obesity final paper [402119]

Running head: APPLYING THEORY AND ADULT OBESITY 1

Applying Theory and Adult Obesity

Michelle P. Petty

East Carolina University, North Carolina

APPLYING THEORY AND ADULT OBESITY 2

Introduction

Theory is a fundamental part of building nursing concepts and ideas. Theory can lend

structure and foundation to new and developing ideas. The purpose of this paper is to take a

closer look at three specific theories and how they can be useful to the disease topic of obesity

and the adult population. The three theories that will be discussed are the integrated theory of

health behavior change, modeling and role-modeling theory, and critical theory. Upon learning

the basic concepts of health, environment, and interdependent relationships between each theory

and their fundamental ideas, we will then be able to more readily identify one of the three

theories that would best aid in future studies concerning adult obesity.

Obesity

Obesity is ramped and only seems to be getting worse. It is the one disease that has the

potential to affect just about every person on the planet and it sets one up for a host of

comorbidities. The statistics on obesity are staggering. It is has been reported by the CDC, that

over 78 million adult Americans in the United States are obese, this is over a third of our total

population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen, & Dietz, 2009)! It is projected that by 2030 half of all

American adults will be obese and by 2102 all, 100%, of adults will be obese (Sabol,

Hammersla, & Reedy, 2012). Obesity is on the rise and it is accompanied by many other

diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sleep apnea, stroke, cardiovascular

problems, arthritis, and has even been linked to some cancers (Sabol, Hammersla, and Reedy,

2012; Sargent, Forrest, & Parker, 2012; Shepherd, 2014). There are also psychosocial problems

to consider secondary to obesity, such as one’s well-being and their overall quality of life (Sabol,

Hammersla, & Reedy, 2012).


Obesity is not only costly to our health it is also costly to our wallets. In the United States

alone, the estimated cost to our country for 2008 was $147 billion dollars (Finkelstein, Trogdon,

Cohen, & Dietz, 2009). As compared to individuals who are of normal weight, obese individuals

have higher annual medical cost estimated at about $1,430 more per year (Finkelstein, Trogdon,

Cohen, & Dietz, 2009). If we take a second to think about the statistics and the projected

number of individuals that will be affected by obesity and its comorbidities, it goes without

saying that the already high costs we currently face, secondary to obesity, will go up

exponentially.

The World Health Organization reports that physical activity is suffering in many countries

around the world and these activities increase the risk of obesity and its comorbidities across the

board (World Health Organization, 2010). Obesity has no bias and affects adults and children

alike. The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States is holding steady at about 17%

(Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). Childhood obesity has been a recent area of focus for

public health dollars in the United States and may be one reason we have seen a plateau (Ogden,

Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). However, it should be noted that the plateau of obesity rates in

children are seen in more affluent families and levels of obesity are still high in impoverished

families (Shepherd, 2014). The fact that obesity is common, serious, costly, on the rise, and

preventable has forced me to want to take a closer look at ways we can help increase awareness

and prevention.

Obese Young Adults with Access to a Mobile Devise

As we have seen adults are particularly vulnerable to obesity and its comorbidities. One

extensive literature review revealed that young adults ages 18-29 are a population that is

currently understudied, yet there is data to show that this populations’ number of obese


individuals is on the rise (Cha, Akazawa, Kim, Dawkins, Lerner, Umpierrez, & Dunbar, 2015).

Young adulthood is an important time in one’s development as they transition out of their

teenage years into their 20’s. It is also a vulnerable time and lifestyle changes during this time

can increase the risk of obesity (Avery, 2011).

Mobile devises such as phones and computers are linked to the cause of obesity but are also

equipped with several capabilities that can aid in obesity prevention and weight loss (Shaw &

Bosworth, 2012). In the United States over 87% of people use a mobile phone which can be a

tool for receiving text messages, the most widely used data application in the world with over 2.4

billion users, and these text messages can be set up by commercial weight loss services or apps

to send reminders about their diet and exercise goals (Shaw & Bosworth, 2012). There are over

40,000 health related mobile apps, some are well known plans you can purchase such as Weight

Watchers and others are free apps such as Diet Assistant, both let you set a target weight, will

help you develop meal plans, and come with text reminders (Evans, 2014; Randolph, 2013).

