Notes for Part 2

1 A considerable number of these stories are available in the papers of the Kramers family. Later on, H. A. Kramers kept rather irregular diaries. Occasionally, there are poems or short comments in these diaries (referred to as Kramers files).

2 This particular letter is contained in the Kramers-Romeyn correspondence which is kept in the Institute for Social History, in Amsterdam.

3 Letter from H. A. Kramers to Jan Romeyn, dated August 26, 1911 (Kramers-Romeyn correspondence).

4 Entry in Kramers files, undated, 1911. 5 Interview with G. Kramers, March 1, 1977, by M. Dresden. 6 Interview with R. ter Haar, January 3, 1977, by M. Dresden. 7 Interview with H. B. G. Casimir, June 23, 1978, by M. Dresden. 8 Several of Kramers' notebooks are preserved. See Kramers files. 9 H. A. Kramers on the occasion of receiving the Lorentz medal, October 30,1948.

10 For a most beautiful and incisive analysis, see the biography by Martin Klein entitled Paul Ehren/est. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970.

11 Kramers in a memorial tribute to Paul Ehrenfest. Reprinted in Physica, Neder-landsch Tydschrift voor Natuurkunde 1933, 13th year, pp. 273-276.

12 Interview: Burgers with M. Dresden, October 12, 1975. 13 Letter from Ehrenfest to Burgers, December 12, 1918. 14 Interview with Oskar Klein, October 29,1975, by M. Dresden. 15 Interview with G. E. Uhlenbeck, September 20,1975, by M. Dresden. 16 Interview with Opechovski, September 12, 1978, by M. Dresden. 17 Interview with Suus Kramers Perk, June 13, 1976, by M. Dresden. 18 Kramers-Romeyn correspondence, dated April 10, 1916. 19 Interviews with Opechovski, September 12, 1978, and Mrs. J. Kramers, March

1, 1977, by M. Dresden. 20 Kramers files, entry dated July 10, 1916. 21 Interview with Opechovski, September 12, 1978, by M. Dresden. 22 Kramers-Romeyn correspondence, dated October 3, 1917. 23 Peter Robertson, The Early Years, p. 19, Niels Bohr Institute, Akademisk Forlag,

1979. 24 Kramers file, diary entry dated August 25, 1916.

300

25 Kramers file, diary entry dated September 25, 1916. 26 Kramers file, diary entry dated September 1, 1916. 27 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated September 1, 1916. 28 Postcard from Kramers to Romeyn, dated September 13, 1916.

283 Letter from Bohr to Sommerfeld, dated July 17, 1919.

Notes for Part 2

29 Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3, p. 689 (1920-22) (Kramers file in the Bohr Institute). (Some of these notebooks are in the possession of Maartien Kramers, the Hague, The Netherlands.)

30 Niels Bohr, Collected Works, Vol. 3, pp. 3, 4. 31 (a) Sommerfeld, Muench. Ber.425-458, 459-500(1915); (b) Sommerfeld, Ann. Phys.

51, 1-94 (1916). 32 N. Bohr, Dan. Vid. Selsk. Skr. Naturvid-Mat Md. 8 Raekke Bd. IV, Nr. 1, 1918. 33 (a) Oskar Klein in Niels Bohr, edited by S. Rozental, John Wiley & Sons, New York,

1967, p. 78; (b) Interview with Oskar Klein, October 29,1975, with M. Dresden. 34 Rosenfeld, Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 1, p. xxxii. 35 W. Wilson, Philos. Mag. 29, 795-802 (1915). 36 J. Ishiwara, Toyku Sugaku Buturigakkawi 8,106-110 (1915). 37 Sommerfeld, Ann. Phys. 51, 6 (1916). 38 A. Einstein, Z. Phys. 18, 121 (1917). 39 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, Vol. I (1956), p. 48. 40 Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3, p. 656. 41 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 51. 42 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 61. 43 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 72. 44 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 104. 45 Interview with Suus Kramers Perk, August 3,1981, by M. Dresden. 46 Letter from Bohr to Oseen, dated February 28, 1917; Niels Bohr Collected Works,

