nparr 4(1) (full issue)

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From the Director’s Desk

India is one of the richest and most diversified countries as far as biodiversity, natural

products and resources are concerned. Dissemination of information on various topics related to

these subjects has acquired unprecedented prominence in the last two decades as every field, be

it science, technology or engineering, look to natural resources as a safe source, both

environmentally as well as technologically.

The National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR),

is a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi

which houses globally renowned publications such as, The Wealth of India–An Encyclopaedia of

Indian Raw Materials, 17 scholarly research journals and 2 abstracting journals, viz. Medicinal

and Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA) and Indian Science Abstracts (ISA). Since, MAPA and ISA

have vast coverage on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and all science subjects, respectively, we

have now decided to extend our services on all plant and animals based natural products in

faster mode i.e. electronically. With immense pleasure we announce launching of Natural

Products and Resources Repository (NPARR) with open access to adequately fulfill the

information needs of teachers, scientists, scholars and entrepreneurs for research and

commercial products development from natural resources. Another feature of this repository is

that authors can be users and contributors to this repository at the same time by sending soft

copies of abstracts of their published papers with full citation and address of corresponding

authors and information on technologies/know-how developed at their institute/university for

placing under respective group of products/technologies. I trust that this collection will also help

researchers in searching core and non-core journals on specified products.

I welcome all experienced authors, editors and publishers of national and international

journals for their creative cooperation and enthusiastic involvement in this new endeavor. The

NPARR allows free access to its contents and hence will enhance citation/visibility of papers/

technological know-how included in this repository. We look forward to provide you a

comprehensive collection of quality information on natural products in coming years.

Gangan Prathap

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NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY

(NPARR)

(A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and

Resources)

This repository is produced by systematic survey of research and review papers

published in primary journals and providing abstracts/summaries and bibliographic details of

applied research. It is covering information on all aspects of natural products and resources of

plants and animals. The abstracts are presented in various categories viz. Beverages, Cosmetics,

Dyes, Essential oils, Fats/Oils, Feed/Fodder, Fibre, Flavour/Fragrance, Food, Fruits, Fuel,

Gum/Rubber, Insecticides /Fungicides/Nematicides, Oils/Fats, Poultry, Pulp/Paper, Spices/

Condiments, Therapeutics, Vegetables, Wood, etc. Title, journal, author(s), address of

corresponding author (Asterisk marked) of the original paper are provided for scientific

reference and citation. NPARR inserts new products and technologies developed forthcoming

conferences or educational event, book reviews, projects completed and theses awarded.

Compilation/Editor: Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg

Director

Dr Gangan Prathap

(ex-officio)

National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR

Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, INDIA

Phone: 91-011-25846301 ext 258, 25846001; Fax: 91-011 2584 7062

Website; http://nopr.niscair.res.in

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];

[email protected]

The information on this site is intended for educational purposes and societal benefit and is

available free of cost. It is a compilation from research journals and it is not a substitute for the advice

of a qualified professional. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India does not endorse

nor does it verify the content or claims made. Editor does not accept responsibility for the

consequences of the use of the information. Every effort is made to present the information accurately;

however, we assume no liability for any errors and omissions.

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Information for Readers

We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this repository.

Use the Register link and register yourself. It will result in the readers receiving the E-mail alert

for each new issue. This list also allows the NPARR to claim a certain level of support or readership.

The Privacy Statement assures readers that their name and E-mail address will not be used for other

purposes.

For including in respective categories, we would like to ask you to contribute soft copies of:

(i) Abstract of your excellent papers published during the last one year or current year in any journal;

(ii) New technologies/ Know-how Developed at your Institute or University; (iii) Books for review or

book reviews for publication; (iv) Forthcoming events and Theses awarded in recent past. We certainly

hope that more ground will be covered in future issues. The librarians are requested to list NPARR

among their library's electronic journal holdings. You may send your above contributions to Dr (Mrs)

Sunita Garg, on E-mail Id: [email protected]; [email protected]

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NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES

REPOSITORY (NPARR) (A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources)

C O N T E N T S Volume 4, No. 1 January 2013

Products Beverages 5

Cosmetics/Cosmeceuticals 8

Dyes 10

Essential oils 13

Feed/Fodder 16

Fibre 19

Food 20

Fruits 22

Fuel 25

Insecticides 28

Mannure/Fertilizer 31

Oils/Fats 33

Phytochemicals 36

Pulp/Paper 38

Rubber Gum 42

Spices/Condiments 45

Sugar 47

Therapeutics 50

Vegetables 54

Wood 57

Others Cultivation 58

Postharvest Technology 61

Forthcoming events 63

Announcements 64

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR)

BEVERAGES (incl. Juices, Tea /Coffee,

Yoghurt and other natural soft drinks)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-01 Development of an

innovative nutraceutical fermented beverage

from herbal mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-

Hil.) extract

Herbal mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-

Hil.) leaves are traditionally used for their

stimulant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and diuretic

activity, presenting as principal components

polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this work

was to develop an innovative, non-dairy,

functional, probiotic, fermented beverage using

herbal mate extract as a natural ingredient

which would also be hypocholesterolemic and

hepatoprotective. Among different strains used,

Lactobacillus acidophilus was selected as the

best for fermentation. The addition of honey

positively affected the development of L.

acidophilus and the formulated beverage

maintained microbial stability during shelf

life. Key ingredients in the extract included

xanthines, polyphenols and other antioxidants

with potential health benefits for the consumer.

Caffeine levels and antioxidant activity were also

studied. Acceptable levels of caffeine and large

antioxidant capacity were observed for the

formulation when compared to other antioxidant

beverages. An advantage of this product is the

compliance to organic claims, while providing

caffeine, other phyto-stimulants and antioxidant

compounds without the addition of synthetic

components or preservatives in the formulation.

Sensorial analysis demonstrated that the beverage

had good consumer acceptance in comparison

to two other similar commercial beverages.

Therefore, this beverage could be used as a new,

non-dairy vehicle for probiotic consumption,

especially by vegetarians and lactose intolerant

consumers [Lima, I.F.P.*, de Dead Lindner,

J. Soccol, V. T., Parada, J.L and,

Soccol, C.R.

(Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology

Division, Chemical Engineering Department,

Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR

81531-991, Brazil ), International Journal of

Molecular Sciences, 2012, 13(1), 788-800].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-02 Formulation

optimisation of a whey lemon beverage using a

blend of the sweeteners aspartame and

saccharin

Product formulations based on

combinations of two sweeteners were optimised in

a sweetened paneer whey lemon beverage (WLB)

by organoleptic panels. The binary sweetener

blend aspartame/saccharin (70:30, 0.0425 %)

scored the highest based upon comparison with

the best-optimised single sweetener aspartame

(0.07%) in WLB and had non-significant

differences with the control WLB sweetened with

sucrose in all sensory attributes. This best binary

blend showed maximum synergy in sweetness

intensity (14.4%) and overall acceptability (7.5%)

in respect of a single sweetener aspartame. The

multiple-sweetener approach involving use of

binary blend (0.0425%) resulted in 39% reduction

of usage level when compared with single

sweetener aspartame (0.07%). [Meena, M.K,

Arora, S., Shendurse, A.M., Sharma, V., Wadhwa,

B.K. and Singh, A.K* (Dudh Mansagar Dairy,

IMT-Manesar, Gurgaon Haryana, India,

Dairy

Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research

Institute, Karnal-132001 Haryana, India,

Department of Dairy Chemistry, College of Dairy

Technology, COVAS, Udgir Latur-413517

Maharastra, India), International Journal of Dairy

Technology, 2012, 65(1), 146-151].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-03 Sensory evaluation

of different drinks formulated from dahi

(Indian Yogurt) powder using fuzzy logic

One standard brand of dahi (Indian

yogurt) drink available in the market was used for

the sensory evaluation of the three samples of

dahi drinks prepared, using freeze-dried dahi

NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013

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powder (20g), guar gum (0.11g), locust bean gum

(0.11g), vanilla essence (three drops) and water

(200mL), where sample 1 (S1) was made from

dahi powder and water; sample 2 (S2) was made

from dahi powder, guar gum, locust bean gum

and water; and sample 3 (S3) was prepared from

dahi powder, guar gum, locust bean gum, vanilla

essence and water. The main objective of the

study was to analyze the sensory scores of the

various samples of the dahi drinks and rank the

different samples according to their sensory

qualities, using fuzzy analysis. The general

sensory attributes color, flavor, homogeneity

and taste were also ranked according to their

importance in the overall acceptability of the dahi

drinks. Dahi was prepared in laboratory using a

standard procedure, which was freeze dried, and

used for further analysis. A panel of 11 judges

was formed for the sensory evaluation of the

drink samples and it was found that the market

drink (S4) is the most acceptable and was ranked

very good, whereas the S2 and S3 were also

designated good followed by the S1 designated

as satisfactory. So the ranking of the drinks

was S4>S3>S2>S1, showing the increasing

acceptability of the dahi powder-based drinks

with the addition of stabilizers and flavor

compounds. The quality attributes were ranked as

Taste>Flavor>Homogeneity>Color, showing the

highest importance of taste and least importance

of the color as a quality attribute in case of

dahi drinks [Routray, W.* and Mishra H.N.

(Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill

University-MacDonald Campus, Quebec, QC

H9X 3V9, Canada), Journal of Food Processing

and Preservation, 2012, 36(1), 1-10].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-04 Development of vitamin

C rich value added beverage

Amla, a richest source of vitamin 'C'

ranges upto 950 mg/100 g. Due to its astringent

taste, it is not palatable for direct consumption,

hence processing is essential. Present study was

an effort to develop a suitable formulation for

preparation of mixed ami a-grape juice. The fruits

juices were analyzed for its chemical composition

and different formulations of mixed juices were

prepared by different proportions of amla and

grape juice. The prepared mixed juices were

packed in glass bottle with cork cap and stored

at room temperature for a period of 2 months. The

products were analyzed for its keeping quality and

acceptability at intervals of 10 days. The prepared,

mixed juices were evaluated by a taste-testing

panel for sensory attributes. Fruit mixed beverage

having composition 50:50 juice, 0.4% acidity,

10% sugar (of amla juice), 15.24° Brix was found

to be optimum among the other formulation

[Mishra, V., Puranik, Y., Singh, V., Verma,

M.,Yadav, N. and Rai, G.K.*(Centre of Food

Technology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad,

Uttar Pradesh, India), American Journal of Food

Technology, 2012, 7(4), 222-229].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-05 Development and storage

stability of non-fermented whey-Litchi health

drinks

Whey-litchi health drinks were developed

by using whey and litchi juice and their physico-

chemical analysis and storage stability were

evaluated. Four formulations (sugar: 5% and

7.5%; mango pulp: 6% and 8%; pectin: 0.7%)

based on preliminary trials were made

and evaluated for their storability at 7±1°C

for physico-chemical, microbial properties and

organoleptic qualities every seven days till 35

days. There were increases in total soluble solids,

total acidity, reducing sugar and total sugar and

decreases in pH and total solids while fat and

protein content did not change during storage.

Water activities were found to be below 0.80 and

bacteriological deterioration i.e. standard plate

count was less than 30, 000 cfu/mL which is in

the acceptable range of food safety. All the

products were accepted sensorily even after

35 days storage period, but the treatment with

combination of sugar and pulp levels of 5%

and 8% respectively gave the best organoleptic

score [Kumar, V., Sharma, P.D., Kumar, C., and

Deo, M.M.* (Department of Processing and Food

BEVERAGES

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Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering,

Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, 848125,

India), International Agricultural Engineering

Journal, 2012, 21(1), 31-39].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-06 Preparation of non-

alcoholic naturally carbonated beverage using

yeast isolate from whey beverage

Four pure yeast isolates from feta cheese

whey beverage were phenotypically characterised

and D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA and Internal

Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region were sequenced.

These isolates were identified as Clavispora

lusitaniae (84), Candida sp. YS12A (86),

Clavispora lusitaniae (B82), and Candida

hyderabadensis (S82). The fermentation

potentials of all yeast isolates were determined

in plum, amla, lemon, guava, kinnow, and

pineapple, and Clavispora lusitaniae (84) was

reported as the best yeast for carrying out

fermentation with CO 2 levels of 1.5 bar. Using

Clavispora lusitaniae, a reliable, controllable,

simple, and reproducible technology from

astringent fruits has been developed for the

production of non-alcoholic naturally carbonated

beverage with improved tangy taste, appearance,

aroma, extended shelf life, and retention of

all the nutrients. This yeast on inoculation

@ 0.5% in astringent in amla juice (13%), TSS

adjusted to 16.0°B and fermentetion at 20 ± 5°C

for 36 h produces a new non-alcoholic naturally

carbonated beverage. The physicochemical

parameters of freshly prepared beverage juice

13%, pH 3.0, TSS 16.0°B, acidity 0.38%, Brix

acid ratio 42.10, ascorbic acid 120.0 mg/100 ml.

The physicochemical parameters did not

change significantly during storage. The volatile

components like propanol, butanol, acetaldehyde,

methanol, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol

were found to be absent while the percentage

of ethanol was 1.16% after three months of

storage. Shelf life of the beverage is three months

under refrigerated conditions (4°C) [Jairath, S.,

Sahota, P. and Pandove, G. * (Department of

Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University,

Ludhiana-141004, India), Czech Journal of Food

Sciences, 2012, 30(2), Pages 135-143]

NPARR 4(1), 2013-07 Effect of pomegranate

juice on the pharmacokinetics of nitrendipine

in rabbits

Pomegranate juice (PJ) is known to be a

potent inhibitor of human cytochrome enzymes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the

effect of acute and chronic PJ on the

pharmacokinetics of oral nitrendipine (10 mg/kg)

in rabbits. Male New Zealand rabbits were

pretreated with PJ for 1 week and on the last day,

a single dose of nitrendipine was given orally.

In another group, both PJ and nitrendipine were

co-Administered to evaluate the acute effect of PJ

on nitrendipine pharmacokinetics. The control

group received oral distilled water for 1 week

and administered with nitrendipine on the last

day. Blood samples were collected at different

time points and nitrendipine concentration

was estimated by high-performance liquid

chromatography. Relative to control, the area

under the concentration-Time curve and peak

plasma concentration of nitrendipine were 2.03-

and 2-fold, respectively, greater in the PJ-

pretreated group. However, co-Administration of

PJ had no significant effect on these parameters.

Further, there was no significant change in the

elimination rate constant and elimination half-life

of nitrendipine in both PJ co-Administered and

pretreated groups in comparison with control.

These results suggest that PJ inhibits the

intestinal metabolism of nitrendipine without

affecting hepatic metabolism in rabbits. Although

this potential interaction needs to be explored

further, the concomitant use of PJ and

nitrendipine should be avoided [Voruganti, S.*,

Rapolu, K., Tota, S., Yamsani, S.K. and Yamsani

M.R (National Facilities in Engineering and

Technology, Industrial Collaboration (NAFETIC)

Centre, University College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Warangal 506 009, Andhra Pradesh,

India), European Journal of Drug Metabolism and

Pharmacokinetics, 2012, 37(2), 77-81].


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COSMETICS/COSMECEUTICALS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-08 Preparation and

evaluation of polyherbal cosmetic cream

The present study was to prepare and

evaluate the polyherbal cosmetic cream

comprising extracts of natural products such as

Aloe vera, Cucumis sativus and Daucus carota.

Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W)

herbal creams namely F1 to F7 were formulated

by incorporating different concentrations of stearic

acid and cetyl alcohol. The evaluations of all

formulations (F1 to F7) were done on different

parameters like pH, viscosity, spreadibilty and

stability were examined. Formulations F6 and F7

showed good spreadibilty, good consistency,

homogeneity, appearance, pH, spreadibilty, no

evidence of phase separation and ease of removal.

The formulation F6 and F7 shows no redness,

edema, inflammation and irritation during

irritancy studies. These formulations are safe

to use for skin. These studies suggest that

composition of extracts and base of cream of F6

and F7 are more stable and safe, it may produce

synergistic action [Aswal, A., Kalra, M., Rout, A.

(Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Gurgaon,

Haryana-124507, India), Der Pharmacia Lettre,

2013, 5(1), 83-88].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-09 Mass production of

chaff-vinegar and its effect of anti-aging and

whitening

Chaff-vinegar is known for having a

variety of useful purposes in the fields of health

and life styles. In a previous study we isolated

and identified the active fractions of the

polyphenol compound 7 species as a potential

biomaterial for cosmeceuticals. To further test for

its potential use as a functional material, we

carried out an MTT assay, collagenase inhibition

assay, elastase inhibition assay, tyrosinase

inhibition assay, DPPH free radical scavenging

assay, SOD-like activity assay and a xanthine

oxidase inhibition assay. Chaff-vinegar exhibited

potent collagenase and elastase inhibitory

activities in a concentration dependent manner,

indicating that the agent has the potential to

alleviate the skin wrinkling process. Chaff-vinegar

also showed 80% tyrosinase inhibition at a

concentration of 100 µL/mL. DPPH radical

scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and

SOD-like activity results for each activity were

80%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Taken

together, the present study suggests that chaff-

vinegar is a good candidate for use as an anti-

wrinkling and/or whitening agent [Hwang, J.,Yun,

J.-K., Kim, S.K., Lee, S.-H., Han, K.-H. Daegu*

(Technopark Oriental Medicine Industry Support

Center, Daegu 706-828, South Korea), Korean

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012,

40 (3), 208-214].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-10 Beneficial effects of

marine algal compounds in cosmeceuticals

(Review)

The name "cosmeceuticals" is derived

from "cosmetics and pharmaceuticals", indicating

that a specific product contains active

ingredients. Marine algae have gained

much importance in cosmeceutical product

development due to their rich bioactive

compounds. In the present review, marine

algal compounds (phlorotannins, sulfated

polysaccharides and tyrosinase inhibitors)

have been discussed toward cosmeceutical

application. In addition, atopic dermatitis and the

possible role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)

in skin-related diseases have been explored

extensively for cosmeceutical products. The

proper development of marine algae compounds

will be helpful in cosmeceutical product

development and in the development of

the cosmeceutical industry [Thomas, N.V., and,

S.-K.*(Marine Bioprocess Research Center,

Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737,

South Korea), Marine Drugs, 2013, 1(1),

146-164].

COSMETICS/COSMECEUTICALS

9

NPARR 4(1), 2013-11 Potential cosmetic

application of essential oil extracted from

Litsea cubeba fruits from China

Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) is

widely used as a flavor enhancer in cosmetics

and as a folk skin-care agent in southern China.

The objective of this paper is to investigate

whether LCEO has biological activities that

might be useful in modern skin-protection

formulations. The present study results revealed

that citral (57.4%) was a major component, while

LCEO exhibited a potent inhibitory effect

on tyrosinase (IC50 values 100 µg/mL), good

antioxidative activities (IC50: 17.75 mg/mL for

ABTS+.

, 10.2 mg/mL for O2 −), and apparent

protective effect against UV–TiO2–NO2−-induced

protein oxidation at 0.01 mg/mL and tyrosine

nitration at 0.1 mg/mL. Additionally, the

biological activities of LCEO were compared

with that of its main constituents. The results

demonstrated that any individual major

component was not the unique contributor to the

high activity of LCEO. Based on these results, we

suggested that LCEO could serve as a new

natural skin-whitening agent [Xiao-Wei Huang*,

Yun-Chao Feng, Yi Huang & Hai-Ling Li

(School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering,

Huazhong University of Science & Technology,

Wuhan, PR China), Journal of Essential Oil

Research, 2013, 25].


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DYES (incl. Food colorants)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-012 Environmentally friendly

natural dyeing of organic cotton

In this study, organic cotton fabrics were

dyed with different natural dye sources (madder

root, walnut shell, henna, horse chestnut,

pomegranate peel, berberis vulgaris root, thyme,

and sage tea). The dyeing was carried out with

different mordants (copper sulphate, potassium

aluminum sulphate, potassium tartrate, and citric

acid), using pre-mordanting dyeing methods.

The color of the fabrics was investigated in terms

of color strength (K/S) and fastness properties

against light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration.

The color and fastness properties obtained

from the dyed organic cotton fabrics were between

good to excellent [Tutak, M.* and Ebru Korkmaz,

N. (Department of Textile Engineering, Erciyes

University, Kayseri, Turkey), Journal of Natural

Fibers, 2012, 9(1), 51-59].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-013 Ecofriendly colouring

of silk fabric with croton (Croton Species)

leaves

The great appeal of textiles lies in their

colours and the way that colour is used to create

patterned effects. Colour is applied by the process

of dyeing, which in its simplest form involves the

immersion of a fabric in a solution of a dyestuff

in water. The amount of dyestuff required is

very small, but its production and application

require considerable skill. Changes in the ways

of producing dyes during the nineteenth century

heralded modern science. The uses of natural dye

on textile materials are now being popularised

globally by the continuous efforts of nature

lovers. The problems caused by synthetic dye

in human lives and environments, since the

introduction of synthetic dye more than a century

ago, has come to an alarming level today. Hence

there is an urgent need to for an alternative to the

hazards of synthetic dyes. To explore the use of

natural dyes is one such immediate solution.

However, the limitations with the natural dye are

their poor fastness properties, limited shades, low

brilliancy, etc. To some extent, adding selected

mordants/chemicals in natural dyeing is accepted,

provided the character of the natural dye is

unaltered and the eco-system is not damaged. The

present study explored the development of a

process for the extraction of natural dyes from

abundantly occurring plants, flowers namely

Croton (Croton species) leaves. The study

showed that this source can produce different

shades of brown and peach colour. A series of

experiments was conducted to optimise the

different variables for dyeing. Acidic medium

was optimised for dye extraction. For Croton dye,

8% dye concentration, 60 minutes extraction time

and 75 minutes dyeing time were optimised. Test

of colour fastness to light, washing, perspiration

and crocking were also carried out. The results

concluded that the light fastness, washing,

fastness, perspiration and crocking fastness of the

Croton dye were good and samples that were

mordanted showed better fastness properties as

compared to control. This dye source is

abundantly available throughout the year and

does not cause environmental depletion.

Experiments proved that the Croton dye is the

good source for dyeing silk in shades of brown

and peach. Thus it can be concluded that this dye

has a lot of commercial potential [Tiwari, R.* and

Paul, S. (VMLG (PG) College, Ghaziabad,

India), International Dyer, 2012, 197(1), 35-38].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-014 Eco-dyeing of wool

using aqueous extract of the roots of Indian

madder (Rubia cordifolia) as natural dye

The aqueous extract obtained from the

powdered roots of Indian madder (Rubia

cordifolia) was used for dyeing of woolen yarns.

