Download - Nutrient Requirement for Swine
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Dr.D.Desinguraja11-MVM-26
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It is any chemical element or compound in thediet that supports normal reproduction,growth, lactation, work or maintenance.
water a source of N in the
form of essential amino acidsor other nitrogenous compounds.
fat to supply essential fatty acids. mineral elements
fat and water soluble vitamins a source of energy
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Pigs Highly Prolific
Growth Pattern
ADG 100 Kgs in 143 days
Nutrient Spec
Energy DE to ME
Loss of Energy as gas
Quality of Protein
Pregnancy
Lactation
Ilial digestibilities.
Minerals Cobalt Zinc
Enzyme carboxipeptidase
and alkaline phosphatase. Feeding LI -35-40 %
Fermentation caecum &
colon
Crude fibre %
Iron Inj.
Flushing
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Animal species and the GIT
Age of the animal
Physiological stateLevel of productivity within
that physiological state
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DE is preferable in describing energy req DE more precisely estimated and easy to
measure than ME Me consists 0.96 of DE ME = DE * (96 - [ 0.202 * % CP] ME decreases with poor qty protein and also
excess protein 7.83 kcal ME/g of N for each gram N retained
above maintenance or below maintenance Not necessary in growing animal
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Easily determined
Available for most of commonly used feed
stuffs
ME = GE - fecal, gaseous and urinary GE
Loss of energy as gas = 0.5-1%
ME = 96% on DE
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Quality and quantity of protein effect
ME&DE relationship
ME = DE x (96-[0.202 x %CP])
Poor quality protein ME decreases
Excess protein - ME decreases
N content of urine increases ME
decreasesME corrected to N equilibrium ss
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NE = ME HI
HI heat produced by digestion and
metabolism of nutrients and fermentation
in the intestinal tract
NE : ME = 0.66:1 to 0.72 :1
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Factors influencing NE valuesComposition of feed stuff
Level of feed intake
Balance of nutrients in the dietAge , breed, sex and body condition of the pig
Environmental conditions under which the animal
is maintained
% of energy retained as proteins
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Cold thermo genesis influence energy
requirement when ambient temp below critical
temp.
Critical temp(Tc) that point below which ananimal must increase heat production to stay
warm
increase rate of metabolic heat production
Factors that alter rate of energy exchangebetween animal and its environment will alter Tc
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Growth period (25-60kg) additonal 80kcal of
ME required to compensate each 1o C below Tc
Finishing period(60-100kg) 125 kcal ME
Thermoneutral zone heat production stableDE intake reduced by 0.017% for each 1o C rise
of effective ambient temp.above upper critical
temp.
Energy cost for cold thermogenesisDEHc(kcalDE/day) = 0.326W+23.65(Tc-T)
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Long term reproductive efficiency minimize
weight and fat loss during lactation
Pregnant sow requirement varies with
Live wt. Target wt.gain during pregnancy
Environmental and managemental parameters
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Gain of 25kg throughout pregnancy
Increase in the wt.of placenta and other
products of conception should be
approx.20kg
Total 45 kg gestation wt.gain
Increase energy intake during pregnancy
(upto 6 Mcal DE /day) increase birth wt.
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Increased feed intake during early
gestation no increase the litter size
Increased feed intake during late
gestation- increase in average birth wt.of
pigs by 50g
For each 1oC below sows lower critical
temp.(18-20o) increase of approx. 4% inmaintenance energy cost
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Milk 1.3McalDE/kg
Efficiency of utilization 65%
Energy required for milk production =
2Mcal /kg of milk.
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IntroductionPigs need not specifically need protein.
but rather require amino acids for the
formation of muscle and other body
proteins.
Ten of the 20 amino acids required are
considered as dietary essentials becausethe pig is not able to synthesize them at
all.
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Genotype
Sexsame energy levelfemales around
10% higher than castrate males finishing
phase(60-100kg)
Effect of level of feeding restricted
feeding relative requirement -high
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Energy level of feeding
Dietary fibre level1-1.5% fall in apparent
protein digestibilityeach 1% increase in
C.F
Use only one diet during growing/ finishing
-20-60 kg -reduce the level of fat in the
animal
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Arginine-growth of young pigsHistidine - required for pregnancyProline not dietary requirement for all the
stages. Require for young pigsCystine from methioninePhenylalanineconverted to tyrosineTyrosine satisfy atleast 50% of total
aromatic a.a
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Departure from the pattern of ideal proteinSwine relatively tolerant of quite wide
variationpattern of amino acids
Toxicity, imbalance, antagonismToxicityexcess of individual amino acidsVery rareFour amino acidslysine,and threonine
methionine,tryptophan.
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Methionine and tryptophanhighest
toxicity
Excesses of lysine and threoninewell
tolerated in young pigs
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ImbalancesExcessive intake . But extent of
disproportion is less
Exacerbation of the deficiency of the most
limiting amino acid
Corrected by addition of that a.a
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Antagonisms excesses of one a.aincreases of requirement of a structurally
related a.a
Argininelysine antagonism
Leucine-isoleucine-valine antagonism
minor importance
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Pregnancy deposition of nitrogen in the
uterus, mammary gland, other
reproductive organs500g N
Daily retention of N5g
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Greater efficiency - retain higher proportion
of dietary protein
Daily allowance140-180 g cp
Lysine requirement 0.5% of the diet at feed
intake of 2 kg/d- 10g lysine /d
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NRC 1998
Swine Live Weight (Kg)
Intake 3 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 50 50 to 80 80 to 120
ME , Kcal/Kg 3265 3265 3265 3265 3265 3265
Protein % 26 23.7 20.9 18 15.5 13.3
True Ileal - Total AALysine % 1.34 1.19 1.01 0.83 0.66 0.52
Met % 0.36 0.32 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.14
M+C % 0.76 0.68 0.58 0.47 0.39 0.31
Threonine % 0.84 0.74 0.63 0.52 0.43 0.34
Tryptophan % 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.1
Linoleic acid % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Minerals
Ca % 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.45
Phosphorus, total % % 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.45 0.4
Available P % 0.55 0.4 0.32 0.23 0.19 0.15
Iron , mg 100 100 80 60 50 40
Manganese, mg 4 4 3 2 2 2
Zinc, mg 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15
Selenium, mg 100 100 80 60 50 50
Vitamins
Vit A IU 2200 2200 1750 1300 1300 1300
Vit D IU 220 220 200 150 150 150
Vit E IU 16 16 11 11 11 11
Vit K mg 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Niacin mg 20 15 12.5 10 7 7
Pantothenic acid mg 12 10 9 8 7 7
Riboflavin mg 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 2
Vitamin B12 g 20 17.5 15 10 5 5
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