np gandhi full paper1

8/14/2019 Np Gandhi Full Paper1

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Cover letter

A RESEARCH STUDY ON COMMUNITY

PARTICIPATION, AFFORDIBILITY AND WILLINGNESS

TO PAY IN RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME TO

IMPROVE THE HEALTH STATUS

// Paper name//

WATER SANITATION IS A TOOL FOR CHANGING

THE RURAL SYSTEM SCENERIO IN INDIA

*NAYAN PRAKASH GANDHI, **HEMLATA

GANDHI

* [MA (His), DIM, PGD (Cs), ASESI {New Delhi}](MBA+PGPM FINAL SEM)Aspirant POONA SCHOOL OFBUSINESS,

PUNE(Presented Various Research Paper in, Nat & state Level conf.)

CONTACTNO:+91-9579659412,[email protected]

** DOCTARATE IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES

DISTRICT PROJECT MANAGER, JHALAWAR (RAJ)

CONT EMAIL ID: [email protected]

N.P.GandhiPoona School Of Business,[email protected]


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Abstract

Safe drinking water; sanitation and good hygiene are

fundamental to health, survival, growth and development. Over

1.1 billion of our fellow citizens do not use drinking water from

improved sources, while 2.6 billion lack basic sanitation. Safe

drinking water and basic sanitation are so obviously essential to

health that they risk being taken for granted. Efforts to prevent

death from diarrhea or to reduce the burden of such diseases as

ascaris, hookworm, schistosomiasis and trachoma are doomed

to failure unless people have access to safe drinking water and

basic sanitation. Lack of basic sanitation indirectly inhibits the

learning abilities of millions of school-aged children who are

infested with intestinal worms transmitted through inadequate

sanitation facilities and poor hygiene. As India moves into the



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next millennium it has many things to be proud of. With a

landmass of 3.29 million square kilometers and a population of

just over a billion India has enormous natural resources, it also

has the second largest pool of technical and scientific personnel

in the world and is one of the fastest growing economies in the

developing world in terms of its GDP growth.

In the five decades since independence, India has witnessed a

significant achievement in many of the millennium development

goals like reduction of extreme hunger and poverty by increasing

self-sufficiency in food grains, increased life expectancy,

sustainable management of its natural resources, rapid expansion

in the urban, energy and industrial sectors, improved child and

maternal health, increased universal primary and higher

education, advancement in the field of science and technology,

increased access to water and sanitation facilities, increased

participation of women in social and political arena and above all

a multicultural and religious vibrant social democracy.

However India is still far behind other developing nations in terms

of achievement in some of the very basic social and economic



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development indicators especially in the rural areas where

majority of our population lives. 65% of its rural areas are without

sanitation facilities and large parts of rural India face acute water

shortage. Some areas are completely deprived of education

facilities particularly secondary and higher education and drop

out of children from schools particularly girls is very high. Infant

and Maternal Mortality rates are very high, and around 0.6-0.7

million children people majority from the backward castes are

involved in manual scavenging.

Concerning to all these important points this paper is all about

Indias rural sector management and development as per

important factor that is water sanitation and hygiene practices

implementation for improvement community participation and

their health and living standard And also assign that what is major

challenges behind this and what are the solutions .This paper also

explores the job opportunity in the social sector concerning to this

important wide sector which have a still unlimited opportunity in

our such type of country .



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SANITATION: Background

A direct relationship exists between water, sanitation, health,

nutrition, and human wellbeing. Consumption of contaminated

drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, lack of

personal and food hygiene, and improper disposal of solid and

liquid waste have been the major causes of many diseases in

developing countries like India. Persisting high infant mortality

rate (IMR. National average -- 69) and high levels of malnutrition

(national average 41 percent) are also attributed to poor

sanitation. Increasingly, sanitation is being seen as a major issue

in environmental protection. Lack of or inadequate sanitation

impacts on the local economy, productive and school days lost

due to sickness, the overall quality of life for those living in the



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vicinity including the general aesthetics and tourism. The

economic effect on tourism assumes special dimensions in the

case of India, with its immense size, pluralistic diversity and

almost limitless tourism potential a vastly improved sanitation

scenario implies vastly improved tourist volumes and tourism

revenue inflows, robust contribution to increase in employment

and opportunities for the private entrepreneurship in the service

sector Historically, sanitation was a part of town planning even as

far back as 3000 BC. Well laid out drainage and street system

during Indus Valley Civilization, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

