NOTES: ‘Science Teachers for Climate Awareness’ This ppt is designed for use of science teachers in talking about low emission

energy resources and other greenhouse mitigation methods. We suggest adapting this ppt to your own liking or combining with others. For suggestions for improvements please contact KB at PLEASE NOTE: This will never be a ‘complete’ presentation but is provided for ideas

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detail.

This AIP web version 20 Feb 2011

THIS IS PART 1 OF THIS PRESENTATION – THIS PART CONTAINS THE MORE IMPORTANT SECTIONS AND COULD BE USED ALONE.

AND NOW FOR THE GOOD NEWS!

Climate Change:

We CAN reduce the CO2 and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphereto safer levels

But first the bad news

But first the bad news

Why?

What are the problems?

Emission of greenhouse gases from Generation of electric power Transport Industry Home and Commerce Land use and Agricultural emissions

Greenhouse gases come mostly from using fossil fuels, but also from sources such as agriculture

What are the problems? We have to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels:Total fossil: (in 2006)

410,000 PJ

Total non fossil: 70,000 PJie. 15 %

X X

What are the problems?

Australia is even worse!

ABARE: past use and future projections

We use about 6,000 of those 410,000 PJ ie. 1½ %

We are here!

(But our population is ~ 0.3%)

Oil

Gas

Brown CoalBlack coal

Renewables ~6%

Energy units A quick word on energy units:

The basic unit of energy is the joule (J) It is about the energy of a falling apple 1 Megajoule (MJ) is 106 J 1 Gigajoule (GJ) is 109 J 1 Terajoule (TJ) is 1012 J 1 Petajoule (PJ) is 1015 J

My Goodness That’s Plenty

‘Energy’ & ‘Power’ ENERGY is a total quantity

Examples: Fuel tank of a car – approx 2 GJ Coal in Latrobe Valley – approx 300,000 PJ

POWER is the rate of energy use 1 watt = 1 joule per second (W = J/s)

Examples: Light bulb: 15 watts = 15 joules every second Car: 100 kW = 100 kJ/sec (or 2 GJ in 5½ hours) *? Power station 2000 MW = 2000 MJ every second

= 173,000 GJ each day = 63 PJ per year

Energy units

Examples Apple falling Food/day Car petrol tank Jumbo jet fuel Large City/day

UnitsTorch bulb in a few seconds Radiator in ¼ hr

Power station each second

Power station in 1½ hours

Power station in a week

joule (J) 1 J 10,000,000 J 2,000,000,000 J 10,000,000,000,000 J 1000,000,000,000,000 J

Megajoule (MJ) 10^6 J (106) 0.000001 MJ 10 MJ 2,000 MJ 10,000,000 MJ 1000,000,000 MJ

Gigajoule (GJ) 10^9 J (109) 0.000000001 GJ 0.01 GJ 2 GJ 10,000 GJ 1000,000 GJ

Petajoule (PJ) 10^15 J (1015) 0.000000000000001 PJ 0.00000001 PJ 0.000002 PJ 0.01 PJ 1 PJ

Energy units Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt.hours

(that is, a 1000 W appliance for 1 hour) 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (Megajoule) Hazelwood produces about 1600 Megawatts which

means 1600 MWh each hour or ~ 6,000,000 MJ which is 0.006 PJ each

hour or 50 PJ each

year

And 17,000,000 tonnes of CO2

(30 tonnes every minute) (= CO2 from 200 car petrol tanks)

Energy units

Fossil fuels are sometimes measured in ‘Quads’, a quadrillion BTU

(British Thermal Units) 1 Quad = 1055 PJ (≈ 1000 PJ) A Quad is huge! Total world fossil fuel use per

year is about 400 Quad We will try to use PJ as far as

possible

Quads

Most electricity is produced from fossil fuels:

This must NOT be allowed to happen!

What are the problems?

Fossil fuels

PS: 20 trillion kWh= 72,000 PJ(per year)

What are the problems? Again – we are worse!

Mostly hydro!

X!Wind, Solar and Biomass currently about 1%

94%

The solutions !

November 2009

That’s ALL the WORLD’s

energy

November 2009

NOT including:CCS,Nuclear,Other ‘exotic’ sources

The ‘WWS’ solution:WindWaterSolar

HUGE RESOURCESAVAILABLE

AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY

COST EFFECTIVE

POLITICS BIGGEST

OBSTACLE

TidalGeothermalHydro

WindWave

Solar Roof PVConcentratedPV PowerREADILY

AVAILABLE 580 TW

NEEDED 11.5 TW

9%

51%

40%

85%

NB: Australian coal is cheaper than US power.

