Objectives1. The learner will analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses.2. The learner will explain how the abundance of natural resources, new recovery and refining methods, and new uses for them led to intensive industrialization.3. The learner will identify inventions that changed the way people lived and worked.

State Standards

6.1 Identify how the effects of 19th century warfare promoted the growth of industrialism (i.e., railroads, iron vs. steel industry, textiles, coal, rubber, processed foods).

6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or ranching).

6.8 Match innovators to their industrial and technological contributions (i.e., Vanderbilt, Westinghouse, Carnegie, Pullman, Hershey, Dupont, Bell, Edison, Rockefeller, Swift, and Armour).

6.12 Assess the effect of late 19th century technological innovation on the daily lives of American people (i.e., electricity, indoor plumbing, communication, transportation).

CHAPTER 14: A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE

LATE 19TH CENTURY AMERICA EXPERIENCED AN INDUSTRIAL

BOOM

SECTION 1: THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY

After the Civil War (1865) the U.S. was still largely agriculture

By 1920, the U.S. was the leading industrial power in the world

This enormous growth was due to three factors; 1) Natural Resources 2) Governmental support 3) Urbanization

BLACK GOLD Edwin L. Drake introduced an

efficient means of retrieving oil from beneath the earth’s surface.

In 1859, Edwin Drake first successfully used a steam engine to remove oil from beneath the earth’s surface.

This breakthrough started an oil boom in the Midwest and later Texas

At first the process was limited to transforming the oil into kerosene and throwing out the gasoline -- a by-product of the process

Later, the gasoline was used for carsEDWIN DRAKE PICTURED

WITH BARRELS OF OIL

BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS

Oil was not the only valuable natural resource

Coal and iron were plentiful within the U.S.

When you removed the carbon from iron, the result was a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant compound – Steel

The Bessemer process did just did (Henry Bessemer & William Kelly)

Henry Bessemer developed an efficient technique for transforming iron into steel.

Henry Bessemer developed a cheap and effective manufacturing process for making steel. BESSEMER CONVERTOR

CIRCA 1880

Section 1 – The Expansion of Industry – Vocabulary

Bessemer process – a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850.

NEW USES FOR STEEL

The railroads, with thousands of miles of track, were the biggest customers for steel

Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the first skyscrapers

New methods of making steel made it possible to construct skyscrapers in the 1800s.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE SPANS 1595 FEET IN NYC

INVENTIONS SPUR INDUSTRY

ELECTRICITY

1876- Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey

There Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb in 1880

Later, Thomas Edison developed an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power and organized power plants around the nation.

By 1890, electricity powered numerous machines

Electricity allowed manufacturers to build their factories away from rivers.

EDISON

THE TYPEWRITER

Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1867

His invention forever affected office work and paperwork

It also opened many new jobs for women

1870: Women made up less than 5% of workforce 1910: They made up 40%

THE TELEPHONE

Another important invention of the late 19th century was the telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell opened the way for worldwide communications with invention of the telephone. BELL AND HIS PHONE

Section 1 – The Expansion of Industry – Vocabulary

Bessemer process – a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850.

Objectives1. The learner will analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses.2. The learner will identify the role of the railroads in unifying the country.3. The learner will list positive and negative effects of railroads on the nation’s economy.4. The learner will summarize reasons for, and outcomes of, the demand for railroad reform

State Standards

6.1 Identify how the effects of 19th century warfare promoted the growth of industrialism (i.e., railroads, iron vs. steel industry, textiles, coal, rubber, processed foods).

6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or ranching).

6.8 Match innovators to their industrial and technological contributions (i.e., Vanderbilt, Westinghouse, Carnegie, Pullman, Hershey, Dupont, Bell, Edison, Rockefeller, Swift, and Armour).

6.10 Interpret a political cartoon which portrays the controversial aspects of the Gilded Age (e.g. Populist reaction to politician and/or tycoons, railroad development, westward expansion, Dawes Act, urban developments)

6.11 Analyze the impact of different forms of corruption and its consequences in American politics during the later half of the Age.(i.e., Grant's Black Friday, Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, Tammany Hall, Boss System, Garfield's assassination, Civil Service Reform, Granger laws, Interstate Commerce Act).

SECTION 2: THE AGE OF THE RAILROADS

One American Story– In October 1884, the economist

Richard Ely visited the town of Pullman, Illinois.

– Ely was impressed with the atmosphere of order, planning, and well-being in the town George M. Pullman had designed for the employees of his railroadcar factory.

– But after talking at length with a dissatisfied company officer, Ely concluded the town had a fatal flaw: it too greatly restricted its residents.

