nutrients macronutrients micronutrients metabolism essential nutrients
TRANSCRIPT
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
NUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
MICRONUTRIENTS
METABOLISM
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
EATING
NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED HOMEOSTASIS TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION TOO MANY = OBESITY INFLUENCED BY
SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE NEURAL CONTROL: GASTRIC STRETCH RECEPTORS, STRESS,
HORMONES BY AFFECTING ARCUATE NUCLEUS IN HYPOTHALAMUS
INSULIN EATING: ADIPOCYTES RELEASE LEPTIN: INHIBITS RELEASE OF
NEUROPEPTIDE Y (WHICH STIMULATES EATING) LOW LEPTIN = INCREASES APETITIE GHRELIN: GASTRIC HORMONE: STIMULATES NEUROPEPTIDE Y
CARBOHYDRATES
? MOST OF THESE FOODS HAVE MANY
MINERALS AND VITAMINS CELLULOSE: FIBER MONO: FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE,
GLUCOSE + EXCESS = ? GLUCONEOGENESIS ? TO MAKE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE =? + LACTOSE DURING LACTATION
CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENTS
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE SO MORE ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS =? 125 TO 175 GRAMS/DAY SO PROTEIN NOT
CONSUMED AVERAGE: 200 TO 300 GRAMS/ DAY
LIPIDS
= ? USE: ENERGY, STRUCTURES TRIGLYCERIDES =
LIPID SOURCES
SATURATED UNSATURATED MONOUNSATURATED ARE THE
HEALTHIEST SATURATED: HEART DISEASE CHOLESTEROL
LIPID USE
FATS: ENERGY: 9 KCAL/GRAM TRIGLYCERIDES: HYDROLYSIS FATTY ACIDS
AND GLYCEROL BETA OXIDATION ACETYL COENZYME A
OR FATTY ACID OXIDASES ACETYL COENZYME A
ACETYL COENZYME A IN? GLYCEROL GLUCOSE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS CAN FORM LIPOPROTEINS CHOLESTEROL: STRUCTURES AND HORMONES
LIPID REQUIREMENTS
AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: 30% OR LESS
TO SUPPLY FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
PROTEINS
MONOMERS: ? ENERGY: DEAMINATION: LIVER REMOVES
NITROGEN GROUP WHICH FORMS AMMONIA AND THEN UREA ? TO ?
DEAMINATED AA ACETYL COENZYME A OR OTHER SPOTS IN KREBS CYCLE
FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT; USUALLY NOT USED FOR ENERGY BUT FOR STRUCTURE BUILDING
PROTEIN SOURCES
LIVER EXCEPT FOR 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
20 AMINO ACIDS NOT STORED SO IF NOT USED USED
FOR ENRGY OR FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT COMPLETE PROTIENS: LIFE AND
GROWTH; MILK, MEAT, EGGS PARTIALLY COMPLETE: LIFE NOT GROWTH INCOMPLETE PROTEINS
NITROGEN BALANCE
PROTEIN BUILT AND BROKEN DOWN IN CELLS; GAIN = LOSS: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
NITROGEN IN = NITROGEN OUT NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ? POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?
PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS NITROGEN FOR AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS OF NONPROTEIN
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS INTAKE; .8 GRAM/KILOGRAM BODY
WEIGHT 60-150 GRAMS/DAY AVERAGE PREGNANT AND NURSING = MORE
PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
TISSUE WASTING LOWER PLASMA PROTEIN = LOWER
COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ? FLUID STAYS IN TISSUE = NUTRITIONAL
EDEMA
ENERGY EXPENDITURES
IF NOT ENOUGH CALORIES: START DIGESTING STRUCTURAL MOLECULES
TOO MUCH = OBESITY
CALORIES
ENERGY VALUE OF FOOD IN CALORIES *AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE
TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS
FOOD = LARGE CALORIE/KILOCALORIE = 1000X MORE
AMOUNT OF HEAT TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 KILOGRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS = 4.184 JOULES
HOW IS FOOD TESTED FOR ENERGY? SAME AS IN US ?
CARBOHYDRATES: 4.1 C/G PROTEINS: 4.1 C/G FATS: 9.5 C/G
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
SAME FOR ALL? WHY?
