nutrients
DESCRIPTION
This PowerPoint presentation on "Nutrients" is from a six part webinar series (on sheep and goat feeding and nutrition) that was held in Jan-Feb. 2012. The presentation was developed by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist from University of Maryland Extension.TRANSCRIPT
SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education [email protected] - www.sheepandgoat.com
Nutrient -“a substance that provides nourishment”
Nutrients
Six essential nutrients
1) Water
2) Protein
3) Energy
4) Fat
5) Vitamins
6) Minerals
Livestock do not require specific feedstuffs; they require nutrients in certain quantities and ratios.
Six essential nutrients
Many (most) feedstuffs contain more than one of the essential six nutrients.
Feedstuffs vary considerably in their content of the six essential nutrients.
No single feedstuff can supply all six essential nutrients that an animal needs to survive and thrive.
Six essential nutrients
There are “linkages” or relationships between essential nutrients.
You have to “balance” the ratio of different feed ingredients to meet the individual animal’s needs.
The nutrient needs of an animal varies depending upon species, age, stage and level of production, and other factors.
Water
The most critical nutrient.
Has many important functions in the body.
Needs vary by species, stage and level of production, and climate.
Quantity + Quality
Water content of feeds
Feedstuff % DM
Lettuce 5 percent
Pumpkins 10 percent
Orchardgrass pasture 24 percent
Corn silage 34 percent
Wet distiller’s grains 25 percent
Molasses, cane 76 percent
Grass hay 88 percent
Whole corn 88 percent
Ground limestone 98 percent
Urea 99 percent
Feedstuffs contain water. The amount of moisture in the feed must be considered when balancing rations. Rations are
balanced on a dry matter (DM) basis.
Pineapple
Carbohydrates --energy--
Nutrient needed in the greatest quantity.
Building blocks for other nutrients.
Dietary excess is stored as fat.
Expressed as1. TDN - total digestible nutrients2. ME - metabolizable energy3. NE - net energy
[maintenance, gain, and lactation]
Energy content of feeds
Feedstuff % TDN
Urea 0 percent
Oat straw 48 percent
Orchardgrass hay 59 percent
Grass silage 61 percent
Fescue pasture 64 percent
Dry beet pulp 75 percent
Barley 84 percent
Corn 88 percent
Bread by-product 91 percent
Distiller’s grains 92 percent
Fat 195 percent
Fats --lipids--
Cheapest energy source. 2.25x as much energy as
carbohydrates. Used to raise energy level
of feed, improve flavor, texture, and palatability.
Source of heat, insulation and body protection.
Essential fatty acids.
Can manipulate to change nutritional profile of meat.
Fat content of feeds
Feedstuff % EE
Urea 0 percent
Dry beet pulp 0.7 percent
Barley 2.1 percent
Alfalfa hay, mid-bloom
2.3 percent
Orchardgrass hay 3.3 percent
Corn 4.3 percent
Fescue pasture 5.5 percent
Corn distiller’s grains 10.5 percent
Whole cottonseed 17.8 percent
Whole soybeans 18.8 percent
Fat 99 percent
Ruminant diets are typically < 4% fat
Protein
Most expensive ingredient in feed ration.
Need decreases as animal matures.
Source of essential amino acids.
Excess dietary protein is converted to energy, fat.
Expressed as CP - crude protein
▪ DIP – degradable intake protein▪ UIP – undegradable intake protein
MP - metabolizable protein[microbial protein + UIP]
Protein content of feeds
Feedstuff % CP
Wheat straw 3 percent
Corn grain 9 percent
Bromegrass hay 10 percent
Barley 12 percent
Fescue pasture 15 percent
Alfalfa hay, mid bloom
17 percent
Crystalyx ® protein tub
18 percent
Distiller’s grains 29 percent
Soybean meal 49 percent
Fish meal 66 percent
Urea 288 percent
Minerals --two kinds--
1) MacroNeeded in gram amountsCa, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S
2) MicroNeeded in milligram amountsCo, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
Multiple functions in body
Ca and P content of feeds
Dry matter basis Ca P Ca: P
Corn 0.02 percent 0.30 percent 0.07
Barley 0.06 percent 0.38 percent 0.16
Soybean meal 0.28 percent 0.71 percent 0.39
Orchardgrass hay 0.32 percent 0.30 percent 1.07
Fescue pasture 0.48 percent 0.37 percent 1.30
Soybean hulls 0.55 percent 0.17 percent 3.24
Alfalfa hay, mid-bloom 1.4 percent 0.24 percent 5.83
Dried kelp 2.72 percent 0.31 percent 8.77
Dicalcium phosphate 22 percent 18.65 percent
1.18
Bone meal 27 percent 12.74 percent
2.12
Ground limestone 34 percent 0.02 percent 1700
Vitamins --two kinds--
1) Water solubleB & C
2) Fat solubleA, D, E , & K
Multiple functions in body. Requirements increase
with age.