Pullman, Illinois was an unusual town because it was built by a company to house its workers.

The town of Pullman was carefully laid out and strictlycontrolled.

THE AGE OF THE RAILROADS

The growth and consolidation of the railroad industry influenced many facets of American life

However, the unchecked power of the railroad companies led to widespread abuses and then reforms

A NATIONAL NETWORK

At Promontory Point, Utah, where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met on May 10, 1869, a golden spike marked the linking of the nation by the first transcontinental railroad.

Immigrants from China and Ireland and out-of-work Civil War vets provided most of the difficult labor

Thousands lost their lives and tens of thousands were injured laying track

IMMIGRANTS FROM CHINA LAID TRACK

Section 2 – The Age of Railroads – Vocabulary

Transcontinental Railroad – a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

RAILROAD AND TIME

Before 1883, each community still operated on its own time

For example: Noon in Boston was 12 minutes later than noon in New York City

Indiana had dozens of different times

No standard time reference

PROFESSOR DOWD CREATES TIME ZONES

In 1869, to remedy this problem, Professor C.F. Dowd proposed dividing the earth into 24 time zones

The U.S. would be divided into 4 zones: the eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific

1883 – Railroads synchronized their watches across U.S.

1884 – International Conference adopts zones

The use of standardized time and time zones was introduced in order to benefit railroad companies and train travelers. PROFESSOR DOWD EXPLAINS

HIS TIME ZONES

THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 24 TIME ZONES

THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES

RAILROADS SPUR OTHER INDUSTRIES

The rapid growth of the railroad industry influenced the iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demand for materials

The spread of the railroads also led to the growth of towns, new markets, and opportunity for profiteers

RAILROADS LED TO GROWTH OF CITIES

Many of today’s major cities owe their legacy to the railroad

Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and Seattle all grew up thanks to the railroad

“MY KIND OF TOWN”

Interactive

PULLMAN: A FACTORY & TOWN George Pullman was an

industrialist whose company produced standard railroad cars and elegant sleeping cars. His company town, which he hoped would ensure a stable workforce, was criticized as “un-American.”

The nearby town Pullman built for his employees was modeled after early industrial European towns

George Pullman was a railroad-car mogul who built a town to house his employees.

Pullman workers felt his puritanical town was too strict

When he lowered wages but not rent – it led to a violent strike in 1894

THE TOWN

GEORGE PULLMAN

CREDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL Stockholders of Union Pacific

Railroad formed a construction company in 1864

Stockholders then gave contracts to the company to lay track at 3 times the actual costs and pocketed the difference

They donated shares of the stock to 20 Republican members of Congress in 1867

The main purpose of the company known as Credit Mobilier was to steal railroad money for its shareholders.

The stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad used Credit Mobilier (construction company) to make huge, unearned profits for themselves.

POSTER FOR BOGUS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

Section 2 – The Age of Railroads – Vocabulary

Transcontinental Railroad – a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

Credit Mobilier – a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.

THE GRANGE AND THE RAILROADS

Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroad industry

Grangers (a farmers organization) protested land deals, price fixing, and charging different rates to different customers

Granger Laws were then passed protecting farmers

Munn v. Illinois—Supreme Court upholds states’ right to regulate RR

– In Munn v. Illinois, the states won the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and other consumers.

Sets principle that federal government can regulate private industry

GRANGERS PUT A STOP TO RAILROAD

CORRUPTION

Section 2 – The Age of Railroads – Vocabulary

Transcontinental Railroad – a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

Credit Mobilier – a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.

Munn v. Illinois – an 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT

In 1887, the Federal government re-established their control over railroad activities

Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and established a 5-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

The goal of the Interstate Commerce Act to lower excessive railroad rates.

The Interstate Commerce Act gave the right to supervise railroad activities to the federal government.

The Interstate Commerce Act reestablished the right of the Federal government to supervise railroad activities and set up the Interstate Commerce Commission for that purpose.

The ICC struggled to gain power until 1906

1887 – CONGRESS PASSED THE ICA

Section 2 – The Age of Railroads – Vocabulary

Transcontinental Railroad – a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

Credit Mobilier – a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.

Munn v. Illinois – an 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest.

Interstate Commerce Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that established the federal government’s right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so.

Section 2 – The Age of Railroads – Vocabulary

Transcontinental Railroad – a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

Credit Mobilier – a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.

Munn v. Illinois – an 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest.

Interstate Commerce Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that established the federal government’s right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so.

Objectives1. The learner will analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses.2. The learner will identify management and business strategies that contributed to the success of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie.3. The learner will explain Social Darwinism and its effects on society.4. The learner will summarize the emergence and growth of unions.5. The learner will explain the violent reactions of industry and government to union strikes.