The effect of pH, dye concentration, and

mordants on the colorimetric and fastness

properties has been studied. Brilliant shades of

bright red to scarlet were obtained with

significant variation in hue and tone of shades

depending on mordants and dye concentrations

used. The color coordinates of the dyed samples

DYES

11

were found to be in the red-yellow quadrant of the

CIELab color space. It was found in all cases that

mordanting with alum as well as ferrous sulfate

has caused decrease in lightness (L*) values and

increase in K/S values. All the dyed samples

exhibited commercially acceptable fastness to

light, washing, and rubbing. Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM) morphological studies have

also been performed on different woolen yarns

[Yusuf M, Shahid M, Khan SA, Khan M I, Islam,

S U, Mohammad, F and Khan, M.A*(Department

of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology,

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim

University, Aligarh, India) [Journal of Natural

Fibers, 2013, 10(1), 14-28].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-015 Jatropha gossypiifolia

L.: A potential genetic resource for herbal dye

Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae)

is a small shrub native to Mexico and Subtropical

America, now grows naturally in most tropical

areas of the world. It is a neglected and

underutilized plant of multiple values. It is

cultivated as live fence for the protection of

agricultural crops and various parts of the plant

are globally used for healthcare management of

human being and domesticated animals. Young

stem and leaves of the plant are vital source of

herbal dye for dying cotton yarn. Present paper

deals with distribution, morphological

description, propagation and utilization of this

species. During present study young stem and

leaves of J. gossypiifolia were collected from

natural vegetation and colouring material was

obtained by aqueous extraction method. The

colouring material was used to dye cotton yarn

and the dyed cotton yarn was evaluated for

fastness properties by several after treatments like

effect of sunlight, rubbing in water, detergent

(powder and cake), lime water and citrus juice.

The dyed cotton yarn shows excellent fastness

properties. On the basis of present study it is

concluded that J. gossypiifolia is a potential

source of herbal dye for dying cotton yarn

[Kumar, A. and Singh, N.* (Eco-Auditing

Group, CSIR-National Botanical Research

Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001,

India), Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,

2012, 59(5), 949-954].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-016 Isolation and characterization of the major natural dyestuff component of brazilwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.)

Brazilwood has been traditionally used as

food and beverage colorant in Indonesia. The ethanol extract of brazilwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) was subjected to the investigation of major natural dyestuff component. The dried heartwood was subjected to an extraction with 50% ethanol (1:3v/v) at 80°C for 30min, followed by lyophillization to crystalize the extract. The extract components were separated by using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography eluted with 40% ethanol under UV-Vis detection. This step yielded 5 fractions, FI-FV, of which FII and FIII were the major fractions, comprising 25 and 70% by weight of the applied dried extract, respectively. Both fractions had different UV-Vis spectra as well as infrared spectra observed by FTIR. Fraction FIII which visually had a deep red color, had the strong absorption of carbonyl group in its IR spectra. This major dyestuff fraction was purified further by RP-HPLC with multiwavelength detector using a solvent mixture of 65% acetonitrile and 35% isopropanol as a mobile phase. The purified fraction was then characterized by FTIR and ESI-MS. The infrared and mass spectra confirmed that brazilein with a molecular weight of 284 was the major dyestuff component of the ethanol extract of brazilwood. This finding can be utilized for the production of brazilein standard for the laboratory use to analyze brazilein in foods and beverages [Lioe, H.N.*, Adawiyah, D.R. and Anggraeni, R. (Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia), International Food Research Journal, 2012, 19(2), 537-542].


12

NPARR 4(1), 2013-017 Sonicator dyeing of

modified acrylic fabrics with indicaxanthin

natural dye

The dyeing of modified acrylic fabrics

using indicaxanthin as a natural dye isolated from

fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica has been studied in

both conventional and ultrasonic techniques.

Factors affecting the dyeing properties such as

pH values, salt concentration, temperature,

duration of dyeing bath, and ultrasonic power

were studied. The optimal conditions for dyeing

with indicaxanthin dye were carried out at 80 C

for 30 min at pH 3. Sonicator dyeing showed

marked improvement in dye uptake. The results

of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were

fair to good. Dyeing kinetics using conventional

and ultrasonic conditions was compared. Color

strength values obtained were found to be higher

with ultrasonic than with conventional heating.

Dyeing kinetics of modified acrylic fiber with

indicaxanthin dye using conventional and

ultrasonic conditions were compared. The values

of dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and

standard affinity and ultrasonic efficiency have

been calculated and discussed [A. Guesmi*, N.

Ben hamadi, N. Ladhari and F. Sakli (Laboratory

of Synthesis Heterocyclic and Natural

Substances, Monastir, Tunisia), Industrial Crops

and Products, 2013, 42, 63-69].

ESSENTIAL OILS

13

ESSENTIAL OILS (incl. Flavour and

Fragrance)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-018 Studies on chemical

composition of essential oils from leaf and

inflorescence of Hedychium larsenii M. Dan &

Sathish

Essential oils obtained by

hydrodistillation of leaf and inflorescence of

Hedychium larsenii were analyzed by capillary

gas chromatography. Thirty-three constituents

comprising 81.47% of the yellow colored leaf oil

were identified. The major constituents of the leaf

oil were ar-curcumene (24.75%), caryophyllene

oxide (7.85%), bisabol-11-ol (4.50%) and

spathulenol (4.33%). Analysis of the colorless

inflorescence oil showed thirty-eight constituents

amounting to 96.24% of the oil. Higher amounts

of monoterpene hydrocarbons with ρ-cymene

(18.57%) and γ-terpinene (10.51%) as major

constituents were detected in the inflorescence

oil [Raj, G.*, Dan, M., George, V. and

Sethuraman, M.G. (Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical

Botanic Garden and Research Institute,

Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India),

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2013, 25(1),

33-38].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-019 Volatile terpenoid

compositions of leaf and rhizome of Curcuma

amada Roxb. from Northern India

The volatile constituents of leaves and

rhizomes of Curcuma amada grown in the

foothills of Uttarakhand, India, were studied

by using capillary gas chromatography-flame

ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC-mass

spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis revealed

fifty-seven constituents comprising 92.69% and

98.56% of the leaf and rhizome oil compositions.

The leaf essential oil of C. amada was mainly

composed of furanosesquiterpenoids, namely

epi-curzerenone (10.76%), curzerenone (9.53%),

curzerene (3.95%) and furanogermenone

(1.77%). Camphor (17.90%), isoborneol (7.30%),

camphene (3.57%), borneol (1.87%) and

camphene hydrate (1.25%) were the major

constituents of 36.79% of the monoterpenoids

fraction of leaf essential oil composition.

Conversely, the rhizome essential oil of C. amada

was mainly dominated by monoterpenoids

(97.72%), with myrcene (88.84%) a single

major constituent along with β-pinene (3.74%),

(E)-β-ocimene (2.61%) and other minor

constituents. Comparison of the volatile

constituents of leaves and rhizome essential

oil of C. amada revealed sharp qualitative and

quantitative variations. Furanosesquiterpenoids,

isoborneol and borneol were the exclusive

constituents of leaf essential oil, and were not

noticed in rhizome oil of C. amada. Myrcene, the

single major constituent of rhizome oil, along

with β-pinene and (E)-β-ocimene, seem to be

responsible for the characteristic mango aroma of

C. amada [Padalia, R.C., Verma, R.S.,Sundaresan,

V., Chauhan, A.,Chanotiya, C.S. and Yadav,

A.* (CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center,

Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India), Journal of

Essential Oil Research, 2013, 25(1), 17-22].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-020 Phytochemical

analysis of the leaf volatile oil of walnut

tree (Juglans regia L.) from western Himalaya

The walnut tree (Juglans regia L.),

commonly known as 'Akhrot' in India, is a

valuable tree has a long history of medicinal use

to treat a wide range of health complaints. To

explore the diversity in essential oil yield and

composition of J. regia, leaves were collected

during spring season from 28 populations

growing in western Himalaya. Comparative

results showed considerable variations in the

essential oil yield and composition of J. regia

leaves. The essential oil yield varied from 0.02%

to 0.12% in fresh leaves of the different

populations of J. regia. Analysis of the essential

oils by GC/FID and GC/MS and the subsequent

classification by statistical analysis resulted in


14

three clusters with significant variations in

their terpenoid composition. Altogether, 70

constituents, representing 83.2-98.0% of the total

oil composition, were identified and quantified.

Major components of the essential oils

were (E)-caryophyllene (1.4-47.9%), β-pinene

(4.5-39.5%), germacrene D (5.0-23.3%),

α-pinene (1.5-18.1%), α-humulene (1.1-11.8%), α-zingiberene (0.1-11.3%), α-copaene (0.0-10.1%),

limonene (0.8-8.6%), caryophyllene oxide

(0.1-8.6%), ar-curcumene (0.0-7.2%), δ-cadinene

(0.3-6.7%), (E)- β-farnesene (0.0-5.9%),

1,8-cineole (<0.0-5.4%), γ-curcumene (0.0-4.2%),

and methyl salicylate (0.1-4.0%). This is the first

report on leaf volatile oil composition of J. regia

populations from western Himalaya. Out of the

70 identified constituents, over 25 were described

for the first time for J. regia [Verma R.S.*,

Padalia, R.C, Chauhan, A. and Thul, S.T. (CSIR -

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, P.O. - Nagla

Dairy Farm, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand

263 149, India), Industrial Crops and Products,

2013, 42(1), 195-201].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-021 Effect of curing and

drying methods on recovery, curcumin and

essential oil content of different cultivars of

turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

This investigation deals with the effect of

curing and drying methods on the recovery,

curcumin content and essential oil content in

different turmeric cultivars. The Krishna cultivars

were best among the three cultivars on the basis

of physico-chemical analysis whereas, Salem

and Tekurpeta had higher values for colour.

The fingers cured with improved method loose

moisture at faster rate than uncured and cured

with traditional method. The fingers of Salem

cultivar cured with improved method followed

by shade-net drying had got higher recovery.

The essential oil content of three cultivars was

unaffected by the curing and drying methods

[Lokhande S.M*, Kale, R.V, Sahoo, A.K.

and Ranveer, R.C. (Department of Technology,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India),

International Food Research Journal, 2013,

20(2), 745-749].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-022 Chemical composition

of essential oil of Bauhinia acuminata leaves

Essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation

of the fresh leaves of Bauhinia acuminata was

analyzed by GC-MS. Nineteen compounds

comprising 89.9 % of the leaf oil was identified.

The leaf oil was characterized by absence of

monoterpenioids. Phytol (65.90 %) was identified

as major constituent in B. acuminata leaf oil.

Sesquiterpenoids, β-caroyphyllene (13.87 %) and

caryophyllene oxide (3.15 %), were the other

major constituents [Mathew, J*, Vasudevan,

V. and Baby, S. (Department of Chemistry, Mar

Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram-695 015,

India), Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 25(4),

2329-2330].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-023 Essential oil of

Indian propolis: Chemical composition and

repellency against the honeybee Apis florae

Hitherto unknown biological properties

and the chemical composition of the essential oil

isolated from propolis of Indian origin were

established. GC/MS Analysis of the essential oil

revealed the presence of 32 constituents, of which

ten were major compounds, nine had

intermediate contents, and 13 were minor

compounds. With the exception of six minor

constituents, that could not be identified, their

identification was based on the comparison of

their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices

with those listed in the NIST and Wiley mass

spectral libraries. Their structural assignment was

confirmed by GC/MS co-injection of the essential

oil with authentic compounds. Quantification of

the components was done by GC-FID analyses.

Moreover, the essential oil was shown to

possess repellent activity against the honeybee

Apis florea. The activity was found to be

dose dependent. The average repellency (∆R)

ESSENTIAL OILS

15

increased with increasing essential-oil

concentration up to 24µg/ml and remained

constant for the formulation with the higher

concentration. These findings established

the chemical constitution of the essential oil

and might be useful to beekeepers for

the improvement of the bee management [Naik, D.G. , Vaidya, H.S. and Namjoshi T.P.

(Chemistry Group, Agharkar Research Institute,

G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India),

Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2013, 10(4),

649-657].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-024 Analysis of the essential

oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum

Roxb.) growing in different agro-climatic

zones of Himachal Pradesh, India

The aim of the present study was to

investigate variations in the chemical

composition of the essential oil from seeds of

large cardamom grown at different altitudes

in Himachal Pradesh, India. The composition

of the essential oil was determined by gas

chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-

olfactometry (GC-O). The oil components

showed qualitative and quantitative variations in

the composition. GC and GC-MS analysis led to

the identification of 55 compounds representing

98% of total oil. Major components in

the oil were 1, 8-cineole, α-terpineol,

dl-limonene, nerolidol, 4-terpineol, δ-terpineol,

δ-3-carene, β-myrcene, germacrene D, α-terpinene

and longifolenaldehyde. The oil yields

obtained were 9.8-19.5 g kg-1

. Cardamom

oil from Himachal Pradesh was found to contain

new compounds, viz. 4-terpineol, δ-3-carene,

trans-sabinene hydrate, 1-phellandrene,

α-terpinene, bicyclo-germacrene, isopinocarveol

and ledenoxid-II. α-Terpenyl acetate, the major

constituent of small cardamom, was also detected

in the oil of large cardamom grown in Himachal

Pradesh. Application of aroma extract dilution

analysis revealed 35 compounds having aroma

impact with the flavour dilution factor ranging

from 2 to 1024, and 34 of these compounds

were identified. The five most intense aromatic

components are dl-limonene, 1, 8-cineole,

β-myrcene, α-pinene, α-basabolol. This is the

first time that the characterisation of odour-active

compounds has been carried out on large

cardamom. Conclusion: The presence of

4-terpineol, δ-3-carene, trans-sabinene hydrate,

1-phellandrene, α-terpinene, 1-terpineol,

bicyclogermacrene, isopinocarveol, ledenoxid-II,

longifolenaldehyde and α-terpenyl acetate

make the aroma of the oil different from large

cardamom oil of Sikkim and could offer potential

as a new food flavour [Joshi, R*., Sharma,

P., Sharma, V., Prasad, R., Sud, R.K. and Gulati,

A. (CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource

Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176

061, India), Journal of the Science of Food and

Agriculture, 2013, 93(6), 1303-1309].


16

FEED/FODDER

NPARR 4(1), 2013-025 Effect of sunflower oil

supplementation on nutrient utilization and

growth performances of crossbred calves

The study was conducted to evaluate

efficiency of dietary supplementation of

sunflower-oil twice in a week, to reduce rumen

protozoal population and its effect on nutrients

utilization and growth performance of growing

crossbred calves. Growing Jersey male crossbred

calves (15) were randomly divided into 3 equal

groups (G1, G2 and G3) and fed individually

under stall feeding on a mixed ration containing

50% maize fodder and 50% concentrate mixture

for 120 days. Sunflower oil was supplemented

along with concentrate mixture at 0 (control), 2

and 4% of the daily DM intake for consecutive 2

days in every week to the calves of G1, G2 and

G3 group, respectively during the entire

experimental period. Daily dry matter intake,

apparent nutrient digestibility, nutritive value of

experimental ration and plane of nutrition were

similar among the sunflower oil supplemented

and non supplemented calves. Lowest rumen

protozoal number was observed in calves of G3

group followed by G2 and G1 group. Average

finishing body weight, daily body weight gain,

feed conversion efficiency and blood glucose

level were higher in sunflower oil fed calves (G2

and G3) than non-supplemented calves (G1).

However, average daily body weight gain and

feed conversion efficiency of the calves in G2

and G3 groups were similar. Our results indicated

that dietary supplementation of sunflower oil

for consecutive 2 days in every week, drastically

reduced rumen protozoal population and

improved average daily body weight gain,

finishing body weight and feed conversion

efficiency in growing male crossbred calves

[Santra, A., Konar*, S., Banerjee, A., Chatterjee,

A. and Das, S.K (National Research Centre on

Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh 790 101, India),

Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2013, 83(1),

67-72].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-026 Effect of concentrate

supplementation on feed consumption,

nutrient utilization and blood metabolite

profile in captive spotted deer (Axis axis) fed

oat (Avena sativa) and Berseem (Trifolium

alexandrinum) fodders based diet

This experiment was conducted to

determine the optimum level of a maize-soybean

meal-wheat bran concentrate supplement fed to

captive spotted deer fed an oat and berseem

fodder-based diet. Twelve adult spotted deer [64-

76kg body weight (BW)] were distributed into

three groups of four each and were housed

individually. A diet consisting of 5kg of oat

fodder and 5.5kg of berseem fodder was offered

to each one of the experimental animals. The

animal in group I received no supplementary

concentrate, whereas, those in groups II and III

received 0.5 and 1kg of supplementary

concentrate, respectively. A 60 days digestibility

trial was conducted with a 5 days collection

period on Days 55-59 of the trial. Blood samples

were collected from all animals on Day 60 of the

experiment. Average daily dry matter intake

(DMI) was 1, 224, 1, 613, and 1,574g/day in

groups I, II, and III, respectively. Dry matter

(DM) and organic matter (OM) intake was lowest

(P<0.01) in group I. Intake of P, Cu, and Zn was

highest (P<0.01) in group III, followed by groups

II and I. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber

was highest (P<0.05) in group II. Digestibility of

OM and CP was lowest (P<0.05) in group I.

Digestibility of gross energy was highest

(P<0.01) in group III (74.9 %), followed by

groups II (69.3%) and I (66.2%). Digestible

energy (DE) intake (kcal/kg BW0.75

) was highest

(P<0.01) in group III (195.4), followed by groups

II (180.9) and I (129.8). Initial BW was 72.7,

72.5, and 71.0kg, whereas, final BW was 71.0,

72.7, and 73.5kg, in groups I, II and III,

respectively. Average daily change in body mass

was significantly (P<0.01) different among the

groups. The body mass was lost (-29.2g/day),

maintained (4.1g/day) and gained (41.6g/day) in

groups I, II, and III, respectively. Blood glucose

FEED/FODDER

17

and cholesterol concentration was highest

(P<0.05) in group III, followed by groups II and

I. Serum concentration of Cu and Zn was highest

(P<0.05) in group III, followed by groups II

and I. Supplementation of forage only diet with

0.5kg of concentrate mixture increased intake

and digestibility of nutrients, without change in

body mass. Animals fed 1kg of supplementary

concentrate received energy in excess of

requirements, were consistently gaining body

mass and were prone to obesity. Thus, it is a

right strategy to supplement forage only diet of

captive spotted deer with 0.5kg of concentrate

[Suresh, C.*, Das, A. , Katole, S., Saini, M. and

Swarup, D (Centre for Wildlife Conservation,

Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian

Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India),

Zoo Biology, 2013, 32(2), 195-203].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-027 Feeding practices and

macronutrient status of high altitude dairy

cattle in Eastern Himalaya region

Data on locally available feeds, feeding

practices, milk yield, body weight of animals

etc. were recorded in some randomly selected

villages in West Kumang and Twang districts of

Arunachal Pradesh state falling under the Eastern

Himalayan region (Agro Eco Region-17). Both

protein (DCP) and energy (TDN) intake of the

cows have been estimated and compared with

ICAR feeding Standard and the deficiency

pattern have been analyzed. A total number of

395 dairy cattle have been covered under this

study. The cumulative average milk yield was

1.93±0.09 kg/d. Local grasses as well as tree

fodders constituted the bulk of the ration.

Agricultural by products, viz. paddy and millet

straws, millet grain, maize bran, and kitchen

wastes were also available for animal feeding but

their availability was highly variable depending

on season and location. Feeds and fodder samples

actually fed to the dairy animals have been

analysed for chemical composition. The average

dry matter intake (DMI) was 4.254±0.12 kg/d,

which was around 2% of the body weight of the

animals. Overall, around 72% cows covered

under this survey suffered from protein

deficiency out of which 12% animals have shown

acute (>30%) protein deficiency. Overall, around

82% cows covered under this study suffered from

energy deficiency out of which 25% animals

have shown acute (>30%) energy deficiency. The

protein deficiency was more severe than energy

deficiency in both the districts [Chatterjee, A.*,

Ghosh, M.K., Roy, P.K. and Santra, A.(National

Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani Nadia, West

Bengal, 741 235, India ), Indian Journal of

Animal Sciences, 2012, 82(3), 326-327].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-028 Nutritional

manipulation of sheep and goats for the

control of gastrointestinal nematodes under

hot humid and subhumid tropical conditions

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) could

have a negative impact on the nutritional

efficiency and productivity of sheep and goats.

However, feeding of the hosts can also affect

parasites. This paper reviews literature data on

nutritional manipulation of small ruminants as a

tool for the control of GIN under hot humid and

subhumid tropical conditions. Parasites are

integrated into the food chain of foraging small

ruminants. A balanced grazing system provides

an adequate source of nutrients and an acceptable

GIN burden that allows an optimum level of

productivity. However, a breakdown in such

balance may induce severe parasite infections.

Diet manipulation strategies have been tested

under tropical conditions. Animals receiving

supplementary feeding may achieve an improved

resilience against GIN infections. However, the

improvement of resistance of sheep and goats

against GIN through supplementation has been

less studied and many confounding factors should

be considered (pattern of fodder consumption,

dilution of eggs in the faeces, direct anthelmintic

(AH) effect of some ingredients, etc.). Some

supplements cause a direct AH effect (i.e. copper

wire particles against Haemonchus contortus).

Meanwhile, bioactive plant secondary metabolites


18

(PSM), such as tannins, are more complex. Some

PSM may cause negative effects in the host (i.e.

reducing feed digestibility), and yet animals

consume bioactive plants at levels that can cause

evident negative effects to the parasites. The GIN

can be affected in different stages of their life

cycle (i.e. adults with fewer eggs in utero or

reduced worm burdens). Meanwhile, they can

also affect new infections for the host (affecting

egg hatchability and larvae motility in the faeces

or avoiding exsheathment of incoming infective

larvae in the host). Grazing management should

be explored in most hot humid and subhumid

tropical regions. Available results suggest that

alternate and rotational grazing can both provide

opportunities to reduce dependence on AH and

can easily be complemented with supplementary

feeding. More basic knowledge of animal

nutrition and GIN epidemiology under hot humid

and subhumid tropical conditions is needed to

improve the applicability of nutritional strategies

for the control of GIN infections [Torres-Acosta,

J.F.J*., Sandoval-Castro, C.A., Hoste, H.,

Aguilar-Caballero, A.J.,Cámara-Sarmiento, R.,

Alonso-Díaz, M.A. (Facultad de Medicina

Veterinaria y Zootecnia, CCBA, Universidad

Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera

Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico),

Small Ruminant Research, 2012, 103(1), 28-40].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-029 Performance of dairy

cows on green fodder maize based ration in

coastal hot and humid climate

Ten crossbred dairy cows (avg. BW

276.80 ± 11.51 kg) were divided into two groups

i.e. control group (CG) and treatment group (TG)

of five animals in each to find out the effect of

feeding green fodder maize as replacement of

concentrate mixture on their performance. The

animals of CG were offered daily 4 kg

concentrate mixture (CM) along with 1 kg fresh

green fodder maize and ad lib. jowar straw; while

in TG, 50% of the CM as offered in the CG

was replaced by 20 kg fresh green fodder maize.