Vol. 3, p. 671. 47 Letter from Bohr to Rutherford, dated December 27,1917; Niels Bohr Collected

Works, Vol. 3, p. 682. 48 Letter from Bohr to Richardson, dated August 15, 1918; Niels Bohr Collected

Works, Vol. 3, p. 14. 49 Letter from Epstein to Bohr, dated May 14, 1918; Niels Bohr Collected Works,

Vol. 3, p. 637. 50 Letter from Kramers to Bohr, dated March 12, 1917; Niels Bohr Collected Works,

Vol. 3, p. 654. 51 As quoted in Peter Robertson, The Early Years, p. 51, Akademisk Forlag, Univer-

sitets forlageti Kobenhavn, 1979. 52 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 53 Postcard from Kramers to Romeyn, dated October 3,1917. 54 Interview with J. M. Burgers by M. Dresden; also autobiographical notes of J. M.

Burgers. 55 M. Klein, Paul Ehrenfest. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970. 56 Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3, pp. 609-630. 57 Bohr Institute file, letter from Ehrenfest to Bohr, dated February 24, 1929. 58 Annie Romeyn, Omzien in Verwondering, I, pp. 155-156, Amsterdam, 1970. 59 Interview with R. de L. Kronig by M. Dresden. 60 Kramers-Romeyn correspondence, dated November 25, 1917. 61 Interview with Mrs. Gerda Kramers, March 1, 1977, by M. Dresden. 62 Kramers-Rotneyn correspondence, dated February 4,1919. 63 Annie Romeyn interview. 64 Kramers-Romeyn correspondence, dated November, 1919. 65 Kramers-Romeyn correspondence, dated February 27,1920. 66 Letter from Romeyn to Kramers, spring 1920.

Notes for Part 2 301

67 Kramers correspondence, Bohr Institute; letter from Coster to Kramers, dated May 11, 1920.

68 Interview with Suus Kramers Perk, by M. Dresden. 69 Postcard from Mrs. Kramers to Romeyn. 70 Postcard from Kramers to Romeyn, dated January 13, 1921. 71 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 192 (1923). 72 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, pp. 220-221. 73 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated March 4, 1923 (Bohr files). 74 Letter from Bohr to Born, dated April 9, 1923 (Bohr mes). 75 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated April 17, 1923 (Bohr files). 76 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated December 21, 1921 (Pauli correspondence). 77 Letter from Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, dated January 15, 1923. 78 Letter from Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, dated January 4, 1923 (Sommerfeld

correspondence). 79 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 21, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 80 Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p. 37. 81 Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 369. 82 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 109. H. A. Kramers, Z. Phys. 3,199-223 (1920). 83 Interview with Heisenberg by M. Dresden. 84 Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill,

New York, 1966, p. 197. 85 van der Waerden, Sources of Quantum Mechanics, Dover, New York, 1968, p. 22. 86 See F. Hund, in Werner Heisenberg und die Physik unserer Zeit. (F. Bopp, Ed.),

Braunschweig, Fr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1961, pp. 1-7. 87 Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p. 4. 88 Handbook of Physics (Condon and Odishaw Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York,

1958, pp. 7-47. 89 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 90 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure,

English translation, Preface, 1923, Knop, New York; German edition, 1925, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

91 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure, English translation, p. 152.

92 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure, English translation, p. 136.

93 H. A. Kramers, Philos. Mag. 46, 836-871 (1923). 94 Letter from Pauli to Sommerfeld, dated June 6, 1923 (Pauli correspondence). 95 Letter from Eddington to Kramers, dated December 12, 1923 (Kramers' me). 96 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated January 8, 1924 (Romeyn correspondence). 97 Interview with Jan Kramers by M. Dresden. 98 A. Pais, Rev. Mod. Phys. 51,863 (1979). 99 H. A. Kramers' diaries. See also Chapter 14.

