obia impact report

© 2012 Ontario Brain Injury Association.All rights reserved.

This document may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the express written permission of the Ontario Brain Injury Association.

OBIA gratefully acknowledges the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation for the support and funding of the Ontario Brain Injury survey development and data analysis.

Table of ConTenTsIntroduction ��6Research Methodology ��8

Impact on abI survivors1�1: on Impact ��10

How Injury Occurred .......................................................................................................................................... 13Professional Diagnosis, Medical Care and Sports or Work Related ........................................................................... 15Loss of Consciousness ........................................................................................................................................ 16Amnesia ........................................................................................................................................................... 19Diagnosis and Rehabilitation ............................................................................................................................... 20

Impact on abI survivors1�2: Daily Impact ��22

Trouble with Vision, Hearing and Memory ............................................................................................................. 25Trouble with Concentration, Making Decisions and New Information ....................................................................... 26Trouble with Seizures and Dizziness .................................................................................................................... 29Use of Wheelchair/Scooter .................................................................................................................................. 30Trouble with Walking, Pain and Fatigue ................................................................................................................ 31Trouble with Anxiety, Mood Swings, Temper and Depression .................................................................................. 32Trouble with Communication ............................................................................................................................... 34Trouble Getting Along with People ....................................................................................................................... 35Trouble with Changes in Sleep Patterns ............................................................................................................... 36Need Help with Housework and Taking Care of Children ........................................................................................ 37Trouble with Bowel/Bladder Movement ................................................................................................................. 37Need Help with Getting Dressed, Grooming, Bathing and Using the Toilet ............................................................... 38Need Help with Shopping ................................................................................................................................... 40Need Help with Eating, Meal Preparation and Managing Finances .......................................................................... 41Travel Outside of the Home ................................................................................................................................. 42Someone to Confide in, Use a Computer, Satisfaction with Ability to Work ............................................................... 44Satisfaction with Ability to Speak, Express Oneself ............................................................................................... 45Ability to Manage Money, Prepare Meals, Have a Social Life, Get Along with People, Enjoy Leisure Activities, Shop .... 46Ability to Get Out in the Community, Make Friends, Participate in Activities, Care for Dependents, Receive Support ... 47Living Arrangement Before and After Brain Injury ................................................................................................. 48Marital Status Before and After Brain Injury ......................................................................................................... 49Highest Education Before and After Brain Injury ................................................................................................... 51Employed for Pay Before and After Brain Injury ................................................................................................... 51Engaged in Volunteer Work Before and After Brain Injury ....................................................................................... 52Enrolled in Training Before and After Brain Injury ................................................................................................. 52Incarcerated Prior to ABI .................................................................................................................................... 55Arrested Since ABI ............................................................................................................................................ 55

Impact on abI survivors1�3: Impact on Recovery ��56

Psychological and Social Worker Counselling Services ........................................................................................... 58Case Management ............................................................................................................................................. 59Physiotherapy .................................................................................................................................................... 60Occupational Therapy ........................................................................................................................................ 61Psychiatric Services ........................................................................................................................................... 62Family Counselling and Support .......................................................................................................................... 63Nursing Care ..................................................................................................................................................... 64Personal Support Worker/Homemaker .................................................................................................................. 65Peer Support ..................................................................................................................................................... 66Education/Job Training ....................................................................................................................................... 67Specialized Transit ............................................................................................................................................. 68Speech Therapy ................................................................................................................................................. 70Other Services ................................................................................................................................................... 71Where Do You Get Access to Information About Services? ...................................................................................... 73Survivor Coping Mechanisms: A Qualitative Perspective ......................................................................................... 74

Painting a Clearer Picture of abI2�1: a Detailed series of Cross Tabulations: GenDeR ��76

Gender & Cause ................................................................................................................................................. 78Gender & Work Related ..................................................................................................................................... 79Gender & Medical Care ..................................................................................................................................... 80Gender & Diagnosis .......................................................................................................................................... 81Gender & Rehabilitation .................................................................................................................................... 82Gender & Confidant .......................................................................................................................................... 832�2: a Detailed series of Cross Tabulations: PRe-PosT ��84

Pre & Post Living Arrangement ........................................................................................................................... 84Pre & Post Marital Status .................................................................................................................................. 85Pre & Post Education ........................................................................................................................................ 86Pre & Post Employment ..................................................................................................................................... 87Pre & Post Jail .................................................................................................................................................. 88Pre & Post Volunteer ......................................................................................................................................... 892�3: a Detailed series of Cross Tabulations: CaUse anD effeCT ��90

Cause & Consciousness ..................................................................................................................................... 91Cause & Amnesia .............................................................................................................................................. 91Cause & Diagnosis ............................................................................................................................................ 93Cause & Rehabilitation ...................................................................................................................................... 95Cause & Transportation ...................................................................................................................................... 96Cause & Employment ........................................................................................................................................ 97Cause & Vision ................................................................................................................................................. 98Cause & Hearing ............................................................................................................................................... 99Cause & Remembering .................................................................................................................................... 100Cause & Concentrating .................................................................................................................................... 101Cause & Making Decisions ............................................................................................................................... 102Cause & Learning New Information ................................................................................................................... 103Cause & Seizures ............................................................................................................................................ 104Cause & Dizziness .......................................................................................................................................... 105Cause & Walking ............................................................................................................................................. 106Cause & Pain ................................................................................................................................................. 107Cause & Depression ........................................................................................................................................ 108Cause & Anxiety ............................................................................................................................................. 109Cause & Temper ............................................................................................................................................. 110Cause & Mood Swings ..................................................................................................................................... 111Cause & Change in Sleep Patterns .................................................................................................................... 112Cause & Fatigue ............................................................................................................................................. 113Cause & One-on-One Conversation ..................................................................................................................... 114Cause & Group Conversation ............................................................................................................................. 115Cause & Getting Along with People ................................................................................................................... 116Cause & Bladder/Bowel Movement .................................................................................................................... 117

Impact on abI Caregivers3�1: a Personal Perspective ��118

Caregiver Gender and Age ................................................................................................................................ 120Living Arrangement and Relationship to Person with ABI ..................................................................................... 121Family Finances, Employment Status and Change in Family Circumstances .......................................................... 122Change in Relationship, Marital Status and Residence ........................................................................................ 123Emotional Support and Access to Break ............................................................................................................ 124Use of a Break ................................................................................................................................................ 125Appropriateness of Living Environment for Person with ABI ................................................................................. 126Behavioural & Risk Concerns ............................................................................................................................ 127Caregiver Coping Mechanisms: A Qualitative Perspective ..................................................................................... 128

The future of abIHighlights and observations ��132

The Future of ABI ............................................................................................................................................ 133Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... 134

Introduction

In Ontario there are almost a half a million people living with a brain injury and 18,000 new cases are added every year. Acquired brain injury (ABI) is 15 times more common than spinal cord injury, 30 times more common than breast cancer and 400 times more common than HIV/AIDS. Statistics show us that the need to support people living with the effects of ABI is great.

since 1986 the ontario brain Injury association (obIa) has been endeavouring to meet this need and today, obIa continues to be a leader in the areas of education, awareness and support�

Working closely with our 21 local affiliated community associations, our efforts are consistently aimed toward enhancing the lives of individuals living with brain injury, as well as their families, friends and professionals, province-wide. Through our Support Services Program, we coordinate a successful provincial Peer Mentoring Support Program, and we offer individual support and advocacy through our 1 800 helpline. In our Training Department, OBIA has developed and now runs a series of seven different training courses on acquired brain injury rehabilitation for healthcare professionals, survivors and caregivers. To date, close to 10,000 professionals have completed our training programs. We continue to expand our resource library and media centre, which now houses more than 10,000 articles, books, and DVDs on brain injury and community integration.

The 2012 OBIA Impact Report is a statistical snapshot of ABI and its effects on survivors and caregivers. Data for this research study was collected through the Ontario Brain Injury Survey. Through the utilization of this data a clear picture of the long term outcomes for people who are living with the effects of acquired brain injury (ABI) emerges.

The 2012 obIa Impact Report provides an overview of relevant statistical information including how abI’s in ontario are sustained; issues related to the recovery process and the impact on daily living�

It also takes into account the personal perspective of those who are caregivers. OBIA’s research study is also aimed at collecting data on the time of diagnosis, an injured person’s access to services and any gaps and/or barriers within the

system. Ultimately, our goal is to provide relevant research data to better inform health care policy makers, Local Health Integrated Networks (LHINS), insurers and researchers who are examining ways in which people living with a brain injury can be better served.

This research study is made possible only through the willingness of survivors of acquired brain injury and their caregivers, who participate in the Ontario Brain Injury Survey.

on behalf of the staff and board of directors of obIa, I want to personally thank each of the individuals who were willing to share their very personal journeys with us with in order to create a greater awareness and understanding of the issues faced by persons impacted by abI�

I also want to express my appreciation to our local affiliated community associations for their participation in this study by promoting and disseminating the survey to their members.

The obIa Impact Report will also be available on our website at www�obia�ca�

Ruth WilcockExecutive Director, Ontario Brain Injury Association

6

The OBIA Impact Report 2012

Introduction

The evolution of the Project

It has long been recognized that brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability for Canadians under the age of 45. However, trying to quantify the financial costs of ABI in Canada has not been easy. The costs of ABI have been estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars in Ontario. For OBIA, an equally important question relates to the personal cost of acquired brain injury. Thus, in 1989, OBIA began researching the personal cost of acquired brain injury to survivors and their caregivers through the Caregiver Information and Support Link (CISL) questionnaire. This voluntary process of self-reporting became a longitudinal research study on the outcome following ABI. Additionally, as part of a larger support and advocacy program, the data collected through the questionnaires have been used in presentations and proposals to legislators and policy makers, as well as service providers and funders. Researchers have used selected data from the study, and their published works have helped to expand a greater understanding of brain injury well beyond the borders of Ontario.

In order to remain relevant and address current issues, OBIA partnered with the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation (ONF) in 2008 to improve the gathering tool within the CISL

project. For ONF and OBIA, the augmentation of these questionnaires and redesign of the community database would pave the way for more comprehensive information about the long-term needs, issues and challenges facing people with ABI in the community, and therefore provide a far richer database for stakeholders to benefit from. Thus, ONF brought together an expert panel to review the existing CISL questionnaires. The expert panel included survivors, family members, service providers, researchers, insurance representatives, government representatives and OBIA staff. It was determined that the questionnaire could be revamped to include issues not currently being captured while at the same time not compromising the integrity of information that had been collected over the past 19 years. Two survey writers from the University of Toronto incorporated the ideas and suggestions offered at the meeting by the expert panel and designed the new questionnaire for both children and adults. Thus, the Caregiver Information and Support Link (CISL) questionnaire was renamed the Ontario Brain Injury Survey and disseminated to persons living with ABI in Ontario. The participants remain loyal to the research study and passionate about raising awareness. The OBIA Impact Report reflects the data collected from the new Ontario Brain Injury Survey.

obIa support services

OBIA Support Services (formerly known as CISL – the Caregiver Information and Support Link) is funded in part by the Ministry of Health and Long-term Care and is a project to assist persons living with the effects of ABI. Several different services are offered: a toll-free helpline, support, advocacy, education, data collection and research.

1� support• Linkage to brain injury rehabilitation and support services• Assistance and advocacy in securing these services• Opportunity to discuss the difficulties associated with

ABI with caring and knowledgeable support specialists• Service referrals• Assistance in developing action plans• Empowerment of people to become advocates for

themselves

2� advocacy• Advocacy can expedite the process of securing funding

for services that meet the daily living and rehabilitative needs of persons with ABI. OBIA may advocate on behalf of persons with brain injuries with insurance companies, WSIB and service providers. This process involves phone calls, letter writing, enlisting the help of Municipal, Provincial and Federal government representatives and/or the media, as well as creating affordable and effective compromises between persons living with ABI, service

providers and funders.

• OBIA also advocates with other groups such as schools, courts and corrections officials to ensure that people with ABI are being properly served as persons with disabilities.

• Securing services following an ABI can be a very stressful time both for families and those in need. Situations may arise where the expectations of families do not match those of the service provider. By acting as an objective mediator, OBIA can help bring about compromise between both the individual’s and the service provider’s goals.

OBIA is also involved in systemic advocacy provincially through hearings, report submissions, as well as maintaining an active presence by serving on such various committees.

3� access to Information Resources• Computerized-access to a library of over 10,00 articles,

books, and videos offering information on rehabilitation and recovery for both adults and children. The collection also contains issue-specific information such as substance abuse, behaviour management, community, home, and/or school integration.

• Distribution of a comprehensive up-to-date ABI Directory of Services for the Province of Ontario.

education•awareness•support

7

The Evolution of the Project

Research Methodology

Following the collection of survey data between the period of 2009 to 2011, the Ontario Brain Injury Association engaged a team of researchers at KAIZEN Management Consulting Inc. to execute a series of statistical analyses that would shed light on the impact of acquired brain injury on both survivors and caregivers. The resulting report was a 132-page statistical snapshot of the experiences and challenges faced by ABI survivors and caregivers.

As is detailed further in the Evolution of the Project section, The OBIA Impact Report 2012 is a culmination of qualitative and quantitative data that was collected through the Ontario Brain Injury Survey (formerly known as CISL – the Caregiver Information and Support Link), between 2009 and 2011. This survey instrument was designed by a panel of stakeholders in the ABI community, which included survivors, caregivers and family members, staff from the Ontario Brain Injury Association, service providers, researchers, and government representatives as well as two survey writers from the University of Toronto. The research analysis provided throughout the OBIA Impact Report 2012 was led by Laura T. Ricciuto, M.B.A., principal of KAIZEN Management Consulting Inc., and was completed over a period of three months in early 2012.

Data collection was conducted using a self-administered paper-based version of the ontario brain Injury survey, which included a series of 35 questions� The survey was segmented into the following categories: Descriptive Information, General Diagnosis, everyday Impact, Rehabilitation services, Pre-Injury, Post Injury, and, Qualitative feedback�

While the project utilized both quantitative and qualitative collection tools, there was an emphasis on quantitative data that would continue to provide OBIA with information consistent with its longitudinal study.

There were a total of 596 respondents who participated in the Adult Survivor version of the Ontario Brain Injury Survey. A small shift in the number of respondents to each question may be noted throughout the survey, as it is common for some participants to be reluctant to respond to some questions due to the sensitive nature or lack of anonymity. This has been denoted by N=, which specifies the number of responses (sample size) that have been recorded for each question. In addition, please note that a small variance in calculations

may occur on graphs or tables due to rounding and/or the method for recording an incomplete or blank response.

As is the case in essentially all quantitative-studies, there is the potential for research errors or bias to occur. While there is an effort to minimize random and systematic errors throughout the data collection and analysis process, some elements of bias – such as selection and measurement – are difficult to avoid.

An example of this in the OBIA Impact Report can be attributed to the personal nature of the data being collected, which is further complicated by the volunteer nature of the survey, which subjects the data to both self-selection bias and non-respondent bias. Such bias may occur when respondents with similar characteristics are more likely to participate in such a survey while other individuals that represent other groups are less willing.

It should be noted that while obIa has made a conscious effort to disseminate the survey to various stakeholders across ontario, with more than 17 local brain injury associations as well as a host of other service providers actively referring people to the survey, the research statistics provided throughout the obIa Impact Report are directly drawn from our sample population of those surveyed�

Although the OBIA Impact Report has a sample size that is more than adequate to represent the relevant population, in some unique cases it may not be completely representative of the entire ABI survivor population at large. However, statistically speaking, based on the sample size of 596 respondents, with a confidence level of 95% and a confidence interval of +/- 5, we can project that the results are representative of the ABI population 95% of the time within a 5% range of the reported statistic. For example, automobile collisions were reported to be the cause of brain injury for 39.6% of the surveyed population. Using this same statistic, we are 95% confident that the true percentage across the relevant population would be between 34.6% (39.6-5) and 44.6% (39.6+5).

In an attempt to increase representativeness of the surveyed population, OBIA engaged in a number of strategies that would allow for maximum participation, exposure and interest in the Ontario Brain Injury Survey. In addition to the referrals received from service providers across the province that assisted in ensuring a representative sample was

8



achieved, all ABI survivors or caregivers that contacted OBIA’s Support Services Department were given information about the Provincial survey. While it has been noted that some callers to the support line were interested in completing the survey, others indicated that they were not interested at that time and additional information about the survey was sent out to them in an information package. A survey consent form was also made available at all conferences and workshops in which OBIA was an exhibitor. OBIA also provided participants with an incentive (in the form of a Survivor ID Card) in exchange for their time spent completing the survey. Many survivors found the ID card to be helpful and encouraged others to complete the survey in order to obtain the card. This was measured by an increased number of participants calling OBIA expressing an interest in completing the Provincial survey.

Lastly, to ensure that all respondents were eligible to be included in the survey, a series of qualifying questions were asked. To maximize inclusion of ABI survivors, base-level criteria were established to ensure three primary qualifiers.

These included:

• Having sustained a brain injury.

• Caregiving for someone (such as a family member) with a brain injury.

• Age – All participants of the adult survey must be over the age of 16. Those under the age of 16 would be directed to complete the child/youth version of the survey.

snapshot of Participants

of the 596 respondents, the sample included 53% males and 47% females�

The average age of a participant was 51 years old and the average age at injury was 34�

The average amount of time between injury and survey was 17 years�

There were 281 respondents for the caregiver portion of the survey�


9


1�1 IMPaCT on abI sURvIvoRs:

on Impact

40% of respondents sustained their brain injury as a result of

an automobile collision�

17% had an illness affecting the brain� a combined 15% of the sample was comprised of individuals whose brain injury resulted from being:

a pedestrian struck by a motor vehicle (7%); a motorcycle collision (3%); a bicycle crash (3%); or a recreational vehicle crash (2%)� Those who sustained their brain injury as a result of a fall accounted for 12% of respondents. More than 10% of the sample indicated “Other” as the cause of their brain injury. A qualitative analysis of those who specified further included: sports, childbirth, operations, health complications, radiation therapy, toxic chemicals and workplace incidents. (N=592)

12


Impact on ABI Survivors

40%

3%3%2%7%

12%

17%

3%2%

11%

How did your injury occur?