The total DM intake in both the groups was in the

range of 10.20-10.33 kg/day, and was similar

(P>0.05) between the two groups. There was

difference (P < 0.05) in roughage: concentrate

ratio of the total rations in CG (61.27: 38.73) and

TG (80.36: 19.64). The milk yield (4.83 vs 4.87

kg/day) and 4% FCM yield (4.41 vs. 4.12 kg/day)

of the animals of the CG was similar (P > 0.05)

to TG. There were no differences (P >0.05) in the

milk compositions i.e. fat (3.49 vs 3.01%) and

SNF (8.88 vs 8.51%) content of milk between the

two groups. There was no difference (P>0.05) in

the CP% of the diets. The DCP content of the CG

(6.59%) was however higher (P<0.05) than that

of the TG (5.36%); but the TDN content of the

TG (62.21%) was higher (P < 0.05) than the CG

(57.18%). The net cost (Rs.) of feed in TG

(97.53) was lower than me CG (125.74). Based

on the 4% FCM yield, the cost of milk was

similar in both the groups. There was higher net

profit of Rs. 17.99 per animal per day due to

replacement of concentrate mixture by green

fodder maize. It was concluded that dairy

cows yielding around five kg milk daily, 1 kg

concentrate mixture can be replaced by 10 kg

green fodder maize without affecting the daily

milk yield [Naik, P.K.*, Swain, B.K., Chakurkar,

E.B. and Singh, N.P. (ICAR Research Complex

for Goa, Old Goa-403 402, India), Animal

Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2012, 12(2),

265-270].

FIBRES

19

FIBRES (incl. Textile and other utility

fibres)


property of bamboo silk fabric

In this paper, natural bamboo yarn and silkworm silk, bamboo pulp yarn and silkworm silk were twisted together to make bamboo silk yarn. And then they were weaved to bamboo silk fabric. The properties of bamboo silk fabrics were studied too. The results showed that bamboo pulp silk fabric was very soft, suitable to make underwear and shirt etc. Natural bamboo silk fabric was relative stiff, suitable to make outwear. All the bamboo silk fabric had wonderful anti statistic property; their cockle elasticity property was equal to silk; the whiteness, moisture regain and moisture permeability were very good. These showed the bamboo silk fabric not only had the properties of bamboo fibers, but also had the properties of pure silk fabric. Then they were suitable to be fabric of garments [Zhang, G.

*, Chen, F., Zhou,

J., Zhang, F, Zheng, H. and Wu, D. (College of textiles and garments, Southwest University, China), Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 627, 53-56].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-031 Use of sugar cane straw as a source of cellulose for textile fiber production

This paper reports the development of

textile fibers from cellulose of sugarcane straw

and commercial cellulose. Sugar cane straw

pulps were obtained after alkaline pulping, using

soda/anthraquinone (AQ). For the removal of

residual lignin, pulps were submitted to

chemical bleaching with hydrogen peroxide.

Bleached pulps were used to obtain fibers with

N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO). Straw

and pulps were characterized for their chemical

composition (cellulose, polyoses and lignin).

Fibers were analyzed to evaluate maximum

water uptake or swelling, weight loss and

mechanical properties. Microstructure was

analyzed by a scanning electron microscope

(SEM). Pulping yield was 30%, and fibers

showed water uptake capacity around 60–73%.

The mass loss profile was about 25–26% in

30 days. Fibers obtained from commercial

cellulose and straw presented tenacity values

in the range of 4.1–4.3 cN/tex, which are

compatible with commercial lyocell produced

from wood pulp cellulose [Sirlene M. Costa*,

Priscila G. Mazzola, Juliana C.A.R. Silva,

Richard Pahl, Adalberto Pessoa Jr. and Silgia A.

Costa (School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities,

Textile and Fashion Course, University of São

Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio, 1000, Parque

Ecológico do Tietê, Ermelino Matarazzo, CEP:

03828-080 São Paulo, SP, Brazil), Industrial

Crops and Products, 2013, 42, 189-194].


20

FOOD (incl. Dairy, Fishery, Poultry

and other Plant and Animal products)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-032 Effect of extrusion

conditions on physicochemical and sensorial

properties of corn-broad beans (Vicia faba)

spaghetti type pasta

Corn-broad bean spaghetti type pasta was

made with a corn/broad bean flour blend in a

70:30 ratio, through an extrusion-cooking process

(Brabender 10 DN single-screw extruder with a

3:1 compression ratio). The effect of temperature

(T = 80, 90 and 100 °C) and moisture (M = 28%,

31% and 34%) on the extrusion responses

(specific consumption of mechanical energy and

pressure) and the quality of this pasta-like

product (expansion, cooking-related losses,

water absorption, firmness and stickiness) was

assessed. The structural changes of starch

were studied by means of DSC and XRD. The

extrusion-cooking process, at M = 28% and

T = 100 °C, is appropriate to obtain corn-broad

bean spaghetti-type pasta with high protein

and dietary fibre content and adequate quality.

The cooking characteristics and resistance

to overcooking depended on the degree of

gelatinisation and formation of amylose-lipid

complexes. The critical gelatinisation point was

46.55%; beyond that point, the quality of the

product declines [Giménez M.A.*, González,

R.J., Wagner, J., Torres, R., Lobo, M.O. and

Samman, N.C.(Departamento de Agroindustrias,

Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional

de Jujuy, Avenida Italia esq., Martiarena, 4600

Jujuy, Argentina), Food Chemistry, 2013, 136(2),

538-545].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-033 Functional components

of grape pomace: Their composition, biological

properties and potential applications (Review)

The roles of functional foods on human

health have been realised by more and more

researchers, food producers and consumers.

Functional food ingredients from both plant and

animal sources such as dietary fibre, soy protein

isolate, whey protein isolate and omega 3 fatty

acid have been widely used in functional food

product development. Many fruit processing

by-products such as grape, apple and orange

peels are rich in bioactive phytochemicals,

dietary fibre and unsaturated fatty acids, hence

have potential to serve as functional food

ingredients. In this review, we summarise recent

advancement of research in grape pomace (GP),

the residual of grapes after wine making. The

polyphenol profile of GP and their biological,

antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the

stability of GP polyphenols in food system,

the interaction between GP polyphenol and other

food ingredients, as well as the functionalities

of grape seed oil and GP fibre are covered

[Yu, J. and Ahmedna, M. (Department of Family

and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina A and

T State University, 1601 East Market Street,

Greensboro, NC 27411, United States),

International Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 2013, 48(2), 221-237].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-034 Kinetics of ascorbic

acid degradation in fruit-based infant foods

during storage

The kinetics of ascorbic acid (AA)

degradation in a fruit-based beikost product

added with AA were determined after storage

at 4, 25, 37 and 50°C during 4, 8, 12, 16 and

32 weeks in plastic polypropylene/ethylene-vinyl

alcohol vacuum packaging. It was confirmed that

AA degradation followed an Arrhenius first-order

kinetics, with an activation energy of 20.11 ±

0.33 kcal mol-1

. No AA losses at 4°C were

recorded during the entire storage period. In

contrast, a time- and temperature-dependent

decrease (p < 0.05) in AA was observed at the

other tested temperatures-the degradation rate

decreasing from 50°C to 25°C, as expected.

AA percentage retention at the end of storage

ranged between 6.4% (50°C/16 weeks) and

100.9% (4°C/32 weeks) [Bosch, V.*, Cilla, A.,

García-Llatas, G., Gilabert, V., Boix, R. and

FOOD

21

Alegría, A. (Nutrition and Food Science Area,

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia,

Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100

Burjassot, Valencia, Spain), Journal of Food

Engineering, 2013, 116(2), 298-303].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-035 Experimental

measurement of physical pressure in foods

during frying

Two important factors affecting the oil

uptake in foods during deep fat frying are water

content and pressure development. In the past

frying studies, the physical pressure has not been

measured experimentally but was calculated

using computer models, which has resulted in

disagreements about its magnitude. The present

study tries to explain the complex mass transfer

mechanisms taking place during deep fat frying

with respect to real time pressure variations

inside potato discs and chicken nuggets. Frying

experiments were performed at two temperatures

of 175 °C and 190 °C for 200 and 240 s for

potato discs and chicken nuggets, respectively.

The gage pressure increased rapidly above the

atmospheric pressure immediately after the

samples were introduced into the hot oil. The rise

in pressure was greater in potato discs with

greater initial moisture content. This was

expected due to sudden moisture flash-off. As

frying progressed, the temperature inside the

samples increased whereas the gage pressure

started decreasing and became negative. The

onset of negative pressure was observed during

initial stages of frying for chicken nuggets,

but in the middle of frying for potato discs.

The negative pressure values before the product

is taken outside the fryer may cause increased

oil uptake during frying itself. During the post

frying cooling, the pressure further decreased

and reached negative values. The negative

pressure is expected to have caused rapid

absorption of surface oil during both frying

and cooling stages [Sandhu, J., Bansal, H. and

Takhar, P.S. (Department of Food Science and

Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-

Champaign, IL 61801, United States), Journal of

Food Engineering, 2013, 115(2), 272-277].


22

FRUITS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-036 Pomegranate: A fruit

that ameliorates metabolic syndrome (Review)

Pomegranate is an ancient fruit that is still

part of the diet in the Mediterranean area, the

Middle East, and India. Health-promoting effects

have long been attributed to this fruit. Modern

research corroborates the use of pomegranate

as a folk remedy for diabetes and metabolic

syndrome, and is responsible for a new

evaluation of nutritional and pharmaceutical

aspects of pomegranate in the general public.

In the last decade, industry and agricultural

production have been adapted to meet higher

market demands for pomegranate. In vivo and in

vitro studies have demonstrated that pomegranate

exerts hypoglycaemic effects, including increased

insulin sensitivity, inhibition of α-glucosidase,

and impact on glucose transporter type 4

function, but is also responsible for a reduction of

total cholesterol, and the improvement of blood

lipid profiles, as well as anti-inflammatory

effects through the modulation of peroxisome

proliferator-activated receptor pathways. These

effects may also explain how pomegranate-

derived compounds function in the amelioration

of adverse health effects caused by metabolic

syndrome. Pomegranate contains polyphenols

such as ellagitannins and anthocyanins, as well

as phenolic acids, fatty acids and a variety

of volatile compounds. Ellagitannins are some

of the most prevalent compounds present in

pomegranate and may be responsible for

certain benevolent characteristics associated

with pomegranate. A brief overview of

rising health problems due to obesity will be

provided, followed by characterisation of

the biological activity, bioavailability and

safety of pomegranate and pomegranate-derived

compounds. Although the fruit is consumed in

many countries, epidemiological and clinical

studies are unavailable. Additional research is

necessary to corroborate the promise of current in

vivo and in vitro findings [Medjakovic, S., and

Jungbauer, A. (Department of Biotechnology,

Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of Receptor

Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources

and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190

Vienna, Austria) , Food and Function, 2013,

4(1), 19-39].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-037 Effect of different

packaging materials and storage intervals on

physical and biochemical characteristics of pear

The fruits of semi-soft pear (Pyrus

communis) cv. Punjab Beauty harvested at

physiologically mature stage in 3rd week of July

were packed in corrugated fiberboard boxes

(CFB) with low density polyethylene (LDPE)

liners, CFB with high density polyethylene

(HDPE) liners, crates with LDPE liners, crates

with HDPE liners, CFB, crates and wooden

boxes and stored in walk-in-cool chamber at 0-1

°C and 90-95% RH. The fruits were analyzed

after 30, 45, 60 and 75 days for physiological loss

in weight (PLW), fruit firmness, core browning,

spoilage, total soluble solids (TSS), juice acidity

and sensory quality. The PLW was maximum in

crates while the spoilage was maximum in fruits

packed in wooden boxes. Core browning was

more in fruits packed in crates and CFB boxes

with LDPE liners while minimum was in fruits

packed in CFB boxes. However, core browning

did not occur up to 45 days of storage in any of

the package. Fruits packed in CFB boxes with

HDPE liners effectively reduced the weight loss,

spoilage and retained acceptable firmness up to

75 days of storage with maximum edible quality.

TSS and sugars were maximum in fruits packed

in wooden boxes while the acidity was maximum

in CFB boxes with HDPE liners. The fruits in

CFB boxes with HDPE liners maintained the

perfect balance between sugars and acids up to 75

days of storage [Kaur, K.*, Dhillon, W.S., and

Mahajan, B.V.C. (Department of Horticulture,

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141

004 Punjab, India), Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 2013, 50(1), 147-152]

FRUITS

23

NPARR 4(1), 2013-038 Formulation and

acceptability of foam mat dried seabuckthorn

(Hippophae salicifolia) leather

Technology for utilization of

seabuckthorn berries for preparation of fruit

leather/bar was optimized by modifying the

foam mat drying technique. The conversion

of seabuckthorn juice/pulp into foam was

standardized by whipping the pulp after addition

of CMC @ 0-3% at 5 °C and drying the resultant

foam in dehydrator (55±2 °C) to a moisture

content of about 12-14%. The fruit bar prepared

from sulphited juice/pulp wrapped in a butter

paper followed by packing in polyethylene

pouches (20 g) and stored at ambient temperature

(14.6-26.1 °C) experienced least changes

in quality attributes like ascorbic acid (1045.7

mg/100 g vs 997.5 mg/100 g) and carotenoids

(80.4 mg/100 g vs 72.3 mg/100 g) as compared to

the leather made from the unsulphited pulp.

Storage studies indicate that fruit bars are mildly

hygroscopic (0.46-0.65) and can be stored within

the RH of 46-65% at room temperature [Kaushal,

M.*, Sharma, P.C. and Sharma, R. (Department

of Postharvest Technology, Dr YS Parmar

University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni

Solan 1732 30 HP, India) , Journal of Food

Science and Technology, 2013, 50(1), 78-85].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-039 Drying characteristics

of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruit bar

and economic evaluation of market potential

of the enterprise

An experiment was conducted to study

the drying characteristics of wild apricot (Prunus

armeniaca L.) fruit bar and evaluation of the

economic feasibility of the enterprise. Wild

apricot fruits were harvested at optimum maturity

from Distt Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand and after

thorough sorting and proper washing, used for

hot extraction of pulp through a pulper. Pulp was

preserved in 500 ppm SO2. Wild apricot fruit bar

was prepared by pre-standardized recipe using

wild apricot pulp + 60 % sugar + 0.30 % pectin

and drying the mixture in a mechanical

dehydrator at 55 ± 2°C for 6 hours. Dried fruit

bar sheets were cut into rectangular shapes

(1.0×1.5 in2) using a stainless steel knife and

wrapped in polythene paper. Results on the

drying rate indicate that for preparation of fruit

bar we can dry the mixture of pulp, sugar and

pectin within six hours in a mechanical

dehydrator after boiling for 20 min over the

flame. It was also observed that most of the

moisture loss occurs during the process of

heating / boiling over the flame and the product

stabilizes and sets into a bar during mechanical

dehydration with only small percentage of

moisture loss. The mass balance thus indicates

that about 9.11 kg of wild apricot fruit bar is

obtained from 10 kg of pulp. The economic

indicators such as B/C (3.55), PBP (1.68 years),

IRR (55.4%) revealed the sound financial

position of wild apricot fruit bar production unit

and hence existing (fruit processing unit) as well

as potential entrepreneurs in various hill states of

India including Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh,

Jammu and Kashmir etc. can enter into this

venture [Sharma, S.K*, Chaudhary, S.P., Dixit,

A.K., Rao, V.K., Yadav, V.K and Bisht, T.S. (G

B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology

Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal,

Uttarakhand 249 199, India), Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 83(3), 321-325].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-040 Enhancing shelf life of

litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit through

integrated approach of surface coating and

gamma irradiation

India and China account for 91% of the

world's litchi (Litchi chinensis) production.

Although India is the second largest producer of

litchi, its contribution to export is insignificant.

Litchi being non-climacteric fruit possesses poor

shelf life and fruit quality declines rapidly after

harvest. Present investigation was an attempt to

enhance shelf life of litchi fruit var. rose scented

with integrated treatments of 1% NaCl solution,

2% wax solution and gamma radiation. Out of all,


24

1% NaCl coated+irradiated samples, proved out

to be the best with enhanced shelf life of 24 days

at 4°C (shelf life at ambient temperature

without any treatment being 3-4 days). Various

biochemical parameters were tested and

organoleptic evaluation was done to judge the

acceptability of the stored litchi samples. TSS,

vitamin C, total & reducing sugar content was

found in range of 14.17-15.42°Bx; 35.67-57.88.

mg/100 gm pulp weight, 12.44-14.06% and 9.41-

11.91%. Organoleptic evaluation for different

parameters ranged from 5.92 to 7.72 (fair-good)

at 24th day of storage. Radiation dose of 1 kGy

was found to be the only effective dose in which

enhanced shelf life was achieved without

any deterioration of various quality attributes

[Pandey, N.*, Joshi, S.K., Singh, C.P., Kumar,

S., Rajput, S. and Khandal, R.K. (Department

of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of

Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S.

Nagar, Uttarakhand, India), Radiation Physics

and Chemistry, 2013, 85, 197-203].

FUEL

25

FUEL (incl. Biogas, Biodiesel, Biomass

energy, Ethanol etc.)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-041 Biogas production

potential of pungam oil cake

The use of biomass as an energy source is

an issue of great importance, as it constitutes part

of an alternative solution for the replacement of

fossil fuels. Biomass includes energy obtained

from fuel wood, charcoal and energy crop

like sugarcane, sweet sorghum, oil seeds like

jatropha, pungam, etc., besides agricultural and

forestry residues. These resources are utilized to

produce heat, steam, biogas, ethanol, biodiesel

and electricity. In this paper, studies have been

made to study the characteristics of Pongamia

pinnata oil cake, to study the biogas production

potential from Pongamia pinnata oil cake. These

parameters have been analysed in the laboratory

by repeated experiments [Kumar, D*, Swarnkar,

N.K. and Vijayakumary, P. (Department of

Farm Machinery and Bio-energy, Agricultural

Engineering College and research Institute,

Kumulur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India)

International Journal of ChemTech Research,

2013, 5(2), 741-746].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-042 Identification of

chemical composition of biodiesel from

Tabernaemontana divaricata seed oil

Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn. oil

was extracted and transesterification was carried

out using methanol as the solvent in presence

of a catalyst to produce biodiesel. Fatty

acid methyl esters in biodiesel prepared from

Tabernaemontana divaricata seed oil was

analyzed by IR, NMR and GC-MS. The

composition of the biodiesel is estimated as

27. 0 wt. % methyl palmitate (C16: 0), 10. 54 wt.

% methyl linoleate (C18: 2), 56. 23 wt. % methyl

oleate (C18: 1) and 6. 20 wt. % methyl stearate

(C18: 0) [Basumatary, S.*, Barua, P. and Deka,

D.C. (Department of Chemistry, Bineswar

Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar, Assam,

India), Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical

Research, 2013, 5(1), 172-179].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-043 Alkali transesterification

of linseed oil for biodiesel production

The use of renewable vegetable oils

derived from plant seeds has gained attention

worldwide due to soaring petroleum-crude

prices. Physical and/or chemical transformations

are used to improve the vegetable oil properties

to make it compatible for use in existing

engines. Transesterification process reduces the

poly-unsaturation of these vegetable oils which

results in diesel like fuel (biodiesel). Alkali-

catalyzed transesterification is most commonly

used process for oils with low free fatty acids

and low moisture content. In this study, the

kinetics and simulation of alkali-catalyzed

transesterification of linseed oil in a batch

reactor is reported. The effects of temperature,

catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of

methanol to triglyceride were investigated

experimentally. The equilibrium conversions of

triglycerides were observed to be in the range of

88-96%. The equilibrium conversions were

achieved within 40 min in all experiments.

Increasing the temperature and molar ratio

increased the equilibrium conversions; while

catalyst concentration had no significant

effect. A reversible kinetic model was applied to

the observed conversion data. Model parameters

for forward and backward reactions were

estimated and optimized. Various simulations

were also carried out at different conditions to

show that beyond a critical molar ratio no

significant effect on transesterification kinetics

was observed. Characterization of biodiesel

produced from linseed oil showed similar

properties to mineral diesel [Kumar R., Tiwari,

P., and Garg, S. (Department of Chemical

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kanpur, UP 208016, India), Fuel, 2013, 104,

553-560].


26

NPARR 4(1), 2013-044 Use of different extracts

of coffee pulp for the production of bioethanol

Coffee is one of the most important

agricultural products in Brazil. More than 50 %

of the coffee fruit is not used for the production

of commercial green coffee and is therefore

discarded, usually ending up in the environment.

The goal of this work was to select an efficient

process for obtaining coffee pulp extract and to

evaluate the use of this extract in bioethanol

production. The effects of heat treatment and

trituration on the yield and composition of the

extract were investigated by measuring the

amounts of reducing sugars, starch, pectin, and

phenolic compounds. The extraction process was

most efficient at room temperature using grinding

followed by pressing. Five different fermentation

media were tested: sugarcane juice or molasses

diluted with water or with coffee pulp extract and

a medium with only coffee pulp extract. Batch

fermentations were carried out at 30 C for 24 h,

and samples were taken to obtain measurements

of the total reducing sugars, cell count, and

ethanol concentration. The addition of coffee

pulp extract did not influence the fermentation or

yeast viability, and it can thus be mixed with

sugarcane juice or molasses for the production of

bioethanol, with a yield of approximately 70 g/L.

[Menezes, E.G.T.*, Do Carmo, J.R.,Menezes,

A.G.T.,Alves, J.G.L.F.,Pimenta, C.J. and

Queiroz, F. (Departamento de Ciência Dos

Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras,

Lavras MG, Brazil ), Applied Biochemistry and

Biotechnology, 2013, 169(2), 673-687].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-045 Integration of pulp and

paper technology with bioethanol production

Despite decades of work and billions of

dollars of investments in laboratory and pilot

plant projects, commercial production of

cellulosic ethanol is only now beginning to

emerge. Because of: (1)high technical risk

coupled with; (2) high capital investment cost

relative to ethanol product value, investors have

not been able to justify moving forward with

large scale projects on woody biomass.

Both issues have been addressed by targeting

pulp and paper industry processes for application

in bioethanol production, in Greenfield,

Repurpose and Co-Location scenarios. Processes

commercially proven in hundreds of mills

for many decades have been tailored to the

recalcitrance of the biomass available.

Economically feasible cellulosic bioethanol can

be produced in Greenfield application with

hardwoods, but not softwoods, using kraft mill

equipment. Both types of wood species can

profitably produce ethanol when kraft mill or

newsprint assets are Repurposed to a biorefinery.