100 K. M. Meyer-Abich, Korrespondenz, Individualitat und Komplementaritat. No.5 in the series Geschichten der Exacten- Wissenschaften. Edited by Hoffmann, Klemm, and Sticker. Franz Steiner Verlag, Weisbaden, 1965.

101 N. Bohr, The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitutions, Cambridge, 1922 p. 22. 102 See Martin Klein, "The First Phase of the Bohr-Einstein Dialogue," Hist. Stud.

Phys. 2, 17 (1970). 103 N. Bohr, Z. Phys. 13, 117 (1923). 104 Bohr, Kramers, and Slater, Philos. Mag. 47, 758-802 (1924). 105 Bohr lecture, February 13, 1920, Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 3,

p.234. 106 Letter from Darwin to Bohr, dated July 20, 1919 (AHQP). 107 Draft ofletter from Bohr to Darwin, summer 1919 (AHQP).

302 Notes for Part 2

108 Darwin, Nature 110, 771 (1923). 109 N. Bohr, Solvay Report, "Atoms and Electrons," Paris, 1923. 110 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure,

English translation, Knop, New York, 1923, pp. 173-175. 111 Max Born, Z. Phys. 38, 803 (1926), in "Some strangeness in the proportion" (Harry

Wolf, Ed.), Addison-Wesley, Mass., quoted by Jost in The Einstein Centennial, 1980, p. 257.

112 E. Wigner, in The Einstein Centennial, 1980, p. 463. 113 Letter from Einstein to J. J. Laub, dated November 4, 1910. 114 Letter from Einstein to J. J. Laub, dated November 11, 1910. 115 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure,

English translation, Knop, New York, 1923, p. 175. 116 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 290. 117 H. A. Lorentz, "Theorie der Electrons," Solvay Conference, 1921. 118 N. Bohr, "Application of the Quantum Theory to Atomic Structure, Part I," Dan.

Vid. Selsk. Skr. Naturvid-mat Afd 8 Raekke Bd. IV, Nr. 1, 1918. 119 Ladenburg, Z. Phys. 4, 451-468 (1921). 120 Letter from Ladenburg to Bohr, dated June 14, 1923 (Bohr Institute). 121 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 292. 122 Letter from Kramers to Ladenburg, dated June 8, 1924 (Kramers files). 123 H. A. Kramers and W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 31, 621 (1925). 124 As quoted by van der Waerden in Sources of Quantum Mechanics, Dover, New

York, 1968. 125 Interview with N. van Kampen by M. Dresden. 126 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 127 H. A. Kramers' acceptance of the Lorentz medal, dated October 30,1948. 128 H. A. Kramers Collected Works, p. 291. 129 Letter from Slater to his parents, dated November 8, 1923, in Slater's 1968 auto-

biographical notes (Niels Bohr Library, New York). 130 Letter from Slater to Kramers, dated December 8,1923 (AHQP). 131 Letter from Slater to van Vleck, dated July 27,1924 (AHQP). 132 Slater interview, October 3, 1963 (AHQP). 133 J. C. Slater, Solid State and Molecular Theory, A Scientific Biography, Wiley­

Interscience, New York, 1975: (a) p. 15; (b) p. 17; (c) p. 18; (d) p. 11; (e) p. 240. 134 For a beautiful and complete description see R. Stuewer, Turning Points in Physics,

Science History Publications, New York, 1975. 135 Letter from Sommerfeld to Bohr, dated January 21,1923 (AHQP). 136 Debye, Z. Phys. 24, 165 (April 15, 1923). 137 Letter from Sommerfeld to Compton, dated October 9, 1923. Quoted in R. Stuewer,

Turning Points in Physics, Science History Publications, New York, 1975. 138 K. Stolzenberg, comments on BKS in the introduction to Vol. 4 of Niels Bohr

Collected Works. 139 Neil Henry Wasserman, thesis, "The Bohr-Kramers-Slater paper and the devel­

opment of the quantum theory of radiation in the work of Niels Bohr," Harvard University, June 1981. This contains a very careful and thoughtful discussion of Slater's ideas, likely the best and most complete treatment available.