excavation which became diluted over the ages and by the 20th

century; disposal of human and animal excreta was left to nature

in rural areas. In urban areas, sanitation was earlier limited to

disposal of human excreta by cesspools, open ditches, pit latrines,

bucket system etc., including the dehumanizing practice of

removal of night soil by humans hands. Today it connotes a

comprehensive concept, the lack of which impedes human

development. More importantly, young children bear a huge part

of the burden of disease resulting from the lack of hygiene. India,

for example, still loses between 0.4 to 0.5 million children below



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about the associated health hazards. As per the latest Census

data (2001), only 36.4 percent of total population has latrines

within/attached to their houses. However in rural areas, only 21.9

percent of population has latrines within/attached to their houses.

Out of this, only 7.1 percent households have latrines with water

closets, which are the most sanitized toilets.

The day every one of us gets a toilet to use, I shall know

that our country has reached the pinnacle of progress.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India

Water supply and sanitation were added to the national agenda

during the countrys first five-year plan (1951-56). It was only in

the early eighties, with the thrust of the International Water and

Sanitation Decade, that Indias first nationwide programme for

rural sanitation, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP),

was launched in 1986 in the Ministry of Rural Development with

the objective of improving the quality of life of rural people and to

provide privacy and dignity to women. The programme provided



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large subsidy for construction of sanitary latrines for BPL

households. It was supply driven, highly subsidized, and gave

emphasis on a single construction model. Based on

recommendations of the National Seminar on Rural Sanitation in

September 1992, the programme was again revised to make it an

integrated approach for rural sanitation.

Since its inception and up to the end of the IXth Plan, 9.45 million

latrines were constructed for rural households under the CRSP as

well as corresponding State MNP. The total investment made

under the CRSP was US$ 138 million, and under the State sector

MNP, US$ 232 million.

Despite the massive outlays for sanitation the Programme led to

only a marginal increase in the rural sanitation coverage, with

meager annual increase in the rural sanitation coverage. This was

because there was total lack of community participation

In this traditional, supply driven, subsidy oriented, government

programme. There was poor utilization of whatever toilets were

constructed under the Programme due to many reasons i.e. lack

of awareness, poor construction standards, emphasis on high cost



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designs, absence of participation of beneficiaries, etc. Most of the

States could not provide adequate priority to the sanitation

programme. The CRSP had also neglected school sanitation,

which is considered as one of the vital components of sanitation.

CRSP also failed to have linkages with various local institutions

like ICDS, Mahila Samakhya, women, PRIs, NGOs, research

institutions, SHGs, etc.

With the emergence of the above findings the CRSP was

restructured in 1999 with a provision for phasing out the

allocation-based component by the end of the IXth Plan i.e. 2001-

2002 and moving from a project based mode of implementation

into a peoples campaign towards achieving total sanitation.

The primary responsibility of providing drinking water facilities in

the country rests with State Governments. The efforts of State

Governments are supplemented by Government of India by

providing financial assistance under the Centrally Sponsored

Scheme of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP).

ARWSP has been under implementation since 1972-73. In 1986,

the National Drinking Water Mission, renamed as Rajiv Gandhi



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National Drinking Water Mission in 1991, was launched and

further in 1999, the Department of Drinking Water Supply was

created, to provide a renewed focus with mission approach to

implement programmes for rural drinking water supply.

Reforms in sanitation along with water supply thus started to gain

in strength from the middle of 1999 onwards. While the low

subsidy policy met with initial resistance, gradually, there is

growing acceptance among implementers and local communities.

The Bharat Nirman Programme was another important step to

taken towards building up a strong Rural India by strengthening

the infrastructure in six areas viz. Housing, Roads, Electrification,

Communication(Telephone), Drinking Water and Irrigation, with

the help of a plan to be implemented in four years, from 2005-06

to 2008-09.



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The sanitation movement got a boost with the advent of the Total

Sanitation Campaign in the country. The Total Sanitation

campaign was launched in April 1999, advocating of a shift from a

high subsidy to a low subsidy regime, a greater household

involvement and demand responsiveness, and providing for the

promotion of a range of toilet options to promote increased

affordability.