Automobile Collision Motorcycle Collision

Bicycle Crash Recreational Vehicle

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle Fall

Illness affecting the brain Victim of Assault

Anoxia Other

How Injury Occurred

13

education • awareness • support

1.1: On Impact

99%

1%

H ave you been d iagnosed w ith a b rain in ju ry by a health care p rofessional?

Yes - Received Medical Diagnosis No - Did Not Receive Medical Diagnosis

99% of the sample population reported having been diagnosed with a brain injury by a health care professional� (n=584)

14



95% of respondents indicated receiving

medical care at the time of injury� (n=584)

14% of respondents indicated that their brain

injury was work related� (n=586)

82% of respondents reported losing

consciousness as a result of the injury� (n=575)

5% of respondents indicated that their brain injury

was sports related� (n=584)

14%

86%

W as th is a W ork R elated In ju ry?

Yes - Work Related Injury No - Non-Work Related Injury

5%

95%

W as th is a S ports R elated In ju ry?

Yes - Sports Related Injury No - Non-Sports Related Injury

95%

5%

A t the tim e of your in ju ry d id you receive m ed ical care?

Yes - Received Medical Care No - Did Not Receive Medical Care

Professional Diagnosis

Medical Care

Sports or Work Related

82%

18%

D id the in ju ry cause loss of conciousness?

Yes - Loss of Conciousness No - Did Not Lose Conciousness

15

1.1: On Impact


59%

41%

Loss of Consciousness: Minutes30 Minutes or Less More Than 30 Minutes

60%

40%

Loss of Consciousness: Hours 24 Hours or Less More Than 24 Hours

loss of Consciousness: Minutes (n=110)

More than 40% of those who measured their loss of consciousness in minutes, were unconscious for more than 30 minutes.

loss of Consciousness: Hours (n=40)

60% of those who measured their loss of consciousness in hours, were unconscious for 24 hours or less.

Loss of Consciousness


16


61%

39%

Loss of Consciousness: Days 14 Days or Less More Than 14 Days

69%

31%

Loss of Consciousness: Months 3 Months or Less More Than 3 Months

While a very small portion of the respondents (<10) indicated the loss of consciousness to be measured in years or still in a coma, this was present in the sample population�

loss of Consciousness: Days (n=211)

Nearly 40% of those who measured their loss of consciousness in days, were unconscious for more than 14 days.

loss of Consciousness: Months (n=95)

31% of respondents who measured their loss of consciousness in months, were unconscious for more than 3 months.

1.1: On Impact


17

Did the injury cause you amnesia?

84% of respondents reported suffering amnesia as a result of the injury� (n=562)

63% reported having retrograde amnesia (a loss of memory of the events that happened before the injury)� (n=476)

85% reported having anterograde amnesia (a loss of memory of the events that happened after the injury)� (n=481)


18


84%

16%

D id the in ju ry cause you am nesia?

Yes - Caused Amnesia No - Did Not Cause Amnesia

63%

37%

W as the loss of m em ory for even ts that happened B E FO R E the in ju ry (R etrograde)?

Yes -Memory Loss was Retrograde No - Memory Loss was not Retrograde

More than 80% of acquired brain injuries resulted in amnesia�

85%

15%

W as the loss of m em ory for even ts that happened A FT E R the in ju ry (A n terograde)?

Yes -Memory Loss was Anterograde No - Memory Loss was not Anteograde

Amnesia

1.1: On Impact


19

Diagnosis and Rehabilitation

41%

27%

7%

10%

4%4% 2%

5%

W hen d id you or your caregiver F IR S T learn that you had a b rain in ju ry?

While in emergency* While in hospital*

Between 1 week to 1 month* Between 1 month to 6 months*

Between 6 months to 1 year* Between 1 year to 3 years*

Between 3 years to 5 years* More than 5 years*

*(following injury/illness)

7%

28%

11%23%

10%

9%

3%9%

A fter you received a d iagnosis of a b rain in ju ry, how long d id it take to receive

rehab ilitation for your b rain in ju ry?

While in emergency (following injury/illness)*

While in hospital*

Between 1 week to 1 month*

Between 1 month to 6 months*

Between 6 months to 1 year*

Between 1 year to 3 years*

Between 3 years to 5 years*

More than 5 years*

20



When did you or your caregiver fIRsT learn that you had a brain injury?

68% of respondents indicated first learning of their brain injury either while in emergency (41%) or while in the hospital following their injury or illness (27%). This was followed by 10% who learned of their brain injury between 1 month and 6 months, and 7% of which reported between 1 week and 1 month.

nearly 15% of respondents indicated that it took longer than 6 months to learn of their brain injury, 4% of which stated it being more than 5 years� (n=578)

after being diagnosed, how long did it take to receive rehabilitation?

35% of respondents indicated first receiving rehabilitation either while in emergency (7%) or while in the hospital following their injury or illness (28%). This was followed by 23% who started rehabilitation between 1 month and 6 months, and 11% of which reported between 1 week and 1 month.

More than 30% of respondents indicated that it took longer than 6 months after being diagnosed to start rehabilitation, with a combined 21% stating it taking longer than 1 year and 9% taking more than 5 years� (n=515)

21


1.1: On Impact


Daily Impact

nearly 20% of abI survivors have

trouble with hearing most of the time�

24



42%

32%

26%

Troub le w ith V ision

None of the Time Some of the Time Most of the Time

55%27%

18%

Troub le w ith H earing


5%

44%51%

Troub le w ith M em ory


Do you have trouble with vision because of brain injury?

While more than 40% of respondents indicated that they do not have trouble with vision because of their brain injury, 26% reported this to be a problem most of the time and 32% indicated having trouble with their vision some of the time. (N=578)

26% have trouble with vision most

of the timeDo you have trouble with hearing because of brain injury?

While more than 55% of respondents indicated that they do not have trouble with hearing because of their brain injury, 18% reported this to be a problem most of the time and 27% indicated having trouble with their hearing some of the time� (n=580)

Do you have trouble with remembering because of brain injury?

More than 51% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with their memory most of the time because of their brain injury, with an additional 44% who reported this to be a problem some of the time. Only 5% indicated not having trouble with remembering. (N=588)

95% have trouble remembering

some or most of the time�

Trouble with Vision, Hearing and Memory

25


1.2: Daily Impact

7%

49%

44%

Troub le w ith C oncen trating


9%

49%

42%

Troub le w ith M aking D ecisions


9%

45%

46%

Troub le w ith L earn ing N ew In form ation


Do you have trouble concentrating because of brain injury?

44% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with concentrating most of the time because of their brain injury, with an additional 49% who reported this to be a problem some of the time. 7% indicated not having trouble concentrating. (N=591)

only 7% of respondents report not having trouble concentrating�

Do you have trouble learning new information because of brain injury?

46% of respondents indicated that they have trouble learning new information most of the time because of their brain injury, with an additional 45% who reported this to be a problem some of the time. 9% indicated not having trouble learning new information. (N=591)

less than 10% of respondents report not having trouble learning new information�

Do you have trouble making decisions because of brain injury?

42% of respondents indicated that they have trouble making decisions most of the time because of their brain injury, with an additional 49% who reported this to be a problem some of the time. 9% indicated not having trouble with making decisions. (N=593)

91% have trouble making decisions some or most

of the time�

Trouble with Concentration, Making Decisions and New Information


26


93% have trouble concentrating some or most of the time

1.2: Daily Impact


27

Do you have trouble with seizures because of brain injury?

While more than 75% of respondents indicated that they do not have trouble with seizures because of their brain injury, 17% reported this to be a problem some of the time� 5% indicated having trouble with seizures most of the time� (n=576)

22% have trouble with seizures some

or most of the time�Do you have trouble with dizziness because of brain injury?

More than 50% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with dizziness because of their brain injury some of the time, while 19% reported this to be a problem most of the time� 29% indicated not having trouble with dizziness� (n=584)

71% have trouble with dizziness


28



78%

17%5%

Troub le w ith S eizures


29%

52%

19%

Troub le w ith D izziness


Trouble with Seizures and Dizziness

29


1.2: Daily Impact

Do you use a wheelchair or scooter?

83% of respondents indicated that they do not use a wheelchair or a scooter, while 9% stated that they use a wheelchair or scooter some of the time, followed by 8% who reported use

as most of the time. (N=576)

17% use a wheelchair or scooter some or most

of the time�

Do you use a cane?

81% of respondents indicated that they do not use a cane, while 10% stated that they use a cane some of the time, followed by 9% who reported use as most of the time. (N=506)

nearly 20% use a cane some or most

of the time�

83%

9%8%

U se of a W heelchair or S cooter


81%

10%

9%

U se of a C ane


Use of Wheelchair/Scooter


30


35%

35%

30%

Troub le w ith P ain


9%

46%

45%

Troub le w ith Fatigue


38%

36%

26%

Troub le w ith W alking


Do you have trouble walking because of brain injury?

26% of respondents indicated that they have trouble walking most of the time because of their brain injury with an additional 36% who reported this to be a problem some of the time. 38% indicated not having trouble walking. (N=582)

62% of survivors have trouble with walking


Do you have trouble with pain because of brain injury?

Respondents were generally evenly split on having trouble with pain because of their brain injury, with 30% reporting this to be a problem most of the time. Those who reported trouble with pain some of the time or not at all each accounted for 35%. (N=583)

65% have trouble with pain some or most of the

time�

Do you have trouble with fatigue because of brain injury?

While 45% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with fatigue most of the time because of their brain injury, an additional 46% reported having trouble with this some of the time. 9% indicated not having trouble with fatigue. (N=590)

More than 90% have trouble with fatigue some or most of the time�

Trouble with Walking, Pain and Fatigue

1.2: Daily Impact


31

21%

56%

23%

Troub le w ith A nxiety


24%

57%

19%

Troub le w ith M ood S w ings


31%

54%

15%

Troub le w ith C on trolling Tem per


Do you have trouble with controlling your temper because of brain injury?

Similar to anxiety, 54% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with controlling their temper some of the time as a result of their brain injury. An additional 15% reported having trouble with controlling their temper most of the time, while 31% stated they do not have trouble controlling their temper. (N=587)

69% have trouble controlling their temper


Do you have trouble with mood swings because of brain injury?

57% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with having mood swings some of the time because of their brain injury, while 24% reported not having trouble with this. Less than 20% indicated having trouble with mood swings most of the time. (N=587)

Do you have trouble with anxiety because of brain injury?

While more than 55% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with anxiety some of the time because of their brain injury, 21% reported having trouble with anxiety none of the time and 23% indicated not having trouble with anxiety. (N=585)

nearly 80% have trouble with anxiety some or most of the time�

32



Do you have trouble with depression because of brain injury?

55% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with depression because of their brain injury some of the time, while an additional 21% reported this to be a problem most of the time and 24% indicated not having trouble with depression. (N=578)

24%

55%

21%

Troub le w ith D epression


76% have trouble with depression some or most of the time�

33


1.2: Daily Impact

Do you have trouble having a conversation one-on-one because of brain injury?

48% of respondents indicated that they have trouble having a conversation one-on-one some of the time because of their brain injury, while 37% reported not having trouble with this and 15% indicated having trouble with having a one-on-one conversation most of the time. (N=586)

15% report having trouble with having a one-on-one

conversation most of the time�

18%

39%

43%

Troub le w ith H aving a C onversation in a G roup


Do you have trouble having a conversation in a group because of brain injury?

While 43% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with having a conversation in a group most of the time because of their brain injury, an additional 39% reported having trouble with this some of the time and 18% indicated not having trouble with group conversations. (N=585)

82% have trouble having a conversation in a group�

37%

48%

15%

Troub le w ith H aving a C onversation O ne-on-O ne


Trouble with Communication


34


29%

52%

19%

Troub le G etting A long w ith P eop le


Do you have trouble getting along with people because of brain injury?

More than 52% of respondents indicated that they have trouble getting along with people some of the time because of their brain injury, while 29% reported not having trouble with this and 19% indicated having trouble with getting along with people most of the time. (N=584)

71% have trouble getting along with people some or most of the time�

Trouble Getting Along with People

1.2: Daily Impact


35

Do you have trouble with changes in sleep patterns because of brain injury?

Nearly 80% of all respondents indicated they have trouble with changes in sleep patterns because of their brain injury some or most of the time. (N=590)

29%

52%

19%

Troub le w ith B owel/B ladder M ovem ent


Do you have trouble with bowel/bladder movement because of brain injury?

52% of respondents indicated that they have trouble with bowel/bladder movement some of the time because of their brain injury, while 29% reported not having trouble, and 19% indicated having trouble with bowel/bladder movement most of the time. (N=584)

Trouble with Changes in Sleep PatternsMore than ¾ of abI survivors report trouble with changes in sleep patterns�

21%

39%

40%

Troub le w ith C hange in S leep P atterns



36


25%

11%

4%

60%

N eed H elp w ith Taking C are of C h ild ren

None of the Time Some of the Time Most of the Time Not Applicable

32%

33%

28%

7%

N eed H elp w ith H ousework


Do you need help with taking care of children because of brain injury?

15% of respondents reported needing help taking care of children some or most of the time, while 60% indicated this to be not applicable, which suggests they are not in a situation that requires them to care for children. 25% reported not needing help. (N=594)

Do you need help with housework because of brain injury?

Respondents were generally evenly split on needing help with housework with 28% reporting to be in need most of the time, followed by 33% who need help some of the time and 32% who indicated no need for help. (N=595)

61% need help with housework some or most

of the time�

Need Help with Housework and Taking Care of Children

Trouble with Bowel/Bladder Movement

1.2: Daily Impact


37

88%

5%6%

1%

N eed H elp w ith U sing the Toilet


76%

11%

12%

1%

N eed H elp w ith B ath ing


71%

18%

10%

1%

N eed H elp G etting D ressed


Do you need help with getting dressed and grooming because of brain injury?

71% of respondents reported not needing help with getting dressed and grooming, followed by 18% that need help some of the time and 10% that require help most of the time. (N=596)

nearly 30% need help with getting dressed and grooming some or most of the time�

Do you need help with using the toilet because of brain injury?

88% of respondents reported not needing help with using the toilet, followed by 5% that need help some of the time and 6% that require help most of the time. (N=595)

11% need help with using the toilet some or most of

the time�

Do you need help with bathing because of brain injury?

76% of respondents reported not needing help with bathing, followed by 11% that need help some of the time and 12% that require help most of the time. (N=596)

23% need help with bathing some or

most of the time�

Need Help with Getting Dressed, Grooming, Bathing and Using the Toilet


38


39

1.2: Daily Impact


39%

27%

28%

6%

N eed H elp w ith S hopp ing


55% of respondents need help with shopping some or most of the time�

Do you need help with shopping because of brain injury?

39% of respondents reported not needing help with shopping, followed by 27% that need help some of the time and 28% that require help most of the time. (N=595)


40


78%

13%

7%

2%

N eed H elp w ith E ating


40%

30%

22%

8%

N eed H elp w ih M eal P reparation


Do you need help with eating because of brain injury?

78% of respondents reported not needing help with eating, followed by 13% that need help some of the time and 7% that require help most of the time. (N=595)

20% need help with eating some

or most of the time�

32%

24%

39%

5%

N eed H elp w ith M anaging F inances


Do you need help with meal preparation because of brain injury?

40% of respondents reported not needing help with meal preparation, followed by 30% that need help some of the time and 22% that require help most of the time. (N=596)

52% need help with meal preparation some or

most of the time�

Do you need help with managing finances because of brain injury?

32% of respondents reported not needing help with managing finances, followed by 24% that need help some of the time and 39% that require help most of the time. (N=592)

63% need help with managing finances some

or most of the time�

Need Help with Eating, Meal Preparation and Managing Finances

1.2: Daily Impact

41


52%

19%

4%

25%

Travel O u tside of the H om e: B icycling


38%

11%

33%

18%

Travel O u tside of the H om e: D riving


11%

45%

35%

9%

Travel O u tside of the H om e: W alking


11%

45%

35%

9%



11%

45%

35%

9%



Travel Outside of the Home

Do you walk as a means of getting around outside the home?

35% of respondents indicated that they use walking as a means of traveling outside of the home most of the time, followed by 45% who do so some of the time and 11% stated they do not walk as a means of travel. (N=593)

80% use walking as a means of travel some or

most of the time�

Do you use a bicycle as a means of travel?

52% of respondents indicated that they do not use bicycling as a means of traveling outside of the home, followed by 19% who do so some of the time. 25% of respondents indicated that this was not applicable suggesting that they would not have used this as a means of travel prior to acquiring their brain injury. (N=596)

only 4% stated they use bicycling as a means of travel most of the time�

When you travel outside the home do you drive?

38% of respondents indicated that they do not use driving as a means of traveling outside of the home, followed by 33% who do so most of the time and 11% who do so some of the time. 18% of respondents indicated that this was not applicable, which suggests that they would not have used this as a means of travel prior to acquiring their brain injury. (N=596)

38% do not use driving as a means of travel�

42



61%9%

10%

20%

Travel O u tside of the H om e: S pecialized Transit


61%9%

10%

20%



61%9%

10%

20%



38%

29%

19%

14%

Travel O u tside of the H om e: Taxi


38%

29%

19%

14%



38%

29%

19%

14%



10%

43%

39%

8%

Travel O u tside of the H om e: R id ing


10%

43%

39%

8%



10%

43%

39%

8%



When you travel outside the home, do you ride with friends or family?