No dietary requirement for vitamin K or B complex.
Vitamin sources
Vitamin Feedstuff
β-caroteen(vitamin A)
Green, pasture forage; dehydrated hay;cured hay, vitamin supplements
D Ultraviolet irradiation, sun-cured hays, vitamin supplements
E High quality legume hay, dehydrated alfalfa, wheat germ, vitamin supplements
K Green, leafy feedstuffs (K1). K2 synthesized in rumen
B Not required in diets of ruminants
Vitamin – mineral interactions
1) Ca - Vitamin D
2) P - Vitamin D
3) Co - Vitamin B12
4) Se - vitamin E
5) Cu - Mo - S
What about fiber?Is not a nutrient, but is essential dietary component for ruminants
1) Acid detergent fiber (ADF)Cellulose + Lignin
ADF Forage quality
2) Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)Hemicellulose + Cellulose + Lignin
NDF IntakeTDN is calculated from ADF.
Species
Size (weight)
Sex
Age
Genetics
Stage and level of production
Climate, environment, and activity.
Body condition
Nutrient requirements depend on …
Species and geneticsEnergy (TDN) requirements of 132-lb. mature females (twin bearing)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Maintenance Early Gestation Late gestation Early lactation
Dairy doe Non-dairy doe Ewe Parlor-milked ewe Parlor-milked doe
NRC 2007
Lbs.
per
day
Sheep have lower maintenance requirements than goats.
Dairy goats have higher maintenance requirements than meat and fiber goats.
Females with a higher genetic potential for milk production have higher nutritional requirements.
What you need to know:
Size (weight)Nutrient requirements of ewes in late gestation (twin fetuses)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Dry matter intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
110-lb. ewe
154-lb. ewe
198-lb. ewe
NRC, 2007
66%
66%
52%
10%
10%
8.5%
Lbs.
per
day
Size (weight)Nutrient requirements of non-dairy does in late gestation (twin fetuses)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Dry matter intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
66-lb. doe
110-lb. doe
154-lb. doe
NRC, 2007, Errata
80%
66%
66%
13%15% 13%
Lbs.
per
day
Bigger animals have lower maintenance requirements than smaller animals. % body weight
Bigger animals need to eat more and consume larger quantities of nutrients. lbs. TDN and lbs. CP
However, smaller animals need to consume a more nutrient-dense diet. %TDN and %CP
What you need to know:
Age Nutrient requirements of mature ewes vs. ewe lambs during late gestation
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
132-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (single)
NRC, 2007
66%
-- 79% --
~10%
Lbs.
per
day
AgeMineral requirements of mature ewes vs. ewe lambs during late pregnancy
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P)
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
132-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (single)
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Mature females are usually bigger and need to eat more. More lbs. of dry matter More lbs. of energy More lbs. of protein More grams of Ca and P
However, young females need a more nutrient-dense diet. Higher % of energy Higher % of Ca and P But NOT protein!
What you need to know:
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 176-lb. mature ewe (twin bearing)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC 2007
53%
53%
66%
66%
7% 8% 10%
15%
Lbs.
per
day
Stage of productionMineral requirements of a 176-lb. ewe (twins)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Calcium Phosphorus
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Energy requirements during late gestation are more than 50 percent higher than for maintenance.
Ewes require a more nutrient-dense diet during late gestation and lactation.
Protein requirements don’t increase significantly until the female begins to lactate.
Calcium requirements are highest during late gestation.
Phosphorus requirements are highest during lactation.
What you need to know:
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 132-lb. non-dairy doe (twins)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC 2007, Errata
?
?
Lbs.
per
day
Stage of productionMineral requirements of a 132-lb. doe (twins)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Calcium Phosphorus
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 154-lb. dairy doe (twin bearing)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC 2007 Errata
Lbs.
per
day
Energy requirements during late gestation are more than 50 percent higher than for maintenance.
Calcium and Phosphorus requirements are highest during lactation.
Females with a higher genetic potential for milk production have much higher nutritional requirements during lactation.
What you need to know:
Level of production (# fetuses)Nutrient requirements of 154-lb. ewe in late gestation
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Single lamb
Twin lambs
Three or more
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
66%
66%53
%
8.3%
10%
10%
Level of production (# fetuses)Nutrient requirements of 176-lb. ewe in late gestation
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Calcium Phosphorus
Single lamb
Twin lambs
Three or more
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Ewes carrying twins and triplets need to eat more. Dry matter Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) Calcium and phosphorus
Ewes carrying twins and triplets need a more nutrient-dense diet.