A third situation which can generate high

financial returns is where excess kraft pulp is

available at a mill which has no excess drying

capacity. Each scenario is supported by

laboratory simulation, engineering and financial

analysis. While pretreatment is critical to

providing access of the biomass to enzymes,

capital investment per unit of ethanol produced

can be attractive, even if ethanol yield is modest.

Conclusions: Three guiding principles result in

attractive economics: (1) re-use existing assets to

the maximum extent; (2) keep the process as

simple as possible; (3) match the recalcitrance of

the biomass with the severity of the pretreatment

[Phillips, R.B. , Jameel, H. and Chang, H.M.

(Department of Forest Biomaterials, North

Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh,

NC 27695-8005, United States), Biotechnology

for Biofuels, 2013, 6(1), 2013].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-046 Waste paper sludge as a

potential biomass for bio-ethanol production

(Review)

This review describes the utilization of

paper sludge (PS), which is waste from the pulp

and paper industry. Its advantages make PS the

cellulosic biomass with the most potential for

bio-refinery research and applicable for industrial

scale. Some of the grain based biofuels and

chemicals have already been in commercial

FUEL

27

operation, including fuel ethanol or biochemical

products. Unfortunately, research and application

of PS are yet in their infancy and suffer from large

scale because of low productivity. Reviewing the

many researches that are working at the utilization

of PS for bio-refineries could encourage the

utilization of PS from laboratory research to be

applied in industry. For this reason, PS usage as

industrial raw material will be effective in solving

the environmental problems caused by PS with

clean technology. In addition, its conversion to

bio-ethanol could offer an alternative solution to

the energy crisis from fossil fuel. Two methods of

PS utilization as raw material for bio-ethanol

production are introduced. The simultaneous

saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using

cellulase produced by A. cellulolyticus and

thermotolerant S. cerevisiae TJ14 gave ethanol

yield 0. 208 (g ethanol/g PS organic material)

or 0. 051 (g ethanol/g PS). One pot bioethanol

production as a modified consolidated biomass

processing (CBP) technology gave ethanol yield 0.

19 (g ethanol/g Solka floc) and is considered to be

the practical CBP technology for its minimizing

process [Prasetyo, J.* and Park, E.Y. (Laboratory

of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and

Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya,

Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan), Korean

Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2013, 30(2),

253-261].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-047 Biofuel from plant

biomass (Review)

Plant biomass can be used for multiple

forms of bioenergy, and there is a very large

potential supply, depending on which global

assessment is most accurate in terms of land area

that could be available for biomass production.

The most suitable plant species must be identified

before the potential biomass production in a

particular region can be quantified. This in turn

depends on the degree of climatic adaptation by

those species. In the range of climates present in

New Zealand, biomass crop growth has less

restriction due to water deficit or low winter

temperature than in most world regions. Biomass

production for energy use in New Zealand would

be best utilised as transport fuel since 70 % of the

country's electricity generation is already

renewable, but nearly all of its transport fossil

fuel is imported. There is a good economic

development case for transport biofuel

production using waste streams and biomass

crops. This review identified the most suitable

crop species and assessed their production

potential for use within the climatic range present

in New Zealand. Information from published

work was used as a basis for selecting appropriate

crops in a 2-year selection and evaluation

process. Where there were knowledge gaps,

the location-specific selections were further

evaluated by field measurements. The data

presented have superseded much of the

speculative information on the suitability of

species for the potential development of a biofuel

industry in New Zealand [Kerckhoffs, H.* and

Renquist, R. (New Zealand Institute for Plant and

Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 1401, Havelock

North 4157, New Zealand), Agronomy for

Sustainable Development, 2013, 33(1), 1-19].


28

INSECTICIDES (incl. Fungicides,

Herbicides, Nematicides, Larvicides, etc.)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-048 Antifungal Activity and

Chemical Composition of Thyme, Peppermint

and Citronella Oils in Vapor Phase against

Avocado and Peach Postharvest Pathogens

The antifungal activity of three essential

oils thyme: (Thymus vulgaris L), peppermint,

(Mentha piperita L) and citronella (Cymbopogen

nardus); against two avocado postharvest fungal

pathogens: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

(anthracnose), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (stem-

end rot); and three peach pathogens: Monilinia

fructicola (brown rot), Rhizopus stolonifer

(Rhizopus rot) and Penicillium expensum

(blue mould rot), was assayed using a disc

volatilization method. In vitro study revealed that

in the vapor phase, thyme oil at 5µL/plate as

opposed to peppermint and citronella oils

completely inhibited the radial mycelia growth

of all five pathogens. gas chromatograph/mass

spectrometry analysis showed thymol (58.77%),

menthol (46.45%) and R (+) citronellal (27.59%)

as the major compounds in thyme, peppermint

and citronella oils, respectively. Thyme oil vapor

showed a fungicidal effect on C. gloeosporioides,

L. theobromae and R. stolonifer at 5µL/plate.

Thyme oil vapor at 66.7µL/L significantly

reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot in

artificially wounded and infected fruit. Therefore,

these results suggest that thyme oil vapors could

be used as alternate natural fungicide to control

the common postharvest diseases in avocado.

Growers and suppliers of fresh produce are faced

with the challenge of providing consumers with

products that are attractive, free from disease,

defects and toxic residues, and with longer shelf

or storage life. The strict regulations enforced by

the fresh produce-importing countries regarding

the minimum pesticide residue levels in the

edible portion of the fresh produce, increasing

resistance to synthetic fungicides by fungal

pathogens, waste disposal of fungicides and

growing concerns to lower the associated

environmental footprint have necessitated the

search for a natural novel fungicide to replace

synthetic fungicide applications in the packing

line as postharvest treatment. Consumer

preference to organic fresh produce is

increasingly becoming popular in developed

countries. On the other hand, synthetic fungicide

applications are expensive for small-scale

farmers from developing countries. Therefore,

considering all the reasons mentioned earlier, the

results of our study provide a novel practical tool

using thyme oil vapors to reduce losses because

of postharvest diseases in avocado, and thus

ensuring safe food [Sellamuthu, P.S.*,

Sivakumar, D. and Soundy, P. (Postharvest

Technology Group, Department of Crop

Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology,

Pretoria 0001, South Africa), Journal of Food

Safety, 2013, 33(1), 86-93].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-049 Antifungal activity of

different extracts of Chenopodium album

against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, the

cause of onion basal rot

Antifungal potential of different parts of

Chenopodium album L. was examined against

Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend. f. sp. cepae

(Hans.) Snyder and Hansen, the cause of basal rot

disease of onion (Allium cepa L.). In screening

bioassays, the effect of different concentrations

(0.5, 1.0, 3.0%) of methanolic leaf, stem, root

and inflorescence extracts of C. album was

investigated. Extracts of different parts of the test

plant species showed variable antifungal activity.

The highest antifungal activity was exhibited

by inflorescence extract. Different concentrations

of this extract suppressed fungal growth by

24-80%. Methanolic inflorescence extract

was successively extracted with n-hexane,

chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The

highest antifungal activity was shown by ethyl

acetate fraction resulting in 68-100% reduction

in fungal biomass. From ethyl acetate fraction,

three unknown compounds viz. A, B and C were

isolated through thin layer chromatography

INSECTICIDES

29

(TLC). TLC fraction A exhibited the highest

antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory

concentration (MIC) of 250 µg mL-1. Thus,

antifungal constituents of ethyl acetate fraction of

methanolic inflorescence extract of C. album can

be used as natural fungicides for the management

of basal plate rot of onion [Rauf, S. * and Javaid,

A. (Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University

of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan) International

Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2013, 15(2),

367-371].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-050 Purification, stability

and antifungal activity of verbascoside from

Lippia javanica and Lantana camara leaf

extracts

The biological properties of verbascoside

are numerous and include antimicrobial activities.

As part of a drive to identify alternatives

to synthetic fungicides for crop protection, this

study was aimed at investigating methods of

preparing verbascoside-rich plant extracts from

viable sources of the compound and monitoring

its stability under various conditions. Leaf

extracts of Lippia javanica Spreng. and Lantana

camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) were partially

purified using column chromatography and high

speed centrifugal countercurrent chromatography,

the latter yielding fractions with higher

purity (71%) than those from a single column

chromatographic separation (38-44% pure).

Verbascoside remained stable upon heating, but

was completely decomposed after four hours

exposure of the extract to sunlight. Compared to

the other storage conditions, the compound was

best preserved in a dry form in the dark. Analysis

by high performance liquid chromatography

revealed that the verbascoside content of plant

parts of L. camara from natural populations

was highly variable, both within and between

populations. However, several specimens

produced high levels of the compound

(Hazyview: Plant 3 (83.0. mg/g dry weight),

Magoebaskloof 2: Plant 5 (64.8. mg/g) and White

River: Plant 2 (64.0. mg/g)), suggesting that

L. camara is an excellent source of verbascoside.

Extracts of the plant displayed effective in vivo

inhibition of Penicillium digitatum on oranges

[Oyourou, J.-N., Combrinck, S., Regnier, T. and

Marston, A. (Department of Chemistry, Tshwane

University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa ), Industrial Crops and Products,

2013, 43(1), 820-826].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-051 Cadinene sesquiterpenes

from Eupatorium adenophorum and their

antifungal activity

Bioactive constituents of Eupatorium

adenophorum were investigated for antifungal

activity. A structure-antifungal activity

relationship of cadinene sesquiterpenes was

predicted by evaluating individual derivatives.

Cadinene derivatives were extracted from leaves

of Eupatorium adenophorum using ethyl acetate.

Five cadinene sesquiterpenes were isolated

by column chromatography and Preparative Thin

Layer Chromatography. Bioactivity of these

cadinene sesquiterpenes were evaluated in vitro

against four phytopathogenic fungi using

poison food technique. Purified sesquiterpenes

were spectroscopically elucidated as cadinan-

3-ene-2,7-dione (1), 7-hydroxycadinan-3-ene-2-

one (2), 5,6-dihydroxycadinan-3-ene-2,7-dione

(3), cadinan-3,6-diene-2,7-dione (4) and 2-acetyl-

cadinan-3,6-diene-7-one (5). Antifungal evaluation

of these compounds against pathogenic fungi

was found to be selective. Compound 1

was highly inhibitory towards S. rolfsii

(ED50 181.60 ± 0.58 µgmL-1

) and R. solani

(ED50 189.74 ± 1.03 µgmL-1

). Availability of

plant material and significant antifungal activity

makes the plant a potential source of antifungal

agent and that can be exploited for the

development of a natural fungicide [Kundu, A.*,

Saha, S., Walia, S.,Shakil, N.A., Kumar, J.,

Annapurna, K. (Division of Agricultural

Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research

Institute, New Delhi, India) , Journal of

Environmental Science and Health - Part B

Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural

Wastes, 2013, 48 (6), 516-522].


30

NPARR 4(1), 2013-052 In vitro pediculicidal

activity of herbal shampoo base on Thai local

plants against head louse (Pediculus humanus

capitis de Geer)

Head lice infestation, a worldwide head

infestation caused Pediculus humanus capitis De

Geer, is an important public health problem in

Thailand. Several chemical pediculicides have

lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of lice

against insecticide. Therefore, non-toxic

alternative products, such as natural products

from plants, e.g. plant extract pediculicides, are

needed for head lice control. The aims of this

study were to evaluate the potential of

pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo base on

three species of Thai local plants (Acacia

concinna (Willd.) DC, Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.

and Tamarindus indica Linn.) against head lice

and to compare them with carbaryl shampoo

(Hafif shampoo®; 0.6 % w/v carbaryl) and non-

treatment control in order to assess their in vitro.

Doses of 0.12 and 0.25 ml/cm 2 of each herbal

shampoo were applied to filter paper, and ten

head lice were place on the filter paper. The

mortalities of head lice on the filter paper were

recorded at 1, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min by sterio-

microscope. All herbal shampoos at 0.25 ml/cm2

were more effective pediculicide than carbaryl

shampoo with 100 % mortality at 5 min. The

median lethal time (LT 50) of all herbal shampoos

at 0.25 ml/cm2 showed no significant differences

over at 0.12 ml/cm2 (P < 0.01). The most

effective pediculicide was T. indica extract

shampoo, followed by Av. bilimbi extract

shampoo and Ac. concinna extract shampoo, with

LT50 values <1.0 min. Our data showed that all

herbal shampoos have high potential of

pediculicide to head lice treatments for

schoolchildren [Rassami, W*. and Soonwera, M.

(Entomology and Environment Programme,

Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King

Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,

Ladkrabang Bangkok, Thailand ), Parasitology

Research , 2013, 112(4), 1411-1416]

MANURE/FERTILIZERS

31

MANURE/FERTILIZERS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-053 Long-term impacts of

manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars

in a silty clay loam soil under temperate

conditions

There is increasing evidence that

microorganisms participate in soil C

sequestration and stabilization in the form of

resistant microbial residues. The type of

fertilizers influences microbial activity and

community composition; however, little is known

about its effect on the microbial residues and

their relative contribution to soil C storage. The

aim of this study was to investigate the long-term

impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments

(chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic

manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay

loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy).

Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence

and origin of microbial residues. The five

treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK,

chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS1, NPK plus crop

straw; NPKS2, NPK plus double amounts of

straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-

term application of inorganic fertilizers and

organic amendments increased the total amino

sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared

with the control; and this effect was more evident

in the plots that continuously received pig

manure (P< 0.05). The increase in total amino

sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-

treated plots than the NPKM. These results

indicate that the accumulation of soil amino

sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic

fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino

sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was

differentially influenced by the various fertilizer

treatments, with a preferential accumulation of

bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with

fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil

[Xueli Ding*, Xiaozeng Han and Xudong Zhang

(Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology,

Northeast Institute of Geography and

Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Harbin, 150081, People’s Republic of China),

Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2013].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-054 Green manuring, mustard

residue recycling and fertilizer application affects

productivity and sustainability of Indian mustard

(Brassica juncea L.) in Indian semi-arid tropics

An experiment was conducted for

five-years (2005–06 to 2009–10) to evaluate

the impact of Sesbania green-manuring (GM),

mustard-residue recycling and fertilizers on

soil health and productivity of Indian mustard

under fallow–mustard sequence. Sesbania

(GM) significantly increased SOC, carbon-

sequestration-potential rate, infiltration rate,

available NPK status but decreased bulk

density. Supplementing mustard-residue

recycling 2.5 t ha−1

further improved the soil

quality attributes significantly. The increase in

fertilizer from N40P8.7K0 to N80P17.4K33.3 also

improved the soil attributes gradually. This

improvement in soil properties due to Sesbania

(GM) and mustard-residue recycling significantly

influenced plant height, branches/plant,

siliquae/plant, seeds/siliqua and ultimately seed

and oil yield compared to existing fallow–

mustard practice. The mustard seed yield was

increased by 42.3% due to Sesbania (GM) and by

63.9% due to supplementary mustard residue

recycling in five years. Increase in fertilizers

levels from N40 to N80 and P8.7 to P17.4

significantly improved mustard yield attributes,

seed and oil yield while results of K application

was inconsistent. The combined application of

N80P17.4K33.3 synergistically increased the seed

yield by 82.1% over N40P8.7K0. Sustainability

yield index, partial factor productivity,

production efficiency and incremental benefit

cost ratio also showed significant improvement

due to Sesbania (GM), mustard-residue recycling

and judicious fertilizer use [O.P. Premi*, B.K.

Kandpal, S.S. Rathore, Kapila Shekhawat, J.S.

Chauhan (Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard

Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan,

India), Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 41,

423-429].


32

NPARR 4(1), 2013-055 Integrated biological

treatment of fowl manure for nitrogen

recovery and reuse

Biowaste such as animal manure poses

an environmental threat, due to among

others, uncontrolled emissions of ammonia and

additional hazardous gases to the atmosphere.

This study presents a quantitative analysis

of an alternative biowaste management approach

aimed at nitrogen recovery and reduction of

contamination risks. The suggested technology

combines anaerobic digestion of nitrogen-rich

biowaste with biofiltration of the resulting

gaseous ammonia. A compost-based biofilter

is used to capture the ammonia and convert it to

nitrate by nitrifying microorganisms. Nitrogen

mass balance was applied to quantify the system's

capacity under various fowl manure-loading

regimes and ammonia loading rates. The

produced nitrate was recovered and its use as

liquid fertilizer was evaluated with cucumber

plant as a model crop. In addition, emissions

of other hazardous gases (N2O, CH4 and H2S)

were monitored before and after biofiltration to

evaluate the efficiency of the system for treating

these gases. It was found that nitrate-rich liquid

fertilizer can be continuously produced using the

suggested approach, with an over 67 percentage

of nitrogen recovery, under an ammonia loading

rate of up to 40 g NH3 per cubic meter biofilter

per hour. Complete elimination of NH3, H2S,

CH4 and N2O was achieved, demonstrating

the potential of the suggested technology for

mitigating emission of these gases from fowl

manure. Moreover, the quality of the recovered

fertilizer was demonstrated by higher yield

performance of cucumber plant compared

with control plants treated with a commonly

applied organic liquid fertilizer [Roy Posmanik*,

Ali Nejidat, Boaz Bar-Sinay, and Amit Gross

(Albert Katz International School for

Desert Studies, Department of Environmental

Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg

Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein

Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion

University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus,

84990, Israel), Journal of Environmental

Management, 2013, 117, 172-179].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-056 Use of compost

supplemented human urine in sweet pepper

(Capsicum annuum L.) production

Human urine, rich in plant nutrients, is a

readily available fertilizer but limited information

is available about the best use of human urine in

crop production. A field experiment was carried

out in Kathmandu, Nepal during the year 2011 to

evaluate the fertilizer value of human urine in

different combination and compare the value

with compost, urea and their combinations based

on plant performance. The experiment was laid

out in Randomized complete block design

(RCBD) consisting of eight treatments with three

replications. Each treatment was fixed to a supply

of 100kg N ha−1

. California Wonder, a popular

open pollinated sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum

L.) variety was selected as an experimental crop.

The highest plant height (54.7 cm), number of

fruits per plant (9.1), and fruit yield per plant

(553.9 g/plant) were recorded with the plants

fertilized with human urine in combination with

compost. Human urine supplemented with 50 kg

PK/ha gave highest fruit weight (67.2g) and fruit

diameter (5.5 cm). Plants fertilized with the

combination of human urine and compost showed

better growth and yield compared to the

application of fertilizer sources alone. The results

indicated that the human urine performs better

when used in combination with compost, and can

be used as a promising fertilizer source in sweet

pepper production [Debendra Shrestha*, Arvind

Srivastava, Shanta Man Shakya, Janardan

Khadka and Bharat Sharma Acharya (Department

of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture and

Animal Science, Chitwan, Nepal), Scientia

Horticulturae, 2013, 153, 8-12].

OILS/FATS

33

OILS/FATS (incl. Edible oils, Butter)

NPARR 4(1), 2013-057 Antioxidant activity of

sesamin in canola oil

The present study presents the

antioxidant activity of sesamin in canola oil

compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene

(BHT) by monitoring the oxygen consumption

and the decrease in linoleic acid and α-linolenic

acid. The oxidation of canola oil was conducted

at 35, 60, 90, 120 and 180°C with addition

of 50-400 ppm sesamin. Results from the

oxygen consumption test showed that sesamin

dose-dependently inhibited the oxidation of

canola oil at concentrations of 50-200 ppm at

temperatures of 60-180°C, however, sesamin

lost its antioxidant activity at a low temperature

of 35°C. The fatty acid analysis also

demonstrated that sesamin at 50, 100 and

200 ppm dose-dependently prevented the

oxidation of linoleic acid and α-linolenic

acid in canola oil. Both the oxygen consumption

and the fatty acid analysis demonstrated

sesamin was less effective than BHT as an

antioxidant at temperatures of 60-180 °C. It was

therefore concluded that sesamin could prevent

the lipid oxidation of frying fats and oil,

however, its antioxidant activity was not as

potent as that of BHT [Si, W*., Xie, P.F., Ma,

K.Y., Liang, Y, Wang, X.B., Chung, H.Y. and

Chen, Z.-Y. (Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of

Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China), JAOCS,

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society,

2013, 90(4), 511-516].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-058 A new method for the

estimation of olive oil healthfulness

Several epidemiological studies have

shown that the traditional Mediterranean diet

is associated with a lower incidence

of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease,

neurodegenerative diseases, and certain kinds

of cancer. These appreciable health-promoting

properties have been partially correlated with

the regular consumption of extra virgin olive oil

as the principal source of fat. Olive oil is

the most famous agricultural product in the

Mediterranean, with a history as old as that

region's civilization. Olive fruits and olive oil

not only are delicious but also have been

considered as medicines since ancient times

[Karkoula, E.*, Melliou, E.

and Magiatis, P.

(Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural

Products Chemistry, University of Athens,

Greece), International News on Fats, Oils and

Related Materials, 2013, 24(4), 266-270].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-059 Health effects of olive

oil polyphenols: Recent advances and

possibilities for the use of health claims

(Review)

The Mediterranean diet and consumption

of olive oil have been connected in several

studies with longevity and a reduced risk of

morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle, such as

regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and

the existing social cohesion in Southern

European countries have been recognised as

candidate protective factors that may explain

the Mediterranean Paradox. Along with some

other characteristics of the Mediterranean diet,

the use of olive oil as the main source of

fat is common in Southern European countries.

The benefits of consuming olive oil have been

known since antiquity and were traditionally

attributed to its high content in oleic acid.

However, it is now well established that

these effects must also be attributed to the

phenolic fraction of olive oil with its

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-

microbial activities. The mechanisms of

these activities are varied and probably

interconnected. For some activities of olive oil

phenolic compounds, the evidence is already

strong enough to enable the legal use of health

claims on foods. This review discusses the

health effects of olive oil phenols along with

the possibilities of communicating these effects


34

on food labels [Martín-Peláez, S*.,Covas,

M.I.,Fitó, M., Kušar, A. and Pravst, I.

(Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research

Group (CARIN), Research in Inflammatory and

Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), Barcelona,

Spain), Molecular Nutrition and Food Research,

2013, 57(5), 760-771].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-060 Seed oil and fatty acid

composition in Capsicum spp.

The oil content and fatty acid

composition of seed of 233 genebank accessions

(total) of nine Capsicum species, and a single

accession of Tubocapsicum anomalum, were

determined. The physicochemical characteristics

of oil extracted from seed of Capsicum annuum

and Capsicum baccatum were also examined.

Significant differences among mean values

for seed oil content were detected among the

cultivated Capsicum species. Oil content in seed

of C. annuum var. annuum was significantly

greater than that in seed of other cultivated

species. Capsicum pubescens had the lowest

average seed oil content. Among the non-

cultivated taxa examined, seed of Capsicum

galapagoense had the lowest oil content and

T. anomalum the highest. Averages across

the 5 cultivated taxa for the 4 principal fatty

acids were 12.9%, 3.4%, 6.7% and 76.0% for

C16:0 (palmitic), C18:0 (stearic), C18:1 (oleic)

and C18:2 (linoleic), respectively. Linoleic acid

was the principal fatty acid in all samples,

with a high value of 81% in Capsicum chinense.