State Standards

6.6 Read and interpret a primary source document reflecting the dynamics of the Gilded Age American society (e.g., Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth," Sojourner Truth "Ain't I A Woman," Jane Addams' Hull House accounts, Jacob Riis photographs and/or writings, a sweatshop worker's personal story).

6.9 Recognize the economic disparity among farmers, wage earners, immigrants, or racial groups when compared to industrial capitalists.

6.10 Interpret a political cartoon which portrays the controversial aspects of the Gilded Age (e.g. Populist reaction to politician and/or tycoons, railroad development, westward expansion, Dawes Act, urban developments)

SECTION 3: BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR

Andrew Carnegie was one of the first industrial moguls

He entered the steel industry in 1873

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

Andrew Carnegie, a millionaire tycoon, who made his riches in the steel industry.

By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined

CARNEGIE BUSINESS PRACTICES Carnegie initiated

many new business practices such as;

Searching for ways to make better products more cheaply

Accounting systems to track expenses

Attracting quality people by offering them stock & benefits ANDREW CARNEGIE

1835 -1919

CARNEGIE’S VERTICAL INTEGRATION

Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible

Andrew Carnegie gained control of a large percentage of the steel industry by buying out his suppliers, buying out his competitors, underselling his competitors.

Vertical integration, a business strategy used by steel mogul Andrew Carnegie, involves buying out raw material producers and distributors.

Vertical integration is a process by which a company buys out all of its suppliers.

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

Additionally, Carnegie bought up the competition through friendly and hostile takeovers

This is known as Horizontal Integration; buying companies that produce similar products – in this case other steel companies

MERGERS

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

Horizontal Integration – the merging of companies that make similar products.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

The philosophy known as Social Darwinism has its origins in Darwin’s theory of evolution

Darwin theorized that some individuals in a species flourish and pass their traits on while others do not

Social Darwinists (like Herbert Spencer) believed riches was a sign of God’s favor, and being poor was a sign of inferiority and laziness

Social Darwinism was a theory that justified the efforts of millionaires and discouraged government interference in big business.

DARWIN (RIGHT) LIMITED HIS FINDINGS TO THE ANIMAL WORLD

SPENCER WAS THE ONE WHO COINED THE PHRASE “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

Horizontal Integration – the merging of companies that make similar products.

Social Darwinism – an economic, and social philosophy – supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection – holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

Principles of Social Darwinism

Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-adapted survive

Social Darwinism discouraged government regulation

Social Darwinism was used to justify the existence of poverty, the success of big business, the power of millionaire industrialists.

BUSINESS GROWTH & CONSOLIDATION

Mergers could result in a monopoly (Trust)

A monopoly is complete control over an industry

A market in which one company has complete control over an industry’s production, quality, wages paid, and prices charged is a Monopoly

An example of consolidation: In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country’s crude oil

By 1880 – it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil

A corporation that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies is a holding company

A corporation made up of many companies that receive certificated entitling them to dividends on profits earned is a trust.

CHICAGO’S STANDARD OIL BUILDING IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S TALLEST

ROBBER BARONS

Alarmed at the cut-throat tactics of industrialists, critics began to call them “Robber Barons”

Famous “Robber Barons” included Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Stanford, and J.P. Morgan

John D. Rockefeller created trusts and was criticized as a robber baron while serving as head of the Standard Oil Company.

J.P MORGAN IN PHOTO AND CARTOON

ROBBER BARONS WERE GENEROUS, TOO

Despite being labeled as greedy barons, rich industrialists did have a generous side

When very rich people give away lots of money it is called “Philanthropy”

Carnegie built libraries, Rockefeller, Leland Stanford, and Cornelius Vanderbilt built schools

ROCKEFELLER CHAPEL – UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT Industrial consolidation and trusts

reduced competition during the late 1800s.

In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a monopoly (Trust)

The Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed the formation of trusts that interfered with free trade.

Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal for corporations to interfere with free interstate or international trade.

Prosecuting companies under the Act was not easy – a business would simply reorganize into single companies to avoid prosecution

Seven of eight cases brought before the Supreme Court were thrown out

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

Horizontal Integration – the merging of companies that make similar products.