43% of respondents indicated that they ride with family and friends as a means of traveling outside of the home some of the time, followed by 39% who do so most of the time and 10% who do not travel outside of the home with friends or family. 8% responded that this is not applicable, which suggests that they do not have access to family or friends, or that they would not have used this as a means of travel prior to acquiring their brain injury. (N=594)

82% use riding with others as a means of travel


When you travel outside the home, do you use a taxi service?

29% of respondents indicate using a taxi service as a means of traveling outside of the home some of the time, followed by 19% who do so most of the time. 14% of respondents indicated this was not applicable, which suggests that they do not have access to such services or would not have used this as a means of travel prior to acquiring a brain injury. (N=594)

38% do not use a taxi service�

When you travel outside the home, do you use specialized transit?

10% of respondents reported using specialized transit most of the time, followed by 9% who do so some of the time. 20% of respondents indicated this is not applicable, which suggests that they do not have access to such services. (N=595)

61% do not use specialized transit services�


43

1.2: Daily Impact

Do you use a computer?

When asked whether they use a computer, 76% of respondents indicated yes, while 24% stated that they do not. (N=593)

76% of survivors use a computer�

86%

14%

S om eone to C on fide in

Yes - Has Someone to Confide in No - Does Not Have Someone to Confide in

11%

14%

44%

31%

A b ility to W ork

Satisfied Sometimes Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Applicable

Do you have someone you can confide in?

When asked whether they have someone that they can confide in, 86% of respondents indicated yes, while 14% stated that they do not. (N=580)

14% of survivors do not have

someone to confide in�

are you satisfied with your ability to work?

When asked whether they were satisfied with their ability to work, a combined 25% of ABI survivors indicated that they are satisfied some or most of the time with their ability to work. (N=595)

44% are not satisfied with their ability to work�

76%

24%

U se a C om puter

Yes - Uses a Computer No - Does Not Use a Computer

Someone to Confide in, Use a Computer, Satisfaction with Ability to Work

44



34%

47%

16%3%

A b ility to S peak, E xpress Yourself


are you satisfied with your ability to express yourself?

81% of ABI survivors are satisfied or sometimes satisfied with their ability to speak and express themselves. (N=593)

16% of survivors are not satisfied with their ability

to express themselves�

Satisfaction with Ability to Speak, Express Oneself

45


1.2: Daily Impact

Survey respondents were asked to indicate their personal satisfaction with their ability to perform a number of tasks as well as their level of satisfaction around their integration into their community using a scale of satisfied, sometimes satisfied and not satisfied/not able to do the task. There was also a field for those who did not feel the question was applicable to them.

43%

38%

15%4%

A b ility to S hop


39%

35%

19%

7%

A b ility to P repare M eals


34%

30%

30%

6%

A b ility to M anage M oney


49%

40%

8% 3%

A b ility to G et A long w ith P eop le


81% are satisfied or sometimes satisfied with their ability to shop�

nearly 20% of abI survivors are not satisfied with their ability to prepare meals�30% of abI survivors are not satisfied with

their ability to manage money�

less than 10% of abI survivors are not satisfied with their ability to get along with people�

28%

34%

34%

4%

A b ility to H ave a S ocial L ife

Satisfied Sometimes Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Applicable34% of respondents are not satisfied with their ability to have a social life�

33%

43%

21%3%

A b ility to E n joy L eisure A ctivities

Satisfied Sometimes Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Applicable76% are satisfied or sometimes satisfied with their ability to enjoy leisure activities�

Ability to Manage Money, Prepare Meals, Have a Social Life, Get Along with People, Enjoy Leisure Activities, Shop

32%

29%

28%

11%

A b ility to P articipate in A ctivities in the C om m un ity (clubs, sports, churches)



46


28% of abI survivors are not satisfied with their ability to participate in activities in

the community – such as clubs, sports, churches�

42%

29%

24%

5%

A b ility to G et O u t in the C om m un ity Independen tly


37%

25%

10%

28%

A b ility to G et O u t in the C om m un ity w ith S upport


24% of respondents are not satisfied with their ability to get out in the community

independently�

62% of abI survivors are satisfied or sometimes satisfied with their ability to

get out in the community with support�

33%

31%

31%

5%

A b ility to M ake N ew Friends and K eep T hem

Satisfied Sometimes Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Applicable31% are not satisfied with their ability to make new friends/keep them�

12%

13%

11%64%

A b ility to C are for D ependen ts

Satisfied Sometimes Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Applicable11% of abI survivors are not satisfied with their ability to care for dependents�

40%

34%

19%

7%

A b ility to R eceive the S upport You N eed

Satisfied Sometimes Satisfied Not Satisfied Not Applicable19% are not satisfied with their ability to receive the support they need�

32%

29%

28%

11%



32%

29%

28%

11%



Ability to Get Out in the Community, Make Friends, Participate in Activities, Care for Dependents, Receive Support

1.2: Daily Impact

47


20%

12%

60%

2%

4%

2%

L iving A rrangem ent A fter B rain In ju ry

Live independently without support

Live independently with support

Live with family member or friend

Live in residential setting for people with ABI

Live in supported setting

Other

living arrangement Prior to abI

71% of respondents indicated that they lived with a family member or friend prior to sustaining their brain injury, while 27% lived independently without support� (n=590)

living arrangement Post abI

60% of respondents indicated that their present living arrangement is with a family member or friend, followed by 20% living independently without support and 12% living independently with support� a combined 6% live in either a supported setting or a residential setting for people with abI� (n=578)

27%

1%

71%

0%1%

L iving A rrangem ent B efore B rain In ju ry

Live independently without support Live independently with support

Live with family member or friend Live in supported setting

Other

Living Arrangement Before and After Brain Injury


48


Marital status Prior to abI45% of respondents indicated that they were single prior to sustaining their brain injury, with an additional 45% who were married or living with their partner. 9% reported being divorced. (N=589)

Marital status Post abI43% of respondents indicated that they are presently married or living with their partner, followed by 37% who are single and 18% that are divorced. 2% are widowed. (N=591)

45%

45%

9%

1%

M arital S tatus B efore B rain In ju ry

Single Married/Living with partner Divorced Widowed

37%

43%

18%2%

M arital S tatus A fter B rain In ju ry


Marital Status Before and After Brain Injury

45%

45%

9%

1%

M arital S tatus B efore B rain In ju ry


37%

43%

18%2%

M arital S tatus A fter B rain In ju ry


1.2: Daily Impact

49



50


22%

20%

20%

20%

18%

H ighest E ducation B efore B rain In ju ry

Less than High School Completed High School

Some University, College, Vocational Completed College, Vocational etc.

Completed University Degree

Highest education Prior to abI

When asked to indicate their highest level of education before sustaining their brain injury, the respondents were relatively evenly distributed among all categories with 22% having less than high school, followed by a three-way tie of 20% between having completed high school, some university or college, completed college or vocational. 18% of respondents had obtained a university degree prior to their injury. (N=584)

13%

18%

21%

27%

21%

H ighest E ducation A fter B rain In ju ry

Less than High School Completed High SchoolSome University, College, Vocational Completed College, Vocational etc.Completed University Degree

Highest education Post abI

When examining the current highest level of education of respondents, we observe an increase in those who completed college or vocational at 27%, followed by 21% who completed some university or college. There was also a slight increase in the number of respondents who completed a university degree at 21%. Those who have completed high school or less than high school were the lowest categories with 18% and 13% respectively. (N=589)

employed for Pay Prior to abI

75% of respondents indicated they were employed for pay before their brain injury�

87% of abI survivors indicated that they are not currently employed for pay�

only 13% of respondents are currently employed for pay�

13%

87%

E m p loyed for P ay A fter B rain In ju ry

Yes - Employed for Pay No - Not Employed

75%

25%

E m p loyed for P ay B efore B rain In ju ry

Yes - Employed for Pay No - Not Employed

Highest Education Before and After Brain Injury

Employed for Pay Before and After Brain Injury

1.2: Daily Impact


51

enrolled in a Training Program

While 25% of respondents indicated they were in a training program before sustaining their brain injury, 8% of respondents reported currently being enrolled in one. This decline in current enrollment in training can largely be attributed to the length of the program that was being attended and should not be interpreted to mean that respondents were unable to complete the program due to their injury as the highest level of education achieved post injury suggests the ability for successful completion. (N=574, N=587)

25%

75%

E nrolled in a Train ing P rogram B efore B rain In ju ry

Yes - Enrolled in Program No - Not Enrolled

8%

92%

C urren tly E nrolled in a Train ing P rogram

Yes - Enrolled in Program No - Not Enrolled

engaged in volunteer Work

59% of respondents indicate that they were not engaged in volunteer work prior to their injury, while 41% were active volunteers� (n=584)

This remained unchanged with nearly 60% of abI survivors who are not currently engaged in volunteer work, while 41% are actively involved� (n=588)

41%

59%

E ngaged in Volun teer W ork B efore B rain In ju ry

Yes - Engaged in Volunteer Work No - Did not Volunteer

41%

59%

E ngaged in Volun teer W ork A fter B rain In ju ry


41%

59%



41%

59%



Enrolled in Training Before and After Brain Injury

Engaged in Volunteer Work Before and After Brain Injury


52



53

1.2: Daily Impact


54


arrested since brain Injury

9% of abI survivors report having

been arrested since their brain injury� 91% state that they have not been arrested� (n=589)

5%

95%

Incarcerated B efore B rain In ju ry

Yes - Incarcerated Before Injury No - Not Incarcerated

Incarcerated Prior to abI

While 95% of respondents indicate that they were not incarcerated prior

to sustaining an abI, 5% admit to having served jail time� (n=589)

9%

91%

A rrested S ince B rain In ju ry

Yes - Arrested Since No - Not Arrested Since

Incarcerated Prior to ABI

Arrested Since ABI

1.2: Daily Impact


55


Impact on Recovery

Psychological/social Worker Counselling services:

77% of abI survivors report having received psychological/counselling

support services� (n=580)

85% of those who received such services stated they found it to be

helpful� (n=443)

43% of those who did not receive psychological/counselling support

services indicated that it was not needed, followed by 38% who reported it as not available� (n=120)

6% indicated high cost as the reason for not receiving psychological/

counselling support services�

Psychological and Social Worker Counselling Services

77%

23%

Services: Psychological/Social Worker Counselling Services

Received Not Received

85%

15%

Helpfulness: Psychological/Social Worker Counselling Services

Yes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

43%

13%

38%

6%

Reason for No Psychological/Social Worker Counselling Services

Not Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

58



67%

33%

Services: Case ManagementReceived Not Received

88%

12%

Helpfulness: Case Management Yes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

37%

4%

50%

9%

Reason for No Case ManagementNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Case Management:

67% of respondents received case management services� (n=574)

88% found case management services to be helpful� (n=372)

50% of respondents that did not receive case management services

stated that such services were not available� (n=167)

37% stated that such services were not needed�

nearly 10% of those who did not receive case management services reported high cost as the reason�

Case Management

59


1.3: Impact on Recovery

80%

20%

Services: PhysiotherapyReceived Not Received

90%

10%

Helpfulness: PhysiotherapyYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

58%

4%

32%

6%

Reason for No PhysiotherapyNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Physiotherapy:

80% of abI survivors received physiotherapy services� (n=579)

90% reported their physiotherapy services to be beneficial� (n=461)

nearly 60% of those who did not receive physiotherapy stated that such services were not needed� (n=103)

32% reported that such services were not available�

6% indicated high cost as the reason for not receiving physiotherapy�

Physiotherapy


60


74%

26%

Services: Occupational TherapyReceived Not Received

88%

12%

Helpfulness: Occupational TherapyYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

46%

7%

43%

4%

Reason for No Occupational TherapyNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

occupational Therapy:nearly 75% of abI survivors received occupational therapy (n=574), with 88% finding it to be helpful� (n=418)

46% of those who did not receive occupational therapy indicated

that the services were not needed� (n=134)

43% reported that such services were not available�

less than 5% reported the high cost of occupational therapy as the issue�

Occupational Therapy



61

Psychiatric services:

49% of abI survivors report having received psychiatric services� (n=578)

24% of those who received such services did not find it helpful� (n=278)

68% of those who did not receive psychiatric services stated that it was not needed, followed by 19% who indicated it as not available� (n=258)

nearly 10% of those who did not receive psychiatric services stated they did not want it�

49%51%

Services: PsychiatricReceived Not Received

76%

24%

Helpfulness: PsychiatricYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

68%

9%

19%

4%

Reason for No PsychiatricNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Psychiatric Services


62


family Counselling/support:

38% of abI survivors indicated receiving family counselling and support services� (n=580)

85% felt the counselling services were helpful� (n=219)

45% of those who did not receive family counselling stated there was no need, followed by 34% who indicated the service was not available� (n=318)

16% state they were not interested in receiving family counselling and 5% did not receive this level of care because of the high cost associated with it�

38%

62%

Services: Family Counselling/SupportReceived Not Received

85%

15%

Helpfulness: Family Counselling/SupportYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

45%

16%

34%

5%

Reason for No Family Counselling/SupportNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Family Counselling and Support



63

nursing Care:

62% of abI survivors indicated that they did not receive nursing care services�

(n=576)

94% of those who received nursing care felt it to be beneficial� (n=222)

nearly 80% of those who did not receive the service indicate that there was no need, followed by 15% who stated that it was not available� (n=326)

2% of those who did not receive nursing care attribute this to high cost�

38%

62%

Services: Nursing CareReceived Not Received

94%

6%

Helpfulness: Nursing Care Yes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

79%

4%

15%

2%

Reason for No Nursing Care Not Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Nursing Care


64


79%

4%

15%

2%

Reason for No Nursing Care Not Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Personal support Worker/Homemaker:

52% of abI survivors indicated they did not receive the services of a personal support

worker or homemaker� (n=579)

of the 48% that did receive PsW services, 93% found it to be helpful� (n=279)

64% of those who did not receive PsW services stated there was no need,

followed by 24% who indicated the services were not available� (n=275)

nearly 10% of abI survivors did not receive PsW services due to high cost�

48%

52%

Services: Personal Support Worker/Homemaker/Attendant Services

Received Not Received

93%

7%

Helpfulness: Personal Support Worker/Homemaker/Attendant Services

Yes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

64%

4%

24%

8%

Reason for No Personal Support Worker/Homemaker/Attendant Services

Not Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Personal Support Worker/Homemaker



65

Peer support:

48% of respondents utilized the services of peer support� (n=569)

90% of abI survivors who sought peer support services found it to be helpful� (n=271)

More than 50% of those who did not receive peer support services indicate that the service was not available (n=351), followed by 29% who stated there was no need�

17% of survivors admit that they did not want peer support�

48%

52%

Services: Peer SupportReceived Not Received

90%

10%

Helpfulness: Peer Support Yes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

29%

17%

52%

2%

Reason for No Peer Support Not Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Peer Support

66



education/Job Training:

29% of respondents indicated they received education and job training services (n=575), with 72% who found it to be helpful� (n=160)

56% of those who did not receive education and job training services stated there was no need, followed by 30% who indicated the services were not available�

(n=351)

less than 5% indicated they did not receive education and job training services due to high cost�

29%

71%

Services: Education/Job TrainingReceived Not Received

72%

28%

Helpfulness: Education/Job TrainingYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful 56%

10%

30%

4%

Reason for No Education/Job TrainingNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Education/Job Training

67



32%

68%

Services: Specialized TransitReceived Not Received

93%

7%

Helpfulness: Specialized TransitYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

Specialized Transit

68



specialized Transit services:

32% of respondents indicated using specialized transit services� (n=573)

93% of those who used specialized transit felt it to be helpful�

74% of abI survivors who did not utilize such services reported they were not

needed, followed by 17% who did not have the service available to them� (n=356)

less than 5% indicated they did not receive specialized transit services due to the high cost�

74%

5%

17%

4%

Reason for No Specialized TransitNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

69



speech Therapy:

58% of abI survivors reported receiving speech therapy� (n=575)

90% reported their speech therapy services to be helpful� (n=328)

82% of those who did not receive speech therapy indicated that it was not needed,

followed by 15% who reported it to be not available� (n=222)

only 1% of respondents did not receive speech therapy as a result of the high cost�

58%

42%

Services: Speech TherapyReceived Not Received

90%

10%

Helpfulness: Speech TherapyYes - Helpful No - Not Helpful

82%

2%

15%

1%

Reason for No Speech TherapyNot Needed Not Wanted Not Available High Cost

Speech Therapy


70


other services:only 16% of respondents indicated that other services were recommended to them that they did not receive� (n=533)

16%

84%

Other Services Recommended But Not Received

Yes No

Other Services



71


72


obIa was identified as the primary provider of information about ABI services, accounting for nearly 20% of total responses. local brain Injury associations were identified as the second most used source for information with 13%. Case Managers and the Internet tied for third with 11% each, followed by Family Doctors (9%), Family & Friends (8%), Pamphlets & Brochures (8%), and the Hospital (7%).

The less popular places for accessing information about ABI services was through Community Centers, Phone Books and Traditional Media, which ranged between 2% and 5% respectively.

Churches and Schools were reported as being the least likely place where ABI survivors gained access to information about services.

18%

13%

7%

9%11%

11%

5%

2%1%

1%

8%

2%

8%4%

W here do you get access to in form ation abou t services?

OBIA Local Brain Injury Association Hospital Family Doctor Case Manager Internet Television, Radio, Newspaper

Community Centers Schools Churches Family & Friends Phone Books Pamphlets/Brochures Other

18%

13%

7%

9%11%

11%

5%

2%1%

1%

8%

2%

8%4%

W here do you get access to in form ation abou t services?