The REAL problem!

Vested interests and confusion/apathy among ‘ordinary people’ – leading to lack of political will.

Australian Solutions! The big picture: Solar and Wind supplemented by

Hydro Geothermal Ocean (tidal and wave)

and perhaps ? Gas Nuclear (?) Coal with CCS (??)

Australian Solutions - solar!

Australian Solutions - solar! The yellow

square is about 125 km square

Ample for ALL of Australia’s energy. (At only 10% collection efficiency)

35 PJ per dayThat is about 250 Hazelwoods!

Australian Solutions - wind! “A network of land-based 2.5 MW turbines …

operating at as little as 20% of their rated capacity could supply over 40 times current worldwide consumption of electricity”

Global potential for wind-generated electricity: Xi Lua, Michael B. McElroya, and Juha Kiviluomac

Australia’s86 PWh = 310,000 PJ(per year)

Current total energy useis 6,000 PJ

Annual

Global potential for wind-generated electricity Lua, McElroy, Kiviluomac, Harvard & Finland, April09

The Solutions! – World wind powerAustralia2008approx1,500 MW(14th place)

NB: 2.862 means 2,862

Australian Solutions! Introducing: Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE)

Five phase study to achieve zero emissions by 2020: Stationary Energy* (mostly electricity generation) Transport Industrial processes and export Buildings Land Use (including agriculture & forestry)

* Stationary energy report available now at www.beyondzeroemissions.org (free) or buy today!

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Zero Carbon Australia 2020

A plan for repowering Australia with 100% renewable energy in ten years

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Key Questions:• Who are Beyond Zero Emissions?

• Zero Carbon Australia Plan• What are we calling for and why?

– 100% renewable energy by 2020• How can we get there?

– Wind and Baseload Solar Thermal• Can it be done?

– Yes. Fully modelled and costed, using existing commercial technologies

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Oil and Gas Coal exportersGenerators

The CAN'T DO campaign

The CAN'T DO MANTRA“Renewable energy cant supply baseload power”“Renewable energy is too expensive”“Renewable energy will wreck the economy”“Renewable energy will cost jobs”

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The ZCA 2020 ‘CAN DO’ team

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"This report will help shift the climate debate to focus on energy; security; affordability; export and of course opportunity”

Professor Robin Batterham,President, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,

formerly Chief Scientist of Australia

“We have the resources. We need the will.”

Dr. Peter Doherty, Nobel Laureate, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne

"Australia has one of the world's best solar energy resource, ... The Zero Carbon Australia Plan is based on up-to-date and sound information and provides quality insights on how a country well-endowed in renewable resources can transition to a solar and wind economy.”

Cédric PhilibertRenewable Energy DivisionInternational Energy Agency

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The CAN DO Campaign• Accepts current climate science evidence on what has

to be done & by when• Uses only existing commercially available technology.

We have all the tools NOW• Meets Australia’s total energy demand• with 100% Renewable Energy by 2020

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Why?

www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

July 2010

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Why?

www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

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Why?www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

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Why?

July 2010

www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

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Why?

www.science.org.au

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Why?

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FIVE REPORTS:

Stationary energy Transport

IndustryBuildings Agriculture

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Carbon Budget 2010-2050Why ten years?

Meinshausen, et al. (2009): Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2oC. Nature 458, 30 April 2009

SEE ALSO www.PRIMAP.org

“Limiting CO2 emissions to 1 trillion tonnes* by 2050 gives us a 75% chance of keeping global warming below 2oC”

* 2000 - 2050

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Why ten years? Carbon Budget 2010-2050

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Mark Jacobson, Mark Delucchi: Shifting the world to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2030

The cost of generating and transmitting power would be less than the projected cost per kilowatt-hour for fossil-fuel and nuclear power.

• 4 million large wind turbines, • 90,000 solar plants,• numerous geothermal, tidal and rooftop PV installations worldwide. SCIENTIFIC

AMERICANNovember 2009

Why ten years?

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Al Gore calls for 100% clean electricity and independence from foreign oil within ten years

“a political promise to do something 40 years from now is universally ignored

because everyone knows that it's meaningless. Ten years is about the

maximum time that we as a nation can hold a steady aim and hit our target.”

Why ten years?

