objectives 1. the learner will analyze the economic, social, and political effects of immigration...

Objectives1. The learner will analyze the economic, social, and political effects of immigration and to understand the immigrant experience.2. The learner will identify immigrants’ countries of origin.3. The learner will describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.4. The learner will examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ anti-immigrant sentiments.

State Standards

6.4 Identify patterns of immigration and the causal factors that led to immigration to the United States of America (i.e., crop famines, European social and political unrest, religious freedom) .

6.5 Distinguish the differences in assimilation of "old" vs. "new" immigration. (i.e., languages, settlement patterns, education, employment, housing, Nativist reaction, religion, geographic origin).

6.6 Read and interpret a primary source document reflecting the dynamics of the Gilded Age American society (e.g., Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth," Sojourner Truth "Ain't I A Woman," Jane Addams' Hull House accounts, Jacob Riis photographs and/or writings, a sweatshop worker's personal story).

IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION

AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY

SECTION 1:THE NEW IMMIGRANTS

Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “birds of passage” intended to stay only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homeland

EUROPEANSBetween 1870 and 1920,

about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States

Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe

After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe

All were looking for opportunity

LIFE IN THE NEW LAND

In the late 19th century most immigrants arrived via boats

The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia

The trip was arduous and many died along the way

Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK Ellis Island was the arrival point for

European immigrants They had to pass inspection at the

immigration stations Processing took hours, and the sick

were sent home Through Ellis Island, immigrants

arriving on the East Coast pass before gaining entry into the United States.

New immigrants arriving on the East Coast gained admission at Ellis Island.

Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work

From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO

Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay

Through Angel Island, immigrants arriving on the West Coast pass before gaining entry into the United States.

The main immigration processing station in San Francisco was called Angel Island.

Processing was much harsher than Ellis Island as immigrants withstood tough questioning and long detentions in filthy conditions

ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

FRICTION DEVELOPS

While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities

A Melting pot refers to the mixture of diverse cultures whose people blended together by abandoning their native language and customs.

Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc

Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed

Chinatowns are found in many major cities

Section 1 – The New Immigrants – Vocabulary

Melting Pot – a mixture of people from different cultures and races who blend together by abandoning their native languages and cultures.

IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS As immigration increased, so

did anti-immigrant feelings among natives

Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration

Nativism led to a rise in anti-immigrant groups and a demand for immigration restrictions.

Nativism is an overt favoritism toward Native-born Americans

In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943

Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts



Nativism – favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people.

CHINESE Between 1851 and 1882, about

300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast

Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads, farmed or worked as domestic servants

Some American workers felt threatened by Chinese immigration because Chinese workers would work for Lower wages.

In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943

The main goal of the Chinese Exclusion Act was to decrease Chinese immigration

The Chinese Exclusion Act is the name of a restriction on immigration passed by Congress.

Many Chinese men worked for the railroads




Chinese Exclusion Act – a law, enacted in 1882, that prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the United States.

JAPANESE In 1884, the Japanese government

allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers

The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast

By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast

The Gentlemen’s Agreement is the name of a restriction on emigration worked out between the United States and another government.

Gentlemen’s Agreement refers to an agreement that limited the immigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.

The Gentleman’s Agreement limited the immigration of unskilled workers from Japan.

The Gentleman’s Agreement decreased Japanese immigration





Gentlemen’s Agreement – a 1907-1908 agreement by the government of Japan to limit Japanese emigration to the United States.

THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO

Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form the West Indies

They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands

Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil – 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20th century





Gentlemen’s Agreement – a 1907-1908 agreement by the government of Japan to limit Japanese emigration to the United States.

Objectives1. The learner will analyze the economic, social, and political effects of immigration and to understand the immigrant experience.2. The learner will describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there.3. The learner will explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues.4. The learner will describe some of the organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.

State Standards

6.3 Identify major urban areas of the United States on a map (i.e., Northeast, upper Midwest, Atlantic Coast, California).

6.4 Identify patterns of immigration and the causal factors that led to immigration to the United States of America (i.e., crop famines, European social and political unrest, religious freedom) .

6.5 Distinguish the differences in assimilation of "old" vs. "new" immigration. (i.e., languages, settlement patterns, education, employment, housing, Nativist reaction, religion, geographic origin).


SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION

Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest

Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing

By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

Immigrants Settle in Cities

Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities

Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs

Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture

The main goal of the Americanization movement was to assimilate people of various cultures into the dominant culture.

Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills English, American history,

cooking, etiquette Ethnic communities provide

social support

Section 2 – The Challenges of Urbanization – Vocabulary

• Urbanization – the growth of cities.• Americanization movement – education program

designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture.

MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY

Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities

Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood

1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence

Find segregation, discrimination in North too

Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African

Americans who migrated North

URBAN PROBLEMS Problems in American cities in the

late 19th and early 20th century included:

Housing: Working-class families live in

houses on outskirts or boardinghouses

Later, row houses built for single families

The row house was a new type of housing that conserved space by sharing side walls with other buildings.

The original purpose of the row house was to provide single-family homes for working class families.

Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house

Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary

Transportation: Mass transit—move large

numbers of people along fixed routes

By 20th century, transit systems link city to suburbs

Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in

crowded tenements




• Tenement – a multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary.

• Mass Transit – transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes.

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED

Water: 1860s cities have inadequate or

no piped water, indoor plumbing rare

Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908

Sanitation: Streets: manure, open gutters,

factory smoke, poor trash collection

Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses

often do not do job properly By 1900, cities develop sewer

lines, create sanitation departments

Sanitation problems in big cities were overwhelming. It was not unusual to

see a dead horse in the street.

URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED

Crime: As population grows,

thieves flourish Early police forces too small

to be effective Fire:

Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters

Most firefighters volunteers, not always available

1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments

Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street

bridge in 1871

PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY

Jacob Riis

REFORMERS MOBILIZE Social welfare reformers work to

relieve urban poverty Social Gospel movement—preaches

salvation through service to poor The main interest of the Social

Gospel movement was social reform.

The Social Gospel movement contributed to the development of Settlement houses.

Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants Run by college-educated

women, they: provide educational,

cultural, social services send visiting nurses to the

sick help with personal, job,

financial problems

Jane Addams and Hull House






• Social Gospel movement – a 19th – century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty.

• Settlement Houses – a community center providing assistance to residents – particularly immigrants – in slum neighborhoods.

SETTLEMENT HOUSES Settlement houses were

founded in the late 1800’s by Social reformers

Settlement Houses were community centers that provided assistance to the urban poor.

Settlement Houses had some of the same goals as the Americanization movement.

Jane Adams was one of the most influential members of the Social Gospel movement, founded Chicago’s Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr.






• Social Gospel movement – a 19th – century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty.

• Settlement Houses – a community center providing assistance to residents – particularly immigrants – in slum neighborhoods.

Objectives1. The learner will analyze the economic, social, and political effects of immigration and to understand the immigrant experience.2. The learner will explain the role of political machines and political bosses.3. The learner will describe how some politicians’ greed and fraud cost taxpayers millions of dollars.4. The learner will describe the measures taken by presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur to reform the spoils system.5. The learner will explain the positions taken by presidents Cleveland, Harrison, and McKinley on the tariff issue.

State Standards


6.10 Interpret a political cartoon which portrays the controversial aspects of the Gilded Age (e.g. Populist reaction to politician and/or tycoons, railroad development, westward expansion, Dawes Act, urban developments).

6.11Analyze the impact of different forms of corruption and its consequences in American politics during the later half of the Age.(i.e., Grant's Black Friday, Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, Tammany Hall, Boss System, Garfield's assassination, Civil Service Reform, Granger laws, Interstate Commerce Act).

SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines

Political Machines were organized groups that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

Section 3 – Politics in the Gilded Age – Vocabulary

political machine – an organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support.

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS The “Boss” (typically the

mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system

Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes

Political machines gained some of their power from immigrants, for whom they performed favors.

A typical supporter of a political machine would NOT oppose immigration

Boss Tweed ran NYC

MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL Some political bosses were corrupt Some political machines used fake

names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud

Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses

A Graft was any type of unethical or illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain is called a Graft

An example of a graft would be saying a project cost more than it did and keeping the difference for yourself.

The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny



graft – the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

THE TWEED RING SCANDAL

William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines

Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city

Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion

Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain

Boss Tweed

CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE

Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system

The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected

An example of patronage is appointing a friend to a political position.

Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs

Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil

Service Exam



graft – the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.Patronage – an officeholder’s power to appoint people

usually those who have helped him or her get elected to positions in government.

Civil Service Replaces Patronage Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and

Arthur Republican Rutherford B.

Hayes elected president 1876 names independents to

cabinet creates commission to

investigate corruption fires 2 officials; angers

Stalwarts Rutherford B. Hayes used the

power of the presidency to clean up the New York Customs House but was unable to get support from Congress for civil service reform.

Rutherford B. Hayes was a strong supporter of civil-service reform? Although he did not succeed in getting Congress to go along with his plans for reform, he was able to clean up the nation’s customhouses.

1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election Rutherford B. Hayes

Civil Service Replaces Patronage

Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is

vice-president The Stalwarts were strong

supporters of the spoils system

The name of the Republican supporters of New York City boss Roscoe Conkling who strongly opposed civil-service reform were Stalwarts.

Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed

The issue that prompted the assassination of President Garfield was civil service reform

The assassination of President Garfield showed how strongly some people resisted reform of the spoils system

Campaign poster for James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (1880).





civil service – the nonmilitary branches of government administration.

Civil Service Replaces Patronage As president, Arthur urges

Congress to pass civil service law

Pendleton Civil Service Act—appointments based on exam score

Chester A. Arthur surprised everyone by turning reformer. His efforts to persuade Congress to reform the civil service resulted in the Pendleton Act.

Chester A. Arthur changed his ideas on civil service reform when he gained the presidency.

The Pendleton Act authorized an independent civil service commission to make government appointments based on the merit system.

The Pendleton Service Act required applicants for government jobs to pass examinations.

Chester A. Arthur






Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law, enacted in 1883, that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

Business Buys Influence

Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs Business wants high tariffs;

Democrats want low tariffs 1884, Democrat Grover

Cleveland wins; cannot lower tariffs

1888, Benjamin Harrison becomes president, supports higher tariffs

wins passage of McKinley Tariff Act

1892, Cleveland reelected, supports bill that lowers McKinley Tariff

rejects bill that also creates income tax

Wilson-Gorman Tariff becomes law 1894

1897, William McKinley becomes president, raises tariffs again

Benjamin Harrison

Grover Cleveland

William McKinley






Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law, enacted in 1883, that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

objectives 1. the learner will analyze the economic, social, and political effects of immigration...

Documents

asiansellis island

new yorkellis island

homethrough ellis island

new immigration

journey immigrants

new york harborangel

filthy conditionsangel

immigrants countries