140 J. C. Slater, Nature 113, 307 (1924). 141 J. C. Slater, autobiographical notes, 1968. 142 Letter from Slater to his mother, dated November 8, 1923. 143 Letter from Slater to Kramers, dated November 8, 1923 (Kramers file). 144 Letter from Slater to his parents, dated January 2, 1924, in J. C. Slater, Excerpts

of Personal Letters and . .. , Niels Bohr Library. 145 Letter from Slater to his parents, dated January 6, 1924, in J. C. Slater, Excerpts

of Personal Letters and . .. , Niels Bohr Library.

Notes for Part 2

146 Letter from Slater to his parents, dated January 18, 1924. 147 Letter from Slater to his parents, dated January 22,1924. 148 J. C. Slater, Nature 116, 278 (1925).

303

149 Letter from Slater to van Vleck, dated July 27, 1924 (SHQP MicrofIlm No. 49). 150 Letter from Slater to Bohr, dated July 27,1924 (Bohr Library). 151 J. C. Slater, Phys. Rev. 25, 395 (1925). 152 Letter from Slater to Kramers, dated December 8,1925 (Kramers file, also SHQP

MicrofIlm). 153 Letters from Slater to Kramers (1948-1949), Kramers fIle, Bohr Library. 154 Neil Wasserman, thesis, "The Bohr-Kramers-Slater paper and the development

of the quantum theory of radiation in the work of Niels Bohr," Harvard University, 1981.

155 K. Stolzenberg, Introduction to Bohr volume, based on his thesis. 156 Mara Beller, thesis, "Reality and acausality in quantum physics, 1919-1927,"

University of Maryland, 1980-81. 157 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure,

English translation, Knop, New York, 1923, p. 105. 158 A. Einstein, Z. Phys. 18, 121 (1917). 159 See Max Born, My Life, Charles Scribner & Sons, New York, 1978. 160 Interview with Jordan, June 19, 1963 (AHQP). 161 Letter from Schrodinger to Bohr, dated May 24, 1924. 162 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure,

English translation, Knop, New York, 1923, p. 164. 163 Letter from Bohr to Pauli, dated February 16, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 164 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 21, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 165 Interview with O. Klein by M. Dresden. 166 Letter from Klein to Bohr, dated May 6, 1924 (Bohr file). 167 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure,

English translation, Knop, New York, 1923, p. 166. 168 Kramers and Holst, English translation, p. 167. 169 Kramers and Holst, English translation, p. 168. 170 R. Stuewer, Turning Points in Physics, Science History Publications, New York,

1975. 171 Kramers and Holst, English translation, pp. 173, 174. 172 W. Pauli, "Quantentheorie," in Handbuch der Physik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,

1925, p. 83. 173 Edward N. da Costa Andrade, The Structure of Atoms, G. Bell and Sons, London,

1925, p. 697. 174 R. Feynman, PhYSics Today (August 1966), p. 31. 175 Kramers and Holst, English translation: (a) p. 133; (b) p. 134. 176 H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, Das Atom und die Bohrsche Theorie seines Baues,

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1925; (a) p. 123; (b) p. 139. 177 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated October 28, 1924 (translation by M.

Dresden). 178 Discussion between Kramers and M. Dresden, Fall 1939. 179 Handelingen 20, Nederlandsch Natuur en geneeskundig, 1925, pp. 164-167. 180 Kramers fIle, Bohr Institute, late 1924. 181 Schrodinger, "Bohr's new radiation theory," Naturwissenschaften 12, 720-724

(1924). 182 Letter from S~hrodinger to Bohr, dated May 24, 1924 (Bohr fIle). 183 Schrodinger, "Bohr's new radiation theory," Naturwissenschaften 12, 720-724

(1924). 184 Postscript, Lasse die Sterne in Ruhe, incomplete letter from Pauli to Kramers, dated

December 1924 (Kramers file, Bohr Institute).