Seeing that young adults ages 18-29 are a vulnerable understudied population, about 9 out of

10 adults in the United States have access to a mobile phone, and there are literally tens of

thousands of weight loss apps, I feel obese young adults with access to mobile devises, would be

a great focus population to study regarding weight loss by using the application of a mobile

devise.

Health

Health is part of the nursing metaparadigm. The metaparadigm is a set of broad core concepts

that make up the pillars of nursing (i.e. human beings, environment, health, and nursing)

(Nelson, 2015). By understanding the meaning and value of these core concepts the


metaparadigm gives nursing a foundation and structure to build off of. Health is the quality of

life from a holistic perspective (Nelson, 2015). Health is fluid, invisible, and assessed from an

individual’s perspective (Nelson, 2015). The goal is of health is to maintain an optimal level of

wellness from a holistic perspective for individuals, families, communities, and the world.

The integrated theory of health behavior change is a middle-range theory derived from both

old and new concepts to explain health behavior (Ryan, Weiss, Traxel, & Brondino, 2011). The

model of health behavior change addresses the behavior of change to move an individual to a

better state of health (Glanz, Burke, & Rimer, 2015). For example some people may not be

ready to make changes in their diet and habits based on their level of readiness and by using the

behavior change model the nurse can more quickly assess a person’s current level of readiness to

change and apply her time, resources, and efforts more effectively based on the information she

receives (Glanz, Burke, & Rimer, 2015).

The modeling and role-modeling theory is based on the concepts that each person sees the

world from their own unique perspective and the nurse should attempt to understand the client’s

perspective and then tailor their care to fit the client while nurturing and assisting them to

attaining health (Lombardo & Roof, 2005). The theory of modeling and role-modeling is said to

be one of both art and science (Sappington & Kelley, 1996). The art is seen in modeling when

the nurse takes action to develop an understanding of the client’s perspective of the world and

applies role-modeling care that will fit them in a unique way (Sappington & Kelley, 1996). The

science of modeling is in the data collection and assessment from the client’s perspective and

then using knowledge based theory to role-model and implement care appropriately in an effort

to promote individualized care and optimal health for the client (Sappington & Kelley, 1996).


Critical theory is a social theory that identifies barriers to health (Schroeder, Kulage, &

Lucero, 2015). Critical theory is used to both identify and alleviate barriers that oppress

individuals and groups (Cody, 1998; Schroeder, Kulage, & Lucero, 2015). The philosophy and

theory of critical theory are intended to derive emancipation from forces that perpetuate social

injustice and by doing so nurses can then use and share critical knowledge that can ensure

optimal health for all without prejudice (Chinn, 2015).

I believe health is fluid, intangible, and perceived from an individual human perspective.

Health is the optimal social, psychological, and physical state of well-being as perceived by the

individual. Health in each domain is equally important and is ever changing. Therefore, as

caregivers it is important to not only assess the client’s physical state but to take the time to

understand and implement care in a way that will best address their holistic selves in a manner

they see fit to assist them in achieving an optimal balance of body, mind, and spirit.

Environment

Environment is one of the four metaparadigm concepts in nursing. Nightingale’s

environmental model of nursing focused primarily on the environment of the patient and was

pivotal in defining the environmental concept of the nursing paradigm (Masters, 2015).

Nightingale saw the environment as social and physical factors that could be manipulated by the

nurse to aid in achieving health by aiding in patient recovery (Masters, 2015). Nightingale’s

concept of environment focused on the external and internal environment as it relates to a

patient’s temperature, bedding, proper ventilation, food, water, and medication and the potential

impact of the social environment on the health of an individual (Masters, 2015).