OBIA Local Brain Injury Association Hospital Family Doctor Case Manager

Internet Television, Radio, Newspaper Community Centers Schools Churches

Family & Friends Phone Books Pamphlets/Brochures Other

Where Do You Get Access to Information About Services?



73

Survivor Coping Mechanisms: A Qualitative Perspective


74




75

PaInTInG a CleaReR PICTURe of abI’s IMPaCT:

a Detailed series of Cross Tabulations

exhibit 1a - frequency Gender

How Injury Occurred Male Female Grand Total

n/a 1 1

Automobile Collision 108 125 233

Motorcycle Collision 16 4 20

Bicycle Crash 14 4 18

Recreational Vehicle 10 3 13

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 20 20 40

Fall 43 29 72

Illness affecting the brain 55 44 99

Victim of Assault 9 8 17

Anoxia 5 9 14

Other 35 30 65

(blank) 2 1 3

Grand Total 317 278 595

Exhibit 1b - % by Cause Gender


Automobile Collision 46.4% 53.6% 100.0%

Motorcycle Collision 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%

Bicycle Crash 77.8% 22.2% 100.0%

Recreational Vehicle 76.9% 23.1% 100.0%

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%

Fall 59.7% 40.3% 100.0%

Illness affecting the brain 55.6% 44.4% 100.0%

Victim of Assault 52.9% 47.1% 100.0%

Anoxia 35.7% 64.3% 100.0%

Other 53.8% 46.2% 100.0%

(blank) 66.7% 33.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

exhibit 1c - % by Gender Gender




Bicycle Crash 4.4% 1.4% 3.0%



Fall 13.6% 10.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 1.6% 3.2% 2.4%

Other 11.0% 10.8% 10.9%

(blank) 0.6% 0.4% 0.5%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 1d - % of Total Gender




Bicycle Crash 2.4% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 7.2% 4.9% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.8% 1.5% 2.4%

Other 5.9% 5.0% 10.9%

(blank) 0.3% 0.2% 0.5%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

Gender & Cause (n=595)exhibit CT� 1a–d

Our total sample was closely split between the genders, with 53% of our respondents being male and 47% being female. (Ex.1b)

Males were the primary subjects of motorcycle and bicycle crashes that resulted in an acquired brain injury with 80% and 77.8% respectively. (Ex.1b)

The causes resulting in an acquired brain injury that reported higher incidence rates by women were anoxia with 64.3% and automobile collisions with 53.6%. (Ex.1b)

Pedestrians being struck by a motor vehicle that caused an acquired brain injury was evenly split 50/50 between males and females. (Ex.1b)

Both men and women reported automobile collisions as the most prevalent cause by gender (34.1% and 45% respectively) followed by illness affecting the brain with 17.4% and 15.8% respectively, thereby accounting for a total of 16.6% of all acquired brain injuries incurred. (Ex.1c)

21% of all acquired brain injuries sustained by women involved an automobile collision. (Ex.1d)

automobile collisions accounted for nearly 40% of all acquired brain injuries, with this being the leading cause for both males and females with 34�1% and 45% respectively� (ex�1c)

78


Painting a Clearer Picture of ABI


Work Related Male Female Grand Total

2 3 5

No Response 5 5

Work Related 50 30 80

Non Work Related 260 245 505


exhibit 2b - % of Work Gender


Work Related 62.5% 37.5% 100.0%

Non Work Related 51.5% 48.5% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

exhibit 2c - % of Gender Gender


Work Related 15.8% 10.8% 13.4%


Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



Work Related 8.4% 5.0% 13.4%


Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

Gender & Work Related (n=595)exhibit CT� 2a–d

Non-work related brain injuries were relatively evenly distributed between men and women with 51.5% and 48.5% respectively. (Ex.2b)

From our sample, we can see that roughly 15% of men incurred their brain injury while at work, compared to 10% of women. (Ex.2c)

43.7% of the total sample were males who had a non-work related brain injury. (Ex.2d)

62�5% of those who sustained a work-related brain injury were

male� (ex�2b)


Sports Related Male Female Grand Total

1 1

No Response 6 2 8

Yes - Sports Related 17 10 27

No - Sports Related 292 264 557

(blank) 2 1 3


exhibit 3b - % of sports Gender


0.0% 100.0% 100.0%

No Response 75.0% 25.0% 100.0%

Yes - Sports Related 63.0% 37.0% 100.0%

No - Sports Related 52.4% 47.4% 100.0%

(blank) 66.7% 33.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�2% 46�6% 100�0%



0.0% 0.4% 0.2%

No Response 1.9% 0.7% 1.3%



(blank) 0.6% 0.4% 0.5%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



0.0% 0.2% 0.2%

No Response 1.0% 0.3% 1.3%



(blank) 0.3% 0.2% 0.5%

Grand Total 53�2% 46�6% 100�0%

Gender & sports Related (n=596)exhibit CT� 3a–d

63% of those who incurred a sports-related injury were male, while 37% were female. (Ex.3b)

Non-sports related brain injuries were relatively equal among the sample in relation to gender with 52.4% being male and 47.4% being female. (Ex.3b)

Looking more closely at gender we can see that only 3.6% of females in our sample incurred a sports related injury compared to 5.4% of males. (Ex.3c)

In total, 4�5% of the sample had a sports

related injury, 63% of which were male� (ex�3d)

Gender & Cause


79

2.1: A Detailed Series of Cross Tabulations: GENDER


Medical Care Male Female Grand Total

No Response 5 7 12

Yes - Received Medical Care 302 250 552

No - Did Not Receive Medical Care 10 21 31


exhibit 4b -% of Medical Gender


No Response 41.7% 58.3% 100.0%

Yes - Received Medical Care 54.7% 45.3% 100.0%

No - Did Not Receive Medical Care 32.3% 67.7% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

exhibit 4c -% of Gender Gender


No Response 1.6% 2.5% 2.0%



Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 4d -% of Total Gender


No Response 0.8% 1.2% 2.0%



Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

Gender & Medical Care (n=595)exhibit CT� 4a–d

Women accounted for nearly 70% of those who did not receive medical care at the time of their injury. (Ex.4b)

50% of the sample was comprised of males who received medical attention at the time of the injury. (Ex.4d)

nearly 8% of women did not receive medical care at the time of their injury compared to only 3% of men who did not� (ex�4c)


80



Diagnosis of Brain Injury Male Female Grand Total

No Response 9 9 18

While in emergency* 128 109 237

While in hospital* 102 56 158

Between 1 week to 1 month* 17 25 42

Between 1 month to 6 months* 27 32 59

Between 6 months to 1 year* 6 15 21

Between 1 year to 3 years* 9 11 20

Between 3 years to 5 years* 7 7 14

More than 5 years* 12 14 26


exhibit 5b - % of Diagnosis Gender


No Response 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%

While in emergency* 54.0% 46.0% 100.0%

While in hospital* 64.6% 35.4% 100.0%

Between 1 week to 1 month* 40.5% 59.5% 100.0%

Between 1 month to 6 months* 45.8% 54.2% 100.0%

Between 6 months to 1 year* 28.6% 71.4% 100.0%

Between 1 year to 3 years* 45.0% 55.0% 100.0%

Between 3 years to 5 years* 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%

More than 5 years* 46.2% 53.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%



No Response 2.8% 3.2% 3.0%








More than 5 years* 3.8% 5.0% 4.4%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 1.5% 1.5% 3.0%








More than 5 years* 2.0% 2.4% 4.4%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

Gender & Diagnosis (n=595)exhibit CT� 5a–d

When looking at gender in relation to the time of diagnosis, the largest variance occurs when examining those in the sample that reported being diagnosed between 6 months and 1 year with 71.4% of this category being comprised of females and only 28.6% of whom were males. (Ex.5b)

Women were also dominant respondents in the 1 week to 1 month category with 59.5%. (Ex.5b)

Men led the “While in the hospital” category with 64.6%. (Ex.5b)

Frequency between genders leveled out when looking at those who took longer than 1 year to be diagnosed. (Ex.5b)

Looking exclusively at gender we can see that 60% of female respondents reported being diagnosed while in the emergency or hospital, while males accounted for nearly 73% in the same categories. (Ex.5c)

More than 10% of the total sample population took longer than 1 year to be diagnosed, with females slightly leading the males at 5�4% over 4�7% respectively� (ex�5d)

* (following injury/illness)



81

Gender & Rehabilitation (n=595)exhibit CT� 6a–d

Males led all categories for starting rehabilitation within 6 months of being diagnosed. (Ex.6b)

Women accounted for 70.6% of those who reported starting rehabilitation between 3 and 5 years after being diagnosed. (Ex.6b)

67.5% of males started rehabilitation within 6 months of being diagnosed compared to 50% of women in this same time period. (Ex.6c)

Overall, 39.7% of the total sample started rehabilitation within 1 month of being diagnosed, with 23.8% being male and 15.8% being female. (Ex.6d)

11% of the total sample indicated starting rehabilitation more than 3 years after being diagnosed, with these findings being relatively evenly split between the genders with 5.7% of which were female and 5.2% of which were male. (Ex.6d)


Time of Rehabilitation Male Female Grand Total

No Response 19 31 50

While in emergency* 24 12 36

While in hospital* 85 60 145

Between 1 week to 1 month* 33 22 55

Between 1 month to 6 months* 72 45 117

Between 6 months to 1 year* 22 29 51

Between 1 year to 3 years* 19 27 46

Between 3 years to 5 years* 5 12 17

More than 5 years* 26 22 48

Other 12 17 29

(blank) 1 1


exhibit 6b - % of Rehabilitation Gender


No Response 38.0% 62.0% 100.0%








More than 5 years* 54.2% 45.8% 100.0%

Other 41.4% 58.6% 100.0%

(blank) 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%



No Response 6.0% 11.2% 8.4%








More than 5 years* 8.2% 7.9% 8.1%

Other 3.8% 6.1% 4.9%

(blank) 0.0% 0.4% 0.2%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 3.2% 5.2% 8.4%








More than 5 years* 4.4% 3.7% 8.1%

Other 2.0% 2.9% 4.9%

(blank) 0.0% 0.2% 0.2%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%



82



Confidant Male Female Grand Total

No Response 11 5 16

Yes - Has Someone to Confide In 257 238 495

No - Does Not Have Someone to Confide In 49 35 84


exhibit 7b - % of Confidant Gender


No Response 68.8% 31.3% 100.0%

Yes - Has Someone to Confide In 51.9% 48.1% 100.0%

No - Does Not Have Someone to Confide In 58.3% 41.7% 100.0%

Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%



No Response 3.5% 1.8% 2.7%



Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 1.8% 0.8% 2.7%



Grand Total 53�3% 46�7% 100�0%

Gender & Confidant (n=595)exhibit CT� 7a–d

When examining the relationship between gender and having a confidant, the sample was relatively evenly split for those who reported having someone to confide in. (Ex.7b)

Males accounted for 58.3% of those who indicated that they did not have someone to confide in. (Ex.7b)

Looking exclusively at gender, more than 80% of both males and females have someone to confide in. Males reported a slightly higher occurrence of those who did not have a confidant at 15.5% compared to 12.6% of females who indicated the same. (Ex.7c)

83�2% of the total sample reported

that they do have someone they confide in� (ex�7d)



83

exhibit 8a - frequency Post Injury

Pre Injury No Response Live independently without support



Live in residential setting for people

with ABI

Live in supported

setting

Other Grand Total

No Response 2 1 1 1 5

Live independently without support 61 31 51 4 5 2 154

Live independently with support 3 3 6

Live with family member or friend 56 37 297 9 13 9 421

Live in supported setting 1 1 2

Other 1 2 1 1 5

Grand Total 2 119 72 355 13 19 13 593

exhibit 8b - % of Pre Injury Post Injury





with ABI

Live in supported

setting

Other Grand Total

No Response 40.0% 0.0% 20.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 20.0% 100.0%

Live independently without support 0.0% 39.6% 20.1% 33.1% 2.6% 3.2% 1.3% 100.0%

Live independently with support 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Live with family member or friend 0.0% 13.3% 8.8% 70.5% 2.1% 3.1% 2.1% 100.0%

Live in supported setting 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Other 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 40.0% 0.0% 20.0% 20.0% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�3% 20�1% 12�1% 59�9% 2�2% 3�2% 2�2% 100�0%

exhibit 8c - % of Post Injury Post Injury





with ABI

Live in supported

setting

Other Grand Total

No Response 100.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 7.7% 0.8%





Other 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 5.3% 7.7% 0.8%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 8d - % of Total Post Injury





with ABI

Live in supported

setting

Other Grand Total

No Response 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8%





Other 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.8%

Grand Total 0�3% 20�1% 12�1% 59�9% 2�2% 3�2% 2�2% 100�0%

Pre & Post living arrangement (n=593)exhibit CT� 8a–d39.6% of those who reported living independently without support before sustaining their brain injury still do so, post injury. 33% of those who lived independently now live with a friend or family member. It is interesting to note however, that this segment also accounts for the largest group that is now living in a residential setting for people with ABI (2.6%). (Ex.8b)

70.5% of those living with a family member or a friend at the time of sustaining their brain injury continue to do so. (Ex.8b)

Of those who are currently living in a residential setting for people with ABI, nearly 70% lived with a family member or friend prior to injury, followed by the remaining 30% who lived independently without support. This closely resembles those who now live in a supported setting with 68.4% of who lived with a family member or a friend prior to injury and 26.3% who lived independently without support. (Ex.8c)

26% of the total sample lived without support prior to injury compared to only 20% who currently do so. (Ex.8d)

over 70% of abI survivors currently live with some form of support� (ex�8d)


84



Pre Injury No Response Single Married/Living with partner Divorced Widowed Grand Total

No Response 2 2 2 1 7

Single 2 191 52 18 1 264

Married/Living with partner 20 193 41 9 263

Divorced 5 4 45 1 55

Widowed 2 1 3 6

Grand Total 4 218 253 106 14 595



No Response 28.6% 28.6% 28.6% 14.3% 0.0% 100.0%

Single 0.8% 72.3% 19.7% 6.8% 0.4% 100.0%

Married/Living with partner 0.0% 7.6% 73.4% 15.6% 3.4% 100.0%

Divorced 0.0% 9.1% 7.3% 81.8% 1.8% 100.0%

Widowed 0.0% 0.0% 33.3% 16.7% 50.0% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�7% 36�6% 42�5% 17�8% 2�4% 100�0%



No Response 50.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.9% 0.0% 1.2%

Single 50.0% 87.6% 20.6% 17.0% 7.1% 44.4%


Divorced 0.0% 2.3% 1.6% 42.5% 7.1% 9.2%

Widowed 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.9% 21.4% 1.0%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 1.2%

Single 0.3% 32.1% 8.7% 3.0% 0.2% 44.4%


Divorced 0.0% 0.8% 0.7% 7.6% 0.2% 9.2%

Widowed 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.5% 1.0%

Grand Total 0�7% 36�6% 42�5% 17�8% 2�4% 100�0%

Pre & Post Marital status (n=595)exhibit CT� 9a–d

An analysis of those who were single prior to sustaining their brain injury indicates that 72.3% continue to be single, while 19.7% are currently married and 6.8% are now divorced. (Ex.9b)

Of those who were married prior to sustaining their brain injury, 73.4% continue to be married, while 7.6% are now single and 15.6% are divorced. (Ex.9b)

looking more closely at those who are currently divorced reveals that 38�7% were married prior to sustaining a brain injury� (ex�9c)


85

2.2: A Detailed Series of Cross Tabulations: PRE-POST


Pre Injury No Response Less than High School

Completed High School

Some University, College, Vocational

Completed College, Vocational etc.


