin incorporated Lyell’s gradualism into biological evolution combined with Malthus’ observations regarding populations
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Examples of Natural Selection
• Grants on the island of Daphne Major
• observed shifts in the frequency of beak sizes over short periods of time
• Peppered moths
• Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
• How do the genetic variations arise in nature?
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Evidence for Evolution• Artificial selection
• Island biogeography
• Fossil record
• Taxonomy
• Comparative Anatomy
• Vestigial Structures
• Comparative Embryology
• Molecular Biology
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Eye sockets in blind salamanders
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2 Early Views of Evolution
•Lamark (wrong)
•Darwin (right)
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Lamark believed:• Organisms have a desire to change (if
a giraffe wants a long neck, he can try hard and get one)
• Use and disuse mattered • Physical traits (i.e. neck length or
strength) could be passed to offspring
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CHARLES DARWIN• From Britain
• Sailed around the world on a ship called the HMS Beagle
• Published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, 30 years after he got back.
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3 MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING DARWIN• The age of the earth (Lyell)• Population controls (Malthus)• Breeding programs-aka Artificial Selection (Farmers)
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ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Humans make sure that only individuals with more desirable traits
produce offspring
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Journal Topic #5Pretend that you are Charles Darwin living in Franklin.
Could you propose the theory of evolution here, today, for the 1st time? Explain why or
why not?
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NATURAL SELECTION
The process in nature where the most fit
organisms produce more offspring
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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Individuals whose traits are well suited to the environment survive and reproduce. Those
who aren’t suited, die!!! (or leave fewer offspring)
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GENE POOLa common group of genes shared by a
population
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RELATIVE FREQUENCY
the # of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with other
alleles for the same gene
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EVOLUTIONany change in the
relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool
of a population
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Journal Topic #6What are some of the
differences you observe in the fish? Why do some look
different than others? How might these differences relate
to evolution?
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HUMAN EVOLUTION
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“Time Marches On”
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Primates
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PRIMATESanimals with five
flexible fingers with an opposable thumb
(include monkeys, apes, and humans)
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Facts on Primates• Have binocular and color
vision
• Evolved about 35 million years ago
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Taxonomic Chart of Human Evolution
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THE GREAT APES
Chimpanzee Bonobo Gorilla Orangutan
Man’s Closest Living Relatives
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Human DNA and chimp DNA
is 98.4% similar!!!
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Genetic Relationships
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Evolutionary Origins of Humans
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HOMINIDShumans and their
closest fossil relatives
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Skulls are evidence for human evolution
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A bonabo with bipedal locomotion.
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“Lucy”• The oldest hominid (3 myo)
• Discovered by Johanson in 1974 in Ethiopia
• About 3.5 ft tall / 62 lbs
• Walked upright
• Evidence that hominids walked upright before they evolved larger brains
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The First Humans
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The genus Homo evolved in Africa about 2 million years ago
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Journal Topic #8
What are the adaptations of modern humans? Do you
believe that humans could be the product of evolution by
natural selection?
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Journal Topic #9Should evolution be taught in schools?
Explain why or why not. Please be
detailed.
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Why is evolutionary Biology Why is evolutionary Biology Important?Important?
Health SciencesHealth Sciences – infectious – infectious diseases, resistance to antibiotics; diseases, resistance to antibiotics; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - origin and spread; Relation between - origin and spread; Relation between disease and disease vectors (e.g., disease and disease vectors (e.g., malaria and mosquitoes)malaria and mosquitoes)
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Why is evolutionary Biology Why is evolutionary Biology Important?Important?
Agriculture – Agriculture – varieties of crops and varieties of crops and domesticated animals have domesticated animals have traditionally been developed by traditionally been developed by selective breeding or artificial selective breeding or artificial selection – which is simply evolution selection – which is simply evolution directed by humans; pesticide directed by humans; pesticide resistance presents an enormous resistance presents an enormous challenge for humans.challenge for humans.
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Why is Evolutionary Biology Why is Evolutionary Biology Important?Important?
Natural Products – Natural Products – penicillin (from penicillin (from a fungus), aspirin (salicylic acid, from a fungus), aspirin (salicylic acid, from willow trees), and quinine (a willow trees), and quinine (a compound from cinchona tree, used compound from cinchona tree, used to treat malaria) are a few of the to treat malaria) are a few of the natural products used in medicine.natural products used in medicine.
Today, biologists are using the Today, biologists are using the fundamentals of evolutionary biology fundamentals of evolutionary biology to search for other natural products to search for other natural products or to advance biotechnology (e.g., or to advance biotechnology (e.g., PCR)PCR)
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Why is Evolutionary Biology Why is Evolutionary Biology Important?Important?
Conservation & Environmental Conservation & Environmental Management – Management – human activities human activities such as destruction of habitats is such as destruction of habitats is causing the rapid loss of species. causing the rapid loss of species. Evolutionary principles figure Evolutionary principles figure prominently in managing endangered prominently in managing endangered species including providing species including providing guidelines for maintaining genetic guidelines for maintaining genetic diversity and prioritizing our diversity and prioritizing our conservation efforts.conservation efforts.
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Why is Evolutionary Biology Why is Evolutionary Biology Important?Important?
Understanding Ourselves – Understanding Ourselves – Humans are inherently curious. Humans are inherently curious. Society throughout time has sought Society throughout time has sought answers to numerous questions. answers to numerous questions.
Evolution provides a scientific Evolution provides a scientific framework for asking questions framework for asking questions about ourselves and life around us.about ourselves and life around us.
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Journal Topic #1How old do you think that the
earth is? How could one know? Reflect on what your time line looks like. What is interesting
about it. Why would a long timeline be important to
evolutionists?8 minutes
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Group Timelines• Look at page 280 in your book
• Using National Geographics, Scissors, Glue, and Paper make the timeline from the book complete with pictures
• Make sure to label the years!!!
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How is there so much
diversity?
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Please briefly explain why you
think that there are so many types of
organisms.