Capsicum frutescens had the lowest percentage

of total unsaturated fatty acids and T. anomalum

the highest. In general, the oil content and

fatty acid composition of seed of the wild taxa

were similar to those of the cultivated species

[Jarret, R.L.*, Levy, I.J., Potter, T.L.,Cermak,

S.C. (USDA, ARS, PGRU, 1109 Experiment

Street, Griffin, GA 30224, United States),

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,

2013, 30(2), 102-108].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-061 Sitosterol as an

antioxidant in frying oils

The antioxidative effect of sitosterol at 1,

2 and 5% levels, in triolein, refined canola, high

oleic sunflower and flaxseed oils, continuously

heated for a period of up to 72 h at frying

temperature of 180 °C, was studied. High Pressure

Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC)

was used to monitor changes in peak areas of

triacylglycerol (TG) polymer, monomer and ester

hydrolysis products. The presence of enhanced

levels of sitosterol was found to significantly

decrease TG polymer formation in triolein and

the vegetable oil samples after heating at 180°C

for a period of 72 h. A corresponding increase in

the level of intact TG monomer and the extent of

TG ester hydrolysis was observed in all samples

with enhanced levels of sitosterol. Conversion of

sterol to steradiene, by the 1, 2 elimination of

water, may be responsible for the antioxidative

effect of sitosterol at frying temperatures

[Singh, A. (Department of Agricultural, Food

and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta,

410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton,

AB T6G 2P5, Canada), Food Chemistry, 2013,

137(1-4), 62-67]

NPARR 4(1), 2013-062 Potential use of extra

virgin olive oil in bakery products rich in fats:

A comparative study with refined oils

The lipid fraction of bakery products

undergoes a significant degradation during

baking, with an increase in undesirable oxidised

substances that can act as catalysts for further

oxidative reactions during storage reducing the

product shelf life. The use of extra virgin olive oil

in bakery products rich in fat in place of refined

oils was studied, assessing the evolution of the

oxidative and hydrolytic degradation during

storage. Two-way analysis of variance, followed

by Tukey's HSD test for multiple comparisons,

covariance and principal component analyses

were carried out to compare the effect of the

type of oils. The data obtained showed that the

OILS/FATS

35

evolution of the oxidation levels in the analysed

samples during storage was related to the type of

oil used in the production process. Particularly,

the use of extra virgin olive oil led to

significantly lower values of hydroperoxides,

ultraviolet absorption constants, triacylglycerol

oligopolymers and oxidised triacylglycerols

[Caponio, F., Giarnetti, M., Paradiso, V.M.,

Summo, C.,Gomes, T. (Dipartimento di Scienze

del Suolo, Della Pianta e degli Alimenti

(DISSPA), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo

Moro, Via Amendola, 165/a, I-70126 Bari, Italy),

International Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 2013, 48(1), 82-88].


36

PHYTOCHEMICALS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-063 Fruit cuticular waxes as

a source of biologically active triterpenoids

(Review)

The health benefits associated with a

diet rich in fruit and vegetables include reduction

of the risk of chronic diseases such as

cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer, that

are becoming prevalent in the aging human

population. Triterpenoids, polycyclic compounds

derived from the linear hydrocarbon squalene,

are widely distributed in edible and medicinal

plants and are an integral part of the human diet.

As an important group of phytochemicals that

exert numerous biological effects and display

various pharmacological activities, triterpenoids

are being evaluated for use in new functional

foods, drugs, cosmetics and healthcare products.

Screening plant material in the search for

triterpenoid-rich plant tissues has identified

fruit peel and especially fruit cuticular waxes

as promising and highly available sources. The

chemical composition, abundance and biological

activities of triterpenoids occurring in cuticular

waxes of some economically important fruits,

like apple, grape berry, olive, tomato and

others, are described in this review. The need

for environmentally valuable and potentially

profitable technologies for the recovery,

recycling and upgrading of residues from fruit

processing is also discussed [Szakiel, A.*,

Paczkowski,C., Pensec, F. and Bertsch, C.

(Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of

Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa

1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland), Phytochemistry

Reviews, 2012, 11(2-3), 263-284].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-064 Natural Products from

Marine Algae of the genus Osmundaria

(Rhodophyceae, Ceramiales) (Review)

The present work is a review of the

natural products isolated from red marine algae

of the genus Osmundaria (including Vidalia),

which intends to encompass their occurrence in

the species of this genus, the possible

synonymies, their geographic distribution, their

structural variety and their biological potential as

prototypes for the pharmaceutical industry and as

active principles of cosmetics. At the end, we

provide a table with these natural products and

their biological activities [Osako, K. and

Teixeira, V.L.*(Programa de Pós-Graduação em

Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia,

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói/Rio de

Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil) Natural Product

Communications , 2013, 8(4), 533-538].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-065 Estimation of total

phenol and in vitro antioxidant activity of

Albizia procera leaves

Research on natural products has gained a

wide popularity due to the potential of

discovering active compounds. The antioxidant

properties contained in plants have been proposed

as one of the mechanisms for the observed

beneficial effect. Therefore, the present study

investigated the antioxidant activity and total

phenolic contents of various solvent extracts of

Albizia procera leaves. Antioxidant activity of

the methanol extract and its derived fractions

petroleum ether (APP), carbon tetrachloride

(APC), dichloromethane (APD), ethyl acetate

(APE), and residual aqueous fraction (APA) of

the leaves of Albizia procera was performed

by in vitro chemical analyses. Total phenolic

content of the APM and other five fractions were

also determined. APM and its derived fractions

were also subjected to preliminary phytochemical

screening test for various constituents.

Phytochemical screening revealed the presence

of saponins, steroids, tannins, glycosides and

flavonoids in the extracts. Amongst the extracts,

APE showed the highest total phenolic content

(449.18 ± 18.41mg of gallic acid equivalent/g

of extract). In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-

picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging test, the

IC 50

value of APM, APP, APC, APD, APE and

APA was 43.43, 63.60, 166.18, 41.15, 11.79, and

63.06 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, among the

PHYTOCHEMICALS

37

APM and its derived fractions, APE showed the

highest antioxidant activity which is comparable

to that of standard ascorbic acid (AA) (IC50

10.12

µg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity was found

to be varied in different fractions. The reducing

activity on ferrous ion was ranked as APE > APD

> APM > APA > APC. The above evidences

suggest that APE of A. procera leaf is a potential

source of natural antioxidant and can be used to

prevent diseases associated with free radicals

[Khatoon, M.*, Islam, E., Islam, R., Rahman,

A.A., Alam, A.H.M.K., Khondkar, P., Rashid,

M.

and Parvin, S. (Department of Pharmacy,

University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205,

Bangladesh), BMC Research Notes, 2013, 6(1),

Article number121].


38

PULP/PAPER

NPARR 4(1), 2013-066 Production of low basis

weight material health diapers using refined

wheat straw pulp and poplar APMP

The paper introduced the manufacture

technologies of refined weight straw pulp and

poplar APMP, as well as the experience of the

production of low basis weight material health

diapers using the refined wheat straw pulp

and poplar APMP as raw materials [Zhou, Z.-P.

(Jiangsu Wuzhou (Xinda) Paper Industry Limited

Company, Xinyi, Jiangsu Province, 221400,

China), Chung-kuo Tsao Chih/China Pulp and

Paper, 2013, 32 (1), 71-73].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-067 Seasonal effect on the

chemical composition of the leaves of Stipa

tenacissima L. and implications for pulp

properties

Esparto (Stipa tenacissima) is a highly

fibrous herbaceous plant. In addition, the fiber

properties (suppleness, thinness, and cellulose

content) make this plant a valuable raw material

for papermaking in terms of both quality

and quantity. In Tunisia, esparto is the only

source of raw material for papermaking. In this

paper, the chemical characteristics (cellulose,

hemicelluloses, lignin, extractives, and ashes) of

esparto leaves are analyzed in relation to growing

conditions and plant biology. Four localized sites

in the Kasserine region (central Tunisia) are

examined. The chemical properties of esparto

fibers vary significantly with site and season. In

fall, esparto leaves contain more cellulose

(46.4%) than in other seasons. In winter, esparto

leaves have lower cellulose content (43.3%) and

higher extractive content. The pulp properties

across seasons indicate that pulp yield and

strength properties are superior when leaves

are harvested in fall [Belkhir, S.*, Koubaa, A.,

Khadhri, A., Ksontini, M., Nadji, H.,Smiti, S.

and Stevanovic, T. (University of El-Manar II,

Faculty of Sciences, Unity of Research of

Vegetal Ecology, Campus Academia, 2092

Tunis, Tunisia), Industrial Crops and Products,

2013, 44, 56-61].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-068 Fractionation of wheat

straw pulp in ultra-fine pressure screening

(Review)

Wheat straw is used as a raw material

in paper products, but some cell types of

heterogeneous wheat straw pulp are detrimental

to pulp processability and end use properties. The

aim of this study was to discover the fractionation

tendencies of various cell types in an ultra-fine

pressure screening. A cell-type categorization

based on an automatic optical fibre analysis was

used in the fractionation analysis. The shortest

epidermal and parenchyma cells and short fibrous

cells were concentrated into the fraction passing

the screen, whereas long fibrous cells and long

wide vessel elements and parenchyma cells were

retained preferentially in the fraction remaining

on the screen. The results also show that

the passage ratio is an important parameter in

predicting the fractionation tendency of wheat

straw pulp cells in such ultra-fine pressure

screening. It was shown that ultra-fine pressure

screening is a useful tool in producing fractions

with divergent cell types and cell properties

(Karjalainen, M.*, Ämmälä, A., Rousu, P. and

Niinimäki, J. (Fibre and Particle Engineering

Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland)

Appita Journal, 2013, 66(1), 73-79].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-069 Improving recycled

fibres in printing paper by application of an

in-situ CaCO3 formation method 2. Paper

properties (Review)

In a companion paper, it was shown that

the optical properties of recycled fibres such

as those from typical Korean white ledger can

be improved greatly by an in-situ CaCO3 process.

In this more detailed study, the effect of this

in-situ CaCO3 process on resultant handsheet

PULP/PAPER

39

properties has been compared with the effect

of a conventional precipitated calcium carbonate

with retention aid system. In-situ treatment of

the whole recycled pulp was also compared with

the effect of treating only a fines fraction of the

recycled pulp. Using the in-situ CaCO3 process

on the fines fraction gave better optical properties

than applying the in-situ CaCO3 process to

the whole furnish [Kim, J.J.*, Ahn, J.W., Lee,

M.W.,Kim, Y.W., Lee, J.K. and Seo, Y.B.

(Hansol Paper Co., South Korea), Appita Journal,

2013, 66(1), 54-58].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-070 Enhancement of pulp

brightness and whiteness using TAED during

bleaching

Studies have been conducted with the

use of TAED (Tetra Acetyle Ethylene Diamine)

along with hydrogen peroxide to bleach the

mixed hardwood bamboo pulp. Present paper

describes the benefits of using TAED during

oxygen delignification stage, after oxygen

delignification and during oxidative extraction

stage of pulp to improve the brightness

and whiteness of mixed hardwood bamboo pulp.

Use of TAED along with H2O2 in ODL stage

improved pulp brightness by 4-9% and reduced

ODL pulp kappa number by 43-54%. Brightness

of final bleached pulp was increased by 1.5-1.7%

and C1E whiteness was increased by 1.8-1.9

points. Use of TAED along with H2O2 after ODL

stage results in significant improvement in pulp

brightness i.e. 3-10% and reduction in kappa

number by 8-19%. Final bleached pulp brightness

was increased by 1.9-2.1 % and CIE whiteness

was increased by 2.2-2.4 points compared to

control. Use of TAED in EOP stage significantly

improved E OPpulp brightness i.e. 2-3% and

reduced kappa number to some extent. Final pulp

brightness and whiteness of TAED treated pulp

were improved by 1.1-1.8% and 1.8-2.0 units,

respectively. With the use of TAED in EOP stage,

chlorine dioxide dosage in D1 stage was

reduced by 3 kg/TP with comparable brightness

and improved whiteness of the pulp [Sharma, N.,

Tripathi, S., Bhardwaj, N.K. and Varadhan, R.

(Thapar Centre for Industrial Research and

Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna

Nagar-135001, Haryana, India), IPPTA:

Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper

Technical Association, 2013, 25(1), 173-175].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-071 Optimization of urea

peroxide bleaching parameters of old newspaper

pulp by response surface methodology

The purpose of this paper was to study the

influence of various parameters on the result of

old newspaper pulp (ONP) bleaching with urea

peroxide and the compare urea peroxide

bleaching and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The

main influence factors of urea peroxide bleaching

including urea peroxide charge, temperature and

reaction time were analyzed by response surface

methodology. The bleaching conditions were

optimized as urea peroxide dosage 12.10%,

Na2SiO3 3%, MgSO4 0.05%, reaction time

120 min, temperature 80°C. At the optimal

conditions, pulp brightness reached 59.8% ISO

and had 12.5 points gain compared with the

unbleached pulp. The brightness of urea peroxide

bleached pulp was 2.6 points higher than that

of the pulp bleached with hydrogen peroxide

bleaching under the same condition [Zhang, Q.,

Fu, S.-Y., Li, H.-L.and Zhan, H.-Y. (State Key

Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China

University of Technology, Guangzhou,

Guangdong Province, 510640, China), Chung-

kuo Tsao Chih/China Pulp and Paper, 2013,

32(1), 5-8].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-072 Effects of pretreatment

by xylanase on properties of salix psammophila

kraft pulp (Conference Paper)

The effects of pretreatment by xylanase

on properties of salix psammophila KP were

researched in this paper. The effects of different

dosage of enzyme on fibre morphology and paper

properties were studied. The results showed that

pulp properties can be improved by pretreatment


40

with xylanase.The fibre average length increases

after pretreatment, fines content decreased and

brightness and physcial properties and scattering

coefficient, absorption coefficient and opacity

decreased with dosage of enzyme increasing. But

brightness and physcial properties decrease and

scattering coefficient,absorption coefficient and

opacity increases slightly when the dosage of

enzyme beyond 10IUg-1.X-ray diffractometer

analysis indicated that the degree of crystallinity

of fibre increased after xylanase pretreatment [Li,

Y. , Yang, G*. and Chen, J. (Key Lab of Pulp

and Paper Science and Technology, Education

Ministry of China, School of Light Chemical and

Enviromental Engineering Changqing, Jinan,

Shandong Province, China), Advanced Materials

Research, 2013, 610-613, 3505-3510].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-073 Tensile properties

evaluation of paper pulp packaging at

differentsections and orientations on the egg

tray

Paper-based material has been frequently

used as part of packaging solution as an

optiontowards reducing municipal solid

waste generation. Various studies on mechanical

behaviour ofpaper-pulp packaging material have

been conducted based on the machining direction

and crossmachining direction. However, there is

still gap of information on paper-pulp packaging

materialbehaviour at diagonal direction. A study

has been conducted to investigate the variability

to tensileproperties of paper-pulp packaging

at various packaging section (draft and base

surface) and differentspecimen orientation

(horizontal, vertical, and diagonal direction).

In this research, results from thestress-strain

relationship obtained from tensile and

compression tests are presented. The data

obtainedare further analysed using ANOVA

to find out whether material variations are

significantly differentwith varying sections and

orientations. Findings in this research supported

the anisotropic properties of paper-based

packaging material. Draft surfaces exhibit weaker

strength than base surface. Also, the variability of

stiffness and strength of specimens are more

significant in horizontal and vertical direction

compared to diagonal direction [Masni-Azian,

A.*

, Choudhury, I.A., Sihombing, H. and

Yuhazri, M.Y. (Engineering Design Department,

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah

Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia),

2012 International Conference on Advanced

Materials Engineering and Technology, ICAMET

2012; Penang; Malaysia; 28 November 2012

through 30 November 2012; Code 95061].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-074 Study of preparation

and the influencing factors of

chrysanthemum-shaped calcium carbonate

applied to paper industry (Conference Paper)

This paper describes the precipitated

calcium carbonate filler applied to paper industry,

which was prepared by adding a specific

crystal control agent. And a series of influencing

factors in carbonation process was studied,

such as carbonization temperature, concentration

of milk of lime, carbon dioxide concentration

and the crystal shape control dosage. Therefore

the optimum conditions for preparation of

chrysanthemum-shaped crystalline calcium

carbonate were determined [Zeli, C. * and

Huajing, Z. (Department of Biology and

Environment Engineering, Tianjin Vocational

Institute, Tianjin 300410, China), Advanced

Materials Research, 2013, 621, 111-116].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-075 Wood powder coated

with carboxymethylcellulose for papermaking

Wood powder is widely used in

production of wood-plastic composite materials,

paint, animal feed, etc. In this paper, shape

features of wood powder were analyzed and its

performance in papermaking was tested. Based

on the theoretical basis of deposition technique

and electrostatic attraction mechanism between

cationic ion and anionic ion, wood powder was

coated with carboxymethylcellulose. And, then,

PULP/PAPER

41

the charge reversal has occurred on the wood

powder with aluminum sulfate and polyamide

polyamine epichlorohydrin. Coated wood powder

can be more easily adsorbed on the fiber due

to anionic charge. The experimental results

show that the papermaking performance of

wood powder is improved by coating with

carboxymethylcellulose. The wood powder can

be used in papermaking by appending a certain

percentage of bleached kraft pulp. The bulkiness

of paper presents an increasing trend with the

increasing of wood powder addition. However

the tensile index of paper has a certain decreased.

Its physical property is suited to usage [Sun, X.,

Zhao, C., and Yu, J. (Key Lab of Paper Science

and Technology of Ministry Education,

Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan,

Shandong, 250353, China), Advanced Materials

Research, 2013, 629, 344-346].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-076 Enzymatic bleaching of

eucalyptus kraft pulp: Effects on the

prebleaching filtrate, pulp quality and paper

properties

Enzymatic bleaching appears to be a

promising approach for clean bleaching processes

and the reduction of bleaching chemical

consumption. In this work, the quality of the

filtrates and the pulps has been characterized

after enzymatic prebleaching stages of eucalyptus

kraft pulp. Four different conditions with

xylanase were investigated. Following each

prebleaching stage, the properties of the pulp

[kappa number, brightness, content of

hexenuronic acid (HexA), xylan removal, and

pulp yield lost], and of the resulting effluents

(chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical

oxygen demand (BOD), color, and conductivity)

were determined. In addition, a complete

bleaching sequence was performed to

characterize the pulp quality at the end of the

sequence. Finally, the pulp was refined in a PFI

mill, and the mechanical and physical properties

of the resulting paper were determined. The best

pulp quality was achieved at pH 7, at which a

lower kappa number, higher pulp brightness, and

smaller amount of HexA were observed. Under

this condition, however, a larger yield loss and a

higher effluent COD load had to be accepted.

After the complete bleaching sequence, the

enzymatic treatments yielded pulps with higher

brightness and viscosity as well as with a lower

kappa number. The enzymatic treatments resulted

in small changes in the mechanical and physical

properties of the paper handsheets produced

[Borges, M.T.*, Silva, C.M. , Colodette, J.L., De

Oliveira, R.C. and Tesser, F. (Pulp and Paper

Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering,

Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, 36570.000,

MG, Brazil), Holzforschung, 2013, 67(2),

147-153].


42

RUBBER/GUM

NPARR 4(1), 2013-077 Gum Cordia: A novel

edible coating to increase the shelf life of

Chilgoza (Pinus gerardiana)

Cordia myxa is a deciduous tree, which

grows nearly all over the Indo-Pak subcontinent.

The ripe fruits contain an anionic polysaccharide

having good adhering property. Chilgoza (Pinus

gerardiana), specie of genus Pinus (pine nuts)

grows in Pakistan, Afghanistan and India.

It is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids but

the un-shelled nuts are highly susceptible

to rancidity. An effort was made to investigate

the efficacy of gum Cordia in comparison

with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as edible

coating to retard this oxidation. Gum Cordia

and CMC with and without natural antioxidants

were used in this study. Methanolic extract of

C. myxa and alpha tocopherol were selected as

antioxidants. Chemical and sensory analyses

were performed on coated and uncoated pine

nuts stored at 35°C for 112 days. Significant

differences (P < 0.05) between coated and

uncoated samples were observed. Samples coated

with gum Cordia containing the extract of

C. myxa exhibited highest (ca. 95%) increase

in shelf life followed by CMC and the C. myxa

extract (ca. 60%), gum Cordia (ca. 25%), and

CMC (ca. 15%); based on peroxide value

(20 meq.O 2 kg-1

). However, samples treated with

alpha tocopherol did not improve the oxidative

stability [Haq, M.A.*, Alam, M.J., and Hasnain,

A. (Department of Food Science and Technology,

University of Karachi, University Road, Karachi

75270, Pakistan), LWT - Food Science and

Technology, 2013, 50(1), 306-311].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-078 Influence of modified

natural rubber and structure of carbon black

on properties of natural rubber compounds

Carbon black-filled natural rubber

composites were prepared using various types of

natural rubber: unmodified natural rubber,

epoxidized natural rubber with two levels of

epoxy groups at 25 and 50 mol % [epoxidized

natural rubber (ENR)-25 and ENR-50], and

maleated natural rubber. Two types of carbon

black (HAF and ECF) with different structure

and surface area were used. The functional

groups present in natural rubber and carbon black

were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR.

Furthermore, cure characteristics, mechanical,

morphological, and electrical properties of

composites and gum rubber compounds were

investigated. It was found that the presence

of polar functional groups in rubber molecules

and the different structures of carbon black

significantly affected the cure characteristics

and mechanical properties. This is attributed to

physical and chemical interactions between

carbon black surfaces and rubber molecules.

It was also found that natural rubber filled with

ECF showed the highest Young's modulus and

hardness, which is due to the high-surface area

and structure of the ECF causing an increase

in the degree of entanglement between

rubber chains and carbon black particles.