Grand Total

No Response 3 2 2 3 1 11

Less than High School 1 73 15 15 16 8 128

Completed High School 92 13 7 3 115

Some University, College, Vocational 2 95 13 6 116

Completed College, Vocational etc. 1 119 120

Completed University Degree 1 104 105

(blank) 1 1

Grand Total 7 74 109 126 158 122 596







Grand Total

No Response 27.3% 0.0% 18.2% 18.2% 27.3% 9.1% 100.0%

Less than High School 0.8% 57.0% 11.7% 11.7% 12.5% 6.3% 100.0%

Completed High School 0.0% 0.0% 80.0% 11.3% 6.1% 2.6% 100.0%

Some University, College, Vocational 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 81.9% 11.2% 5.2% 100.0%

Completed College, Vocational etc. 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 99.2% 0.0% 100.0%

Completed University Degree 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 99.0% 100.0%

(blank) 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�2% 12�4% 18�3% 21�1% 26�5% 20�5% 100�0%







Grand Total

No Response 42.9% 0.0% 1.8% 1.6% 1.9% 0.8% 1.8%






(blank) 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%







Grand Total

No Response 0.5% 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0.2% 1.8%






(blank) 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Grand Total 1�2% 12�4% 18�3% 21�1% 26�5% 20�5% 100�0%

Pre & Post education (n=596)exhibit CT� 10a–dAn examination of highest level of education prior to sustaining a brain injury to the highest current level of education indicates that of those who had less than high school at the time of injury, 20% of ABI survivors went on to complete a post secondary education, with 6.3% of which earned a university degree. (Ex.10b)

Looking more closely at those who had some post-secondary education prior to their brain injury, 11.2% went on to complete college or vocational training, followed by 5.2% that completed university post injury. (Ex.10b)

Of those who have completed college, 10% had less than high school prior to sustaining a brain injury. (Ex.10c)

although 17�6% of the total sample has completed a university degree, more than 85% of those received their education pre-injury� (ex�10c)


86



Pre Injury No Response Yes - Employed for Pay No - Not Employed Grand Total

No Response 4 2 11 17

Yes - Employed for Pay 8 53 375 436

No - Not Employed 1 20 121 142

Grand Total 13 75 507 595



No Response 23.5% 11.8% 64.7% 100.0%

Yes - Employed for Pay 1.8% 12.2% 86.0% 100.0%

No - Not Employed 0.7% 14.1% 85.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�2% 12�6% 85�2% 100�0%



No Response 30.8% 2.7% 2.2% 2.9%


No - Not Employed 7.7% 26.7% 23.9% 23.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 0.7% 0.3% 1.8% 2.9%


No - Not Employed 0.2% 3.4% 20.3% 23.9%

Grand Total 2�2% 12�6% 85�2% 100�0%

Pre & Post employment (n=595)exhibit CT� 11a–d

86% of those employed for pay at the time of injury are currently not employed. (Ex.11b)

Only 12% have maintained employment. (Ex.11b)

14% of those who were not employed at the time of sustaining their brain injury are currently employed. (Ex.11b)

70% of those currently employed were employed prior to sustaining their brain injury. (Ex.11c)

12�6% of abI survivors are currently employed� (ex�11b)

While 85% of the total sample is currently not employed, 63% were before sustaining a brain injury� (ex�11d)



87


Pre Injury No Response Yes - Arrested Since ABI No - Not Arrested Since ABI Grand Total

No Response 3 3 6

Yes - Incarcerated Before Injury 11 21 32

No - Not Incarcerated 4 40 513 557

(blank) 1 1




No Response 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0%

Yes - Incarcerated Before Injury 0.0% 34.4% 65.6% 100.0%

No - Not Incarcerated 0.7% 7.2% 92.1% 100.0%

(blank) 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�2% 8�6% 90�3% 100�0%



No Response 42.9% 0.0% 0.6% 1.0%



(blank) 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0%



(blank) 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2%

Grand Total 1�2% 8�6% 90�3% 100�0%

Pre & Post Jail (n=596)exhibit CT� 12a–d

65.6% of those who were incarcerated prior to sustaining their brain injury were not arrested again. (Ex.12b)

34.4% of ABI survivors who had a criminal record prior to their injury were arrested again after sustaining an injury. (Ex.12b)

7.2% of those who were not incarcerated prior to their injury were arrested after sustaining a brain injury. (Ex.12b)

78.4% of those arrested after sustaining a brain injury had not been previously incarcerated. (Ex.12c)

More than 85% of the total sample has never been incarcerated or arrested� (ex�12d)


88



Pre Injury No Response Yes - Engaged in Volunteer Work No - Did not Volunteer Grand Total

No Response 2 6 4 12

Yes - Engaged in Volunteer Work 4 117 121 242

No - Did not Volunteer 2 117 223 342




No Response 16.7% 50.0% 33.3% 100.0%

Yes - Engaged in Volunteer Work 1.7% 48.3% 50.0% 100.0%

No - Did not Volunteer 0.6% 34.2% 65.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�3% 40�3% 58�4% 100�0%



No Response 25.0% 2.5% 1.1% 2.0%



Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%



No Response 0.3% 1.0% 0.7% 2.0%



Grand Total 1�3% 40�3% 58�4% 100�0%

Pre & Post volunteer (n=596)exhibit CT� 13a–d

Nearly 50% of those who volunteered prior to sustaining a brain injury continue to do so. (Ex.13b)

34.2% of those who did not volunteer pre-injury began doing so post-injury. (Ex.13b)

Of those who currently volunteer, the sample is split evenly with 48.8% in each category of those who did and did not volunteer before sustaining their brain injury. (Ex.13c)

The largest portion of the sample, with 37.4%, is comprised of people that did not volunteer before sustaining a brain injury and currently do not engage in such activities. (Ex.13d)


89


exhibit 14a - frequency loss of Consciousness

How Injury Occurred No Response Unknown Yes - Loss of Consciousness No - Did Not Lose Consciousness Grand Total

No Response 2 2 4

Automobile Collision 4 2 206 22 234

Motorcycle Collision 20 20


Recreational Vehicle 13 13

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 2 35 3 40

Fall 1 57 14 72

Illness affecting the brain 8 1 57 33 99


Anoxia 12 2 14

Other 1 42 22 65

Grand Total 16 5 473 102 596

exhibit 14b - % of Cause loss of Consciousness


No Response 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Automobile Collision 1.7% 0.9% 88.0% 9.4% 100.0%

Motorcycle Collision 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 77.8% 22.2% 100.0%

Recreational Vehicle 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 5.0% 0.0% 87.5% 7.5% 100.0%

Fall 1.4% 0.0% 79.2% 19.4% 100.0%

Illness affecting the brain 8.1% 1.0% 57.6% 33.3% 100.0%

Victim of Assault 0.0% 0.0% 88.2% 11.8% 100.0%

Anoxia 0.0% 0.0% 85.7% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 0.0% 64.6% 33.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�7% 0�8% 79�4% 17�1% 100�0%

exhibit 14c - % of Consciousness loss of Consciousness


No Response 0.0% 40.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% 3.9% 3.0%



Fall 6.3% 0.0% 12.1% 13.7% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 2.0% 2.3%

Other 6.3% 0.0% 8.9% 21.6% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 14d - % of Total loss of Consciousness


No Response 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 2.3% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 0.0% 9.6% 2.3% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.0% 2.0% 0.3% 2.3%

Other 0.2% 0.0% 7.0% 3.7% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�7% 0�8% 79�4% 17�1% 100�0%


90


exhibit 15a - frequency amnesia

How Injury Occurred No Response Yes - Caused Amnesia No - Did Not Cause Amnesia Grand Total

No Response 2 2

Automobile Collision 10 202 22 234

Motorcycle Collision 18 1 19




Fall 3 53 15 71

Illness affecting the brain 8 68 23 99


Anoxia 8 5 13

Other 6 48 11 65


exhibit 15b - % of Cause amnesia


No Response 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Automobile Collision 4.3% 86.3% 9.4% 100.0%

Motorcycle Collision 0.0% 94.7% 5.3% 100.0%

Bicycle Crash 0.0% 77.8% 22.2% 100.0%

Recreational Vehicle 0.0% 76.9% 23.1% 100.0%

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 5.0% 85.0% 10.0% 100.0%

Fall 4.2% 74.6% 21.1% 100.0%

Illness affecting the brain 8.1% 68.7% 23.2% 100.0%

Victim of Assault 0.0% 82.4% 17.6% 100.0%

Anoxia 0.0% 61.5% 38.5% 100.0%

Other 9.2% 73.8% 16.9% 100.0%

Grand Total 4�9% 79�7% 15�4% 100�0%

exhibit 15c - % of amnesia amnesia


No Response 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.3%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 3.0% 4.4% 3.0%



Fall 10.3% 11.3% 16.5% 12.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.7% 5.5% 2.2%

Other 20.7% 10.2% 12.1% 11.0%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 15d - % of Total amnesia


No Response 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.3%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.4% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.5% 9.0% 2.5% 12.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.4% 0.8% 2.2%

Other 1.0% 8.1% 1.9% 11.0%

Grand Total 4�9% 79�7% 15�4% 100�0%

Cause & Consciousness (n=596)exhibit CT� 14a–d

Nearly 80% of those surveyed report loss of consciousness at time of injury. (Ex.14b)

100% of those involved in a recreational vehicle crash or motorcycle collision lost consciousness. This is closely followed by 88% of those involved in an automobile collision, as well as those who were a victim of assault. (Ex.14b)

Brain injuries that were attributed to an illness affecting the brain reported the highest rate of those who did not lose consciousness with 33.3%. (Ex.14b)

When looking more closely at those who reported a loss of consciousness, 43.6% of respondents indicated that an automobile collision was the cause. (Ex.14c)

A combined 42.5% of the total sample was comprised of individuals who lost consciousness with the injury occurring as a result of some type of vehicle crash. This increases to nearly 50% when including pedestrians that were struck by a motor vehicle. (Ex.14d)

Cause & amnesia (n=591)exhibit CT� 15a–d

Nearly 95% of those in a motorcycle collision reported having amnesia, which was closely followed by 86.3% of those in an automobile collision. (Ex.15b) Those whose brain injury was caused by anoxia reported the lowest rate of amnesia with 61.5%. (Ex.15b)

A closer examination of those who indicated that they suffered amnesia revealed that 42.9% attributed their brain injury to an automobile collision, followed by 14.4% who indicated the cause was an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.15c)

Nearly 80% of the sample reported having amnesia, with the most likely cause being an automobile collision with 34.2%. (Ex.15d)


91

2.3: A Detailed Series of Cross Tabulations: CAUSE AND EFFECT

exhibit 16a - frequency Diagnosis

How Injury Occurred No Response While in emergency* While in hospital* Between 1 week to 1 month* Between 1 to 6 months* Between 6 months to 1 year* Between 1 to 3 years* Between 3 to 5 years* More than 5 years* Grand Total

No Response 3 1 4

Automobile Collision 6 90 62 19 24 12 7 4 9 233

Motorcycle Collision 6 7 1 5 1 20

Bicycle Crash 1 7 4 3 1 2 18

Recreational Vehicle 11 1 1 13

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 24 11 2 1 1 1 40

Fall 3 30 14 7 8 3 2 2 3 72

Illness affecting the brain 42 39 6 6 1 3 2 99

Victim of Assault 1 6 4 1 1 1 3 17

Anoxia 3 5 3 2 1 14

Other 6 16 12 4 8 4 6 2 7 65

Grand Total 17 238 158 42 59 21 20 14 26 595

exhibit 16b - % of Cause Diagnosis


No Response 0.0% 75.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% 100.0%

Automobile Collision 2.6% 38.6% 26.6% 8.2% 10.3% 5.2% 3.0% 1.7% 3.9% 100.0%

Motorcycle Collision 0.0% 30.0% 35.0% 5.0% 25.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Bicycle Crash 5.6% 38.9% 22.2% 0.0% 16.7% 0.0% 5.6% 11.1% 0.0% 100.0%

Recreational Vehicle 0.0% 84.6% 0.0% 7.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.7% 0.0% 100.0%

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 0.0% 60.0% 27.5% 0.0% 5.0% 2.5% 2.5% 0.0% 2.5% 100.0%

Fall 4.2% 41.7% 19.4% 9.7% 11.1% 4.2% 2.8% 2.8% 4.2% 100.0%

Illness affecting the brain 0.0% 42.4% 39.4% 6.1% 6.1% 0.0% 1.0% 3.0% 2.0% 100.0%

Victim of Assault 5.9% 35.3% 23.5% 5.9% 5.9% 0.0% 5.9% 0.0% 17.6% 100.0%

Anoxia 0.0% 21.4% 35.7% 21.4% 14.3% 0.0% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Other 9.2% 24.6% 18.5% 6.2% 12.3% 6.2% 9.2% 3.1% 10.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�9% 40�0% 26�6% 7�1% 9�9% 3�5% 3�4% 2�4% 4�4% 100�0%

exhibit 16c - % of Diagnosis Diagnosis


No Response 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 5.9% 2.9% 2.5% 0.0% 5.1% 0.0% 5.0% 14.3% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 17.6% 12.6% 8.9% 16.7% 13.6% 14.3% 10.0% 14.3% 11.5% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.3% 3.2% 7.1% 3.4% 0.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.4%

Other 35.3% 6.7% 7.6% 9.5% 13.6% 19.0% 30.0% 14.3% 26.9% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 16d - % of Total Diagnosis


No Response 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 1.2% 0.7% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.5% 5.0% 2.4% 1.2% 1.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.4%

Other 1.0% 2.7% 2.0% 0.7% 1.3% 0.7% 1.0% 0.3% 1.2% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�9% 40�0% 26�6% 7�1% 9�9% 3�5% 3�4% 2�4% 4�4% 100�0%



92


exhibit 16a - frequency Diagnosis


No Response 3 1 4

Automobile Collision 6 90 62 19 24 12 7 4 9 233

Motorcycle Collision 6 7 1 5 1 20

Bicycle Crash 1 7 4 3 1 2 18


Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 24 11 2 1 1 1 40

Fall 3 30 14 7 8 3 2 2 3 72

Illness affecting the brain 42 39 6 6 1 3 2 99

Victim of Assault 1 6 4 1 1 1 3 17

Anoxia 3 5 3 2 1 14

Other 6 16 12 4 8 4 6 2 7 65

Grand Total 17 238 158 42 59 21 20 14 26 595

exhibit 16b - % of Cause Diagnosis


No Response 0.0% 75.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 38.9% 22.2% 0.0% 16.7% 0.0% 5.6% 11.1% 0.0% 100.0%



Fall 4.2% 41.7% 19.4% 9.7% 11.1% 4.2% 2.8% 2.8% 4.2% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 21.4% 35.7% 21.4% 14.3% 0.0% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Other 9.2% 24.6% 18.5% 6.2% 12.3% 6.2% 9.2% 3.1% 10.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�9% 40�0% 26�6% 7�1% 9�9% 3�5% 3�4% 2�4% 4�4% 100�0%

exhibit 16c - % of Diagnosis Diagnosis


No Response 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 5.9% 2.9% 2.5% 0.0% 5.1% 0.0% 5.0% 14.3% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 17.6% 12.6% 8.9% 16.7% 13.6% 14.3% 10.0% 14.3% 11.5% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.3% 3.2% 7.1% 3.4% 0.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.4%

Other 35.3% 6.7% 7.6% 9.5% 13.6% 19.0% 30.0% 14.3% 26.9% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 16d - % of Total Diagnosis


No Response 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 1.2% 0.7% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.5% 5.0% 2.4% 1.2% 1.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.4%

Other 1.0% 2.7% 2.0% 0.7% 1.3% 0.7% 1.0% 0.3% 1.2% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�9% 40�0% 26�6% 7�1% 9�9% 3�5% 3�4% 2�4% 4�4% 100�0%

Cause & Diagnosis (n=595)exhibit CT� 16a–d

Two-thirds of the sample reported being diagnosed in the hospital or while in the emergency department. (Ex.16b)

Those who were involved in a recreational vehicle crash accounted for the highest rate of those having been diagnosed while in the emergency room with 84.6%. (Ex.16b)

Nearly 25% of those who indicated being a victim of assault took at least 1 year to be diagnosed, with 17.6% stating diagnosis took more than 5 years. (Ex.16b)



93

exhibit 17a - frequency Rehabilitation

How Injury Occurred No Response While in emergency* While in hospital* 1 week to 1 month* 1 to 6 months* 6 months to 1 year* 1 to 3 years* 3 to 5 years* 5+ years* Other Grand Total

No Response 2 1 1 4

Automobile Collision 24 15 56 20 50 21 20 5 16 7 234

Motorcycle Collision 2 2 6 1 2 4 2 1 20

Bicycle Crash 1 1 8 1 3 1 3 18

Recreational Vehicle 2 4 1 3 2 1 13

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 1 4 10 3 7 3 5 1 3 3 40

Fall 3 6 18 7 13 6 6 3 5 5 72

Illness affecting the brain 8 3 32 14 16 10 4 1 8 3 99

Victim of Assault 1 2 6 1 2 1 3 1 17

Anoxia 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 14

Other 10 1 7 7 13 3 6 4 6 8 65

Grand Total 52 36 145 55 117 51 46 17 48 29 596

exhibit 17b - % of Cause Rehabilitation


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 25.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Automobile Collision 10.3% 6.4% 23.9% 8.5% 21.4% 9.0% 8.5% 2.1% 6.8% 3.0% 100.0%

Motorcycle Collision 10.0% 10.0% 30.0% 5.0% 10.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.0% 5.0% 100.0%

Bicycle Crash 5.6% 5.6% 44.4% 5.6% 16.7% 0.0% 5.6% 0.0% 16.7% 0.0% 100.0%

Recreational Vehicle 0.0% 15.4% 30.8% 7.7% 23.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 15.4% 7.7% 100.0%

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 2.5% 10.0% 25.0% 7.5% 17.5% 7.5% 12.5% 2.5% 7.5% 7.5% 100.0%

Fall 4.2% 8.3% 25.0% 9.7% 18.1% 8.3% 8.3% 4.2% 6.9% 6.9% 100.0%

Illness affecting the brain 8.1% 3.0% 32.3% 14.1% 16.2% 10.1% 4.0% 1.0% 8.1% 3.0% 100.0%

Victim of Assault 5.9% 11.8% 0.0% 0.0% 35.3% 5.9% 11.8% 5.9% 17.6% 5.9% 100.0%

Anoxia 14.3% 0.0% 14.3% 7.1% 21.4% 21.4% 14.3% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Other 15.4% 1.5% 10.8% 10.8% 20.0% 4.6% 9.2% 6.2% 9.2% 12.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 8�7% 6�0% 24�3% 9�2% 19�6% 8�6% 7�7% 2�9% 8�1% 4�9% 100�0%

exhibit 17c - % of Rehabilitation Rehabilitation


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 5.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 1.9% 2.8% 5.5% 1.8% 2.6% 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 6.3% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 5.8% 16.7% 12.4% 12.7% 11.1% 11.8% 13.0% 17.6% 10.4% 17.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 3.8% 0.0% 1.4% 1.8% 2.6% 5.9% 4.3% 5.9% 0.0% 0.0% 2.3%

Other 19.2% 2.8% 4.8% 12.7% 11.1% 5.9% 13.0% 23.5% 12.5% 27.6% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 17d - % of Total Rehabilitation


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 0.2% 1.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.5% 1.0% 3.0% 1.2% 2.2% 1.0% 1.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.8% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.3% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.3%

Other 1.7% 0.2% 1.2% 1.2% 2.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.7% 1.0% 1.3% 10.9%

Grand Total 8�7% 6�0% 24�3% 9�2% 19�6% 8�6% 7�7% 2�9% 8�1% 4�9% 100�0%



94


Cause & Rehabilitation (n=596)exhibit CT� 17a–d

Victims of assault reported the longest length of time to start rehabilitation after being diagnosed, with a combined 35.3% of respondents indicating it took at least 1 year, with 17.6% stating more than 5 years. Pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle closely mirrored this with 22.5% and 7.5% respectively. (Ex.17b)