Social Darwinism – an economic, and social philosophy – supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection – holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

Sherman Antitrust Act – a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

(REAL TRUST)

WORKERS HAD POOR CONDITIONS

Workers routinely worked 6 or 7 days a week, had no vacations, no sick leave, and no compensation for injuries

Injuries were common – In 1882, an average of 675 workers were killed PER WEEK on the job

LABOR UNIONS EMERGE

As conditions for laborers worsened, workers realized they needed to organize

The first large-scale national organization of workers was the National Labor Union in 1866

The Colored National Labor Union followed

CRAFT UNIONS Craft Unions were unions of workers

in a skilled trade Samuel Gompers led the Cigar

Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886

Gompers became president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

He focused on collective bargaining to improve conditions, wages and hours

American Federation of Labor focused on collective bargaining and used strikes as a major tactic.

In the late 1800s, collective bargaining was a technique used to win workers’ rights.

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

Horizontal Integration – the merging of companies that make similar products.

Social Darwinism – an economic, and social philosophy – supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection – holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

Sherman Antitrust Act – a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) – an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886.

INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM Some unions were formed

with workers within a specific industry

Eugene Debs attempted this Industrial Union with the railway workers

Eugene V. Debs formed the American Railway Union.

In 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages and at its peak had 150,000 members EUGENE DEBS

SOCIALISM AND THE IWW

Some unionists (including Debs) turned to a socialism – an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and an equal distribution of wealth among all citizens

Eugene V. Debs ran the American Railway Union and later ran for president several times as a socialist.

The International Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies organized in Chicago, 1905, by a group of radical unionists and socialists.

Radical unionists and socialists organized the Industrial Workers of the World.

PROMOTIONAL POSTER FOR THE IWW

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

Horizontal Integration – the merging of companies that make similar products.

Social Darwinism – an economic, and social philosophy – supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection – holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

Sherman Antitrust Act – a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) – an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) – a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.

STRIKES TURN VIOLENT

Several strikes turned deadly in the late 19th century as workers and owners clashed

The Great Strike of 1877: Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck to protest wage cuts

Other rail workers across the country struck in sympathy

Federal troops were called in to end the strike

The Great Strike of 1877 took place in the Railroad industry.

THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR

Labor leaders continued to push for change – and on May 4, 1886 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police treatment of striking workers

A bomb exploded near the police line – killing 7 cops and several workers

Radicals were rounded up and executed for the crime

THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE

Even Andrew Carnegie could not escape a workers strike

Conditions and wages were not satisfactory in his Steel plant in Pennsylvania and workers struck in 1892

Carnegie hired Pinkerton Detectives to guard the plant and allow scabs to work

Detectives and strikers clashed – 3 detectives and 9 strikers died

The National guard restored order – workers returned to work

THE PULLMAN STRIKE After the Pullman Company laid

off thousands of workers and cut wages, the workers went on strike in the spring of 1894

Eugene Debs (American Railroad Union) tried to settle dispute which turned violent

Pullman hired scabs and fired the strikers – Federal troops were brought in

Debs was jailed Scabs unpopular with striking

workers during the late 1800s because they were workers used to break the strike.

WOMEN ORGANIZE Although women were barred from

most unions, they did organize behind powerful leaders such as Mary Harris Jones

She organized the United Mine Workers of America

Mary Harris “Mother” Jones organized coal miners, their wives, and their children to fight for better working conditions.

Mine workers gave her the nickname, “Mother Jones”

Mary Harris Jones was a supporter of the Great Strike on 1877 and organizer of the United Mine Workers of America.

Pauline Newman organized the International Ladies Garment Workers Union at the age of 16

EMPLOYERS FIGHT UNIONS

The more powerful the unions became, the more employers came to fear them

Employers often forbade union meetings and refused to recognize unions

Employers forced new workers to sign “Yellow Dog Contracts,” swearing that they would never join a union

Despite those efforts, the AFL had over 2 million members by 1914

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

In New York City on March 25,1911, fire spread swiftly through the oil-soaked machines and piles of cloth.

The fire engulfed the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors. As workers attempted to flee, they discovered that the

company had locked all but one of the exit doors to prevent theft.

The unlocked door was blocked by fire. The factory had no sprinkler system, and the single fire

escape collapsed almost immediately. In all, 146 women died in the Triangle Shirtwaist

Factory fire; some were found huddled with their faces raised to a small window.

Public outrage flared after a jury acquitted the factory owners of manslaughter.

Changes in local labor laws for women and children resulted from the investigation of the Triangle Shirtwaist fire.

A wealth of natural resources, government support for business, a growing urban population were factors that contributed to the immense industrial boom of the early 1900s.

Section 3 – Big Business and Labor – Vocabulary

Vertical Integration – a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

Horizontal Integration – the merging of companies that make similar products.

Social Darwinism – an economic, and social philosophy – supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection – holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

Sherman Antitrust Act – a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) – an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) – a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.