The TSC gives emphasis on Information, Education and

Communication (IEC) for demand generation of sanitation

facilities, providing for stronger back up systems such as trained

masons and building materials through rural sanitary marts and

production centers and including a thrust on school sanitation as


Why should our cities and villages be unclean and

unhygienic? Can this not be changed visibly by changing the

habits and mindset of each one of us? Shouldnt citizens

themselves initiate a drive for water conservation, energy

conservation, and conservation of our precious cultural

heritage?

Atal Behari Vajpayee


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an entry point for encouraging wider acceptance of sanitation by

rural masses as key strategies. It also lays emphasis on school

sanitation and hygiene education for bringing about attitudinal

and behavioral changes for relevant sanitation and hygiene

practices from a young age.

With the scaling up of TSC combined with higher resource

allocation, the programme implementation has improved

substantially leading to construction of household latrines in more

than 21.7 million rural households. There has been a considerable

increase in the construction of household toilets under TSC and

the corresponding increase in the sanitation coverage.

Corresponding to the increase in adoption of IHHLs, there has

been substantial increase in the rural sanitation coverage from

22% in 2001 to about 44% in 2007 which is a good jump.

Compared to average annual growth rate of only 1 percent during

1981-2001, the average growth rate is more than 3 percent in

first five years of the current decade. However growth rate in the

2006-07 has been more than 6 percent which is quite



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encouraging and gives the confidence of achieving 100%

coverage by 2012.

Although the TSC was launched in 1999, the pace of progress has

been gradual. Rural sanitation being a State subject, it is

necessary that State Governments accord high priority to the

programme. Though most States have included TSC in their

programmes, financial allocations for sanitation often are not

adequate due to lack of priority attached to the programme which

often takes a back seat to water which is a more politically

important area The states where high priority is attached, good

results are coming.

The second reason has been less emphasis on Capacity building

and IEC activities with inadequate capacity building at the cutting

edge level for implementing a demand driven project -giving

emphasis on social mobilization and IEC. The implementation

machinery at the field level, which is quite familiar with working of

the supply driven, target oriented schemes of the government

need to be sensitized further to the challenges of this demand

driven approach. For this change of attitude and ways of



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functioning of the persons responsible for the implementation of

the scheme is needed. Management of this change in approach

requires more attention.

Some of the other challenges are existence of state level high

subsidy schemes in many states, provision of low cost and region

specific technological options, Quality of construction, usage and

operation and maintenance of the sanitation facilities and

Convergence with various other departments at National, State,

district and grassroots level

Relevance of Water AND Sanitation [MAJOR CHALLENGE

FOR INDIA]

India cannot achieve real development if majority of its people

particularly live in an unhealthy and unclean surroundings due to

lack of access to safe water and sanitation. Poor water and

sanitation facilities have many other serious repercussions. A

direct link exists between water, sanitation and, health and

nutrition and human well being .Consumption of contaminated

drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, lack of

personal and food hygiene and improper disposal of solid and



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liquid waste have been major causes of many diseases in India

and it is estimated that around 30 million people suffer from

water related illnesses. Children particularly girls and women are

the most affected.

Despite significant investments over the last 20 years, India still

faces the most daunting sanitation challenge than any other

country in South Asia. According to an estimate, India stands

second among the worst places in the world for sanitation after

China. Government figure claims that India is all set to achieve

MDG target but still a vast majority of unserved population is poor

rural inhabitants. The rapid urbanization is putting a strain on

already stressed urban sanitation systems in India. Slums are

very rarely connected to citys sanitation infrastructure and the

sanitation situation is deplorable. Effective implementation of

sanitation schemes, increased civil societys participation,

enhancing financial allocation and monitoring progress and

effective targeting seems to be the key to achieve total sanitation

in India.

Sanitation: A Global Crisis



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Sanitation is in crisis. 2.6 billion People worldwide - 40% of the

worlds population - does not have a toilet. Yet, despite the fact

that 5,000 children die every day from diarrheal diseases, there

has been no political action on the issue.

Sanitation is the most neglected and most off-track of the UN

Millennium Development Goals' targets.