304 Notes for Part 2

185 H. A. Kramers, unpublished manuscript (Kramers file; also SHQP Microfilm No. 27).

186 Handwritten notes, Kramers file (in possession of Maartien Kramers, the Hague). 187 A. Einstein"Berliner Tageblatt, April 20, 1924, Beiblatt. 188 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated April 16,1924. 189 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated March 4, 1924. 190 Letter from Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, dated November 18, 1924. 191 Letter from Sommerfeld to Kramers, dated August 3,1924 (in AHQP), translation

by M. Dresden. 192 Letter from Kramers to Sommerfeld, dated September 6,1924 (in AHQP), transla­

tion by M. Dresden. 193 Letter from Einstein to Ehrenfest, dated May 31,1924. See M. J. Klein, Hist. Stud.

Phys.2, 1-39 (1970). 194 Letter from Einstein to Hedwig Born, dated April 29, 1924. 195 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated October 2,1924. 196 Letter from Ladenburg to Kramers, dated June 8, 1924 (AHQP). 197 Letter from Kramers to Ladenburg, dated July 3, 1924 (AHQP) Kramers file;

translation by M. Dresden. 198 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated October 2,1924; translation by M. Dresden. 199 Letter from Pauli to Sommerfeld, dated December 6, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 200 A. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1924, p. 59. 201 Letter from K. Joel to A. Einstein, dated October 28, 1924, as quoted by M. Klein,

Hist. Stud. Phys. 2, 34 (1970). 202 Note from A. Einstein to K. Joel, dated November 3, 1924. 203 Letter from Romeyn to Kramers, dated November 6, 1924; translation by M.

Dresden. 204 Letter from Kramers to De Telegraaj, dated October 24, 1924 (Bohr Institute,

Kramers file). 205 W. Bothe and H. Geiger, Z. Phys. 26,44 (1924). 206 W. Bothe and H. Geiger, Naturwissenschaften 13,440 (1925). 207 W. Bothe and H. Geiger, Z. Phys. 32, 639 (1925). 208 R. Shankland, Phys. Rev. 49, 8 (1936). 209 Hofstadter and McIntyre, Phys. Rev. 78, 24 (1950). 210 Bay, Henri, and McLennon, Phys. Rev. 97, 1710 (1955). 211 Compton and Simon, Phys. Rev. 26,189 (1925). 212 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated Jillluary 15, 1925 (Bohr correspondence, AHQP). 213 Letter from Bohr to Geiger, dated April 21, 1925 (AHQP). 214 Letter from Bohr to Fowler, dated April 25, 1925, postscript (AHQP). 215 Letter from Bohr to Franck, dated April 21, 1925 (Bohr file); translation by

M. Dresden. 216 Letter from Franck to Bohr, dated April 24, 1925 (Bohr); translation by M. Dresden. 217 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated April 24, 1925 (Bohr file); translation by

M. Dresden. 218 N. Bohr, Nature (Suppl.) 121, 580-590 (1928). 219 J. C. Slater, Nature 116,278 (1925). 220 Letter from Bohr to Slater, dated January 28, 1926, as quoted by Stolzenberg on

the BKS theory. 221 Letter from Slater to Bohr, dated May 27, 1926, as quoted by Stolzenberg on the

BKS theory. 222 Letter from Kramers to Born, dated May 13, 1925 (Kramers scientific correspon­

dence, SHQP Microfilm No.8). 223 Letter from Kramers to Fowler, dated December 9, 1925, in SHQP and also

Kramers correspondence. 224 Letter from Kramers to Urey, dated July 16, 1925 (Kramers correspondence).