Automobile collisions were the leading cause of all rehabilitation timelines, averaging around 40%. This was followed by an illness affecting the brain and falls (16.6% and 12.1% respectively). (Ex.17c)

A closer examination into those who reported taking between 1 to 3 years to start rehabilitation, automobile collisions (43.5%), falls (13%) and pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle (10.9%) were the most common causes. (Ex.17c)

Similarly, of those who reported it taking between 3 to 5 years to start rehabilitation after being diagnosed, automobile collisions (29.4%) and falls (17.6%) were the most prevalent causes. (Ex.17c)

33�3% of

respondents who reported it taking 5 years or longer to start rehabilitation after diagnosis sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision� (Ex.17c)

exhibit 17a - frequency Rehabilitation


No Response 2 1 1 4

Automobile Collision 24 15 56 20 50 21 20 5 16 7 234

Motorcycle Collision 2 2 6 1 2 4 2 1 20

Bicycle Crash 1 1 8 1 3 1 3 18

Recreational Vehicle 2 4 1 3 2 1 13

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 1 4 10 3 7 3 5 1 3 3 40

Fall 3 6 18 7 13 6 6 3 5 5 72

Illness affecting the brain 8 3 32 14 16 10 4 1 8 3 99

Victim of Assault 1 2 6 1 2 1 3 1 17

Anoxia 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 14

Other 10 1 7 7 13 3 6 4 6 8 65

Grand Total 52 36 145 55 117 51 46 17 48 29 596

exhibit 17b - % of Cause Rehabilitation


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 25.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 5.6% 44.4% 5.6% 16.7% 0.0% 5.6% 0.0% 16.7% 0.0% 100.0%



Fall 4.2% 8.3% 25.0% 9.7% 18.1% 8.3% 8.3% 4.2% 6.9% 6.9% 100.0%



Anoxia 14.3% 0.0% 14.3% 7.1% 21.4% 21.4% 14.3% 7.1% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

Other 15.4% 1.5% 10.8% 10.8% 20.0% 4.6% 9.2% 6.2% 9.2% 12.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 8�7% 6�0% 24�3% 9�2% 19�6% 8�6% 7�7% 2�9% 8�1% 4�9% 100�0%

exhibit 17c - % of Rehabilitation Rehabilitation


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 5.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 1.9% 2.8% 5.5% 1.8% 2.6% 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 6.3% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 5.8% 16.7% 12.4% 12.7% 11.1% 11.8% 13.0% 17.6% 10.4% 17.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 3.8% 0.0% 1.4% 1.8% 2.6% 5.9% 4.3% 5.9% 0.0% 0.0% 2.3%

Other 19.2% 2.8% 4.8% 12.7% 11.1% 5.9% 13.0% 23.5% 12.5% 27.6% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 17d - % of Total Rehabilitation


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 0.2% 1.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.5% 1.0% 3.0% 1.2% 2.2% 1.0% 1.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.8% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.3% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.3%

Other 1.7% 0.2% 1.2% 1.2% 2.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.7% 1.0% 1.3% 10.9%

Grand Total 8�7% 6�0% 24�3% 9�2% 19�6% 8�6% 7�7% 2�9% 8�1% 4�9% 100�0%



95

exhibit 18a - frequency Transportation: Driving

How Injury Occurred N/A None of the Time Some of the Time Most of the Time Grand Total

No Response 2 1 1 4


Motorcycle Collision 4 4 2 10 20

Bicycle Crash 3 9 1 5 18

Recreational Vehicle 1 4 2 6 13

Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 9 15 8 8 40

Fall 15 26 7 24 72


Victim of Assault 1 12 4 17

Anoxia 5 5 4 14

Other 13 23 8 21 65

Grand Total 109 228 63 196 596

exhibit 18b - % of Cause Transportation: Driving


No Response 50.0% 25.0% 25.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 16.7% 50.0% 5.6% 27.8% 100.0%



Fall 20.8% 36.1% 9.7% 33.3% 100.0%



Anoxia 35.7% 35.7% 0.0% 28.6% 100.0%

Other 20.0% 35.4% 12.3% 32.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 18�3% 38�3% 10�6% 32�9% 100�0%

exhibit 18c - % of Driving Transportation: Driving


No Response 1.8% 0.4% 1.6% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 2.8% 3.9% 1.6% 2.6% 3.0%



Fall 13.8% 11.4% 11.1% 12.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 4.6% 2.2% 0.0% 2.0% 2.3%

Other 11.9% 10.1% 12.7% 10.7% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 18d - % of Total Transportation: Driving


No Response 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.5% 1.5% 0.2% 0.8% 3.0%



Fall 2.5% 4.4% 1.2% 4.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.7% 2.3%

Other 2.2% 3.9% 1.3% 3.5% 10.9%

Grand Total 18�3% 38�3% 10�6% 32�9% 100�0%

Cause & Transportation (n=596)exhibit CT� 18a–d

Nearly 40% of all respondents whose injury was caused by an automobile collision rely on driving as their primary means of traveling outside of the home. Interestingly, 36.3% indicated that they drive none of the time. (Ex.18b)

70.6% of victims of assault reported driving none of the time, followed by those who were involved in a bicycle crash with 50%. (Ex.18b)

50% of those involved in a motorcycle collision report driving most of the time, followed by 46.2% of those in a recreational vehicle crash that reported the same. (Ex.18b)

Of those who report driving none of the time, the leading cause of injury was automobile collision (37.3%), followed by illness affecting the brain (19.3%) and falls (11.4%). (Ex.18c)

Of those who report driving most of the time, the leading cause of injury was automobile collision (46.9%), followed by falls (12.2%) and an illness affecting the brain (11.2%). (Ex.18c)

Nearly 40% of all respondents indicated that they drive none of the time, followed by 32.9% who drive most of the time. (Ex.18d)


96


exhibit 19a - frequency employed Post Injury

How Injury Occurred No Response Yes - Employed for Pay No - Not Employed Grand Total

No Response 1 3 4

Automobile Collision 3 30 201 234

Motorcycle Collision 1 4 15 20

Bicycle Crash 18 18


Pedestrian struck by motor vehicle 4 36 40

Fall 5 4 63 72



Anoxia 2 12 14

Other 1 14 50 65


exhibit 19b - % of Cause employed Post Injury


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 75.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%



Fall 6.9% 5.6% 87.5% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 14.3% 85.7% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 21.5% 76.9% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�3% 12�6% 85�1% 100�0%

exhibit 19c - % of employment employed Post Injury


No Response 0.0% 1.3% 0.6% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 3.0%



Fall 35.7% 5.3% 12.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 2.7% 2.4% 2.3%

Other 7.1% 18.7% 9.9% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 19d - % of Total employed Post Injury


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.8% 0.7% 10.6% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.3% 2.0% 2.3%

Other 0.2% 2.3% 8.4% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�3% 12�6% 85�1% 100�0%

Cause & employment (n=596)exhibit CT� 19a–d

By examining cause in relation to employment, it has been observed that those who sustained their brain injury as a result of a motorcycle collision or a victim of assault reported the greatest incidences of being employed for pay post injury with 20% and 17.6% respectively. (Ex.19b)

The causes reporting the highest rate of not being employed post injury include 100% of those in a bicycle crash, followed by those in a recreational vehicle crash and pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle with 92.3% and 90% respectively. (Ex.19b)

Falls, automobile collisions and anoxia all accounted for at least 85% of those who were not employed for pay post injury. (Ex.19b)

Of those who reported being employed post injury, the largest group was automobile collisions with 40% followed by illnesses affecting the brain with 16%. (Ex.19c)

Similarly, of those who reported not being employed after sustaining their brain injury, 39.6% were caused by automobile collisions, followed by 16.6% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.19c)

Overall, more than 85% of respondents reported not being employed for pay after sustaining their brain injury. (Ex.19d)



97

exhibit 20a - frequency vision

How Injury Occurred No Response None of the Time Some of the Time Most of the Time Grand Total

No Response 1 2 1 4



Bicycle Crash 5 7 6 18



Fall 1 27 27 17 72


Victim of Assault 1 5 7 4 17

Anoxia 8 3 3 14

Other 2 24 21 17 64

Grand Total 16 241 188 149 594

exhibit 20b - % of Cause vision


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 27.8% 38.9% 33.3% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 37.5% 37.5% 23.6% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 57.1% 21.4% 21.4% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 37.5% 32.8% 26.6% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�7% 40�6% 31�6% 25�1% 100�0%

exhibit 20c - % of vision vision


No Response 0.0% 0.4% 1.1% 0.7% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.1% 3.7% 4.0% 3.0%



Fall 6.3% 11.2% 14.4% 11.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.3% 1.6% 2.0% 2.4%

Other 12.5% 10.0% 11.2% 11.4% 10.8%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 20d - % of Total vision


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.8% 1.2% 1.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 4.5% 4.5% 2.9% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.3% 0.5% 0.5% 2.4%

Other 0.3% 4.0% 3.5% 2.9% 10.8%

Grand Total 2�7% 40�6% 31�6% 25�1% 100�0%

Cause & vision (n=594)exhibit CT� 20 a–d

When examining cause in relation to vision problems, the majority of causes had respondents reporting no such trouble. The exception to this was with those involved in bicycle crashes or those who were a victim of assault. Both groups reported a higher incidence of vision trouble with 38.9% and 41.2% indicating this to be an issue some of the time. (Ex.20b)

33% of those involved in a bicycle crash reported having trouble with vision most of the time, followed by 31.3% of those who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.20b)

The cause that reported the lowest rate of vision trouble most of the time was recreational vehicle crash with 15.4%. (Ex.20b)

Looking more closely at those who indicated they had vision trouble most of the time, this category was led by those in an automobile collision (37.6%), followed by an illness affecting the brain (20.8%) and falls (11.4%). (Ex.20c)

overall, the sample indicates that 25% of respondents indicate having vision trouble most of the time, with the largest segment coming from those who were involved in an automobile collision (9�4%)� (ex�20d)


98


exhibit 21a - frequency Hearing


No Response 1 2 1 4






Fall 2 29 23 18 72



Anoxia 10 2 2 14

Other 2 33 18 12 65

Grand Total 16 319 157 104 596

exhibit 21b - % of Cause Hearing


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 55.6% 22.2% 16.7% 100.0%



Fall 2.8% 40.3% 31.9% 25.0% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 71.4% 14.3% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 50.8% 27.7% 18.5% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�7% 53�5% 26�3% 17�4% 100�0%

exhibit 21c - % of Hearing Hearing


No Response 0.0% 0.3% 1.3% 1.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 6.3% 3.1% 2.5% 2.9% 3.0%



Fall 12.5% 9.1% 14.6% 17.3% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.1% 1.3% 1.9% 2.3%

Other 12.5% 10.3% 11.5% 11.5% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 21d - % of Total Hearing


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 1.7% 0.7% 0.5% 3.0%



Fall 0.3% 4.9% 3.9% 3.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.7% 0.3% 0.3% 2.3%

Other 0.3% 5.5% 3.0% 2.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�7% 53�5% 26�3% 17�4% 100�0%

Cause & Hearing (n=596)exhibit CT� 21 a–d

Regardless of cause, a large portion of the sample reported having no trouble with hearing (ranging between 40% and 71.4%). (Ex.21b)

Those with a brain injury that was caused by a fall or a motorcycle collision reported the highest rate of respondents who indicated having trouble most of the time with 25% in each category. In comparison, those involved in a recreational vehicle crash had the lowest incidence of hearing trouble most of the time with 7.7%. (Ex.21b)

Looking more closely at those who reported having hearing trouble most of the time, those in an automobile collision led the category with 36.5% followed by 17.3% who sustained a fall and 15.4% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.21c)

Overall, 53.5% of the sample indicated that they did not have trouble with hearing as a result of their brain injury, with automobile collisions being the cause of brain injury for 21.5% of these respondents. On the contrary, 17.4% indicated hearing trouble most of the time, with 6.4% of which were involved in an automobile collision that caused their brain injury. (Ex.21d)



99

exhibit 22a - frequency Remembering


No Response 2 2 4






Fall 2 33 37 72



Anoxia 1 6 7 14

Other 4 28 33 65

Grand Total 7 33 257 298 595

exhibit 22b - % of Cause Remembering


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 44.4% 55.6% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 2.8% 45.8% 51.4% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 7.1% 42.9% 50.0% 100.0%

Other 0.0% 6.2% 43.1% 50.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�2% 5�5% 43�2% 50�1% 100�0%

exhibit 22c - % of Remembering Remembering


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 3.1% 3.4% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 6.1% 12.8% 12.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.0% 2.3% 2.3% 2.4%

Other 0.0% 12.1% 10.9% 11.1% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 22d - % of Total Remembering


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 0.3% 5.5% 6.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.2% 1.0% 1.2% 2.4%

Other 0.0% 0.7% 4.7% 5.5% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�2% 5�5% 43�2% 50�1% 100�0%

Cause & Remembering (n=595)exhibit CT� 22 a–d

Nearly all causes reported a majority of respondents indicating that they had trouble remembering most of the time (47.5% to 60%). The exception were those involved in recreational vehicle crashes and falls with 38.5% and 45% of those respondents indicating trouble with remembering most of the time. (Ex.22b)

All causes reported around 90% of respondents having trouble remembering some or most of the time. 100% of respondents involved in a bicycle crash fell within these two categories with 44.4% and 55.6% respectively. (Ex.22b)

Looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble with remembering most of the time, 39.6% of these respondents sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision, followed by 15.8% who had an illness affecting the brain and 12.4% who suffered a fall. (Ex.22c)

Overall, 93.3% of total respondents indicated trouble with remembering some or most of the time, with 36.4% of which indicated the cause of their brain injury was an automobile collision. (Ex.22d)


100


exhibit 23a - frequency Concentrating


No Response 1 3 4






Fall 3 31 38 72



Anoxia 4 4 6 14

Other 5 30 30 65

Grand Total 5 42 287 262 596

exhibit 23b - % of Cause Concentrating


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% 75.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 4.2% 43.1% 52.8% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 28.6% 28.6% 42.9% 100.0%

Other 0.0% 7.7% 46.2% 46.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�8% 7�0% 48�2% 44�0% 100�0%

exhibit 23c - % of Concentrating Concentrating


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.1% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 3.1% 3.4% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 7.1% 10.8% 14.5% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 9.5% 1.4% 2.3% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 11.9% 10.5% 11.5% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 23d - % of Total Concentrating


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 1.5% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 0.5% 5.2% 6.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.7% 0.7% 1.0% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 0.8% 5.0% 5.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 0�8% 7�0% 48�2% 44�0% 100�0%

Cause & Concentrating (n=596)exhibit CT� 23 a–d

With the exception of anoxia, all other causes reported at least 80% of respondents having trouble concentrating some or most of the time. (Ex.23b)

55% of those in a motorcycle collision reported trouble with concentrating most of the time, followed by 52.8% of those who sustained a fall. (Ex.23b)

100% of those involved in a bicycle crash reported having concentration issues some or most of the time (50%, 50%), followed by 97.5% of pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle (60%, 37.5%) and 95.9% who fell (43.1%, 52.8%). (Ex.23b)

Looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble most of the time, 39.7% were involved in an automobile collision, followed by 14.5% with falls and 13.7% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.23c)

Overall, 92.2% of total respondents indicate having trouble with concentrating some or most of the time, with 36.2% of which were involved in an automobile collision and 15.1% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.23d)



101

exhibit 24a - frequency Making Decisions


No Response 2 2 4






Fall 1 7 33 31 72



Anoxia 3 4 7 14

Other 7 26 32 65

Grand Total 3 51 291 251 596

exhibit 24b - % of Cause Making Decisions


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 55.6% 44.4% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 9.7% 45.8% 43.1% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 21.4% 28.6% 50.0% 100.0%

Other 0.0% 10.8% 40.0% 49.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�5% 8�6% 48�8% 42�1% 100�0%

exhibit 24c - % of Making Decisions Making Decisions


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.8% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 3.4% 3.2% 3.0%



Fall 33.3% 13.7% 11.3% 12.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 5.9% 1.4% 2.8% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 13.7% 8.9% 12.7% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 24d - % of Total Making Decisions


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 1.3% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 1.2% 5.5% 5.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.5% 0.7% 1.2% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 1.2% 4.4% 5.4% 10.9%

Grand Total 0�5% 8�6% 48�8% 42�1% 100�0%

Cause & Making Decisions (n=596)exhibit CT� 24 a–d

Respondents whose injury was caused by anoxia reported the highest rate of having trouble making decisions most of the time (50%), followed by 47.1% of those who were a victim of assault. (Ex.24b)

90% of respondents who had injuries caused by an automobile or motorcycle collision, bicycle crash, pedestrian struck by a vehicle and victim of an assault indicate having trouble making decisions some or most of the time. (Ex.24b)

21.4% of those who had sustained their brain injury as a result of anoxia stated they did not have trouble with decision making. (Ex.24b)

Of those who indicated having trouble making decisions most of the time, 39.4% were involved in an automobile collision, followed by 14.7% who had an illness affecting the brain and 12.4% who sustained a fall. (Ex.24c)

Overall, less than 10% of respondents stated having no trouble making decisions, with the greatest proportion coming from those involved in an automobile collision. (Ex.24d)


102


exhibit 25a - frequency learn new Information


No Response 3 1 4






Fall 5 32 35 72



Anoxia 2 3 9 14

Other 6 30 29 65

Grand Total 5 53 269 269 596

exhibit 25b - % of Cause learn new Information


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 75.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 5.6% 44.4% 50.0% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 6.9% 44.4% 48.6% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 14.3% 21.4% 64.3% 100.0%