The integrated theory of health behavior change views environment from the self-regulation

of the patient’s perspective (Ryan, 2009). The focus of the theory of health behavior change is to

empower the patient with knowledge in an effort to increase their understanding and by doing so

enable the patient to self-regulate (Ryan, 2009). Self-regulation requires awareness of the

internal environment as it relates to goal setting, self-monitoring, planning, self-evaluation, and

management of emotions secondary to implemented changes (Ryan, 2015). The integrated

theory of change also addresses social influence in the environment that influence the patient’s

internal beliefs and can come from such things as healthcare providers, television, radio, family,

neighbors, coworkers, books, magazines, or computers therefore, the social environment is also

important in facilitating positive health behavior changes in the patient (Ryan, 2009).

In modeling and role-modeling theory environment is viewed from the patient’s perspective

(Sappington & Kelley, 1996). The nurse must take the time to assess and evaluate both the

internal and external environment as perceived by the patient. The modeling and role-modeling

theory enables the nurse to plan interventions that will both positively change the patient’s

internal and external environment in a way that is tailored to the patient’s perceptions and mutual

goals (Sappington & Kelley, 1996).

Critical theory is rooted in social philosophy and addresses environment from the human’s

best interests as something that can be predicted and controlled (Chinn, 2015). Critical theory

suggests that humans have the ability to work with and create systems and tools that enable

people to carry out activities of daily living (Chinn, 2015). Critical theory addresses the internal

environment as vital to the human experience and states the importance of meaningful human

connections and interactions (Chinn, 2015). Lastly, critical theory emphasizes the importance of


emancipatory interests of our environment and how it shapes human perceptions of the world

(Chinn, 2015).

I believe that environment is pivotal to one’s health and human experience. The internal

environment in which one lives, feels, learns, grows, and experiences life cannot be underscored

enough. This is the epicenter of our being and the essence of our human experience. The

internal environment can be predicted scientifically but spiritually is as individual as each one of

us in existence. If the internal environment is not nurtured and valued from a nursing

perspective then all other interventions will fall short. With that being said our external

environment aids in our experiences and is the vehicle through which we can aid in supporting,

changing, aiding, healing, and nurturing our internal bodies and souls. No doubt why

environment is one of the four nursing metaparadigms.

Interdisciplinary Theories

Interdisciplinary theory is the integration of theory from nursing and other related disciplines.

Interdisciplinary theory is important to nursing because nurses, as well as other disciplines, bring

unique strengths, perspectives, and contributions that can advance theory (Moore, 2010). By

integrating theory from other disciplines we can approach nursing from a unique perspective and

incorporate new concepts that can strengthen nursing theory as a whole.

The integrated theory of health behavior change is a middle-range theory and can more easily

be translated into nursing practice (Ryan, 2009; Ryan, Weiss, Traxel, & Brondino, 2011). The

integrated theory of health behavior is a good fit for obesity as it relates to weight loss and

management because it focuses on patient self-regulation, self-monitoring, goal setting, and self-

evaluation, while taking into account the physical, cognitive, and emotional responses that


accompany health behavior change (Ryan, Weiss, Traxel, & Brondino, 2011). The ability to

empower the patient and nurture self-actualization make the theory of health behavior an ideal

theory for obesity patients seeking weight loss and management.

The modeling and role-modeling theory would be a good fit for obese patients because it

empowers the client to reach and maintain their goals by nurturing them to reach their full

potential using unconditional acceptance and encouragement (Sappington & Kelley, 1996). The

modeling and role-modeling theory would also help in maintaining weight loss once it is

achieved because it the focus of support on the patient could help maintain this goal as well.

One study that applied the modeling and role-modeling theory pointed out that the theory as

applied to practice may be limiting because it is too simplistic and it may be too tailored to the

client’s personal goals while down playing the knowledge of the nurse to know what may be best

for the patient (Sappington & Kelley, 1996).