Sanitation is vital for poverty reduction. There is compelling

evidence that sanitation brings the single greatest return on

investment of any development intervention



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IN.P.GandhiPoona School Of Business,[email protected]


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IN.P.GandhiPoona School Of Business,[email protected]


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In the developing world, the costs of not investing in sanitation

and water are huge - infant deaths, lost work days, and missed

school days are estimated to have an economic cost of around


LACK OF

SANITATION

SPREAD OF DISEASES

ILL HEALTH /

EXPENDITURE ON

MEDICINE

LOW INCOME / LESS EXPENDITURE ON

NUTRITION, SANITATION AND EDUCATION

VICIOUS

POVERTY

CYCLE


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$38 billion per year, with sanitation accounting for 92% of this

value.

India stands second among the worst places in the world for

sanitation as a total number of people lacking access to sanitation

after China. Other south Asian countries are Bangladesh (4th rank

- total population lacking access to sanitation is 84,912,000) and

Pakistan (7th rank - total population lacking access to sanitation is

63,468,000).

Drinking Water:

Fresh water is a finite and valuable resource, essential to sustain

life, development and the environment. Water is a precious

resource and vital for life. Access to a safe and affordable water

supply of drinking water is universally recognized as a basic

human need for the present and a pre-condition for the

development and care of the next. Water shortage, poor quality,

or unreliable supplies have profound effects on peoples well

being.

Providing water alone is not enough, it should be safe and

constant efforts are required to ensure its quality. Water quality



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affects human health. Coupled with unsanitary conditions and

lack of good hygiene practices, water can be accountable for

various diseases like, ascaris, hookworm, trachoma, cholera,

typhoid, diarrhea, jaundice etc. Thus, there are significant health

associated benefits from improvements in water supply. Improved

access safe water supply is an essential ingredient in facilitating

the socio-economic development of rural communities.

Though it has been established that the government makes

efforts to provide safe water to the people, improper distribution,

and the lack of proper maintenance and improper installation of

hand pumps have made them defunct or not suitable for drinking

purpose.

It has been found that people frequently dip their fingers in water

vessels as they removed a glass of water. Without proper hand

washing this will contaminate drinking water. (Unwashed) water

vessels are frequently dipped into storage tanks to retrieve water.

In the home, pots are usually kept on the floor, uncovered. As

chlorination is not uniform, it is very likely that drinking water is

thus rendered unfit for consumption.



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It has been mostly seen that people usually take water from the

pots through cups or glasses by dipping their hands into the water

vessel. This action lets the bacteria and other infection enter the

water and pollute it. This action and the drinking of the water in

this fashion mostly affect the children and suffer from water

borne diseases.

With the TSC program implemented in the district through IEC

and social communication and marketing many adopted safe

methods of handling of drinking water. Many of them have started

using the long handle ladle for drinking water purpose.

This data

has been

tabulated

taking into

considering the 480 families of all the six villages of the three

blocks. It has been seen that though large number have the long

handle ladle at home they are using while taking water from the

pots.


Use of Long Handle Ladle

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6

69 67 63 64 63 41


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0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V 6

U s e o f L o n g H a n d

V

V

V

V

V

V

Most of the storage of the water is on the ground itself. The

household mostly the women bring water from a distant source or

water tank and store the water in an earthen pot or bucket. In

most of the families it has been seen the water brought from the

source are generally uncovered and kept at the floor or on the

ground itself. Thus the drinking gets contaminated from the



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source itself to the storage place due to improper method of

storage.

Some of the families having water connection take water directly

from the source itself. During the survey it has also seen that in

79 families they keep the drinking water pots/buckets on a raised

platform. Keeping water on the raised platform decreases the

incidence of contamination of the water.

It has been seen that in Rajasthan water is a scarce resource

familys use water very carefully. Storing water for drinking for

many days also increases the incidence of contamination.

Storage of Water


Table 17


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On

Ground

Above

platform

Direct from

Source Others

310 79 51 40

Water Storage

0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

On Ground Above

platform

Direct f rom

Source

Others

On Ground

Above platform

Direct f rom Sou

Others

In most of the families it has been seen that they take water from

the wells home itself. Though water from wells is not hygienic

they use it. 195 families use water from hand pump to be used in

drinking and other purpose. 57 families use tap water in their

household.



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From the analysis it was seen that HH taking water from a safe

source were less influenced by water borne diseases rather than

families with unsafe drinking water source.