Frequency dependency of the dielectric constant,

loss tangent, and AC conductivity was also

investigated. An increase in dielectric constant,

loss tangent, and AC conductivity was observed

in the ENR/ECF composites. High-carbon

black loading level caused network formation

of these conductive particles, increasing the AC

conductivity of the composites [Salaeh, S.*, and

Nakason, C. (Department of Rubber Technology

and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and

Technology, Prince of Songkla University,

Pattani 94000, Thailand), Polymer Composites,

2012, 33(4), 489-500].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-079 Grafting modification

of Sesbania gum and sizing performance

In this study, the natural polymeric

sesbania gum was modified and used as a new

size for the sizing of polyester/cotton yarn

(T/C yarn). Oxidative degradation of sesbania

gum was carried out by using sodium

RUBBER/GUM

43

hypochlorite(NaClO), resulting in chain segment

with relative smaller molecular weight, then

short-chain vinyl acetate was grafted onto the

polymer chain of sesbania gum. The modified

sesbania gum was used for sizing T/C yarn. The

viscosity, thermostability of modified sesbania

gum, and the breaking strength, index of

hairiness, wear-resisting property of sized yarn

was characterized and discussed [Liu, H.*, Qi,

R., Gao, L. , Xue, M. and Shen, D. (College of

Textile, Henan Institute of Engineering,

Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China), Advanced

Materials Research, 2012, 424-425, 1211-1214].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-080 Evaluation of Moringa

oleifera gum as tablet disintegrant

Plant products serve as an alternative to

synthetic products because of local accessibility,

eco-friendly nature and lower price compared

to imported synthetic products. Natural gums

and mucilage have been widely explored as

pharmaceutical excipients. Tablet disintegration

has received considerable attention as an essential

step in obtaining fast drug release. The present

study was undertaken to separate or isolate gum

from raw gum of Moringa oleifera Linn.

and explored its use as disintegrant by

formulating tablets of Aceclofenac. The study of

binder, suspending agent and film forming agent

property of seeds and gum powder of Moringa

oleifera has already being studied. Hardness

of the tablets was found to be in the range of

4.0 - 4.5 kg/cm 2 for all formulations. The wetting

time decreased with the increase in concentration

of gum in formulation. The disintegration time of

tablet formulation prepared from gum (4%w/w,

5%w/w, 10%w/w, 15%w/w and 20% w/w) was

found lesser as concentration of gum increases.

The in-vitro dissolution profile exhibited

maximum drug release from all the formulations.

The results of weight variation, hardness,

friability and dissolution profile of the

formulations prepared with isolated gum from

Moringa oleifera are comparable good. The

result of disintegration shows that the isolated

gum can be effectively used as disintegrant in

tablet formulation [Patel, B.V.* and Chobey, N

(Sri Satya Sai College of Pharmacy, Sehore,

Bhopal, M.P, India), International Journal of

Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012,

4(suppl.1), 210-214].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-081 A review study on

chemical composition and molecular structure

of newly plant gum exudates and seed gums

(Review)

A large number of plants can produce

the complex polysaccharides commercially

known as 'plant-based gums'. Several studies on

various plant-based gums (mainly plant gum

exudates and seed sums) have resulted in the

identification of valuable natural sources of

complex carbohydrate polymers that promote the

desired quality, stability, texture and appearance.

The plant gum exudates and seed gums are the

complex polysaccharides/carbohydrate polymers

commonly used as a dietary fiber, thickening

agent, foaming agent, film, emulsifier, stabilizer

and drug delivery agent. The physical and

functional properties of plant-based gums depend

on their chemical compositions and molecular

structures. Recently, there is a substantial interest

to elucidate the relationship between the chemical

composition, molecular structure and physical

characteristics and functional properties of plant

gum exudates and seed gums. The present study

also summarized the molecular structure,

chemical composition and functional properties

of various types of plant gum exudates

[Mirhosseini, H.* and Amid, B.T. (Department of

Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and

Technology, University Putra Malaysia, 43400

UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia), Food

Research International, 2012, 46 (1), 387-398].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-082 Preformulation studies

on grewia gum as a formulation excipient

Grewia gum is a naturally occurring

polysaccharide which has potential as a

pharmaceutical excipient. Differential scanning

calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared


44

(FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques were used to

examine the thermal and molecular behaviours,

respectively, of mixtures of grewia gum with

cimetidine, ibuprofen or standard excipients, to

assess potential interactions. No disappearance

or broadening of the melting endotherm was seen

with cimetidine or ibuprofen. Similarly, there

was no interaction between grewia gum and the

standard excipients tested. The results obtained

using thermal analyses were supported by FT-IR

analysis of the material mixtures. Grewia gum

is an inert natural polymer which can be used

alone or in combination with other excipients in

the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms

[Nep, E.I.* and Conway, B.R. (Life and Health

Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle,

Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom), Journal

of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2012,

108(1), 197-205].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-083 Preliminary evaluation

of Borassus flabellifer fruit mucilage as tablet

binder

The objective of present investigation was

to evaluate mucilage of Borassus flabellifer as a

binder for pharmaceutical dosage forms. Natural

gums are economic, easily available and found

useful as tablet binder. No significant work has

been reported on Borassus flabellifer mucilage to

use it as a tablet binder. Mucilage extracted from

Borassus flabellifer was subjected to toxicity

studies for its safety and preformulation studies

for its suitability as a binding agent. Tablets

were prepared with Borassus flabellifer mucilage

and evaluated for tablet characteristics.

Wet granulation technique was used for the

preparation of paracetamol granules. The binder

concentrations used in the formulation were 2, 4,

6, 8 & 10 % w/w. The prepared granules were

evaluated for percentage of fines, average particle

size, total porosity, compressibility index and

flow properties. The tablets were prepared and

evaluated for content uniformity, hardness,

friability, disintegration time and in vitro

dissolution profiles. The tablets had good

physicochemical properties, and the drug release

was more than 90% within 90 min. The tablets

prepared by using 10% mucilage as binder

exhibited more hardness than by using 2, 4, 6 and

8% concentration. At 8% concentration it has

given similar disintegration time and dissolution

profile in comparison to starch at 10 % w/v.

Hence, Borassus flabellifer mucilage at 8% w/v

concentrations can be considered as ideal

concentrations for preparation of tablets [Ravi,

K.*, Rajarajeshwari, N. and Narayana Swamy

V.B. (Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala

University, Rajasthan, India), International

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012, 1,

1883-1894].

SPICES/CONDIMENTS

45

SPICES/CONDIMENTS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-084 Fresh ginger (Zingiber

officinale) has anti-viral activity against

human respiratory syncytial virus in human

respiratory tract cell lines

Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is a

common spice and also a widely used medicinal

plant in ancient China. Ginger is an ingredient of

Ge-Gen-Tang (Kakkon-to; GGT). GGT has been

proved to have antiviral activity against human

respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). However, it

is unknown whether ginger is effective against

HRSV. To find a readily available agent to

manage HRSV infection, the authors tested the

hypothesis that ginger can effectively decrease

HRSV-induced plaque formation in respiratory

mucosal cell lines. Effect of hot water extracts of

fresh and dried gingers on HRSV was tested by

plaque reduction assay in both human upper

(HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell

lines. Ability of ginger to stimulate anti-viral

cytokines was evaluated by enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fresh ginger

dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced

plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell

lines (P<0.0001). In contrast, dried ginger didn't

show any dose-dependent inhibition. 300 µg/ml

fresh ginger could decrease the plaque counts to

19.7% (A549) and 27.0% (HEp-2) of that of the

control group. Fresh ginger was more effective

when given before viral inoculation (P<0.0001),

particularly on A549 cells. 300 µg/ml fresh

ginger could decrease the plaque formation

to 12.9% when given before viral inoculation.

Fresh ginger dose-dependently inhibited

viral attachment (P<0.0001) and internalization

(P<0.0001). Fresh ginger of high concentration

could stimulate mucosal cells to secrete IFN-β that possibly contributed to counteracting viral

infection. Fresh, but not dried, ginger is effective

against HRSV-induced plaque formation on

airway epithelium by blocking viral attachment

and internalization [Chang, J.S.*, Wang, K.C.,

Yeh, C.F., Shieh, D.E. and Chiang, L.C.

(Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine,

Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung,

Taiwan), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013,

145(1), 146-151].


storage stability of flaxseed chutney powder,

a functional food adjunct

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) chutney

powder (FSCP), a palatable functional food

adjunct was prepared by mixing roasted and

powdered flaxseeds with other selected spice

ingredients. The protein content of these powders

was 24.2% and 23.4% in flaxseed powder (FSP)

and FSCP respectively. Total polyphenol content

of FSP and FSCP was 439 and 522 mg/100 g

respectively. The free fatty acid content of

FSCP increased from 0.38 to 1.03 after 6 months

storage. The critical moisture content for FSP

and FSCP was 10.2 and 13.5%, which were

equilibrated at 82 and 68% RH respectively and

the ERH studies indicated both the powders are

non-hygroscopic in nature. Overall sensory

quality of FSCP served with cooked rice scored

'good' (7.4) even after 6 months of storage [Rao,

P.P.*, Rao, G.N., Mala, K.S., Balaswamy, K.,

Satyanarayana, A. (Central Food Technological

Research Institute, Resource Centre, Council of

Scientific and Industrial Research, Habshiguda,

Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India), Journal

of Food Science and Technology, 2013, 50(1),

129-134].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-086 Ginger-garlic paste in

retort pouches and its quality

Paste samples were prepared by mixing

1:1 (w/w) proportion of ginger and garlic along

with sodium chloride (1%). The pH of the paste

was adjusted to 4.0, 4.5 and 5.4 by the addition of

citric acid. Xanthan gum (2 g/L) and sodium

benzoate (0.2 g/L) were added to the paste and

then filled in retort pouches. The filled pouches

were subjected to thermal processing at 85°C

with a holding time of 2 and 5 min at 80°C at the


46

centre of the paste. The color values a, and b

(green and yellow) decreased, whereas the L

(lightness) values increased with decrease in pH.

Paste behaved like a non-Newtonian fluid,

and exhibited shear-thinning behavior.

Physicochemical and microbial properties did

not show significant changes during storage.

This study showed that ginger-garlic paste

prepared in retort pouches is convenient because

of its lighter weight, faster heating leading to

better quality in terms of taste, color, and also

environmentally acceptable. Ginger and garlic

have been considered as important traditional

herbal medicines due to their disease prevention

effects. Ginger-garlic paste is a viscous product

retaining the strong aroma and flavor of the raw

materials, namely, fresh ginger and garlic. Paste

is mainly used as a spice in culinary preparations

for imparting a characteristic fresh ginger-garlic

flavor. The product is generally creamy white in

color and is microbiologically stable and free

from pathogenic bacteria. It is a ready to use

preparation that can be used in place of fresh

ginger in homes, restaurants and institutional

catering. Although, few studies have been

conducted on the physicochemical characteristics

of ginger and garlic pastes, no information is

available on combination of ginger-garlic paste in

retort pouches. The development of new packing

(retort pouches) for ginger-garlic with good

nutritional and functional properties (such as the

one proposed in this study) may be of interest in

order to diversify the market supply. Therefore,

retort pouch because of its lighter weight,

and faster heating leads to better quality in

terms of uniform cooking, taste and color

and also it is environmentally acceptable [Topno,

P.N.*, Vinothini, Jayaprakash, S.H.,Varadaiah,

V., Sheshagiri, S.H., Srinivas P.M., and Naidu,

M.M. (Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour

Technology Department, India) , Journal of Food

Process Engineering, 2013, 36(1), 1-8].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-087 Enzyme-assisted

extraction of bioactive compounds from ginger

(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a

popular spice used in various foods and

beverages. 6-Gingerol is the major bioactive

constituent responsible for the antiinflammatory,

antitumour and antioxidant activities of

ginger. The effect of application of α-amylase,

viscozyme, cellulase, protease and pectinase

enzymes to ginger on the oleoresin yield and

6-gingerol content has been investigated.

Pre-treatment of ginger with α-amylase or

viscozyme followed by extraction with acetone

afforded higher yield of oleoresin (20% ± 0.5)

and gingerol (12.2% ± 0.4) compared to control

(15% ± 0.6 oleoresin, 6.4% ± 0.4 gingerol).

Extraction of ginger pre-treated with enzymes

followed by extraction with ethanol provided

higher yield of gingerol (6.2-6.3%) than the

control (5.5%) with comparable yields of the

oleoresin (31-32%). Also, ethanol extract of

cellulase pre-treated ginger had the maximum

polyphenol content (37.5 mg/g). Apart from

6-gingerol, 6-paradol along with 6- and 8-methyl

shogaols were the other important bio-active

constituents in the oleoresin from cellulase-

treated ginger [Nagendra Chari*, K.L., Manasa,

D., Srinivas, P., Sowbhagya, H.B. (Department

of Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour

Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological

Research Institute, Cheluvamba Mansion,

Mysore 570 020, Karnataka, India), Food

Chemistry, 2013, 139 (1-4), 509-514].

SUGARS

47

SUGARS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-088 Health effects of non-

centrifugal sugar (NCS): A Review

Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS), the

technical name of the product obtained by

evaporating the water in sugar cane juice, is

known by many different names in the world, the

most important being un-refined muscovado,

whole cane sugar, panela (Latin America),

jaggery (South Asia) and kokuto (Japan).

Scientific research has been confirming that NCS

has multiple health effects but it is still practically

outside the current focus on functional foods and

nutriceuticals. 46 academic publications have

been identified which reports them. The highest

frequency is immunological effects (26%),

followed by anti-toxicity and cytoprotective

effects (22%), anticariogenic effects (15%) and

diabetes and hypertension effects (11%). Some

of these effects can be traced to the presence of

Fe and Cr, and others are suggested to be caused

by antioxidants [Jaffé, W.R. (Innovaciones

Alimentarias INNOVAL, Calle Paguey, Qta.

Irazu, La Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela), Sugar

Tech, 2012, 14(2), 87-94].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-089 A study on utilisation of

whey in jaggery production

Whey is a by-product of dairy industry

and contains nutrients such as whey proteins,

lactose and minerals. The objective of this study

was to utilize whole whey in the preparation of

cane jaggery, so that the nutrients present in

the whey are fully incorporated into the jaggery.

Two types of whey, namely, paneer (Indian

cottage cheese) whey (PW) and Cheddar cheese

whey (CW) were tried for production of jaggery

with or without additives. The effect of whey

constituents on the sensory quality of jaggery

was studied for standardization of a method for

manufacture of jaggery. The jaggery prepared

from pure PW and CW was hard, brittle and was

salty in taste. But, the quality of the whey jaggery

was improved by the addition of cane sugar

or cane jaggery at 15 % (w/w) during the

preparation or by using the admixture of whey

and sugarcane juice (1:1 v/v) for jaggery

preparation. Neutralization of PW with sodium

bicarbonate further enhanced the sensory

attributes of whey jaggery, but in case of CW

neutralization was not required. The colour of

whey jaggery was light brown when sugar was

used as additive, but darker when cane jaggery

was used as additive. The overall sensory quality

of the whey jaggery prepared by the optimized

method was comparable with the quality

of sugarcane jaggery (7. 7 and 8. 1 score out

of 9. 0 on Hedonic scale, respectively) and

contained higher protein and mineral levels than

sugarcane jaggery. It was concluded that good

quality nutritional jaggery could be prepared by

utilizing whey, a by-product of dairy industry,

mitigating the problem of disposal of whey being

faced by the dairy industry [Madariya, P.B.* and

Rao, K.J. (Dairy Technology Section, National

Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore

560 030, India), Sugar Tech, 2012, 14(3), 295-

303].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-090 The effect of

pretreatment of juice on the properties and

composition of jaggery

Conservation of the sucrose contents of

the jaggery helps to improve the color and shelf

life. Light golden color jaggery is the demand of

market these days. This color is developed by the

chemicals which are hazardous. In the present

work light golden color jaggery was prepared

by the conservation of sucrose contents and

minimization of the activity of the polyphenol

oxidase. The activity of polyphenol oxidase was

controlled by the interaction of juice with gases

like carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen

dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide

in separate experiments. These activities were

monitored by the use of % pol, % brix and

the color intensity of the jaggery. The reasons for

these activities were also discussed in this


48

communication [Hussain, Z.*, Islam, M.,

Mohammad, Z., Khan, K.M., Perveen, S. and

Afzal, M. (Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali

Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan), Sugar Tech,

2012, 14(3), 291-294].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-091 Effect of reducing

sugars on non-enzymic browning during

thermo-evaporation of sugarcane juice for

making jaggery

Jaggery samples were prepared from

sugarcane juice having different concentrations

of reducing sugars (by adding glucose/fructose)

for studying the contribution of invert sugars

towards colour development of jaggery by

non-enzymic browning reactions during jaggery

making process. Addition of 0.5 and 1.0 g

glucose/100 ml cane juice did not alter the colour

of juice after boiling for 30 min at 98°C, while

addition of same quantities of fructose/100 ml

in the cane juice enhanced the colour of boiling

juice over control. Further, evaporation of cane

juice till 118°C for preparation of jaggery

indicated that the colour of jaggery samples

prepared from juice having additional 0.5 and

1.0 g fructose/100 ml juice increased indicating

more contribution of fructose towards darkening

of colour development of jaggery during thermo-

evaporation process. As the pH of juice remained

below 6 through out the jaggery making process,

fructose of cane juice seemed to be contributing

more towards colour of jaggery in comparison

to glucose in the non-enzymic browning.

This was indicated by significantly more colour

development by caramelization of fructose at

118°C in comparison to glucose and sucrose

since carbonyl-amine browning does not take

on much significance until the pH is greater

than 6 [Banerji, R., Singh, P., Anwar, S.I. and

Solomon, S. (Division of Plant Physiology

and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sugarcane

Research, Raibareilly Road, Lucknow 226002

Uttar Pradesh, India ), Sugar Tech, 2012, 14(4),

428-431].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-092 Effect of modified

atmosphere packaging on keeping quality of

jaggery

Storage behaviour of cubical jaggery

samples stored in linear density polyethylene

(LDPE), poly propylene (PP) and polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) films under 100 % nitrogen

was investigated for a period of 8 months

(February-September). Jute bag was taken as

control. The change in quality characteristics

such as moisture content, colour, hardness,

reducing sugar and total phenols was determined

at an interval of one month. The experimental

data showed that jaggery moisture increased from

10. 53 to 15. 49 (wb) in jute bag storage while it

decreased to 9. 45, 9. 31 and 9. 63 in LDPE, PET

and PP, respectively. Similarly the L value of

colour measurement showed a decreasing trend in

all type of storage which indicated that jaggery

became darker during storage. The reducing

sugar increased in all storage materials during

storage. The increase was maximum for jute

bag (25. 81) followed by PP (14. 99). Hardness

decreased from 360 to 67. 42, 64. 56, 97. 36 and

1. 97 newtons (N) in LDPE, PET, PP and jute

bag, respectively. Good keeping quality can be

maintained in polymeric films with nitrogen

flushing. Overall performance of PET film was

best as it showed less reduction in quality

parameters during storage [Kumar, D.*, Singh, J.,

Rai, D.R., Kumar, M. and Bhatia, S. (Division

of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Institute of

Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, UP 226002,

India), Sugar Tech, 2013, 15(2), 203-208].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-093 Evaluation of physico-

chemical properties, trace metal content and

antioxidant activity of Indian honeys

In this study, effect of plant sources, viz.

Gossypium hirsutum, Coriander sativum,

Murraya koenigii and Dalbergia sissoo on twelve

physico-chemical properties, phenolic content,

flavonoids content as well as on trace mineral

(Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cd and Pb) contents of honey

SUGARS

49

were investigated and compared. All the physico-

chemical values were in the range of approved

limits of European Commission Regulation and

the source of honey had a significant (P < 0.05)

effect on physico-chemical properties, phenol

content, flavonoid content and trace mineral

content. The results of positive correlations

between physico-chemical properties (colour

and antioxidant properties) and compositional

components (phenols and flavonoids content)

established that antioxidant properties were

dependent on source of honey rather than on

colour of honey. Pattern recognition methods

such as principal component analysis and

linear discriminate analysis were performed to

classify honey on the basis of physico-chemical

properties, phenolic content, and flavonoids

content and trace metal content. The variables

proline and lead exhibited higher discrimination

power [Kamboj, R.*, Bera, M.B.

and Nanda, V.

(Department of Food Technology, CDLMG

Engineering College, Panniwala Mota, Haryana,

India ), International Journal of Food Science

and Technology, 2013, 48(3), 578-587].


50

THERAPEUTICS

NPARR 4(1), 2013-094 Preliminary

phytochemical investigation of Mangifera

indica leaves and screening of antioxidant and

anticancer activity

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the

most important tropical plants. Most studies

on the exploitation of mango have been dealing

with mango peels, juices and stem bark, however

a little attention has been given to mango leaves.

In this study the active components of leaves of

Mangifera indica were extracted using methanol

and were tested for its antioxidant and anticancer

activity. The result showed significant

antioxidant activity of methanolic extract.

And it also showed high cytotoxicity on

adenocarcinoma cell lines. In conclusion,

some natural products from Mangifera indica

leaves have potential for use as therapeutic for

disease such as cancer [Joona, K., Sowmia, C.,

Dhanya, K.P. and Divya, M.J. (Department of

Biochemistry, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science

College, Coimbatore, India), Research Journal of

Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical

Sciences, 2013, 4(1), 1112-1118].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-095 Avena sativa (Oat), A

Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic

Agent: An Overview

The aim of the present review article is

to summarize the available information related

to the availability, production, chemical

composition, pharmacological activity, and

traditional uses of Avena sativa to highlight

its potential to contribute to human health.

Oats are now cultivated worldwide and form an

important dietary staple for the people in number

of countries. Several varieties of oats are

available. It is a rich source of protein, contains

a number of important minerals, lipids, β-glucan,

a mixed-linkage polysaccharide, which forms

an important part of oat dietary fiber, and also

contains various other phytoconstituents like

avenanthramides, an indole alkaloid-gramine,

flavonoids, flavonolignans, triterpenoid saponins,

sterols, and tocols. Traditionally oats have been in

use since long and are considered as stimulant,

antispasmodic, antitumor, diuretic, and neurotonic.

Oat possesses different pharmacological

activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,

wound healing, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic,

anticholesterolaemic, etc. A wide spectrum

of biological activities indicates that oat is a

potential therapeutic agent [Singh, R. De, S., and

Belkheir, A. (Department of Pharmacognosy,

Faculty of Pharmacy, Garyounis University, P.O.

Box 5341, Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,

2013, 53(2), 126-144].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-096 From popular use to

pharmacological validation: A study of

the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and

healing effects of Chenopodium ambrosioides

extract

Chenopodium ambrosioides

(Amarantaceae) is an annual or perennial plant popularly known as 'erva de Santa Maria', 'mastruço' and 'erva-do-formigueiro'. This herb is used in folk medicine in the form of teas, poultices and infusions for inflammatory problems, contusions and lung infections, and as an anthelmintic and anti-fungal. The aim of the present study was to further the understanding of the anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of ethanol extract (EE) obtained from the leaves and stems of Chenopodium ambrosioides in animal models of acute pain, inflammation and wound healing, thus supporting its medicinal use for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions The anti-nociceptive activity of EE (150-500 mg/kg) was evaluated using the nociception induced by formalin (2.5%), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2; 3 nmol/paw), capsaicin (CAP, 1.6 µg/paw) and bradykinin (BK, 10 nmol/paw). The anti-inflammatory activity of EE (150-500 mg/kg) was evaluated in carrageenan- (Cg, 300 µg/paw), PGE2- (3 nmol/paw), substance P- (SP, 20 nmol/paw) and BK- (3 nmol/paw) induced paw oedema.