Critical theory as it relates to obesity would be helpful in addressing societal barriers to

weight loss and maintenance (Schroeder, Kulage, & Lucero, 2015). Racial and low-income

disparities exist in relation to obesity (Schroeder, Kkulage, & Lucero, 2015). Critical theory as

the ability to produce positive outcomes in regards to obesity by looking at the root of the

problem on society. By evaluating patterns of reasoning to our cultural reality and

socioeconomic disparities as it relates to obesity interventions can be free of prejudice while

identifying critical areas for change (Cody, 1998).

Conclusion

Obesity is an epidemic that requires attention from nurses. We have the ability to reach

infinite populations and the skill sets to aid in a healthier world by integrating and applying


necessary changes to the preventable disease of obesity. By looking to the nursing

metaparadigm and incorporating its pillars to translate tailored theory into practice we can set

forth a foundation that is proven and strong to best reach our goals for healthy weight and

lifestyles. Based on my review of the integrated theory of health behavior change, modeling and

role-modeling theory, and critical theory I believe that the theory of health behavior change

would be the best fit for empowering individuals with the best skillsets to achieve and monitor

their own weight loss efforts. However, the theory of modeling and role-modeling and the

theory of critical change both offer concepts that aid in interventions that could strengthen the

theory of health behavior change as it relates to obesity and implementing technology towards

healthy goals. Therefore, it may be in the best interest of future studies to integrate these

theories into a new middle range theory for the best overall outcomes of obesity and its

management.

Reflective Narrative

Reflecting back on my extensive literature review of obesity and the adult population I really

was able to comprehend what an important health issue obesity is and how it literally affects us

all. I also could see how the source of technology contributes to the problem of obesity by

enabling lifestyle void of activity, allowing advertisers to exploit our subconscious with almost

constant bombardment of images and suggestions of unhealthy foods and enormous portion

sizes, and limiting social interactions that could help fill our voids. I also could see how

technology could be the solution to our problem of obesity if equipped with the right tools to aid

us in positive and healthy reminders to stay on task, count calories, monitor activity, plan meals,

and access to healthy supporters with common goals.


Through my research of many different theories I was able to delve into less well known

theories which I enjoyed. I slowly could see how theories could be tailored and integrated to fit

problems and to offer new solutions. It was also evident to me from the literature review that

behavior based and change theories were desirable to other researchers in relation to obesity.

I learned mostly by reading several nursing articles. I began to quickly be able to tell from

my initial readings if the articles would be a good fit for my paper and subject matter and over

time became much more efficient with my time during my literature review. This tells me that I

am able to adjust and adapt the way I acquire and synthesize knowledge to better aid in my

efforts and that I truly enjoy the learning process. The value of what I learned will serve me in

my future literature reviews for both my education and my future professional career. I plan to

continue to use theory to guide and substantiate my research and my nursing practice and

ultimately I would like to be able to verbalize and structure all that I have learned to formulate a

theory of my own.


References

Avery, A. (2012). Managing obesity in young adults. Practice Nursing, 23(6), 291-294.

doi: 10.12968/pnur.2012.23.6.291

Cha, E., Akazawa, M. K., Kim, K. H., Dawkins, C. R., Lerner, H. M., Umpierrez, G., &

Dunbar, S. B. (2015). Lifestyle habits and obesity progression in overweight and obese

American young adults: Lessons for promoting cardiometabolic health. Nursing & Health

Sciences, 17(4), 467-475. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12218

Chinn, P. L. (2015). Critical theory and emancipatory knowing. In J. B. Butts & K. L.

Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice (pp. 139-158).

Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Cody, W. K. (1998). Critical theory and nursing science: Freedom in theory and

practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(2), 44-46. doi: 10.1177/089431849801100202

Evans, N. (2014). Diet assistant - weight loss app. Nursing Standard (Royal College of

Nursing (Great Britain): 1987), 28(52), 31-31. doi: 10.7748/ns.28.52.31.s34

Finkelstein, E. F., Trogdon, J. G., Cohen, J. W., & Dietz, W. (2009). Annual medical

spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Affairs, 28(5),

822-831. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.5w822

Glanz, K., Burke, L. E., & Rimer. (2015). Health Behavior Theories. In J. B. Butts & K.

L. Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice (pp. 235-256).



Lombardo, S. L., & Roof, M. (2005). A case study applying the modeling and role-

modeling theory to morbid obesity. Home Healthcare Nurse, 23(7), 425-428. doi:

10.1097/00004045-200507000-00005

Masters, K. (2015). Models and theories focused on nursing goals and functions. In J. B.

Butts & K. L. Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice (pp. 377-

405). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Moore, J. (2010). Nursing theory as the foundation for interdisciplinary success. Research

and Theory for Nursing Practice, 24(3), 149.

Nelson, S. (2015). Theories focused on interpersonal relationships. In J. B. Butts & K. L.

Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice (pp. 257-305).


Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., & Flegal K.M. Prevalence of Childhood and Adult

Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014; 311(8):806-814. doi:

10.1001/jama.2014.732.

Randolph, S. A. (2013). Selecting health-related apps: Workplace Health & Safety, 61(4),

184. doi: 10.3928/21650799-20130327-79

RYAN, P. (2009). Integrated theory of health behavior change: Background and

intervention development. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 23(3), 161-170.

doi:10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181a42373


Ryan, P., Weiss, M., Traxel, N., & Brondino, M. (2011). Testing the integrated theory of

health behaviour change for postpartum weight management. Journal of Advanced

Nursing, 67(9), 2047-2059. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05648.x

Sabol, V. K., Hammersla, M., & Idzik, S. R. (2012). Incorporating obesity education into

adult primary and acute care nurse practitioner programs. Bariatric Nursing and Surgical

Patient Care, 7(2), 62-69. doi: 10.1089/bar.2012.9979

Sappington, J., & Kelley, J. H. (1996). Modeling and role-modeling theory: A case study

of holistic care. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14(2), 130-141. doi:

10.1177/089801019601400205

Sargent, G. M., Forrest, L. E., & Parker, R. M. (2012). Nurse delivered lifestyle

interventions in primary health care to treat chronic disease risk factors associated with obesity:

A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 13(12), 1148-1171. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-

789X.2012.01029.x

Schroeder, K., Kulage, K. M., & Lucero, R. (2015). Beyond positivism: Understanding

and addressing childhood obesity disparities through a critical theory perspective. Journal for

Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 20(4), 259-270. doi: 10.1111/jspn.12122

Shaw, R., & Bosworth, H. (2012). Short message service (SMS) text messaging as an

intervention medium for weight loss: A literature review. Health Informatics Journal, 18(4),

235-250. doi: 10.1177/1460458212442422

Shepherd, A. B. (2014). Improving treatments for obesity: The concept of self-

management. Nurse Prescribing, 12(6), 302-306. doi: 10.12968/npre.2014.12.6.302


World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for

health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publicatiions/

97892415599979/en/index.html


Appendix A

10 Disease Topics of Interest

September 15, 2015

1. Diabetes

2. Vaccines

3. Obesity

4. Anxiety

5. Depression

6. Eating Disorders

7. ADHD

8. Breast Feeding

9. HTN

10. Schizophrenia


Appendix B

10 Populations of Interest

September 16, 2015

1. Adults with DM and Cell Phones

2. DM Patients with A1C > 8.0%

3. Mothers with Children < 5 years who are not vaccinated or are on an alternate schedule

from the recommendations

4. Adults with BMI > 30

5. Adults with BMI > 30 and access to computers

6. Adolescents with BMI > 30 and Cell Phones

7. Mothers with a Panic Disorder

8. First-time Mothers who are Breastfeeding

9. Schizophrenic Adults without Family Support

10. Adults with HTN


Appendix C

Top 3 Disease Topics

September 16, 2015

1. Diabetes

2. Vaccines

3. Obesity

Appendix D

Top 3 Populations

October 29, 2015

1. Adults with BMI > 30

2. Adults with BMI > 30 and access to computers or cell phones with apps

3. Adolescents with BMI > 30 and access to computers or cell phones with apps


Appendix E

Literature Review Worksheet

Michelle Petty’s Literature Review Worksheet

Author & Year Title Model Purpose Citation Rating(1-5)