Notes for Part 2 305

225 Postcard from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 29, 1925 (Pauli correspondence). 226 Letter from Heisenberg to Bohr, dated August 31, 1925 (Bohr me, Copenhagen);

translation by M. Dresden. 227 Letter from Kramers to R. de L. Kronig, dated February 26, 1926 (Kramers

correspondence, Bohr Institute). 228 H. A. Kramers and W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 31, 601 (1925). 229 W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 33, 879 (1925). 230 H. A. Kramers, Quantentheorie des Elektrons und der Strahlung, Akademische

Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1938, footnote to p. 90. 231 W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, Vol. 42,p. 60. 232 As the final version of this book was prepared, a major study of the history of

quantum theory appeared. This important work by Mehra and Rechenberg (The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982) necessarily contains material that overlaps material in this book. It is in our opinion helpful and illuminating if these involved and complex times are examined from as many distinct viewpoints as possible. Because of the time this work appeared, references to it are somewhat incomplete and scattered. Only where there are specific arguments or specific differences, or where Mehra and Rechenberg had information (from personal tapes or interviews) not available elsewhere, is that fundamental work referred to in an adequate manner. The quotation attributed to Heisenberg is from Vol. 2, p. 218.

233 M. Born, Z. Phys. 26, 379 (1924). 234 H. A. Kramers, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 5(3) 37 (August 15, 1924). Also quoted by

Mehra and Rechenberg, Vol. 2, p. 174. 235 N. Bohr, Naturwissenschaften 12, 1116 (1924), footnote 5. 236 Letter from Heisenberg to Bohr, dated May 16, 1925 (Bohr Institute). 237 Letter from Heisenberg to Kronig, as reproduced in Fiertz and Weisskopf, A

Memorial Volume to Wolfgang Pauli, Interscience, New York, 1960. 238 Max Born, My Life, Charles Scribner, New York, 1975. 239 M. Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill,

New York, 1966, p. 193. 240 Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory,

Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II, p. 173. 241 E. Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, Vol. II, Harper

& Row, New York, 1960, p. 204. 242 A. Smekal, Naturwissenschaften 11, 873 (1923). 243 C. V. Raman, Indian J. Phys. 2, 387 (1928). 244 G. Landsberg and L. Mandelstam, Naturwissenschaften 16,557 (1928). 245 Oral communication from Heisenberg to van der Waerden, as quoted in Sources

of Quantum Mechanics, Dover, New York, 1968. 246 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 247 In van der Waerden, Sources of Quantum Mechanics, Dover, New York, 1968: (a)

p. 255; (b) p. 226. 248 Max Born, Quantum Mechanics, reprinted by van der Waerden, p. 191. 249 Kramers and Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 31, 698 (1925). 250 Kopferman and Ladenburg, Z. Phys. 48, 26 (1928). 251 Heisenberg, as quoted in Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical Development of

Quantum Theory, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, p. 189. 252 Kramers and Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 31, 708 (1925). 253 As reprinted in Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum

Theory, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, p. 189. 254 Heisenberg interview, AHQP, February 1963. 255 Heisenberg, in Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p. 60. 256 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 24, 1925.

306 Notes for Part 2

257 Heisenberg, in Niels Bohr, edited by S. Rosental, Interscience, New York, 1967, p.98.

258 M. Born, Z. Phys. 26, 379 (1924). 259 M. Born and P. Jordan, Z. Phys. 34, 858 (1925). 260 Postcard from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 29, 1925; translation by M. Dresden. 261 Postcard from Kramers to Fowler (copy in Bohr file), dated September 1925. 262 H. A. Kramers, Physica 5, 369 (1925), footnote 1; translation by M. Dresden. 263 H. A. Kramers, Collegium Generalum, private notes, in the possession of Maartien

Kramers. 264 Interview with Klein by M. Dresden, October 29, 1975. 265 The original German version was: To Bohr, der for uns aile sucht. 266 Pauli, Science 103, 213 (1946). • 267 Heisenberg, in "From a life of physics," I AEA Bulletin, 1968. 268 As reported by Armin Hermann, in Heisenberg, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag,