THERAPEUTICS

51

The topical anti-inflammatory activity of EE (1%, 3% and 5%) was evaluated in arachidonic acid- (AA, 2 mg/ear), oil croton- (1 µg/ear) and CAP- (250 µg/ear) induced ear oedema. The effect of this extract in the inhibition of the influx of neutrophil, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities and nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-á levels was also determined using the mouse of pleurisy induced by Cg. The excision wound model in rats was used to evaluate the wound healing efficacy of EE (1%, 3% and 5%). To exclude the possible non-specific muscle relaxant or sedative effects of EE, mice motor performance was also evaluated with the rota-rod test. Results: EE (5% per ear) was effective in reducing ear oedema induced by croton oil by 78.09%, CAP by 70.85% and AA by 77.02%. EE (500 mg/kg; p.o.) also significantly inhibited paw oedema induced by Cg by 40%, PGE2 by 51%, SP by 56% and BK by 57%. EE (500 mg/kg; p.o.) inhibited the cell influx of leucocytes by 78% and neutrophils by 53%, MPO activity by 62.22% and ADA activity by 23.07%, as well as NO by 77.77% and TNF-á levels by 50% in the fluid leakage due to the carrageenan-induced pleurisy. EE also inhibited the formalin-induced nociceptive in both phases of pain (neurogenic and inflammatory) at a dose of 500 mg/kg, resulting in inhibitions of 77.39% and 95.60%, respectively. EE (500 mg/kg; p.o.) was also effective in inhibiting the nociception induced by PGE 2 (68%), CAP (53%) and BK (32%). Topical application of EE (5%) on excision wounds caused a significant reduction in wound area when compared with the untreated controls. Finally, treatment with EE (150-500 mg/kg) did not show any significant alterations in motor performance or body temperature compared with the control group. The results, including the inhibition of mediators (BK, NO, SP, PGE2 and TNF-á) and enzyme (MPO and ADA) activity, validate the use of the plant under study for therapeutic treatment of anti-inflammatory, painful and wound healing processes [Trivellatograssi, L*., Malheiros, A., Meyre-Silva, C., Da Silva Buss, Z., Monguilhott, E.D. and Fröde, T.S., Da Silva, K.A.B.S., De Souza,

M.M. (Programa de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico- Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), UNIVALI, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil ), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013, 145(1), 127-138].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-097 Study on the effects

of various doses of Tribulus terrestris extract

on epididymal sperm morphology and count

in rat

Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a plant of

tropical regions, traditionally used as aphrodisiac,

analgesic and diuretic agent. Studies showed that

TT extract produces significant aphrodisiac

effects and increases testosterone levels. Now-a-

days TT is major parts of most aphrodisiac

drugsand its cardiac effects in long time use are

unclear. The purpose was assessment of effects of

various doses of Tribulus terrestris extract on

epididymal sperm morphology and its quantity in

rat. 21 male wistar rats aged 3-4 month-old

weighting 250-350 g were selected by chance.

Oral solution of Tribulus terrestris was prepared

and after approving by pharmaceutical center

of Tabriz University and after the 2 weeks

adaptation was administrated at the dose of

5 mg/kg daily. Rats were divided into the

3 identical groups of 7 rats in each. Treatment

1 received normal dose of drug (5 mg/kg) and

treatment 2 received the double dose of drug.

At the end, rats were constrained and

anesthetized by xylazine and ketamine

intraperitoneally at the dose of 5 and 60 mg/kg,

respectively. One of the testis and epididymis

were removed at once. The contents of

epididymis were extracted by solution Ham's

F-10 and transferred on the plates which were

in the incubator. Then, plates were stained by

Eosin and Nigrosin method and assayed

microscopically. Results showed the

effectiveness of Tribulus terrestris extract on

sexual dysfunction in experimental rats. On the

basis of our results, we concluded that Tribulus

terrestris extract has the potential to be used as a

safe therapeutic alternative to current modalities

for the management of sexual dysfunction


52

in males [Elahi, R.K., Asl, S. and Shahian, F.

(Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty

of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic

Azad University, Tabriz, Iran), Global

Veterinaria, 2013, 10(1), 13-17].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-098 Anticancer activity

of Withania somnifera (Leaves) flavonoids

compound

In this research article make known on

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as Medicinal

plants have therapeutic potential due to the

presence of natural antioxidants functioning as

reducing agents, free radical scavengers and

quenchers of singlet oxygen. And this article

also determines the use of Withania somnifera

(leaves) Polyphenolic Compound activity on

MCF-7, A549 and PA-1 cancer cell line

(breast, lung and ovary, respectively). By

providing a scientific basis the study can be made

conventional to evaluate its constituents

(natural product) to determine which of Withania

somnifera (leaves), would facilitate further study

as potential new anticancer agents or lead to new

anticancer compounds. Hydro alcoholic (1:1)

sample of Withania Somnifera (leaves) were

prepared and tested for their cytotoxic activities

against cancer cell lines (MCF7, A549and PA1)

with standard Doxorubicin. The most essential

reason of this study is to estimate cytotoxicity of

certain important Indian medicinal plants with

facilitate of MTT assay. Concentrations are set of

each plant extract which are 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml,

0.1 µg/ml, 0.01 µg/ml and 5-10×10 3 cells/ml are

taken into each well which are exposed to

different Concentrations of Withania Somnifera

(leaves) for 96 hr and then treated with MTT.

For MTT absorbance in use at 570 nm. From

IC50 values of MTT assay of Withania somnifera

(leaves) for MCF7, A549 and PA1 cancer cell

lines, from this it may conclude that Withania

somnifera (leaves) shows efficient cytotoxicity

on MCF-7 (10 ± 1 µg) than PA-1 (13 ± 1 µg) and

A-459 (11± 1 µg) cancer cell line [Nema, R.* ,

Khare, S., Jain, P. and Pradhan, A. (Sarojini

Naidu Government Girls Post Graduate

(Autonomous) College, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal,

India), International Journal of Pharmaceutical

Sciences Review and Research, 2013, 19(1),

103-106].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-099 Hepatoprotective

activity of Borreria hispida on paracetamol

induced liver damage

Hepatocyte are the functional cells of

the liver and perform a wide range of

metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions.

Hepatotoxicity implies chemical-driven liver

damage. The liver plays a major role

in transforming and clearing chemicals and is

susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.

Certain medicinal agents, when taken in

overdoses and sometimes even when introduced

within therapeutic ranges, may injure the

organ. Other chemical agents, those used in

laboratories and industries, natural chemicals

and herbal remedies can also cause

hepatotoxicity. Borreria hispida seed flavonoid-

rich fraction possesses free radical scavenging

and antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo

Borreria hispida Linn has been in use in

the Indian system of medicine. Various part

of the plant are useful in the treatment of

antifertility, appetite, Bleeding in child birth,

body ache, Gum trouble, scabies and skin

disease, stomach compliance, ulcers, hepatitis,

wounds, head ache and tooth ache. The

hepatotoxicity is induced by the paracetamol

overdose, and the methanolic extract of

Borreria hispida shows a good reduction of

hepatotoxicity [Johnson, D.B.*, Senthil Kumar,

C., Rajesh, R., Venkatnarayanan, R. and

Mohammed Ansar, V.K. (Department of

Pharmacology, R.V.S. College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India),

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology,

2013, 6(1), 61-65].

THERAPEUTICS

53

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0100 Phytochemical

investigation of various extracts of leaves and

stems of Achyranthes aspera Linn.

Plants and plant based medications are

the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals

we use today for various ailments. The main

objective of this study was to appraise

antioxidant activity of different sequential

extracts of leaves and stems of Achyranthes

aspera by phytochemical analysis. The plant

material was dried in shade, crushed and

subjected to prepare different sequential and

non-sequential extracts using soxhlet apparatus.

Our findings revealed that both stems and

leaves possess the phytochemicals like alkaloids,

cardiac-glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids,

saponins, steroids, proteins and reducing

sugars in different amounts. The results exhibited

the presence of different phytochemicals.

All these phytochemicals have potential

therapeutic or physiological actions on human

system, for that the leaves and stems of

A. aspera can stand as a potential source of

some vital drugs. [Sharma, V*., Agarwal, A.,

Chaudhary and U., Singh, M. (Department of

Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali

University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India)

International Journal of Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, 5 (SUPPL.1),

317-320].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0101 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Linn. - A critical ethnopharmacological review

(Review)

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) is a

mythological plant; has high medicinal values in

Ayurveda. The popular medicinal use of this

plant are anti-helminthic and anti-pyretic besides

its use as a laxative, in rheumatism, skin ailments

and as a sedative. Vitally, the natives plant it in

their home gardens to pass on its medicinal usage

to oncoming generations. The present review

encompasses an ethnopharmacological evaluation

focusing on information on the chemical

constituents, pharmacological actions and

toxicology in order to reveal the therapeutic

potential and gaps requiring research

involvement. The present review is based on

searches in Scifinder®, Pubmed (National Library

of Medicine) and books published on the subject

during the period 1933 to 2012. Nyctanthes

arbor-tristis is most important in local and

traditional medicines especially in India for

treating intermittent fevers, arthritis and obstinate

sciatica. Crude extracts and isolated compounds

from the plant were shown to be

pharmacologically active against inflammation,

malaria, viral infection, leishmanisis and as an

immunostimulant. The major class of biologically

active compounds are the iridoid glucosides incl.,

Arbortristoside A, B and C from the seeds active

as anticancer, anti-leishmania, anti-inflammatory,

anti-allergic, immunomodulatory and antiviral.

Other molecules; calceolarioside A,

4-hydroxyhexahydrobenzofuran-7one and

β-sitosterol from leaves have been reported to

be active as anti-leishmanial, anticancer and

anti-inflammatory, respectively. The crude

extracts have been found to be safe with an LD50

of 16 gm/kg, while the LD50 of arbortristoside-A

isolated from the seeds was found to be 0.5 g/kg.

Mostly in-vitro or in some cases in-vivo models

provide some evidence especially in the treatment

of inflammatory conditions like arthritis, fevers

related to malaria and protozoan diseases

especially leishmaniasis. The only clinical study

found, is for treating malaria, but with crude

extract only. Further, more detailed safety data

pertaining to the acute and sub-acute toxicity,

cardio and immunotoxicity also needs to be

generated for crude extracts or pure compounds

[Agrawal, J.* and Pal, A. (Molecular Bio-

prospection Department, Central Institute of

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of

Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow

226015, India), Journal of Ethnopharmacology,

2013, 146(3), 645-658].


54

VEGETABLES

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0102 Anti-arthritic activity

of the Indian leafy vegetable Cardiospermum

halicacabum in Wistar rats and UPLC-QTOF-

MS/MS identification of the putative active

phenolic components

The present work was carried out to

investigate the free radical scavenging activity

of the ethanol extract of C. halicacabum

leaves (EECH), to study its antioxidant

properties and anti-rheumatic effects in

Wistar rats with CFA-induced arthritis, and

to profile the phenolic components thereof

by LC-MS/MS. The free radical scavenging

activities of the extract was evaluated by

NO and superoxide anion scavenging

assays. Arthritis was induced to the albino

Wistar rats by CFA. Fifteen days after

CFA induction, arthritic rats received EECH

orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/ kg

daily for 20 days. Diclofenac sodium was

used as reference standard. EECH is subjected

to LC-MS/MS analysis for the identification

of phenolic compounds. The IC50 value

of the EECH to scavenge the NO and superoxide

radicals are 83 and 60 lg/ml, respectively.

Ultrasonography and histology images of hind

limb in EECH treated groups confirmed

the complete cartilage regeneration. The

LC/MS/MS analysis indicated the presence

of anti-inflammatory compounds luteolin-

7-Oglucuronide, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide and

chrysoeriol. These findings lend

pharmacological support to the reported

folkloric use of C. halicacabum in the

treatment and management of painful,

arthritic inflammatory conditions [Jeyadevi,

R.*, Sivasudha, T., Rameshkumar, A. and

Kumar, L.D. (Department of Environmental

Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,

Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India ),

Inflammation Research, 2012, 62(1), 115-126].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0103 Studies on different

genotypes of Indian bathua (Chenopodium

album) for thier yield, quality and antioxidant

activities

Sixteen genotypes of Chenopodium

(Chenopodium album) were evaluated for desired

horticultural traits, viz. plant height (cm), leaf

colour, leaf length and width, days to bolting, dry

matter (%) and yield/plant (g); and their

important quality traits, total carotene, ascorbic

acid, total phenolic content, Cuprac ion Reducing

Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and Ferric

Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) were also

estimated during rabi/winter season of 2010 and

2011 at Division of Vegetable Science, IARI,

New Delhi. Among the genotypes plant height

ranged from 54.7 cm (Desi bathua) to 223 cm

(Bathua 2). Yield/plant was recorded maximum

in Bathua 13 (280 g) followed by Bathua 12 (277

g). Local Bathua (Desi type) recorded lowest

yield 45.1 g/plant; however, it recorded

maximum and significantly high dry matter

content (16.5 %). Considerable variability was

recorded in total carotenoids which ranged from

30.7 mg /100 g (Bathua 7) to 89.2 mg /100 g

(Bathua 10). Bathua 10 also recorded maximum

value of ascorbic acid (157.8 mg /100g) which

was significantly higher than other genotype.

High variability was recorded in total phenolic

content, which ranged from 276.87 µg gallic acid

equivalent (GAE)/g (Bathua 6) to 893.83 µg

GAE/g (Bathua 13). Antioxidant activities

recorded by both CUPRAC and FRAP method

was found high in Bathua 13, Bathua 12 and Desi

Bathua. On overall basis, it was concluded that

Bathua 13, Bathua 12 and Bathua 14 could be the

desirable genotypes for increasing yield and

quality of Chenopodium. However, Bathua 10

was found rich source of carotene and ascorbic

acid and Desi Bathua for high antioxidant

activity. These genotypes can be further utilized

to develop nutritionally rich leafy vegetables

[Yadav, R.K.* , Joshi, S., Kumar, R., Kalia, P.,

Varshney, R. and Jain, V. (India Agricultural

VEGETABLES

55

Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110

012, India), Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences, 2013, 83(1), 26-30].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0104 Amaranth: a new

millennium crop of nutraceutical values

The major staple food crops production is

not able to fulfill food requirement of the global

population due to relatively higher population

growth rate in developing countries. The research

on these crops for exploring their ultimate

yield potential is currently at a plateau level. To

replace the existing pressure on these major crops

there is an urgent need to explore other

alternative crops having the potential to replace

and fulfill the available food demand. FAO

statistics reveal that there is a high frequency of

low birth weight children in the developing

countries, which is primarily due to deficiency of

micronutrients in the mother's diet. Amaranth, an

underutilized crop and a cheap source of proteins,

minerals, vitamin A and C, seems to be a future

crop which can substantiate this demand due

to its tremendous yield potential and nutritional

qualities, also recently gained worldwide

attention. Recently, current interest in amaranth

also resides in the fact that it has a great amount

of genetic diversity, phenotypic plasticity, and is

extremely adaptable to adverse growing

conditions, resists heat and drought, has no major

disease problem, and is among the easiest of

plants to grow in agriculturally marginal lands.

The present review is an effort to gather the

available knowledge on various diversified fields

of sciences for the future exploitation of the crop

[Rastogi, A.*, and Shukla, S. (National Botanical

Research Institute, Lucknow, India), Critical

Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2013,

53(2), 109-125].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0105 Phytochemical and

therapeutic potential of cucumber (Review)

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a

member of the Cucurbitaceae family like melon,

squash and pumpkins. It is a popular vegetable

crop used in Indian traditional medicine since

ancient times. This vegetable is very high in

water content and very low in calories. It has

potential antidiabetic, lipid lowering and

antioxidant activity. Cucumber has a cleansing

action within the body by removing accumulated

pockets of old waste materials and chemical

toxins. Fresh fruit juice is used for nourishing the

skin. It gives a soothing effect against skin

irritations and reduces swelling. Cucumber also

has the power to relax and alleviate the sunburn's

pain. The fruit is refrigerant, haemostatic, tonic

and useful in hyperdipsia, thermoplegia, etc. The

seeds also have a cooling effect on the body and

they are used to prevent constipation. Several

bioactive compounds have been isolated from

cucumber including cucurbitacins,

cucumegastigmanes I and II, cucumerin A and B,

vitexin, orientin, isoscoparin 2″-O- (6â€́-(E)-p-

coumaroyl) glucoside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-p-

coumaroylglucoside) etc. Despite huge

exploration of cucumber in agricultural field,

comparatively very few studies have been

published about its chemical profile and its

therapeutic potential. This article reviews the

therapeutic application, pharmacological and

phytochemical profile of different parts of C.

sativus. In this review we have explored the

current phytochemical and pharmacological

knowledge available with this well known plant

and several promising aspects for research on

cucumber [Mukherjee, P.K.*, Nema, N.K.,

Maity, N. and Sarkar, B.K. ( School of Natural

Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical

Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700

032, India ), Fitoterapia, 2013, 84(1), 227-236].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0106 Harvest time residues

of pendimethalin in tomato, cauliflower, and

radish under field conditions

Herbicides applied to vegetables play an

important role in higher production of vegetables

due to effective and timely control of weeds but

at the same time herbicides residue may produce

numerous environmental problems. The aim of


56

this study was to determine whether application

of herbicide for control of annual weeds in

vegetable growing areas at recommended levels

resulted in residues at the time of harvest. Thus,

terminal residues of pendimethalin in vegetables

such as tomato, cauliflower, and radishes were

studies under field conditions. Pendimethalin was

applied as pre-emergence herbicides at 1 kg a.i.

ha-1

to tomato, cauliflower, and radish crops.

Soil and vegetables samples were collected

from pendimethalin-treated plots at maturity to

determine harvest time residues of pendimethalin.

At harvest, 0.008, 0.001, and 0.014 µg/g

residues of pendimethalin were found in

tomato, cauliflower, and radishes, respectively

[Sondhia, S. (Directorate of Weed Science

Research, Jabalpur, India), Toxicological and

Environmental Chemistry, 2013, 95(2), 254-259].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0107 Evaluation of

antioxidant potential in selected leafy

vegetables of Odisha, India

Generally vegetables represent a class

of under exploited plants that are stipulated

to be rich source of natural antioxidant. Seven

edible widely used leafy vegetables of Odisha

have been analyzed for their DPPH radical

scavenging activity, namely Amaranthus tricolor,

Amaranthus viridis, Brassica oleracea, Brassica

campestris, Basella alba, Cucurbita maxima,

Cicer arietinum using methanol, ethanol,

petroleum ether as solvent. Their total phenolic

content was measured by Folin-ciocalteu reagent.

The plant extracts were found to have different

levels of antioxidant properties in the system

tested. Correlation analysis established a positive

Correlation between the phenolic contents and

the in vitro free radical scavenging activity of the

plant extracts. In all the species methanolic and

ethanolic extract gave maximum yield of crude

extract, phenol content as well as antioxidant

activity. Highest antioxidant activity was

demonstrated in Brassica campestris followed by

Amaranthus tricolor and Cucurbita maxima.

Accordingly minimum IC50 values were

obtained in the concentration of maximum

antioxidant activity. These values are comparable

with ascorbic acid as standard. The conclusions

drawn from the study suggest that the rich

phytochemical contents especially phenolics of

the leafy vegetables and good antioxidant activity

may be responsible for its wide and popular use

in any balanced diet [Routray, R., Kar, M. and

Sahu, R.K. (Department of Botany, B. J. B (A)

College, Bhubaneswar-751014, Odisha, India),

International Journal of Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, 5(1), 232-235].

OTHERS

57

WOOD

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0108 Timber species used in traditional wood carving by ao tribe of Nagaland

Traditional wood craft reflects the creativity and skill of tribal people. The main objective of present study is to collect and document the timber species used in traditional wood carving among Ao tribe of Nagaland. A total of 10 timber species were documented and identified which are used in traditional wood carving. Among these species three species namely Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Alstonia scholaris are mostly preferred due to their availability, workability and durability. It also highlights the time required, amount of wood required, average cost, selling price with net profit of the products. Hence, it may be good option for sustainable livelihood [C. L. Sharma* and M. Sharma Lipoktila, Wood, 2013, l 4 (4)].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0109 Financial potential of rubber plantations considering rubberwood production: Wood and crop production nexus

Globalization and urbanization have

significantly increased the food and non-food

commodity demand for the last century, and it is

vital to consider a business strategy with

economical and ecological sustainability. The

objective of this study was to project the

contribution of wood to the financial performance

of rubber plantations. Authors adopted cost and

revenue data of rubber plantations in Cambodia

and utilized land expectation value (LEV) as the

criterion for profitability analysis. Among the

top-ten rubber-producing countries in pan-

tropics, the areas of rubber plantation were

equivalent to from 1% to 90% of forest

plantations and 0.3%-10.2% of total forest areas.

Rubberwood revenue accounts for about 4 %-

10% of the 30th year LEV in rubber plantations

at discount rates of 2% y−1

–10% y−1

, and this was

sufficient to cover the cost of re-establishing

the plantations. The proportion of the 30th year

LEV contributed by wood revenue increased

under conditions normally associated with a more

difficult business environment, i.e., at higher

wage costs, and lower latex revenue. It was found

that the wood revenue can improve the

profitability of rubber plantations by up to 40 %

depending on the price of the rubberwood. It is

asserted that timber from wood producing

commodity plantations should be encouragingly

utilized as industrial timber by linking the wood

production in the management strategy of the

plantations [Akira Shigematsu*, Nobuya Mizoue,

Khun Kakada, Pheng Muthavy, Tsuyoshi Kajisa

and Shigejiro Yoshida (Faculty of Agriculture,

Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka

812-8581, Japan), Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013,

49, 131-142].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0110 Mechanical and

thermal properties of small diameter original

bamboo reinforced extruded particleboard

A thermal insulation material with good

mechanical properties which can be used in

construction for loading bearing components was

developed and studied. The air-dried small

diameter original bamboo without destroying the

basic structure was used to reinforce the extruded

particleboard with different solid density. The

results show that the solid density of the

particleboard had great effect on the mechanical

properties of the composite. The handling of the

outer skin of the bamboo did not influence the

properties a lot except the elastic modulus of the

panels when the solid density is 0.65g/cm3 and

0.75g/cm3. The thermal conductivity of the

panels is in the same range with expanded Perlite

and vermiculite which are commonly used as

thermal insulation materials [Haiyang Zhang, Jin

Liu, Zhiqiang Wang and Xiaoning Lu (College of

Wood Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry

University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing

210037, China), Materials Letters, 2013, 100,

204-206].