Managing obesity in young adults.Practice Nursing

Obesity Statistics and Data

Avery, A. (2012). Managing obesity in young adults. Practice Nursing, 23(6), 291-294. doi:10.12968/pnur.2012.23.6.291

5

Radosevich, Oftedahl, Neely

Thorson(2015)

Translation of obesity practice guidelines: Measurement and evaluation

Study to evaluate guideline translation across organizations and data outcomes

Erickson, K. J., Monsen, K. A., Attleson, I. S., Radosevich, D. M., Oftedahl, G., Neely, C., & Thorson, D. R. (2015). Translation of obesity practice guidelines: Measurement and evaluation. Public Health Nursing, 32(3), 222-231. doi:10.1111/phn.12169

3

Sargent, Forrest, & Parker (2012)

Nurse delivered lifestyle interventions in primary health care to treat chronic disease risk factors associated with obesity: A systematic review

Data review and analysis of obesity studies

Sargent, G. M., Forrest, L. E., & Parker, R. M. (2012). Nurse delivered lifestyle interventions in primary health care to treat chronic disease risk factors associated with obesity: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 13(12), 1148-1171. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01029.x

3

Akazawa, M. K., Kim, K. H., Dawkins, C. R., Lerner, H. M., Umpierrez, G., & Dunbar, S. B.

Lifestyle habits and obesity progression in overweight and obese american young adults: Lessons for promoting cardiometabolic health.

Cross-sectional study to assess prevalence of obesity in young adults

Cha, E., Akazawa, M. K., Kim, K. H., Dawkins, C. R., Lerner, H. M., Umpierrez, G., & Dunbar, S. B. (2015). Lifestyle habits and obesity progression in overweight and obese american young adults: Lessons for promoting cardiometabolic health. Nursing & Health Sciences, 17(4), 467-475. doi:10.1111/nhs.12218

4

Buchholz, S. W., Wilbur, J., Ingram, D., & Fogg, L. (2013)

Physical activity text messaging interventions in adults: A systematic review.

Literature review of regarding the use of text messaging interventions

Buchholz, S. W., Wilbur, J., Ingram, D., & Fogg, L. (2013). Physical activity text messaging interventions in adults: A systematic review. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing,10(3), 163-173. doi:10.1111/wvn.12002

3

Watkins, I., & Xie, B. (2015)

Older adults' perceptions of using iPads for improving fruit and vegetable intake: An exploratory study

Small study to assess older adults view and ability to use technology regarding diet

Watkins, I., & Xie, B. (2015). Older adults' perceptions of using iPads for improving fruit and vegetable intake: An exploratory study. Care Management Journals : Journal of Case Management ; the Journal of Long Term Home Health Care, 16(1), 2-13. doi:10.1891/1521-0987.16.1.2

2

Shaw, R., & Bosworth, H.

Short message service (SMS) text messaging as an

Literature review of text messaging and weight loss

Shaw, R., & Bosworth, H. (2012). Short message service (SMS) text messaging as an intervention

5


intervention medium for weight loss: A literature review

medium for weight loss: A literature review. Health Informatics Journal, 18(4), 235-250. doi:10.1177/1460458212442422

Hindle, L., & Mills, S. (2012)

Obesity: Self-care and illness prevention

Management of obesity data

Hindle, L., & Mills, S. (2012). Obesity: Self-care and illness prevention. Practice Nursing, 23(3), 130-134. doi:10.12968/pnur.2012.23.3.130

3

Shepherd, A. B. Improving treatments for obesity: The concept of self-management

Concept of Self-Management

Self-management strategies for obesity treatment

Shepherd, A. B. (2014). Improving treatments for obesity: The concept of self-management. Nurse Prescribing, 12(6), 302-306. doi:10.12968/npre.2014.12.6.302

3

Anonymous. Obesity data paint bleak future for adults

Adult obesity data

Anonymous. (2010). Obesity data paint bleak future for adults. Practice Nurse, 39(4), 8.