Reinbek by Hamburg, 1976, p. 28. 269 Pauli, Science 103, 213 (1946). 270 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated September 12, 1923 (Pauli correspondence);

translation by M. Dresden. 271 Letter from Hansen to Bohr, dated October 1, 1923 (Bohr Library, Copenhagen). 272 Letter from Kramers to Bohr, dated October 11, 1923; Niels Bohr Collected Works,

Vol. 3, p. 661. 273 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated October 2, 1924 (letter 66 in Pauli correspon­

dence). This translation by M. Dresden is almost a paraphrase of the text. 274 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated October 2, 1924. More literal translation by

M. Dresden. 275 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 21, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 276 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated December 12, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 277 w. Pauli, Z. Phys. 31, 765 (1925). 278 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated December 31,1924; translation by M. Dresden. 279 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 11, 1924; translation by M. Dresden. 280 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 21, 1924. 281 For a personal description of this remarkable incident, see Heisenberg, Physics

and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p. 234. 282 Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, dated April 7, 1958. Translation by M. Dresden,

as quoted in Armin Hermann, Heisenberg, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Reinbek by Hamburg, 1976.

283 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated April 13, 1958. Translation by M. Dresden, as quoted in Armin Hermann, Heisenberg, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Reinbek by Hamburg, 1976.

284 Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, p. 236. 285 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated March 6, 1922 (Pauli correspondence). 286 Bohr and Coster, Z. Phys. 13, 342 (1923). 287 Kramers and Pauli, Z. Phys. 13, 343 (1923). 288 Letter from Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, dated January 14, 1923. 289 Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Springer­

Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II, p. 139. 290 Heisenberg interview (AHQP); also Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical De­

velopment of Quantum Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II, p. 150. 291 Heisenberg interview (AHQP); also Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical De­

velopment of Quantum Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II, p. 151. 292 Heisenberg, as written in Niels Bohr, edited by S. Rosental, Interscience, New York,

1967, p. 96. 293 Armin Hermann, Heisenberg, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Reinbek by Hamburg,

1976, p. 8.

Notes for Part 2 307

294 Ibid., pp. 8-9. 295 Interview with V. Weisskopfby M. Dresden. 296 Letter from Heisenberg to Bohr, dated July 15, 1924 (Bohr correspondence). 297 Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Springer-

Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II: (a) pp. 148-149; (b) p. 153; (c) p. 149; (d) p. 272. 298 Letter from Born to Bohr, dated Apri116, 1924 (Bohr ftle). 299 Letter from Heisenberg to Sommerfeld, dated November 18, 1924. 300 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 8, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 301 Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, dated February 28, 1925 (Pauli correspondence). 302 Letter from Bohr to Pauli, dated January 10, 1925 (Pauli correspondence). 303 Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, dated February 28, 1925 (Pauli correspondence). 304 A. Einstein, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (January 8, 1925), p. 3; (January 29,

1925), pp. 18-25. 305 Letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated June 29, 1925 (Pauli correspondence). 306 Letter from Pauli to Kramers, dated July 27,1925 (Pauli correspondence); transla­

tion by M. Dresden. 307 W. Pauli, Uber die Intensitaten der im elektrischen Fe1d erscheinenden Kombina-

tionslinien, Dan. Vid. Selsk. Mat. Fys. 7, 3-20 (1925). 308 Pauli, Z. Phys. 31, 765 (1925). 309 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated February 21, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 310 Letter from Pauli to Kramers, dated July 5, 1924 (AHQP); translation by

M. Dresden. 311 This point is correctly emphasized-perhaps first explicitly stated-in the thesis

ofN. H. Wasserman, Harvard University, June 1981. 312 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated December 12, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 313 Letter from Bohr to Pauli, dated December 22, 1924 (Pauli correspondence). 314 Letter from Pauli to Bohr, dated December 31, 1924. 315 Letter from Pauli to Kronig, dated May 21,1924; translation by M. Dresden. 316 Letter from Pauli to Kronig, dated October 9, 1925 (Pauli correspondence). 317 Reported in a letter from Heisenberg to Pauli, dated November 3, 1925. 318 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 319 Heisenberg conversation as reported in Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical

Development of Quantum Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II, p. 178. 320 Heisenberg conversations as reported in Mehra and Rechenberg, Vol. II, p. 179. 321 Bohr, Naturwissenschaften 12, 1115 (1924), footnote 5. 322 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 323 Interview with Nico van Kampen by M. Dresden. 324 Interview with H. C. Kramers by M. Dresden. 325 Letter from Heisenberg to Kramers, dated January 8, 1925 (Kramers file). 326 Heisenberg, as reported in Mehra and Rechenberg, The Historical Development of

Quantum Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, Vol. II, p. 180. 327 J. C. Slater, Scientific Autobiography, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1975, p. 17. 328 Letter from Romeyn to Kramers, dated July 21, 1922 (Romeyn correspondence). 329 Letter from Romeyn to Kramers, dated February 20, 1923 (Romeyn correspon-

dence). 330 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated April 29, 1923 (Romeyn correspondence). 331 Letter from Romeyn to Kramers, dated November 6, 1924 (Romeyn correspon-

dence). 332 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated April 11, 1925 (Romeyn correspondence). 333 Letter from Kramers to Romeyn, dated August 15, 1925. 334 Letter from Kramers to Urey, dated July 16, 1925 (Bohr file). 335 Letter from Kramers to Fowler, dated December 9, 1925 (Kramers file, Bohr

Institute). 336 The library in The Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Utrecht

308 Notes for Part 2

has an almost complete collection of lecture notes of most professors. These first notes are in Kramers' own handwriting in a series of notebooks.

337 Peter Robertson, The Early Years, Akademisk Foriag, Copenhagen, 1979, pp. 111-112.

338 Interview with Jan Korringa by M. Dresden. 339 Interview with Agnete Kuiper-Kramers by M. Dresden. 340 Interview with Jan Kramers by M. Dresden. 341 Interview with Agnete Kuiper-Kramers by M. Dresden. Agnete seemed to have a

very vivid recollection of her mother's reaction. 342 Interview with N. van Kampen by M. Dresden. 343 Interview with Heisenberg, AHQP, February 19, 1963. 344 Van der Waerden, Source of Q.M., Dover, New York, 1968, p. 16. 345 Told by Professor Wassink to S. Dresden (summer of 1975), who told it to

M. Dresden. 346 As quoted in the Pauli correspondence XXXII. 347 Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, dated October 19, 1926 (Bohr file). 348 Private communication from R. Jost (1980). 349 Interview with de Groot and Korringa by M. Dresden. 350 Interview with Casimir by M. Dresden. 351 This description is a composite of the recollections of several persons (Opechovski,

de Groot, and others). An event of this type probably took place: Kramers' state­ment, "This is too simple for you, Pauli," is recalled by all. All other details are uncertain.

352 W. Pauli, The connection between spin and statistics, Phys. Rev. 58, 716 (1940). 353 Letter from Kramers to Born, dated May 13, 1925. 354 H. A. Kramers, Absorption of x-rays, Fys. Tzdss.20, 130-132 (1922). 355 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 356 Interview with D. ter Haar by M. Dresden. 357 Interview with J. J. Korringa by M. Dresden. 358 Interview with R. de L. Kronig by M. Dresden. 359 Interview with Oskar Klein by M. Dresden. 360 Letter from R. Jost to M. Dresden, dated January 12, 1978. It must be understood

that this letter contains recollections and memories of discussions between Jost and Pauli. In these discussions the topic of Kramers' unhappiness with Bohr evidently came up. It seems likely that Bohr complained to Pauli, and Pauli's recol­lections, however incomplete and partial, are recorded in this letter. It should be clear that these comments indicate a general mood rather than pure facts.

361 R. Jost in Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Ziirich, lecture entitled "Einstein und Zurich," 1979.

362 W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 43, 172 (1927).