FOR BMR, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, BODY TEMPERATURE, GROWTH,
BMR: AWAKE AT REST; WHAT IS NEEDED TO KEEP ORGANS GOING
AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED = ? 1C PER HOUR PER KILOGRAM BODY
WEIGHT BODY SIZE, GENDER, BODY TEMPERATURE,
ENDOCRINE GLAND ACTIVITY
BMR = SAME ALL DAY ? WHY ? BMR USES MOST OF ENERGY
EXPENDITURE NEXT IS VOLUNTARY MUSCLE USE MAY NEED MORE FOR BODY
TEMPERATURE ALSO NEED MORE FOR GROWTH
ENERGY BALANCE
USUALLY HOMEOSTATIC POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE 500C /DAY = 3500 C /WEEK =1
POUND /WEEK
DESIRABLE WEIGHT
BMI: WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
VITAMINS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REQUIRED IN SMALL AMOUNTS FOR METABOLISM, WHICH BODY CAN NOT MANUFACTURE ENOUGH OF
PROVITAMINS : PRECURSOR TO VITAMINS CLASSIFIED BY SOLUBILITY ? FAT SOLUBLE; A,D,E,K WATER SOLUBLE: REST, B, C ARE THEY STORED IN BODY? RESULTS? WHO NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS?
FAT SOLUBLE
DISSOLVE IN FATS: LIPID SOLUBLE: STORED CAN BE TOXIC STABLE TO HEAT SO COOKING? A: RHODOSPIN: ?; ONLY FROM FOODS
FROM ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANT: BREAK DOWN FREE RADICALS THAT CAN DESTORY TISSUES
D: STEROIDS, ACTIVATED FORM HELPS ABSORB CALCIUM; HARD TO GET NATURALLY, SUN HELPS (SUNSCREEN)
E: ANTIOXIDANT; K: SOME PRODUCED BY BACTERIA E.
COLI; FORMATION OF SOME CLOTTING PROTEIN
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
SOME DESTROYED BY COOKING C AND B VITAMINS B: FAD + NAD FORMATION; AI9DS ACETYL
COENZYME A; AIDS FORMATION OF PROTIENS; HELP AMINO ACID METABOLISM; COLLAGEN PRODUCTION;
MINERALS
INORGANIC PLANTS PICK MINERALS HUMANS FROM FOOD CHAIN 4% OF BODY WEIGHT MOSTLY FOUND IN? (75% OF WEIGHT OF
MINERALS IN BONE AND TEETH) IN ORGANIC MOLECULES SOME INORGANIC (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) SOME FREE IONS (CHLORIDE IONS)
STRUCTURAL, IN ENZYMES, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, COAGULATION, pH MAINTAINANCE
HOMEOSTASIS INTAKE = EXCRETION PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM IS ION ? CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS MINERAL TOXICITY: FOOD, POLLUTION,
DISEASE, TRAUMA
MAJOR MINERALS
75%: CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS CALCIUM FOR ? NOT A LOT OF SOURCES DEFICIENCY IS MORE COMMON THAN
TOXICITY PHOSPHRUS FOR ? USUALLY HAVE ENOUGH UNLESS THERE
IS A DISEASE POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM,
CHLORINE, MAGNESIUM
TRACE ELEMENTS
MICROMINERALS: ESSENTIAL LESS THAN .005% MANGANESE, IRON, COPPER, IODINE,
COBALT, ZINC, FLOURINE, SELENIUM, CHROMIUM
IRON: LIVER IS ONLY RICH SOURCE BUT OTHER SOURCES
IODINE: MAIN SOURCE?
HEALTHY EATING
ADEQUATE DIET: SUPPORT OPTIMAL GROWTH AND REPAIR BODY TISSUE
RDA GUIDELINES: UPPER LIMIT; LOOKED AT EVERY 5 YEARS why?
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IS DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS
FOOD PYRAMIDS: GEARED TO AGE, GENDER, FOOD PREFERANCE, HEALTH, GOALS
FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OVER PROCESSED FOOD
MALNUTRITION
UNDERNUTRITION OVERNUTRITION PRIMARY MALNUTRITION: DIET SECONDARY MALNUTRITION: CAUSES AN
ADEQUATE DIET TO BE INADEQUATE
STARVATION
50-70 DAYS MARASMUS
LACK OF NUTRIENTSKWASHIORKOR
PROTEIN STARVATIONANOREXIA NERVOSA
SELF IMPOSED STARVATIONBULIMIA
BINGE AND PURGE
LIFE SPAN CHANGES
DIETARY REQUIREMENTS STAY ABOUT THE SAME BUT OFTEN CAN’T GET NUTRIENTS
BMR CHANGES RISES, DROPS, RISES, DECLINES@ 50 WEIGHT USUALLY RISESOFTEN AFFECTED BY MEDICATIONS AND POVERTY WITH AGESOME DEFICIENCIES TAKE A LONG TIME TO SHOW UP