58

OTHERS (incl. Cultivation, Distribution,

New species, Postharvest Technologies,

Packaging Technology, New technologies/Know

How Developed, Book reviews, Forthcoming

events)

CULTIVATION

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0111 In vitro seed

germination and micropropagation of edible

bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro

using seeds

Successful propagation from seeds of

Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro was achieved by in vitro methods. Incidence of sporadic flowering was recorded. The descriptions of inflorescence and floral morphology are in agreement with the prior taxonomic descriptions but a more detailed description and illustrations are presented in this communication. In vitro seed germination was enhanced in gibberellic acid (GA3) supplemented liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in the presence of light. Shoots multiplication was obtained directly from seeds inoculated on MS medium containing benzylaminopurine (BAP). In another method, callus was induced and proliferated on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L

-1

2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg L

-1 kinetin (Kn). De novo production

of shoots took place from white, compact and nodular calli after transfer to MS medium containing 1 mg L

-1naphthalene acetic acid

(NAA) and 0.5 mg L-1

Kn. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on media with auxin. In vitro rooting percentage of shoots reached 86% with half-strength MS medium containing 5 mg L

-1 indole-3-butyric

acid (IBA). After the process of hardening and acclimatization, the plantlets established well when transferred to field during favourable season [Devi, W.S., Bengyella, L. and Sharma, G.J.(Center of Advanced Study in Life Sciences, Takyelpat, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India), Biotechnology, 2012, 11(2), 74-80].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0112 Problems, progress

and future prospects of improvement of

Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, an

endangered herbal magic, through modern

biotechnological tools: A review

Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari syn. C. mukul Engl. (Burseraceae) is an economically and pharmacologically important slow growing, dioecious, balsamiferous woody, multipurpose shrub heading towards extinction. Commonly known as "Guggul" due to the presence of steroidal compound guggulsterone in the oleo-gum resin, it has been used in treating various ailments and disorders since ancient times (2000 B. C.). Evaluation and confirmation of hypolipidemic effects of guggul based on Ayurvedic text in 1960s provided a new insight into its pharmacological applications. Two bioactive isomers of guggulsterone, E and Z, are responsible for lipid- and cholesterol-lowering activities. Recently, it has been shown to have anti-cancerous activity also. It is found in the dry regions of Indian subcontinent, namely India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Ruthless and unscientific harvesting of oleo-gum resin from the wild, by local populations, for economic benefits with negligible conservation efforts has made this species endangered and has led to its inclusion in Red Data Book of IUCN. Although this plant has many excellent traits, adequate attention has not been focused on its conservation and improvement. Conventional propagation methods i. e., seeds, cuttings and air layering are in place but have many limitations. Therefore, application of modern biotechnological tools needs to be standardized for harnessing maximum benefits from this pharmaceutically important plant. An efficient regeneration system needs to be in place for improvement of this genus through genetic transformation and production of useful metabolites in cell cultures. Studies are in progress for micropropagation through shoot multiplication and somatic embryogenesis, as well as for secondary metabolite (guggulsterone) production in callus cultures and bioreactors. No selected germplasm is available for

CULTIVATION

59

C. wightii since it is a wild plant. Breeding programs have not yet been started due to lack of systematic cultivation and conservation programs. Moreover, little information has been gathered regarding the genetic variability in this species using RAPD and ISSR markers. No details are available about genetic makeup and QTL linkage maps. Investigations are in progress to search sex linked markers in this dioecious species. Research is also in progress to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying various pharmacological actions of guggul. Since the approval of use of guggul as a food supplement by United States Food and Drug Administration in 1994, an exponential increase in research publications on various aspects of research on guggul have been published. Present communication summarizes the problems, progress made and suggests some future directions of research for this important endangered medicinal plant [Kulhari, A., Sheorayan, A., Kalia, S.,Chaudhury, A. and Kalia, R.K. (Centre for Plant Biotechnology, CCS HAU Campus, Hisar 125004 Haryana, India), Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2012, 59(6), 1223-1254].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0113 Factors influencing

in vitro plant regeneration of liquorice

(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)

An efficient and reproducible in vitro

protocol for large-scale multiplication of

Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) has been

described. Multiple shoots formation was

significantly influenced by growth regulators,

photope-riod, explant position, season of explant

collection and culture passage. Nodal explants

were collected at monthly intervals to initiate

in vitro cultures. The highest bud-break (86.6%)

with the longest shoot length (8.0 cm) and

maximum number of shoots (3.0) was obtained

when middle order nodes (3rd to 5th node from

apex) collected between May to August were

inoculated on MS medium supplemented with

6-Benzylaminopurine (2.0 mg/l) + α-naphthalene

acetic acid (0.5 mg/l) under photoperiod of 16/8 h

(light/dark cycle). The induction of multiple

shoots was also affected by photoperiod and

subculture cycle. Multiple shoots formation

increased from the first (2.2) to the fourth

subculture (6.6). The in vitro regenerated shoots

were induced on half strength MS medium

enriched with 1.0 mg/l IAA resulting early

rooting and maximum root growth. Plantlets were

hardened and successfully established in the soil.

Concentration of chlorophyll, total sugars,

reducing sugars and proteins were estimated in

leaf tissues from both in vivo and in vitro raised

plants. Chlorophyll content was higher in in vivo

plants, whereas other three components were

higher in micropropagated plants. The present

optimized micropropagation protocol offers the

possibility of germplasm conservation and

mass cultivation of this important medicinal

plant [Yadav, K. and Singh, N. (Department of

Botany, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana, India),

Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 2012, 10 (3),

161-167].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0114 In vitro regeneration of

Aconitum balfourii Stapf: A rare medicinal

herb from Himalayan alpine through root

explants

Aconitum balfourii Stapf is a rare

medicinal herb belonging to genus Aconitum and

family Ranunculaceae. Excessive illegal

collection from wild due to pharmacological

significance along with quiescent nature of seeds

and lengthy cultivation cycle are collectively

responsible for its endangered status. Therefore,

conservation applying tissue culture is a vital

need and has been developed nowadays. In the

present study, in vitro regeneration of A. balfourii

from root explants has been attempted. Root

explants were cultured on MS-Medium

supplemented with different combinations of BA

and NAA and callus induction took place at 13.4

µM NAA and 5.55 µM BA. Such induced

calluses were transferred to shooting media. The

best shooting were observed in 8.88 µM BA and

0.54 µM NAA. These shoots were subculture on


60

7.99 µM BAP. Furthermore the result showed

that increasing the concentration of BA caused a

reducing length of shoots; also presence of low

concentration of NAA has been necessary for

shoot induction. Some factors such as shoot

length, no. of shoots and induction frequencies

of shooting and rooting were also studied. The

well developed micro shoots were cultured on

rooting media for complete regeneration of plant.

Rooting of micro shoots occurred in media

containing 1.43 µM IAA and 1.23 µM IBA

[Sharma, E.,Gaur, K.,Punetha, H. and Gaur, A.K.

(Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic

Engneering, College of Basic Sciences and

Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture

and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand,

India), Research Journal of Medicinal Plant,

2012, 6(4), 2012, Pages 318-325.

POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES

61

POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0115 Postharvest handling

of plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) at 10°C to

save energy and preserve fruit quality using

an innovative application system of 1-MCP

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) inhibits

softening in plums, making it a candidate for a

postharvest strategy of storing fruit at higher than

normal storage temperatures to avoid chilling

injury (CI) while providing energy and cost

savings. This hypothesis was tested by exposing

different Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindel.)

cultivars to 0.5µLL−1

1-MCP at 0°C for 24h.

Following 1-MCP treatment, fruit were stored

at 0 or 10°C for 10, 20, or 30 d, respectively.

A new application technology was tested by

applying 1-MCP during forced-air cooling

(FAC), reducing the application duration from

24 to 6 h without affecting treatment

performance. This new 1-MCP application

system is compatible with current postharvest

handling, rendering it easily adopted by the tree

fruit industry. 1-MCP had no detrimental effect

on consumer acceptance of low-acid plums

ripened properly prior to consumption, but it

reduced the acceptance of high acidity plums.

Thus, 1-MCP use on plums should avoid

cultivars with high acidity and/or plums picked

early when fruit have titratable acidity of 0.9%

or more. 1-MCP–FAC treatment followed by

storage at 10 °C is a promising new methodology

to avoid chilling temperatures and provide

considerable energy savings without reducing

postharvest life and consumer quality of low-acid

plums. Our results encourage testing this new

technology at commercial scale to accurately

quantify energy savings and consumer reactions

for specific operations and markets [Ioannis S.

Minasa, b

, Gayle M. Crisostoa, Deirdre Holcroft

a,

Miltiadis Vasilakakisb and Carlos H. Crisosto*

(Department of Plant Sciences, University of

California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis,

CA 95616, United States), Postharvest Biology

and Technology, 2013, 76, 1-9].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0116 Effects of alginate

edible coating on preserving fruit quality in

four plum cultivars during postharvest storage

Four plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

cultivars (“Blackamber”, “Larry Ann”, “Golden

Globe” and “Songold”), were treated with 1 or

3% alginate as an edible coating before storage.

Analytical determinations were made after 7, 14,

21, 28 and 35 days at 2 °C and after a 3 day

period at 20 °C (shelf-life). Both treatments were

effective in inhibiting ethylene production for all

cultivars, especially when 3% alginate was used.

The changes in fruit quality parameters related to

plum postharvest ripening, such as weight and

acidity losses, softening and colour changes, were

significantly delayed by the use of both edible

coatings. The delay of the ripening process was

also related to lower anthocyanin and carotenoid

accumulation. Overall results suggest that these

treatments could increase the plum storage period

with optimum quality, 2 weeks for “Larry Ann”

and “Songold” and 3 weeks for “Blackamber”

and “Golden Globe” more than controls

[Daniel Valeroa, Huertas M. Díaz-Mula

a, Pedro J.

Zapataa, Fabián Guillén

a, Domingo Martínez-

Romeroa, Salvador Castillo* María Serrano

(Department of Applied Biology, EPSO,

University Miguel Hernández, Ctra. Beniel km.

3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain), Postharvest

Biology and Technology, 2013, 77, 1-6].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0117 Papaya fruit quality

management during the postharvest supply

chain

Papayas are popular in tropical and

subtropical regions and are being exported in

large volumes to Europe, the United States, and

Japan. The fruit has a sweet, exotic flavor and is

rich in vitamins A and C and antioxidants.

However, due to its highly perishable nature,

it has not emerged as a major traded fruit.

Papayas are highly susceptible to qualitative and

quantitative postharvest losses. Maintenance

of papaya fruit quality during the supply chain

depends on orchard management, harvesting


62

practices, packing operations, postharvest

treatments, temperature management, and

transportation and storage conditions. Postharvest

losses are attributed to mechanical damage, rapid

flesh softening, decay, physiological disorders,

pest infestation, and improper temperature

management. The aim of postharvest technology

and management in the supply chain is to

provide favorable conditions to extend storage

life and retain quality and nutritional attributes.

This review focuses on the available research

findings to retain overall papaya fruit quality

and to reduce postharvest losses during the

supply chain via adopting appropriate or novel

postharvest technologies [Dharini Sivakumar*

and Marisa M. Wall, Food Reviews International,

2013, 29(1), 24-48].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0118 Maintaining quality of

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit after

harvest

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a

highly perishable, non climacteric fruit and

requires very careful handling. To extend the

shelf life of loquat, the effectiveness of different

packages including high density polyethylene

(HDPE) 0.09 mm thickness, low density

polyethylene (LDPE) 0.03 mm thickness, 0.25%

perforated high density polyethylene (HDPEP)

and 0.25% perforated low density polyethylene

(LDPEP) were studied. Loquat fruit of “Surkh”

cultivar was picked at mature ripe stage. Fruits

were washed, sorted, packed in different

polyethylene packages, placed in soft board

cartons and stored in a cold store at 4 C. Changes

in weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS ),

ascorbic acid (AA), browning index (BI),

firmness and titratable acidity (TA) as affected by

different treatments were studied. LDPEP

retained significantly highest firmness (1.21 kgf)

and lowest TA (0.32%). Lowest values for

weight loss (0.17%), TSS (10.5%) and firmness

(1.00 kgf) were exhibited by HDPE. Browning

index was lowest in LDPE. Control had

significantly highest values for TSS (13.4 %), BI

(22.06%) and weight loss (2.43%) [Nadeem

Akhtar Abbasi*, Attiq Akhtar and Azhar Hussain

(Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi.

Pakistan), Pak J Bot 2013, 45(1), 247-251].

NPARR 4(1), 2013-0119 Pre- and postharvest

treatment with alternatives to synthetic

fungicides to control postharvest decay of

sweet cherry

The effectiveness of alternatives to

synthetic fungicides for the control of pathogens

causing postharvest diseases of sweet cherry was

tested in vitro and in vivo. When amended to

potato dextrose-agar, oligosaccharides,

benzothiadiazole, chitosan, calcium plus organic

acids, and nettle macerate reduced the growth of

Monilinia laxa, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus

stolonifer. Treatment of sweet cherries three

days before harvest or soon after harvest with

oligosaccharides, benzothiadiazole, chitosan,

calcium plus organic acids, nettle extract, fir

extract, laminarin, or potassium bicarbonate

reduced brown rot, gray mold, Rhizopus rot,

Alternaria rot, blue mold and green rot of cherries

kept 10d at 20±1 C, or 14 d at 0.5±1°C and then

exposed to 7d of shelf-life at 20±1°C. Among

these resistance inducers, when applied either

preharvest or postharvest, chitosan was one of the

most effective in reducing storage decay of sweet

cherry, and its antimicrobial activity in vitro and

in field trials was comparable to that of the

fungicide fenhexamid. Benzothiadiazole was

more effective when applied postharvest than

with preharvest spraying. These resistance

inducers could represent good options for organic

growers and food companies, or they can

complement the use of synthetic fungicides in an

integrated disease management strategy [Erica

Feliziani, Marilla Santini, Lucia Landi and

Gianfranco Romanazzi* (Department of

Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences,

Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce

Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy), Postharvest

Biology and Technology, 2013, 78, 133-138].

FORTHCUMING EVENTS

63

Forthcoming Conferences, Seminars, Exhibitions and Trainings

1 AyuTech Conference, 3rd to 5th July 2013, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;

Website:http://www.ayutech.com?utm_campaign=EVENTSCALENDAR&utm_medium=EV

ENTLISTING&utm_source=CONFERENCEALERTS 2013-07-14

2 BIOSPECTRUM 2013, International Symposium on Computational Biology & Drug Design,

10th to 12th July 2013 Thiruvalla, Kerala, India Website:

http://www.macfastbiospectrum.com

3 5-Days Hands-on Workshop on Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 15th to 19th

July 2013 Pune, Maharashtra, India Website: http://www.icsccb.org/workshops/

4 International Conference on Agricultural and Animal Sciences 2013 Conference 8th to 9th

July 2013, Colombo, Sri Lanka Website: http://www.agrianimal.com/

5 Seminar On Current Trends In Pharmaceutical Technology And Drug Design, 14 July, 2013,

Contact: Dr. Varsha Kashaw, Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sagar.

6 Brain Storming Conference on Dengue Scenario in India: Disease Burden, Surveillance and

Control, Madurai, 25th

and 26th

July 2013, Contact: Dr. B.K. Tyagi, Centre for Research in

Medicalentomology, Madurai

7 Amrita Bioquest 2013 - International Conference on Biotechnology for Innovative

Applications 12th to 14th August 2013, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India Website:

http://amrita.edu/bioquest

8 Workshop On Alternatives to Animal Testing In Drug Discovery, Ooty, 2nd

and 3rd

August,

Contact: Dr. M.N. Satishkumar, Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S.College of Pharmacy ,

Ootacamund

9 3rd International Conference on Biotechnolgy and Environment Management – ICBEM 2013

14th to15th September 2013 New Delhi, India Website: http://www.icbem.org/

10 2013 5th International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering –

ICBEE 2013 14th to 15th September 2013 New Delhi, India Website: http://www.icbee.org/

11 3rd National Conference on Environment and Biodiversity Conference 6th to 6th October

2013 Pune, Maharashtra, India, Website: http://www.ebiconference.com/2013/01/call-for-

abstracts-ebi-2013.html

12 5th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference 8th to 12th December 2013

Miri, Sarawak, India, Website: http://www.gosmap2013.com

13 6th International Congress of Environmental Research (ICER-13) 19th to 21st December

2013, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, Website: http://www.icer13.jerad.org


64

ANNOUNCEMENTS

INDIAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES

Original research Papers and Reviews on topics dealt within this repository are invited

for publication in peer reviewed, quarterly journal (March, June, September and December),

Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (Formerly known as Natural Product Radiance).

For details visit [email protected]. The papers may be sent to Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg, Editor

Periodicals Division, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources

(NISCAIR), CSIR, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg (Inside Pusa Campus). New Delhi-110012;

Phone: (091)-11-25846001, (091)-11-25846304-07, Ext.258, 255. Fax: (091)-11-2584 7062.

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

RAW MATERIALS HERBARIUM AND MUSEUM DELHI (RHMD)

Herbarium is a repository of dried specimens of plants collected from far and wide and is

arranged in a systematic order. Plant specimens in herbaria and their raw material samples serve as

reference materials for any plant-based research and as source materials for information on utilization,

conservation, planning and management. The herbarium specimens have become resources for

generating the profiles of chemical constituents and DNA fingerprinting. The herbarium specimens

could be used as standard reference materials while identifying the plant specimens and the crude drug

samples. Further, the herbaria could provide information on folk-lore, ethnomedicine or traditional

medicine from which new medicines could be evolved.

Because of wide spread belief that herbal medicines are safer than synthetic drugs, demand for

Indian medicinal plants has increased many fold in the national and international markets. Due to high

demand but limited cultivation of medicinal plants in India, more than 95 per cent plants are being

harvested from the wild. Consequently there is gap in demand and supply, therefore, the collectors and

traders involved in commercialization of medicinal plants often mix other related plant materials to the

genuine one or an altogether a distinct plant material is sold in the market in place of genuine one. Thus

usage of such adulterated or spurious raw material for manufacturing medicine affects the efficacy of

the finished product and could cause deleterious effect on human health. Sometimes adulteration

happens due to close similarities in two species/drugs.

Considering the demand for natural products including medicines and other products for

various purposes, universities, colleges, institutes and various other R & D labs are focusing on

research works especially pharmacologoical, phytochemical and ethnobotanical studies. First and

foremost requisite for these findings is the correct identification of the plant/crude drug collection,

preservation and identification. It is a fact that without correct name literature search is incomplete.

Therefore, before starting actual R & D work, researchers need to have correct identification and

nomenclature of the plant specimen for any novel finding or to validate an ethnobotanical report.

While starting the revised series of The Wealth of India-An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Indian

Raw Materials in 1978, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources

ANNOUNCEMENTS

65

(NISCAIR), formerly known as NISCOM, a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific

Industrial Research (CSIR), has set up a Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, housing authentic

samples of economically important raw materials of plant, animal and mineral origin of India as a

whole, in one place, to disseminate and showcase knowledge on these resources through authenticated

collection of samples, herbarium sheets borrowed and collected from fields from throughout India.

It is open to the scientists, researchers, industries, entrepreneurs, traders, students and the public.

The NISCAIR Herbarium & Museum was assigned the acronym RHMD (Raw Materials

Herbarium & Museum, Delhi) by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and it appeared in the publication "Index Herbarium, New York, USA" (1990). The RHMD houses over

8000 specimens comprising more than 5000 species of economic and medicinal plants of India and the

Museum containing over 3500 samples of crude-drugs, animal and mineral specimens.

The facility backed up by the knowledge stored in the Wealth of India, is a veritable storehouse

of information on the raw materials of India, and is a place useful to students to gain knowledge on

economic biology and geology. Based on this facility and the available expertise, we do

authentication/identification of the specimens/samples received under possible botanical or common

names of the plant(s) and issue a certificate.

DECLARATION

• Authentication of herbarium specimen or crude drug sample (s) pertains to the quantity/quality

of specimens/samples received in RHMD.

• Authentication is done on the basis of macroscopic studies followed by detailed scrutiny of

literature and matching the samples with authenticated specimens preserved in RHMD.

• Samples/specimens submitted to RHMD are non-returnable.

• This service is provided for societal intervention and facilitate biological science

students/entrepreuners/ institutes, etc.

• Nominal service charges are taken to maintain the received samples and specimens for further

reference and consultation.

• For the identification of dried well pressed plant specimens properly fixed on a herbarium sheet

with leaves, flower, fruit, etc., Rs.250/- per plant are charged.

• For crude drug (Leaves, fruits, flowers, root, rhizome etc.) identification, we charge Rs.500/-

per sample.


66

REQUEST FORM FOR AUTHENTICATION (Download)

Sir/Madam,

I/would like to get done authentication of enclosed herbarium specimen(s)/crude drug sample (s) from

Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, Delhi (RHMD). Detailed information about the specimen(s)/crude drug

sample (s) available with me is given below:

1. Botanical Name (Possible):--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Market/Trade/Local/Hindi/Vernacular name:-----------------------------------------------------

3. Part of specimen: Root/Rhizome/Stem/Aerial part/Leaves/Flowers/Fruits/Seeds, Bark,etc.-------------

4. Date/Season of Collection:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Place of collection:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Use (if known )------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Purpose of Authentication-Research/Academic/Trade/Cultivation/Drug preparation, etc.---------------

--------------------

I am enclosing herewith DD (No. & date and amount …………….

in the favour of the Director NISCAIR/Depositing the cash Rs.-----------(Rs.------------------------------------------------------------towards the prescribed charges for authentication of -------------(No.) Herbarium Specimen and/or

---------------------(No.) Crude Drug samples.

Signature

Name:

Address:

Phone, Mobile No.:

E-mail ID:

SEND TO:

Dr. (Mrs) Sunita Garg

Head

Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, Delhi (RHMD)

National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (CSIR-NISCAIR)

Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg (inside Pusa campus)

New Delhi-110012

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];

Phone: 011-25846301−7, Ext. 258, 263; 25846001 (Direct)

67

RHMD, CSIR-NISCAIR

FEEDBACK (Please send by E-mail to: [email protected]; [email protected])

Dear Sir /Madam

1. How did you learn about the facility for authentication of Indian Raw Materials of Plant origin

(crude drugs) samples and Herbarium specimens at Raw Materials Herbarium and Museum,

Delhi (RHMD), NISCAIR?

a) Through personal contact:

b) Through Institute/College/University:

c) Through NISCAIR Website:

2. Have you ever visited RHMD, NISCAIR? Yes/No

3. Have you availed the authentication services provided by RHMD Yes/No

4. Are you satisfied by the identification/authentication service provided by RHMD, NISCAIR?

Yes/No

If not satisfied, would you like to suggest some improvement?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Do you know any other Institute/Dept. providing authentication service similar to RHMD,

NISCAIR…………….. Yes/No

If yes, please provide address:

Signature

Name:

Address:

Phone, Mobile No.:

E-mail ID:

nparr 4(1) (full issue)

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