nutrient requirement for swine

7/31/2019 Nutrient Requirement for Swine

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Dr.D.Desinguraja11-MVM-26


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It is any chemical element or compound in thediet that supports normal reproduction,growth, lactation, work or maintenance.

water a source of N in the

form of essential amino acidsor other nitrogenous compounds.

fat to supply essential fatty acids. mineral elements

fat and water soluble vitamins a source of energy


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Pigs Highly Prolific

Growth Pattern

ADG 100 Kgs in 143 days

Nutrient Spec

Energy DE to ME

Loss of Energy as gas

Quality of Protein

Pregnancy

Lactation

Ilial digestibilities.

Minerals Cobalt Zinc

Enzyme carboxipeptidase

and alkaline phosphatase. Feeding LI -35-40 %

Fermentation caecum &

colon

Crude fibre %

Iron Inj.

Flushing


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Animal species and the GIT

Age of the animal

Physiological stateLevel of productivity within

that physiological state


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DE is preferable in describing energy req DE more precisely estimated and easy to

measure than ME Me consists 0.96 of DE ME = DE * (96 - [ 0.202 * % CP] ME decreases with poor qty protein and also

excess protein 7.83 kcal ME/g of N for each gram N retained

above maintenance or below maintenance Not necessary in growing animal


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Easily determined

Available for most of commonly used feed

stuffs

ME = GE - fecal, gaseous and urinary GE

Loss of energy as gas = 0.5-1%

ME = 96% on DE


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Quality and quantity of protein effect

ME&DE relationship

ME = DE x (96-[0.202 x %CP])

Poor quality protein ME decreases

Excess protein - ME decreases

N content of urine increases ME

decreasesME corrected to N equilibrium ss


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NE = ME HI

HI heat produced by digestion and

metabolism of nutrients and fermentation

in the intestinal tract

NE : ME = 0.66:1 to 0.72 :1


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Factors influencing NE valuesComposition of feed stuff

Level of feed intake

Balance of nutrients in the dietAge , breed, sex and body condition of the pig

Environmental conditions under which the animal

is maintained

% of energy retained as proteins


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Cold thermo genesis influence energy

requirement when ambient temp below critical

temp.

Critical temp(Tc) that point below which ananimal must increase heat production to stay

warm

increase rate of metabolic heat production

Factors that alter rate of energy exchangebetween animal and its environment will alter Tc


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Growth period (25-60kg) additonal 80kcal of

ME required to compensate each 1o C below Tc

Finishing period(60-100kg) 125 kcal ME

Thermoneutral zone heat production stableDE intake reduced by 0.017% for each 1o C rise

of effective ambient temp.above upper critical

temp.

Energy cost for cold thermogenesisDEHc(kcalDE/day) = 0.326W+23.65(Tc-T)


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Long term reproductive efficiency minimize

weight and fat loss during lactation

Pregnant sow requirement varies with

Live wt. Target wt.gain during pregnancy

Environmental and managemental parameters


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Gain of 25kg throughout pregnancy

Increase in the wt.of placenta and other

products of conception should be

approx.20kg

Total 45 kg gestation wt.gain

Increase energy intake during pregnancy

(upto 6 Mcal DE /day) increase birth wt.


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Increased feed intake during early

gestation no increase the litter size

Increased feed intake during late

gestation- increase in average birth wt.of

pigs by 50g

For each 1oC below sows lower critical

temp.(18-20o) increase of approx. 4% inmaintenance energy cost


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Milk 1.3McalDE/kg

Efficiency of utilization 65%

Energy required for milk production =

2Mcal /kg of milk.


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IntroductionPigs need not specifically need protein.

but rather require amino acids for the

formation of muscle and other body

proteins.

Ten of the 20 amino acids required are

considered as dietary essentials becausethe pig is not able to synthesize them at

all.


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Genotype

Sexsame energy levelfemales around

10% higher than castrate males finishing

phase(60-100kg)

Effect of level of feeding restricted

feeding relative requirement -high


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Energy level of feeding

Dietary fibre level1-1.5% fall in apparent

protein digestibilityeach 1% increase in

C.F

Use only one diet during growing/ finishing

-20-60 kg -reduce the level of fat in the

animal


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Arginine-growth of young pigsHistidine - required for pregnancyProline not dietary requirement for all the

stages. Require for young pigsCystine from methioninePhenylalanineconverted to tyrosineTyrosine satisfy atleast 50% of total

aromatic a.a


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Departure from the pattern of ideal proteinSwine relatively tolerant of quite wide

variationpattern of amino acids

Toxicity, imbalance, antagonismToxicityexcess of individual amino acidsVery rareFour amino acidslysine,and threonine

methionine,tryptophan.


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Methionine and tryptophanhighest

toxicity

Excesses of lysine and threoninewell

tolerated in young pigs


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ImbalancesExcessive intake . But extent of

disproportion is less

Exacerbation of the deficiency of the most

limiting amino acid

Corrected by addition of that a.a


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Antagonisms excesses of one a.aincreases of requirement of a structurally

related a.a

Argininelysine antagonism

Leucine-isoleucine-valine antagonism

minor importance


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Pregnancy deposition of nitrogen in the

uterus, mammary gland, other

reproductive organs500g N

Daily retention of N5g


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Greater efficiency - retain higher proportion

of dietary protein

Daily allowance140-180 g cp

Lysine requirement 0.5% of the diet at feed

intake of 2 kg/d- 10g lysine /d


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NRC 1998

Swine Live Weight (Kg)

Intake 3 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 50 50 to 80 80 to 120

ME , Kcal/Kg 3265 3265 3265 3265 3265 3265

Protein % 26 23.7 20.9 18 15.5 13.3

True Ileal - Total AALysine % 1.34 1.19 1.01 0.83 0.66 0.52

Met % 0.36 0.32 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.14

M+C % 0.76 0.68 0.58 0.47 0.39 0.31

Threonine % 0.84 0.74 0.63 0.52 0.43 0.34

Tryptophan % 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.1

Linoleic acid % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Minerals

Ca % 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.45

Phosphorus, total % % 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.45 0.4

Available P % 0.55 0.4 0.32 0.23 0.19 0.15

Iron , mg 100 100 80 60 50 40

Manganese, mg 4 4 3 2 2 2

Zinc, mg 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15

Selenium, mg 100 100 80 60 50 50

Vitamins

Vit A IU 2200 2200 1750 1300 1300 1300

Vit D IU 220 220 200 150 150 150

Vit E IU 16 16 11 11 11 11

Vit K mg 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Niacin mg 20 15 12.5 10 7 7

Pantothenic acid mg 12 10 9 8 7 7

Riboflavin mg 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 2

Vitamin B12 g 20 17.5 15 10 5 5


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nutrient requirement for swine

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