Other 0.0% 9.2% 46.2% 44.6% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�8% 8�9% 45�1% 45�1% 100�0%

exhibit 25c - % of learning learn new Information


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 0.4% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 1.9% 3.0% 3.3% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 9.4% 11.9% 13.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.8% 1.1% 3.3% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 11.3% 11.2% 10.8% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 25d - % of Total learn new Information


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.2% 1.3% 1.5% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 0.8% 5.4% 5.9% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.3% 0.5% 1.5% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 1.0% 5.0% 4.9% 10.9%

Grand Total 0�8% 8�9% 45�1% 45�1% 100�0%

Cause & learning new Information (n=596)exhibit CT� 25 a–d

Those who had anoxia reported the highest rate of having trouble with learning new information over all other causes, with 64.3%. (Ex.25b)

Interestingly, this same group also had the highest rate of respondents who indicated not having trouble with 14.3%. (Ex.25b)

All causes had at least 85% of respondents who indicated having trouble learning new information some or most of the time. (Ex.25b)

Those who were involved in a motorcycle collision led this category with 95% of respondents indicating having some degree of trouble (45%, 50%). (Ex.25b)

Examining those who reported having trouble most of the time, 42.8% of respondents were involved in an automobile collision followed by 14.9% who had an illness affecting the brain and 13% who sustained a fall. (Ex.25c)

Overall, 90.2% of total respondents indicated having trouble learning new information some or most of the time, with automobile collisions representing 35.7% of the causes. (Ex.25d)



103

exhibit 26a - frequency seizures


No Response 2 2 4






Fall 6 50 12 4 72



Anoxia 12 2 14

Other 2 50 8 5 65

Grand Total 20 452 98 26 596

exhibit 26b - % of Cause seizures


No Response 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 77.8% 16.7% 5.6% 100.0%



Fall 8.3% 69.4% 16.7% 5.6% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 85.7% 0.0% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 76.9% 12.3% 7.7% 100.0%

Grand Total 3�4% 75�8% 16�4% 4�4% 100�0%

exhibit 26c - % of seizures seizures


No Response 0.0% 0.4% 2.0% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 3.1% 3.1% 3.8% 3.0%



Fall 30.0% 11.1% 12.2% 15.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 7.7% 2.3%

Other 10.0% 11.1% 8.2% 19.2% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 26d - % of Total seizures


No Response 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.3% 0.5% 0.2% 3.0%



Fall 1.0% 8.4% 2.0% 0.7% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 2.0% 0.0% 0.3% 2.3%

Other 0.3% 8.4% 1.3% 0.8% 10.9%

Grand Total 3�4% 75�8% 16�4% 4�4% 100�0%

Cause & seizures (n=596)exhibit CT� 26 a–d

Seizures were most commonly reported by those who had an illness affecting the brain, with a combined 34.4% stating they had trouble some or most of the time (29.3%, 5.1%), followed by 14.3% of those who had an anoxic event reporting trouble most of the time. (Ex.26b)

When looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble most of the time, 23.1% of brain injuries were caused by an automobile collision, followed by 19.2% who had an illness affecting the brain and 15.4% who sustained a fall. (Ex.26c)

Overall, 20.8% of respondents indicated suffering from seizures some or most of the time (16.4%, 4.4%), with the highest single cause (6.2%) being attributed to automobile collisions. (Ex.26d)


104


exhibit 27a - frequency Dizziness


No Response 1 1 2 4






Fall 1 15 40 16 72



Anoxia 8 4 2 14

Other 20 31 14 65

Grand Total 12 169 301 114 596

exhibit 27b - % of Cause Dizziness


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 25.0% 50.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 27.8% 55.6% 16.7% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 20.8% 55.6% 22.2% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 57.1% 28.6% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 0.0% 30.8% 47.7% 21.5% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�0% 28�4% 50�5% 19�1% 100�0%

exhibit 27c - % of Dizziness Dizziness


No Response 0.0% 0.6% 0.3% 1.8% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 3.0% 3.3% 2.6% 3.0%



Fall 8.3% 8.9% 13.3% 14.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 4.7% 1.3% 1.8% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 11.8% 10.3% 12.3% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 27d - % of Total Dizziness


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.8% 1.7% 0.5% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 2.5% 6.7% 2.7% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.3% 0.7% 0.3% 2.3%

Other 0.0% 3.4% 5.2% 2.3% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�0% 28�4% 50�5% 19�1% 100�0%

Cause & Dizziness (n=596)exhibit CT� 27 a–d

57.1% of those whose brain injury was caused as a result of an anoxic event reported having no dizziness. (Ex.27b)

All other causes reported around 50% of their respective respondents as having trouble at least some of the time. (Ex.27b)

Victims of assault reported the highest rate of having trouble with dizziness most of the time with 23.5%. (Ex.27b)

Taking a closer look at those who indicated having trouble most of the time reveals that 39.5% of respondents had their injury result from an automobile collision, followed by 15.8% with an illness affecting the brain and 14% who sustained a fall. (Ex.27c)

Nearly 70% of all respondents indicated having trouble with dizziness some or most of the time, with the highest frequency (21%) coming from those in an automobile collision who reported having trouble some of the time. (Ex.27d)



105

exhibit 28a - frequency Walking


No Response 1 1 2 4






Fall 1 25 28 18 72



Anoxia 5 2 7 14

Other 1 29 25 10 65

Grand Total 12 219 209 154 594

exhibit 28b - % of Cause Walking


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 25.0% 50.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 38.9% 50.0% 11.1% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 34.7% 38.9% 25.0% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 35.7% 14.3% 50.0% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 44.6% 38.5% 15.4% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�0% 36�9% 35�2% 25�9% 100�0%

exhibit 28c - % of Walking Walking


No Response 0.0% 0.5% 0.5% 1.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 3.2% 4.3% 1.3% 3.0%



Fall 8.3% 11.4% 13.4% 11.7% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 2.3% 1.0% 4.5% 2.4%

Other 8.3% 13.2% 12.0% 6.5% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 28d - % of Total Walking


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 1.2% 1.5% 0.3% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 4.2% 4.7% 3.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.8% 0.3% 1.2% 2.4%

Other 0.2% 4.9% 4.2% 1.7% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�0% 36�9% 35�2% 25�9% 100�0%

Cause & Walking (n=594)exhibit CT� 28 a–d

When examining cause in relation to trouble with walking, the findings were relatively dispersed across all three groups. Those with anoxia reported 50% of their group having such trouble most of the time, followed next by 30.8% of which were involved in a recreational vehicle crash. Interestingly, the other 46.2% of respondents in a recreational crash reported having trouble none of the time. (Ex.28b)

45% of those involved in a motorcycle crash reported not having trouble with walking. (Ex.28b)

Looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble with walking most of the time, 39.6% of these respondents sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision, followed by 19.5% with an illness affecting the brain and 11.7% who had fallen. (Ex.28c)

overall, 61�1% of respondents indicated having trouble with walking some or most of the time, of which 24�3% had their brain injury caused by an automobile collision� (Ex.28d)


106


exhibit 29a - frequency Pain


No Response 1 3 4






Fall 22 26 24 72



Anoxia 9 2 3 14

Other 2 23 17 23 65

Grand Total 13 203 203 177 596

exhibit 29b - % of Cause Pain


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 75.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 22.2% 38.9% 38.9% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 30.6% 36.1% 33.3% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 64.3% 14.3% 21.4% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 35.4% 26.2% 35.4% 100.0%

Grand Total 2�2% 34�1% 34�1% 29�7% 100�0%

exhibit 29c - % of Pain Pain


No Response 0.0% 0.5% 1.5% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.0% 3.4% 4.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 10.8% 12.8% 13.6% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 4.4% 1.0% 1.7% 2.3%

Other 15.4% 11.3% 8.4% 13.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 29d - % of Total Pain


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.7% 1.2% 1.2% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 3.7% 4.4% 4.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.5% 0.3% 0.5% 2.3%

Other 0.3% 3.9% 2.9% 3.9% 10.9%

Grand Total 2�2% 34�1% 34�1% 29�7% 100�0%

Cause & Pain (n=596)exhibit CT� 29 a–d

77.8% of those who sustained their brain injury in a bicycle crash have trouble with pain. (Ex.29b)

Those in a motorcycle collision closely followed at 70% having such trouble with pain some or most of the time. (Ex.29b)

In comparison, 64.3% of those who had anoxia cause their brain injury stated they do not have trouble with pain. (Ex.29b)

Looking more closely at those who reported having trouble most of the time, 42.9% was the result of an automobile collision, followed by 13.6% who had sustained a fall and 12.4% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.29c)

Overall, 63.8% of the total sample indicated having trouble with pain some or most of the time, with a combined 26.6% of those who incurred their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision. (Ex.29d)



107

exhibit 30a - frequency Depression


No Response 1 3 4






Fall 12 41 19 72



Anoxia 6 7 1 14

Other 1 15 41 8 65

Grand Total 18 141 319 118 596

exhibit 30b - % of Cause Depression


No Response 25.0% 0.0% 75.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 22.2% 50.0% 22.2% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 16.7% 56.9% 26.4% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 42.9% 50.0% 7.1% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 23.1% 63.1% 12.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 3�0% 23�7% 53�5% 19�8% 100�0%

exhibit 30c - % of Depression Depression


No Response 5.6% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 2.8% 2.8% 3.4% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 8.5% 12.9% 16.1% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 4.3% 2.2% 0.8% 2.3%

Other 5.6% 10.6% 12.9% 6.8% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 30d - % of Total Depression


No Response 0.2% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 0.7% 1.5% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 2.0% 6.9% 3.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.0% 1.2% 0.2% 2.3%

Other 0.2% 2.5% 6.9% 1.3% 10.9%

Grand Total 3�0% 23�7% 53�5% 19�8% 100�0%

Cause & Depression (n=596)exhibit CT� 30 a–d

85% of those involved in a motorcycle collision report having trouble with depression some or most of the time, followed by 83.3% of those who fell indicating the same. (Ex.30b)

42.9% of those with anoxia as the cause stated that they do not have trouble with depression. (Ex.30c)

Looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble with depression most of the time, 44.1% sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision, followed by 16.1% who had a fall and 14.4% with an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.30c)

Those who indicated that they do not have trouble with depression were comprised of 40.4% who were involved in an automobile collision and 19.9% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.30c)

overall, 73�3% of respondents indicated they have trouble with depression some or most of the time, 28�3% of who sustained their brain injury in an automobile collision� (Ex.30d)


108


exhibit 31a - frequency anxiety


No Response 4 4






Fall 1 10 42 19 72



Anoxia 8 3 3 14

Other 1 16 42 6 65

Grand Total 11 122 327 136 596

exhibit 31b - % of Cause anxiety


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 5.6% 72.2% 16.7% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 13.9% 58.3% 26.4% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 57.1% 21.4% 21.4% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 24.6% 64.6% 9.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�8% 20�5% 54�9% 22�8% 100�0%

exhibit 31c - % of anxiety anxiety


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 9.1% 0.8% 4.0% 2.2% 3.0%



Fall 9.1% 8.2% 12.8% 14.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 6.6% 0.9% 2.2% 2.3%

Other 9.1% 13.1% 12.8% 4.4% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 31d - % of Total anxiety


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 0.2% 2.2% 0.5% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 1.7% 7.0% 3.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.3% 0.5% 0.5% 2.3%

Other 0.2% 2.7% 7.0% 1.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�8% 20�5% 54�9% 22�8% 100�0%

Cause & anxiety (n=596)exhibit CT� 31 a–d

90% of those who sustained their brain injury as a result of a motorcycle accident report having trouble with anxiety some or most of the time (75% and 15% respectively), followed by 88.9% of those in a bicycle crash that report the same (72.2% and 16.7% respectively). (Ex.31b)

57.1% of those who sustained their brain injury as a result of anoxia report not having trouble with anxiety. (Ex.31b)

When looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble with anxiety most of the time, 49.3% were caused by automobile collisions, followed by 16.2% with an illness affecting the brain and 14% who fell. (Ex.31c)

Overall, 77.7% of the total sample indicated having some degree of trouble with anxiety, 30.8% of which sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision. (Ex.31d)



109

exhibit 32a - frequency Controlling Temper


No Response 4 4






Fall 21 40 11 72



Anoxia 7 6 1 14

Other 2 26 31 6 65

Grand Total 9 183 318 86 596

exhibit 32b - % of Cause Controlling Temper


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 22.2% 55.6% 22.2% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 29.2% 55.6% 15.3% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 50.0% 42.9% 7.1% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 40.0% 47.7% 9.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�5% 30�7% 53�4% 14�4% 100�0%

exhibit 32c - % of Controlling Temper Controlling Temper


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.2% 3.1% 4.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 11.5% 12.6% 12.8% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.8% 1.9% 1.2% 2.3%

Other 22.2% 14.2% 9.7% 7.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 32d - % of Total Controlling Temper


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.7% 1.7% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 3.5% 6.7% 1.8% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.2% 1.0% 0.2% 2.3%

Other 0.3% 4.4% 5.2% 1.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�5% 30�7% 53�4% 14�4% 100�0%

Cause & Temper (n=596)exhibit CT� 32 a–d

77.8% of those involved in a bicycle crash that resulted in a brain injury report having trouble controlling their temper some or most of the time, followed by 75% and 74.3% of those in a motorcycle and automobile collision respectively. (Ex.32b)

52.9% of those whose brain injury was the result of an illness affecting the brain report not having trouble with controlling their temper, followed by 50% of those with an anoxic event that report the same. (Ex.32b)

Taking a closer look at those who indicated having trouble most of the time, 43% acquired their brain injury as the result of an automobile collision, followed by 18.6% with an illness affecting the brain and 12.8% who had a fall. (Ex.32c)

Overall, 67.8% of total respondents indicated having some degree of trouble controlling their temper, with nearly 30% of which was the result of an automobile collision. (Ex.32d)


110


exhibit 33a - frequency Mood swings


No Response 4 4






Fall 10 50 12 72



Anoxia 5 6 3 14

Other 1 20 36 8 65

Grand Total 9 142 333 112 596

exhibit 33b - % of Cause Mood swings


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 22.2% 55.6% 22.2% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 13.9% 69.4% 16.7% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 35.7% 42.9% 21.4% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 30.8% 55.4% 12.3% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�5% 23�8% 55�9% 18�8% 100�0%

exhibit 33c - % of Mood swings Mood swings


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.8% 3.0% 3.6% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 7.0% 15.0% 10.7% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.5% 1.8% 2.7% 2.3%

Other 11.1% 14.1% 10.8% 7.1% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 33d - % of Total Mood swings


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.7% 1.7% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 1.7% 8.4% 2.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.8% 1.0% 0.5% 2.3%

Other 0.2% 3.4% 6.0% 1.3% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�5% 23�8% 55�9% 18�8% 100�0%

Cause & Mood swings (n=596)exhibit CT� 33 a–d

86.1% of those who incurred their brain injury as a result of a fall indicated having trouble with mood swings some or most of the time, followed by 85% of those in a motorcycle collision who report the same. (Ex.33b)

Bicycle crashes, automobile collisions and pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle all reported at least 75% of respondents to have trouble some or most of the time. (Ex.33b)

41.2% of those who were the victim of an assault report not having trouble with mood swings. (Ex.33b)

Taking a closer look at those who reported having trouble with mood swings most of the time reveals that 39.3% had their brain injury caused by an automobile collision, followed by 16.1% with an illness affecting the brain and 10.7% who sustained a fall. (Ex.33c)

Overall, nearly 75% of total respondents indicated having trouble with mood swings some or most of the time (55.9%, 18.8%), with 30.4% of which were involved in an automobile collision that caused their brain injury. (Ex.33d)



111

exhibit 34a - frequency Changing sleep Patterns


No Response 3 1 4






Fall 11 31 30 72



Anoxia 5 5 4 14

Other 1 15 22 27 65

Grand Total 5 126 231 233 595

exhibit 34b - % of Cause Changing sleep Patterns


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 75.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 22.2% 38.9% 38.9% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 15.3% 43.1% 41.7% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 35.7% 35.7% 28.6% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 23.1% 33.8% 41.5% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�8% 21�2% 38�8% 39�2% 100�0%

exhibit 34c - % of sleep Patterns Changing sleep Patterns


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 0.4% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 8.7% 13.4% 12.9% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 4.0% 2.2% 1.7% 2.4%

Other 20.0% 11.9% 9.5% 11.6% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 34d - % of Total Changing sleep Patterns


No Response 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.7% 1.2% 1.2% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 1.8% 5.2% 5.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 2.4%

Other 0.2% 2.5% 3.7% 4.5% 10.9%

Grand Total 0�8% 21�2% 38�8% 39�2% 100�0%

Cause & Change in sleep Patterns (n=595)exhibit CT� 34 a–d

At least 80% of those involved in an automobile collision, recreational vehicle crash or fall report having trouble with a change in sleep patterns some or most of the time. (Ex.34b)

35.7% of anoxia respondents report no change in sleep patterns as a result of their brain injury. (Ex.34b)

When examining those who indicated having trouble with a change in sleep patterns most of the time, it is determined that 37.8% of these respondents sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision, followed by 15.9% who had an illness affecting the brain and 12.9% who fell. (Ex.34c)

Overall, 78% of total respondents indicated having trouble with a change in sleep patterns some or most of the time (38.8%, 39.2%), with 31.8% of which were the result of an automobile collision. (Ex.34d)


112


exhibit 35a - frequency fatigue


No Response 1 2 1 4






Fall 1 6 33 32 72



Anoxia 1 7 6 14

Other 1 4 25 35 65

Grand Total 5 55 273 262 595

exhibit 35b - % of Cause fatigue


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 5.6% 55.6% 38.9% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 8.3% 45.8% 44.4% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 7.1% 50.0% 42.9% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 6.2% 38.5% 53.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 0�8% 9�2% 45�9% 44�0% 100�0%

exhibit 35c - % of fatigue fatigue


No Response 0.0% 1.8% 0.7% 0.4% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 1.8% 3.7% 2.7% 3.0%



