nutritional value of rapeseed meal...karthik masagounder, kiran doranalli, markus wiltafsky &...
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Nutritional value of rapeseed meal
Karthik Masagounder, Kiran Doranalli,
Markus Wiltafsky & Girish Channarayapatna,
Evonik Industries, Singapore
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Outline
Introduction & Objectives
Methods
Results
Nutrient content (Amino acid content / proximate / energy)
Glucosinolates – content & heat treatment
Conclusion
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IntroductionCommon species
Species Common name
Brassica juncea Indian mustard
B. nigra Black mustard
B. rapa / B. campestris
Indian rape / Polish rapeseed / Brown/Yellow sarson
B. napus Rapeseed /canola
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• Mustard is more heat and drought tolerant than canola
• Canola: Canada + ola (Oil)• 00-rapeseed (<30 µmol/g glucosinolate in meal;
<2% erucic acid in oil)
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Introduction Production of RSM vs. SBM, India
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
10
00
MT
Year
SBMRSM
� India is the third largest producer of RSM globally, after China & Canada
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0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Pri
ce
, IN
R /
kg
SBM RSM
Introduction Price trend of RSM vs. SBM, India
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Objectives
� Determine the content of essential amino acids (EAA) and proximate nutrients of Indian origin RSM samples collected during 2013.
� Estimate metabolisable energy (ME) content of RSM for poultry using prediction equation based on proximate nutrients
� Determine total glucosinolate contents of Indian RSM samples
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Methods
Amino acids – NIR and wet chemistry (HPLC): n = 3073 samples
Proximate nutrients – NIR: n = 1743 samples
Metabolic energy – Rostagno equation; n = 1743 samples
Glucosinolates – wet chemistry (GC); n = 29 samples
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Outline
Introduction & Objectives
Methods
Results
Nutrient content (Amino acid content / proximate / energy)
Glucosinolates – content & heat treatment
Conclusion
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CP & Amino acid levels2013 vs. Book value
RSM88% DM
2013(n = 3073)
AMINODat 4.0(n=28)
CP 37.09 37.20
LYS 1.76 1.73
MET 0.69 0.68
M+C 1.64 1.64
THR 1.49 1.45
TRP 0.50 0.53
ARG 2.32 2.42
ILE 1.43 1.41
LEU 2.48 2.48
VAL 1.81 1.78
HIS 1.01 1.00
PHE 1.46 1.46
Mean value
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CP & Amino acid levels2013 vs. Book value
RSM,88% DM
2013(n = 3073)
AMINODat 4.0(n=28)
2013(n = 3073)
AMINODat 4.0(n=28)
CP 28.93 - 39.62 34.30 - 39.10 1.90 3.50
LYS 1.27 - 2.05 1.51 - 1.97 3.99 6.60
MET 0.52 - 0.76 0.62 - 0.73 3.78 4.30
M+C 1.31 - 1.76 1.45 - 1.75 2.66 4.50
THR 1.13 - 1.63 1.32 - 1.53 2.12 3.20
TRP 0.41 - 0.56 0.51 - 0.55 2.93 3.10
ARG 1.79 - 2.62 2.10 - 2.63 3.90 4.80
ILE 1.12 - 1.53 1.29 - 1.51 2.19 3.90
LEU 1.92 - 2.68 2.25 - 2.63 1.97 3.60
VAL 1.39 - 1.95 1.64 - 1.88 2.25 3.50
HIS 0.77 - 1.14 0.91 - 1.08 3.58 4.30
PHE 1.14 - 1.57 1.30 - 1.56 2.23 4.10
Range CV
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CP-AA relationshipPoor fit
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y = 0.04x + 0.33R² = 0.15
1
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
28 31 34 37 40
Lys
%
CP %
y = 0.01x + 0.33R² = 0.125
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
28 31 34 37 40
Me
t %
CP %
y = 0.05x - 0.02R² = 0.52
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
28 31 34 37 40
M+
C %
CP %
y = 0.02x + 0.72R² = 0.21
1.00
1.15
1.30
1.45
1.60
1.75
25 28 31 34 37 40
Th
r %
CP %
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AA is not always related to CP
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1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
38.0
2010 2011 2012 2013
Lys,
%
CP,
%
CP
Lys
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CP & Amino acid levelsRSM vs. SBM
88% DMRSM
(n= 3073)SBM
(n=5660)
CP 37.09 47.33
LYS 1.76 2.91
MET 0.69 0.62
M+C 1.64 1.29
THR 1.49 1.81
TRP 0.50 0.62
ARG 2.32 3.53
ILE 1.43 2.11
LEU 2.48 3.57
VAL 1.81 2.2
HIS 1.01 1.26
PHE 1.46 2.40
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Amino acid content, SID basisComparisons with other raw material
2.62
1.41
1.02
1.58
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
SBM RSM CSM MBM
SID
, L
ys %
1.11
1.31
0.93
0.63
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
SBM RSM CSM MBM
SID
, M
+C
%
0.56 0.58
0.450.40
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
SBM RSM CSM MBM
SID
, M
et
%
1.54
1.090.95
0.81
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
SBM RSM CSM MBM
SID
, T
hr
%
SBM, n = 5660RSM, n = 3073CSM, n = 462MBM, n = 626
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Proximate nutrientsRSM vs. SBM
SBM(n = 5617)
RSM(n = 1743)
Moisture % 12 12
CP % 47.30 ± 0.72 37.01 ± 0.71
Crude Fat % 1.92 ± 0.54 2.76 ± 0.34
Ash % 7.19 ± 0.50 6.98 ± 0.32
Crude Fiber % 5.25 ± 1.16 10.45 ± 0.43
NFE % 26.34 ± 1.28 30.77 ± 0.86
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Metabolizable Energy, poultryRSM vs. others
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2293
1743
26992843
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
SBM RSM CSM MBM
ME
, k
ca
l /
kg
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Antinutritional factors
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Glucosinolates
Tannins
SinapinePhytic acid
Erucic acid
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Glucosinolates
� 140 different Glucosinolates
� 27 are known in rapeseed
Plant: Part of the defence system
Animals: Interfere with iodine uptake and the sythesis of Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, leading to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland (goitre).
