nutrition process by which organisms obtain and use the nutrients required for maintaining life
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NutritionNutrition
• Process by which organisms obtain and use the nutrients required for maintaining life
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Modes of nutritionModes of nutrition• Ways of obtaining and using nutrients
Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition
Heterotrophic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition
Saprophytic nutrition
Parasitic
nutrition
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Autotrophic nutritionAutotrophic nutrition• make their own food (com
plex organic substances) using simple inorganic substances– the organism autotrophs
• e.g. Green plants– by photosynthesis
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Heterotrophic nutritionHeterotrophic nutrition• depends on other organisms or dead
organic matters as their food sources– the organism Heterotrophs
• Cannot make their own food and obtain their food in organic form
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Holozoic nutritionHolozoic nutrition• Organisms take in solid organic food
from ingesting other living organisms
• Food needs to be broken down into small molecules (i.e. digested) before they can be absorbedand used by the organisms
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Types of animals Types of animals taking holozoic ntaking holozoic n
utritionutrition• Herbivores
– Feed on plants only
• Carnivores– Feed on animals only
• Omnivores– Feed on both
plants and animals
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Saprophytic nutritionSaprophytic nutrition(Saprophytism)(Saprophytism)
• Organisms feed on dead organisms or non-living organic matter– Saprophytes
(e.g. fungi, bacteria)
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How a saprophyte How a saprophyte obtains its obtains its nutrients?nutrients?
Example : Mucor & Rhizopus (bread mould)
• Hyphae release digestive enzyme into the bread
• Enzymes digest complex organic molecules in bread into simple, soluble molecules(extracellulardigestion )
• Digested products are absorbed by hyphaeMass of hyphae = myceliumSporangium :
produces spores for reproduction
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Importance of saprophytesImportance of saprophytes• As decomposers
–Allow essential materials (e.g. C, N) to be recycled in the ecosystem
Complex organic
substances
Simple soluble compounds
Enzyme from saprophytes
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To observe Mucor
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Why is it necessary to leave the moist bread uncovered for 30 minutes ?
Ans: Because the spore of Mucor are carried by air current. They can drop onto the bread and then germinate.
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What are the thread-like structures growing on the surface of the bread ?
Ans: The thread-like structures are used for feeding. They are called hyphae which can produce enzymes for digesting the organic food.
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Parasitic nutritionParasitic nutrition(Parasitism)(Parasitism)
• Organisms (parasite) obtain organic compounds from another living organism of a different species (host)–Parasite is benefited–Host is harmed
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How a tapeworm How a tapeworm obtains its obtains its nutrient?nutrient?
• Live inside the small intestine of human• Food in small intestine is already digestedCan be absorbed
directly through the body wall of tapeworm by diffusion
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Structural Structural adaptations of adaptations of
tapewormtapeworm• Head bears hooks and
suckers– To attach itself to the
intestinal wall of the host Prevent being egested by
peristalsis of intestine
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Structural adaptations of Structural adaptations of tapewormtapeworm
• Long, flattened body– To increase the surface area for more a
bsorption of digested food by diffusion
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•Body covered by cuticle & secretes anti-enzyme
–To protect itself from the attack of digestive enzymes from the host
•Each host can only house one tapeworm because it is too long. -To reproduce by having both male and female reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
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Parasitic nutritionParasitic nutrition(Parasitism)(Parasitism)
• Lose weight & become weaker• Parasite produces toxic compounds
harm the host• May block the ileum• Difficult movement of food along the
intestine• Hooks & suckers damage host’s
intestinal wall
Effect on Host:
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To observe a Tapeworm
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Does the tapeworm have a mouth ?
Ans: The tapeworm does not have a mouth.
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Does the tapeworm have a digestive tract ? Why ?
Ans: No. It is not necessary for a tapeworm to digest food because it obtains food directly from its host’s ileum by diffusion.
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