Fall 20.0% 10.9% 12.1% 12.2% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.8% 2.6% 2.3% 2.4%

Other 20.0% 7.3% 9.2% 13.4% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 35d - % of Total fatigue


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.2% 1.7% 1.2% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 1.0% 5.5% 5.4% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.2% 1.2% 1.0% 2.4%

Other 0.2% 0.7% 4.2% 5.9% 10.9%

Grand Total 0�8% 9�2% 45�9% 44�0% 100�0%

Cause & fatigue (n=595)exhibit CT� 35 a–d

With the exception of those who were involved in a recreational vehicle crash, all other causes reported at least 87% of respondents indicating having trouble with fatigue some or most of the time as a result of their brain injury. (Ex.35b)

A closer examination into those who reported having trouble most of the time revealed that 37% of these respondents had their brain injury caused by an automobile collision, followed by 16% who had an illness affecting the brain and 12.2% who sustained a fall. (Ex.35c)

Overall, nearly 90% of all respondents indicated having trouble with fatigue some or most of the time, 35.6% of which sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision. (Ex.35d)



113

exhibit 36a - frequency one-on-one Conversations


No Response 1 2 1 4






Fall 1 20 43 8 72



Anoxia 9 3 2 14

Other 1 17 40 7 65

Grand Total 9 215 283 88 595

exhibit 36b - % of Cause one-on-one Conversations


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 33.3% 44.4% 22.2% 100.0%



Fall 1.4% 27.8% 59.7% 11.1% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 64.3% 21.4% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 26.2% 61.5% 10.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�5% 36�1% 47�6% 14�8% 100�0%

exhibit 36c - % of one-on-one one-on-one Conversations


No Response 0.0% 0.5% 0.7% 1.1% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.8% 2.8% 4.5% 3.0%



Fall 11.1% 9.3% 15.2% 9.1% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 4.2% 1.1% 2.3% 2.4%

Other 11.1% 7.9% 14.1% 8.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 36d - % of Total one-on-one Conversations


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 1.0% 1.3% 0.7% 3.0%



Fall 0.2% 3.4% 7.2% 1.3% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.5% 0.5% 0.3% 2.4%

Other 0.2% 2.9% 6.7% 1.2% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�5% 36�1% 47�6% 14�8% 100�0%

Cause & one-on-one Conversation (n=595)exhibit CT� 36 a–d

More than 70% of those who endured a fall that resulted in a brain injury indicate having trouble with one-on-one conversations some or most of the time, followed by 66.6% of those who were in a bicycle crash reporting the same. (Ex.36b)

64% of those who had an anoxic event report not having trouble. (Ex.36b)

Further examination into those who indicated having trouble most of the time revealed the leading cause to be automobile collisions with 35.2%, followed by 23.9% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.36c)

Overall, 62.4% of respondents stated having trouble with one-on-one conversations some or most of the time, 22.7% of which were in an automobile collision that resulted in a brain injury. (Ex.36d)


114


exhibit 37a - frequency Group Conversations


No Response 1 1 2 4






Fall 2 8 32 30 72



Anoxia 3 5 5 13

Other 1 13 25 26 65

Grand Total 10 105 230 250 595

exhibit 37b - % of Cause Group Conversations


No Response 0.0% 25.0% 25.0% 50.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 16.7% 44.4% 38.9% 100.0%



Fall 2.8% 11.1% 44.4% 41.7% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 23.1% 38.5% 38.5% 100.0%

Other 1.5% 20.0% 38.5% 40.0% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�7% 17�6% 38�7% 42�0% 100�0%

exhibit 37c - % of Group Conversations Group Conversations


No Response 0.0% 1.0% 0.4% 0.8% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.9% 3.5% 2.8% 3.0%



Fall 20.0% 7.6% 13.9% 12.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 2.9% 2.2% 2.0% 2.2%

Other 10.0% 12.4% 10.9% 10.4% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 37d - % of Total Group Conversations


No Response 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 0.5% 1.3% 1.2% 3.0%



Fall 0.3% 1.3% 5.4% 5.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.8% 2.2%

Other 0.2% 2.2% 4.2% 4.4% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�7% 17�6% 38�7% 42�0% 100�0%

Cause & Group Conversation (n=595)exhibit CT� 37 a–d

90% of those whose brain injury was a result of being a pedestrian struck by a motor vehicle indicated having trouble some or most of the time, followed by 86.1% of those who sustained a fall reporting the same. (Ex.37b)

Looking more closely at those who indicated having trouble with group conversation most of the time revealed automobile collisions to be the leading cause with 40.4%, followed by 18.8% with an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.37c)

Overall, more than 80% of total respondents indicate having trouble with group conversations some or most of the time, with automobile collisions accounting for 31.3%. (Ex.37d)



115

exhibit 38a - frequency Getting along w/ People


No Response 2 2 4






Fall 2 27 35 8 72



Anoxia 9 3 2 14

Other 2 30 27 5 64

Grand Total 9 247 279 60 595

exhibit 38b - % of Cause Getting along w/ People


No Response 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 5.6% 33.3% 33.3% 27.8% 100.0%



Fall 2.8% 37.5% 48.6% 11.1% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 64.3% 21.4% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 46.9% 42.2% 7.8% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�5% 41�5% 46�9% 10�1% 100�0%

exhibit 38c - % of Getting along Getting along w/ People


No Response 0.0% 0.8% 0.7% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 11.1% 2.4% 2.2% 8.3% 3.0%



Fall 22.2% 10.9% 12.5% 13.3% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 3.6% 1.1% 3.3% 2.4%

Other 22.2% 12.1% 9.7% 8.3% 10.8%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 38d - % of Total Getting along w/ People


No Response 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.2% 1.0% 1.0% 0.8% 3.0%



Fall 0.3% 4.5% 5.9% 1.3% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.5% 0.5% 0.3% 2.4%

Other 0.3% 5.0% 4.5% 0.8% 10.8%

Grand Total 1�5% 41�5% 46�9% 10�1% 100�0%

Cause & Getting along with People (n=595)exhibit CT� 38 a–d

61.1% of those in a bicycle crash report having trouble getting along with people some or most of the time, followed by 58.8% of those who were a victim of assault reporting the same. (Ex.38b)

A closer examination into those who reported having trouble getting along with people most of the time revealed that 30% sustained their brain injury as a result of an automobile collision followed by 20% who had an illness affecting the brain. (Ex.38c)

Overall, 41.5% of total respondents indicated that they do not have trouble getting along with people. (Ex.38d)


116


exhibit 39a - frequency bowel & bladder Movement


No Response 2 1 1 4






Fall 45 21 6 72



Anoxia 9 3 2 14

Other 2 39 18 6 65

Grand Total 6 370 140 79 595

exhibit 39b - % of Cause bowel & bladder Movement


No Response 0.0% 50.0% 25.0% 25.0% 100.0%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 77.8% 22.2% 0.0% 100.0%



Fall 0.0% 62.5% 29.2% 8.3% 100.0%



Anoxia 0.0% 64.3% 21.4% 14.3% 100.0%

Other 3.1% 60.0% 27.7% 9.2% 100.0%

Grand Total 1�0% 62�2% 23�5% 13�3% 100�0%

exhibit 39c - % of bowel & bladder bowel & bladder Movement


No Response 0.0% 0.5% 0.7% 1.3% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 3.8% 2.9% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 12.2% 15.0% 7.6% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 2.4% 2.1% 2.5% 2.4%

Other 33.3% 10.5% 12.9% 7.6% 10.9%

Grand Total 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0% 100�0%

exhibit 39d - % of Total bowel & bladder Movement


No Response 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.7%



Bicycle Crash 0.0% 2.4% 0.7% 0.0% 3.0%



Fall 0.0% 7.6% 3.5% 1.0% 12.1%



Anoxia 0.0% 1.5% 0.5% 0.3% 2.4%

Other 0.3% 6.6% 3.0% 1.0% 10.9%

Grand Total 1�0% 62�2% 23�5% 13�3% 100�0%

Cause & bladder/bowel Movement (n=595)exhibit CT� 39 a–d

More than 40% of respondents whose brain injury was caused as a result of an illness affecting the brain or being a victim of assault indicated having trouble with bladder or bowel movement some or most of the time. (Ex.39b)

77.8% of those who sustained their injury as a result of a bicycle crash stated they do not have trouble. (Ex.39b)

Further examination into those who reported having trouble with bladder or bowel movement most of the time revealed the leading cause to be a result of an automobile collision with 44.3% of respondents indicating such, followed by an illness affecting the brain with 24.1%. (Ex.39c)

Overall, 36.8% of total respondents indicated having trouble some or most of the time, 14.6% of which were involved in an automobile collision that resulted in a brain injury. (Ex.39d)


117


IMPaCT on abI CaReGIveRs:

a Personal Perspective

25%

75%

Caregiver Gender

Male Female

Caregiver Gender:

75% of caregivers are female� (N=281)

50 yrs or Younger27%

Older than 50 yrs73%

Age of Caregiver

age of Caregiver:

Only 27% of caregivers are 50 years or younger. (N=278)

73% of caregivers are more than 50 years old�

The average caregiver age is 57�

Caregiver Gender and Age

120


Impact on ABI Caregivers

50% of caregivers

are spouses or partners� (n=283)

41% of caregivers

are parents�

75%

25%

Caregiver: Living Arrangement to Person with ABI

Yes - Lives With No - Does not Live With

The youngest caregiver in the sample was 25, with the oldest being 85� (n=281)

50%

41%

8%1%

Spouse/Partner Parent Other Relative Other

Relationship to Person with abI:

living arrangement in Relation to Person with abI:

Living Arrangement and Relationship to Person with ABI


121

3.1: A Personal Perspective

79%

21%

Caregiver: Impact on Family Finances

Yes - Impacted Family Finances No - Has Not Impacted Family Finances

Impact on family finances

79% of caregivers admit that the brain injury has impacted their family finances. (N=280)

14%

86%

Yes - Change in Marital Status

No - Did Not Have Change in Marital Status

Impact on employment status

46% of caregivers stated that the brain injury has impacted their employment status. (N=278)

67%

33%

Caregiver: Change in Family Circumstance

Yes - Change in Family Circumstance

No - Did Not Have Change in Family Circumstance

Change in family Circumstance

67% of caregivers indicated that the brain injury changed their family circumstances. (N=260)

46%

54%

Caregiver: Impact on Employment Status

Yes - Impacted Employment Status

No - Has Not Impacted Employment Status

Family Finances, Employment Status and Change in Family Circumstances

122



14% report a change in marital status� (n=170)

41% indicate a change in residence� (n=177)

69% state there to have been a change in relationship with other members of the family� (n=206)

14%

86%

Yes - Change in Marital Status

No - Did Not Have Change in Marital Status

41%

59%

Caregiver: Change in Residence

Yes - Change in Residence No - Did Not Have Change in Residence

41%

59%



41%

59%



69%

31%

Caregiver: Change in Relationship with Other Family Members

Yes - Change in Relationship with Other Family Members

No - Did Not Have Change in Relationship with Other Family Members

Change in Relationship, Marital Status and Residence


123


70%

30%

Caregiver: Emotional Support

Yes - Has Emotional Support No - Does Not Have Emotional Support

63%

37%

Caregiver: Access to Break

Yes - Has Access to Break No - Does Not Have Access to Break

emotional support

70% of caregivers

state they have someone who supports them emotionally� (n=268)

access to a break

63% of caregivers

have access to a break� (n=267)

Emotional Support and Access to Break


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Use of break

79% of caregivers

make use of their access to a break� (n=156)

79%

21%

Caregiver: Use of Break

Yes - Uses Access to Break No - Does Not Use Access to Break

Use of a Break



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appropriateness of living environment for Person with abI

30% of caregivers admit that they do not feel the person with abI is living in the

appropriate environment� (n=268)

70%

30%

Yes - Believes Person with ABI is Living in Appropriate Environment

No - Does Not Believe Person with ABI is Living in Appropriate Environment

Appropriateness of Living Environment for Person with ABI

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52%48%

Yes - Has Concerns About Survivor's Behaviour/Risk

No - Does Not Have Concerns About Survivor's Behaviour/Risk

behavioural & Risk Concerns

52% of caregivers admit that they have concerns about the behaviour of their friend or relative since sustaining an abI, which may put her/him at risk� (n=263)

Behavioural & Risk Concerns


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Caregiver Coping Mechanisms: A Qualitative Perspective


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THe fUTURe of abI

Highlights and observations

The Ontario Brain Injury Association’s extensive interaction with people living with acquired brain injury (ABI), and relevant professionals across the province, give it a unique perspective from which some observations about ABI in Ontario can be made. The OBIA Impact Report has provided statistical data which supports these observations.

1� Timely Diagnosis of brain InjuryFollowing an acquired brain injury (ABI) survivors may not immediately be informed that their injury involves damage to their brain. Recent data from the OBIA Impact Report suggests that while almost 42% of survivors have received a diagnosis of “brain injury” while in a hospital’s emergency department, nearly 15% of respondents indicated that it took longer than 6 months to learn of their brain injury, 4% of which stated it being more than 5 years. Undoubtedly, early diagnosis plays a significant role in the recovery process. Without such knowledge, signs and symptoms of ABI can lead to even greater feelings of confusion, frustration and depression.

a delay in diagnosis can also lead to a delay in accessing appropriate services and thereby impacting rehabilitation outcomes�

2� economic Impact Acquired brain injury exacts a devastating toll not only on persons with an ABI, but also on their families and friends, as well as the general public. Millions of dollars are spent each year on the medical and rehabilitative costs of caring for Ontarians who have sustained a brain injury. In addition, Ontario loses much of the economic potential of people with ABI and of the family members who must devote their time and energy to looking after their loved one. The economic impact on persons living with ABI and their families is substantial. Our findings show that 79% of caregivers admit that the brain injury has impacted their family finances, and 46% of caregivers state that the brain injury has impacted their employment status. Furthermore, 75% of respondents indicated they were employed for pay prior to their brain injury and 85% of respondents reported not being employed for pay after sustaining a brain injury.

3� appropriate Placement of People living with abIIt is OBIA’s position that individuals living with a brain injury have the right to access effective and timely support services and live in an appropriate environment. It is not uncommon for people living with ABI to be inappropriately placed in long-term care facilities where little training is given to the staff about brain injury. The OBIA Impact Report further

demonstrates this with 30% of caregivers reporting that they do not feel that the person with ABI is living in the appropriate environment.

With limited space and long waiting lists in both supportive housing and abI specific programs, more people are being placed in long-term care facilities�

As a result, there is growing need for these facilities to acquire expertise in caring for individuals with ABI.

4� aging CaregiversOlder respondents who are the primary caregiver express a great deal of concern about the fate of their loved one once they, themselves, are unable to care for them due to age-related health issues or in the event of their passing. With the Baby Boom Generation at a pivotal point, this is a growing problem as a large percentage of our population are now becoming seniors.

It is imperative that when planning for future long term care services, the issue of aging caregivers is addressed and a plan put in place in order to deal with this pending crisis�

According to the research, the average caregiver is 57 years old and 41% of caregivers are parents.

5� Co-morbidity of Mental Health and abIMany people living with a brain injury may also struggle with mental health issues. The 2012 OBIA Impact Report demonstrates that 76% have trouble with depression some or most of the time and 80% have trouble with anxiety some or most of the time. Furthermore, the OBIA Impact Report demonstrates that 34% do not have access to family counselling/support services. We believe that in order for any person with ABI to achieve optimal recovery, both the brain injury and potential mental health issue(s) need to be addressed.

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Highlights and Observations

future of abI

Reflecting upon the results found in the OBIA Impact Report has led to the following objectives as we move forward with our study of ABI.

The three areas that have been identified as priorities moving forward include:

1� access to services More than 30% of respondents indicated that it took longer than 6 months after being diagnosed to start rehabilitation, with a combined 21% stating it took longer than 1 year. Furthermore, high numbers of respondents reported that they did not receive services such as case management, physiotherapy and occupational therapy because they were unavailable. Our next steps will be to further investigate what the specific access to service barriers are, with the hopes of being able to provide insight that will lead to resolution.

2� Insurance ChangesIn 2010, the new Ontario Automobile Insurance Legislation took effect and as a result, some accident benefits were drastically reduced.

Through the ontario brain Injury survey, we will be tracking the impact that these insurance changes may have on rehabilitation services and on the outcomes for people who sustained a brain injury in a motor vehicle collision�

3� Children/Youth and abIOBIA also developed a survey which tracks the long-term impact of acquired brain injury on children. We are looking to increase the number of participants in this particular age bracket (under the age of 16) and hope to be able to report on this demographic in the next OBIA Impact Report.


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The Future of ABI

Data analysis and creative design of the OBIA Impact Report 2012 was conducted by

OBIA gratefully acknowledges the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation for the support and funding of the Ontario Brain Injury Survey development and data analysis.

Additional funding support provided by the Ontario Trillium Foundation.

OBIA gratefully acknowledges the Ministry of Health and Long-term Care for ongoing operational funding of OBIA

Support Services including data collection and research for the Ontario Brain Injury Survey.

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Acknowledgements

Po boX 2338st� Catharines, ontario l2R 7R9

The obIa Impact Report 2012 is a culmination of research that was collected from nearly 600

ABI survivors and 300 caregivers across Ontario, with the intent of painting a clearer picture of the challenges experienced by those whose lives are

impacted by acquired brain injury.

For more information, please contact the Ontario Brain Injury Association:

obia impact report

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