2

Sabol, V. K., Hammersla, M., & Idzik, S. R.

Incorporating obesity education into adult primary and acute care nurse practitioner programs

Obesity prevention strategies for education NP

Sabol, V. K., Hammersla, M., & Idzik, S. R. (2012). Incorporating obesity education into adult primary and acute care nurse practitioner programs. Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care, 7(2), 62-69. doi:10.1089/bar.2012.9979

3

Ryan, P., Weiss, M., Traxel, N., & Brondino, M.

Testing the integrated theory of health behaviour change for postpartum weight management

Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change

Correlation study and post-partum weight management

Ryan, P., Weiss, M., Traxel, N., & Brondino, M. (2011). Testing the integrated theory of health behaviour change for postpartum weight management. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(9), 2047-2059. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05648.x

4

Lombardo, S. L., & Roof, M.

A case study applying the modeling and role-modeling theory to morbid obesity

Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory

Study homebound morbidly obese clients

Lombardo, S. L., & Roof, M. (2005). A case study applying the modeling and role-modeling theory to morbid obesity.Home Healthcare Nurse, 23(7), 425-428. doi:10.1097/00004045-200507000-00005

3

Schroeder, K., Kulage, K. M., & Lucero, R.

Beyond positivism: Understanding and addressing childhood obesity disparities through a critical theory perspective

Critical Theory

Menu labeling review

Schroeder, K., Kulage, K. M., & Lucero, R. (2015). Beyond positivism: Understanding and addressing childhood obesity disparities through a critical theory perspective. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 20(4), 259-270. doi:10.1111/jspn.12122

2

RYAN, P. Integrated theory of health behavior change: Background and intervention development

Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change

Health management and behavior modification

RYAN, P. (2009). Integrated theory of health behavior change: Background and intervention development. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 23(3), 161-170. doi:10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181a42373

2

Beckman, H., Hawley, S., & Bishop, T.

Application of theory-based health behavior change techniques to the prevention of obesity

Behavior Change Theory

Behavior and readiness for change in childhood obesity

Beckman, H., Hawley, S., & Bishop, T. (2006). Application of theory-based health behavior change techniques to the prevention of obesity in

2


in children children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 21(4), 266-275. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2006.02.012

Conn, V. S. Editorial: Are theory-driven behavior change interventions truly theory driven?

Behavior Change Theory

Review of theory and its application

Conn, V. S. (2009). Editorial: Are theory-driven behavior change interventions truly theory driven? Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(3), 287-288.

2

Sappington, J., & Kelley, J. H.

Modeling and role-modeling theory: A case study of holistic care

Modeling and Role-Modeling

Applying Theory to nursing and case study review

Sappington, J., & Kelley, J. H. (1996). Modeling and role-modeling theory: A case study of holistic care. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14(2), 130-141. doi:10.1177/089801019601400205

5

Cody, W. K. Critical theory and nursing science: Freedom in theory and practice

Critical Theory

Review of theory Cody, W. K. (1998). Critical theory and nursing science: Freedom in theory and practice. Nursing Science Quarterly,11(2), 44-46. doi:10.1177/089431849801100202

4

Swartz, M. K. Critical theory as a framework for academic nursing practice

Critical Theory

Application of theory for educators

Swartz, M. K. (2014). Critical theory as a framework for academic nursing practice. The Journal of Nursing Education, 53(5), 271. doi:10.3928/01484834-20140408-01

2

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obesity final paper [402119]

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