Water

Availability

Well Tap HP

228 57 195

Water Availability

47%

12%

41%

Well

TapHP


Table 18


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Action on Sanitation

Sanitation action should start simultaneously with the most

disadvantaged and marginalized as well as with those who

exercise influence on others in the community

Established demand factors (not the assumption that one low

cost size fits all) are the engines for sanitation action.

Awareness about the link between and sanitation and health is

needed to stimulate sanitation demand in most communities,

where the concern is for personal dignity and safety.

Hygiene education that can stimulate demands by awareness of

the link between sanitation and health.

Sanitation solutions that are location- specific, founded by local

needs/conditions/resources and capacities.

Institutional encouragement and protection of the role of women

needs to be established.

A strong convergence between all the functions, departments,

sectors and networks that impinge on sanitation. This should



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include networking with other development sectors and self-help

activities.

Technologies for sanitation that are demand responsive, gender

sensitive, child friendly and supported by local knowledge and

resources.

Water supply issues needs to be addressed with all technical

innovations.

Financial mechanisms for sanitation those are easily accessible to

women, communities and households, respecting demand factors

and encouraging innovation and demonstration.

School sanitation as a major catalyst for community awareness

and action. It is a sector with its own special needs and

opportunities.

O & M recognized as a capacity and function on which

sustainability depends.

M&E indicators developed to track sanitation not only in physical

terms but in terms of empowerment, capacity- building and

changes in health.



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A sound data base created for the sector that can ensure better

choices and decisions.

Entrepreneurship and the private sector recognized as important

keys to accelerated sanitation.

Communication skills developed and shared to encourage and

sustain changes in attitudes and behaviors

Recognize communication for behavior change as the essential

catalyst for sanitation action and build communication capacity at

the grassroots.

Village to village women to women communication is essential for

taking successful demonstrations to scale. There are excellent

examples now available of what women can and have achieved.

Authorities and NGOs/CSOs/CBOs need to facilitate these contacts

for mutual learning. Developing communications skills within

CSOs/NGOs and among the communities they serve.

Media supports are essential in taking the sanitation message into

every sector of public life.

Media outreach for public awareness



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Inadequate Progress in This Major Issue: Factors

Lack of adequate dissemination of appropriate technology.

Lack of political will and administrative support for the

sanitation programme

Lack of awareness among the people, particularly those in

the rural areas, about the need of sanitation and its health

consequences.

Health sector`s inadequate involvement and lack of required

advocacy on its part

Failure to develop a demand driven approach with needed

participation of the people at the grassroots level

Low prestige and recognition

Poor institutional framework

Inadequate and poorly-used resources

In appropriate approaches



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Failure to accept the disadvantages of conventional excreta

management systems

Neglect of consumer preferences

Ineffective promotion and low public awareness

Lowest priority given to women and children

Cultural taboo and beliefs

RECOMMENDATION FOR OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM:

Administration Sanctions and implementation

Huge financial support

Corporate bodys participation should be increase

Technical support should be increase

Local politicians should be participate

Women candidates participation should be increase



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Government should be actively supported and timely evaluate the

project

Media and impressive personality should be enter for awareness

ORGANIZATION INVOLVED IN THIS SECTOR

Water Aid India

DDWS-GoI

Arghyam

SULABH INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SERVICE ORG.

WWF

ASIAN WATER

And many non government organizations are present in this

sector where a social science graduate or civil eng. Graduate or

management graduate can start their career in this prestigious

mobilization sector.

AS a

Project coordinator[at various senior level position]



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Training coordinator

programme manager

Project in charge

Sr. supervisor

Administrator

Sr. accountant

Entrepreneur

CONCLUSION:

Infect there is no doubt that water sanitation and hygiene

practices are essential for not only for rural areas development

also for increase their status in the society and improvement their

standard by going on further progress which would be better for

himself and their society and at last for Indian sector

development and proper management of socio eco resources

which would be better for not only the progress as per their living

standard but also useful for their employability , heath standard,

social standard . by this there is no doubt to say that sanitation is



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a key for Indian rural development in social, educational,

employment, health, economically concern which will show in

current and future trends of Rural management.

References

[1]Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare, 1998-99

[2]WHO and UNICEF year book, 2000

[3]Meeting the MDG drinking Water and Sanitation. The urban and

rural challenge of the decade.

[4]Guideline to Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP)

[6]Annual Report (1999-2000). Ministry of Rural Development,

New Delhi, 2000

[7] Scribd.com



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