A ewe carrying triplets needs 43% more energy than a ewe carrying a single fetus.
What you need to know:
Level of production (milk production)Nutrient requirements of 154-lb. ewe in early lactation
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Single lambTwin lambsThree or moreParlor milked
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
66%
53%
11%
19%15
%
80%
Level of production (milk production)Nutrient requirements of 132-lb. dairy doe in early lactation
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN)
Single kidTwin kidsThree or moreParlor milked
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
66%
53%
53%
79%
The more milk a female produces the more nutrients she needs to consume. Energy Protein Minerals
In some cases, animals can simply be fed more, but in the case of higher-producing animals, a more nutrient dense diet must be fed.
Nutrient requirements are significantly higher for dairy does and ewes.
What you need to know:
What about growing lambs and kids?
Their nutritional requirements are affected by many of the same factors.
Age Species Size Genetic type and
potential Level of performance Environment, activity
Growth - effect of age and genetics66 lbs. lambs gaining 0.66 lbs. per day
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
DM TDN CP
4 months old 8 months old 4 months old 8 months old
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
EARLY MATURING LATE MATURING
66%
79%
79%
79%
18%
15%
12%
9%
2.9%
3.4%
4.2%
5.5%
Assuming the same size and rate-of-gain: Young lambs convert feed
more efficiently, but need a higher percentage of protein in their diet.
Older lambs need to eat more and require a more digestible diet to achieve the same rate-of-gain.
Later maturing lambs need to eat more, but have lower protein requirements.
What you need to know:
Growth - effect of size (weight)Dairy kids (doelings and wethers) gaining 0.22 lbs/d (100 g/d)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
AS FED DM TDN CP
22 lbs. 44 lbs. 66 lbs. 88 lbs.
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
Weight % TDN % CP22 87.5% 16.5%44 67.1% 11.2%66 67.0% 10.7%88 48.9% 7.6%
Assuming the same rate of gain (0.22 lbs/day):
Smaller kids (weight) need to consume a more nutrient-dense diet, both energy and protein.
Bigger kids need to consume more quantity of nutrients, but the diet does not need to be as high quality (% TDN, CP).
What you need to know:
Weight % TDN % CP22 87.5% 16.5%44 67.1% 11.2%66 67.0% 10.7%88 48.9% 7.6%
AS FED DM TDN CP0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Dairy Boer Indigenous
Growth - effect of genetic type66-lb. bucks gaining 0.44 lbs/d (200 g/day)
Type % TDN % CPDairy 87.7% 14.4%Boer 66.3% 15.1%
Indigenous 67.0% 13.0%
Lbs.
per
day
Assuming the same rate of gain (0.44 lbs/day).
Dairy goat bucks don’t need to eat as much as Boer bucks, but their diet needs to be more energy-dense.
Boer bucks need to eat the most, but their diet doesn’t need to be as energy-dense.
Boer bucks have the highest requirements for protein: lbs. and %.
Indigenous (local) breed goats have lower requirements for protein than improved breeds.
What you need to know:
Type % TDN % CPDairy 87.7% 14.4%Boer 66.3% 15.1%
Indigenous 67.0% 13.0%
Growth - effect of sex55 lb. Boer kids gaining 0.33 lbs/day
As Fed DM TDN CP0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Doelings and wethers Intact males
Lbs.
per
day
Assuming the same rate of gain (0.44 lbs/day).
Bucks need to eat more dry matter and energy.
Bucks and does require the same amount of protein.
But since does eat less, they require a higher percentage of protein in their diet.
Realistically, the differences will be larger as bucks will gain faster and you don’t want to feed does to gain as fast.
What you need to know:
Sex % TDN % CPDoelings, wethers 65.8% 15.9%
Intact males 66.3% 14.5%
Growth – rate-of-gain44-lb Boer bucks
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
AS FED DM TDN CP
0 lbs/day 0.22 lbs/day 0.33/lbs/day 0.44 lbs/day 0.55 lbs/day
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
Assuming the same genetic potential for growth:
The more you feed a kid or lamb the more it will gain.
Better performance requires both more feed and better quality feed.
▪ Higher % TDN▪ Higher % CP
The bigger question is: is better performance economical?
What you need to know:
ADG % TDN % CP0 lbs/day 49.7% 7.8%
0.22 lbs/day 67.1% 13.8%0.33/lbs/day 87.9% 19.9%0.44 lbs/day 89.2% 21.7%0.55 lbs/day 88.6% 23.1%
Thank you for your attention.
Any questions?
Susan [email protected]
www.sheepandgoat.com
Next webinar – Thursday, 1/26, 7:30 p.m. EST
Topic: Feedstuffs w/Jeff Semler