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Thomas Friedman: Three reasons for going renewable -1. End dependence on, and financing

of, the “dictators and terrorists in the Middle East”

2. ‘Peak oil’ will mean higher prices, yet more political tension. If we divide the total of the world’s oil reserves by the rate at which WE are using them we get about 12 years (7 for USA use)

3. Oh – and to save us from a climate catastrophe!

Why ten years?

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Traditional Power Generation

Generating electrical energy

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Generating electrical energy

67% Fossil

92%

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Concentrated Solar Thermal

Parabolic Troughs Power Towers

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

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(52 Kilowatts)

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

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SEGS Plants354MW in Mohave Desert, California, since 1984

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Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

290oC

600oC

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Solar Two – 1996 - 1999Run by the U.S. DoE, Sandia National Laboratories, Lockheed Martin10MW turbine, 3 hrs storage

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Baseload Solar Thermal Power

Andasol 1,2, Extresol 1, SAMCA 1, Spain, operating now, 7.5 hours energy storage

Torresol Gemasolar Spain, on line 2010, 15 hours energy storage

24 hour Dispatchable Power

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

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Solar Thermal StorageGenerating electrical energy – from the Sun

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What's happening in Spain?• 2,440MW operating or under construction to

be completed over the next 3 years • $20 billion worth of investment • 15,000 MW 'in the pipeline'

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

42% renewable by 2020

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50MW – Spain100MW – Nevada150MW – California

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

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To Supply 60% of Australia’s energy Each module generates 220MW Ability to store energy and dispatch as needed, day or night A plant or Solar Region will be made up of 19 modules and will

have a total capacity of 3,500MW There will be 12 plants distributed across Australia

Zero Carbon Australia Solar Thermal Power 220 MW Module 3500 MW Solar Region

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

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ZCA2020 Wind Power

And the other 40%?

Generating electrical energy – from wind

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ZCA2020 Wind Power• 40% of Australia’s Energy

• 6,400 turbines

• 7.5 MW Enercon E126

(48,000 MW)

• 23 geographically diverse regions

Generating electrical energy – from wind

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Generating electrical energy – from wind

World Wind Energy Association 2010

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World Wind Power project growth• China 150,000 MW wind by 2020o Three Gorges of Wind Project

• Denmark: 20% now (3,500 MW)o 50 % wind by 2025

• Sweden 4,000 MWEnercon Farm1100 Turbines

Generating electrical energy – from wind

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities

Using less electrical energy

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Using less electrical energy

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Nissan Patrol Capacity 517 litres per 100km

How Easy is Energy Efficiency in Transport?

Siemens Combino tramCapacity 19016 litres per 100km (Oil Energy Equiv)

Using less electrical energy

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Electricity and Energy Demand Using less electrical energy

Oil

Gas

Bioenergy

Electricity

Solar PV & HW

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60%40%

Renewable electrical energy

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“The review finds that the transmission scenario proposed is technically feasible in

terms of capacity and reliability. In addition, the proposed transmission uses mature technology

with proven capability around the world.”

SKM Review of ZCA2020 transmission

The National GridRenewable electrical energy

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Forget the “you can’t transmit power that far” mantra

HVDC has been developed in the last decade and has solved the problem of long distance transmission

HVDC High Voltage Direct Current

Renewable electrical energy

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HVDCHigh Voltage Direct Current

Transmits more power on a given line

Doesn’t lose power through radiation

Enables different systems to be interconnected

Can be used over 1000’s km rather than 100’s

Renewable electrical energy

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Simplified illustration of the advantage of HVDC over HVAC

Renewable electrical energy

AC only at peak voltage for a short time DC at peak voltage constantly

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HVDC is more cost effective over long distances

Renewable electrical energy

AC

DC

2000 km

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Australia's renewable energy grid: 2020Australia’s Renewable Energy Grid 2020

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Renewable electrical energy

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Renewable electrical energy

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Resource Requirements

Renewable electrical energy

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Labor Requirements

Renewable electrical energy

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Enercon Viana Do Costelo Wind Turbine blade and tower factories Portugal250 towers per year 600 Blades 400 Jobs

Renewable electrical energy

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Solar Thermal Cost Reduction Trajectory

Renewable costs

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Safe Climate a Bargain at 3% of GDP

Renewable costs

That’s $Bn37 per year in a $Bn1200 economy

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1 mirror

OR

20 tons of coal

OUR CHOICE

Renewable choice

(Over lifetime of mirror)