� growth retardation
� impaired liver and kidney functions
� impaired reproductive activity
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RSM vs. Mustard mealGlucosinolate content
Glucosinolates(g/kg)
RSM(n = 29)
Mustard meal ( n =13)
Gluconasturtiin 0.146 0.159
Glucoraphanin 0.055 0.194
Progoitrin 0.093 0.068
Glucotropaeolin 0.003 0.003
Glucobrassicin 0.003 0.046
Sinigrin 3.618 2.950
Epiprogoitrin 0.012 0.012
Glucoiberin 0.170 0.021
Glucoerucin 0.012 0.032
Gluconapin 15.995 20.303
Sum ofglucosinolates,
20.10 23.78
mmol/kg 43.32 51.25
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40
Glu
co
sin
ola
te,
g
/ k
g
Rapeseed meal Mustard meal
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RSM: Glucosinolate content
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 20 40 60 80
Glu
co
ino
late
, g
/ k
g
Canada
China
Europe
India
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RSM in broiler diets
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700
710
720
730
740
750
1500
1700
1900
2100
SBM
(40/34%)
MOC_low
(25/21%)
MOC_low
(54/47%)
MOC_high
(22/19%)
MOC_high
(44/38%)
Re
ad
y-t
o-c
oo
k y
ield
, g
We
igh
t g
ain
, g
Weight gain, g RTC yield
FCR 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.8 1.91
1-21/22-42 d
RSM in broiler diets
Rama Rao et al. 2004
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Glucosinolates can be destroyed via heating
Spragg and Mailer, 2007; AOF/Pork CRC report
Toasting has the biggest impact on Glucosinolate levelsIn this example desolventization/toasting causes about 2/3 of the total reduction!
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LCA’s of AA’s
Porcessing is needed to reduce the
Glucosinolates.
Can we overdo it?
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Toasting is the most harmfull process step
0
2
-1
1
-5-4
0
1
-3
-6
-9-8
0
0-1
0
-13
-9
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
Fla
ked
Cooked
Expelle
d
Extr
acte
d
Desolv
entized/toaste
d
Dried
Change in %
rela
tive t
o F
laked r
apeseed
Wayne, PhD-Thesis , 2001Effect of processing rapeseed to rapeseed meal on amino acids
Arg Cys Lys
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Linear loss of total Lys, Cys and Arg in RSM due to heating at 110 C
y = -0.0042x + 1.8018
R² = 0.9591
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Lys,
%
Time, min
RSM: Lys
110 C Linear (110 C)
y = -0.0015x + 0.7495
R² = 0.9389
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Cy
s, %
Time, min
RSM: Cys
110 C Linear (110 C)
y = -0.0035x + 1.989
R² = 0.9148
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Arg
, %
Time, min
RSM: Arg
110 C Linear (110 C)
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Legal constraints for glucosinolates in Europe
Rapeseed meal (88% DM): max 4.00 g/kg = 8.6 mmol/kg
Finished Feed (88% DM):
Piglets: max 0.15 g/kg = 0.32 mmol/kg
Pig + Poultry: max 0.50 g/kg = 1.07 mmol/kg
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Max dietary inclusion rate of 00-RSM
Piglets Pig+Poultry3.75 % 12.50 %
Max dietary inclusion rate of Indian-RSM (20 g/kg)
Piglets Pig+Poultry0.75 % 2.50 %
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Summary
� RSM vs. SBM:
Cheaper and higher Met (0.07%) & M+C (0.35%) levels
Higher crude fiber (5%) and Lower CP (10%) & ME (550 kcal/kg: 2300 v 1750)
� Poor relationship between CP and EAA – regression equation not possible
� High glucosinoate contents
RSM: 20 g/kg Mustard meal: 23.78 g/kg
� Heat processing helps reduce glucosinolate content, but overprocessing reduces Lys, Arg and Cys
- A balance between Glucosinolates and heat-damage needs to be found
� Inclusion rate of RSM as per European regulation, 2.5%
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